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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Use in writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_in_writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use in writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_in_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romance_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romance_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Romance languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romance_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Related characters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_characters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related characters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descendants_and_related_characters_in_the_Latin_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants_and_related_characters_in_the_Latin_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants_and_related_characters_in_the_Latin_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestors_and_siblings_in_other_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestors_and_siblings_in_other_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestors_and_siblings_in_other_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other representations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_representations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other representations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">X</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="X (літара) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="X (літара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="X (літара) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="X (літара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(lizherenn)" title="X (lizherenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="X (lizherenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(lettre)" title="X (lettre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="X (lettre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(litir_den_aib%C3%ADtir)" title="X (litir den aibítir) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="X (litir den aibítir)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D0%B3" title="X үзг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="X үзг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6)" title="X (լատինական) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="X (լատինական)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(t%C3%AEp)" title="X (tîp) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="X (tîp)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="X (латиница) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="X (латиница)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="എക്സ് (ഇംഗ്ലീഷക്ഷരം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എക്സ് (ഇംഗ്ലീഷക്ഷരം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC)" title="အက်ခ်စ် (အက္ခရာ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်ခ်စ် (အက္ခရာ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(letter)" title="X (letter) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="X (letter)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(buksteew)" title="X (buksteew) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="X (buksteew)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5)" title="X (латин тиште) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="X (латин тиште)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(lotin)" title="X (lotin) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="X (lotin)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8_(%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%B0)" title="ਐਕਸ (ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਅੱਖਰ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਕਸ (ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਅੱਖਰ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(lat%C4%B1n)" title="X (latın) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="X (latın)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="X (латиница) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="X (латиница)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5)" title="X (слово латинице) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="X (слово латинице)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(Askkil)" title="X (Askkil) – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="X (Askkil)" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F)" title="X (латиниця) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="X (латиниця)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lete_x" title="Lete x – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lete x" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">24th letter of the Latin alphabet</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noprint selfreference selfref plainlinks">For <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)">technical reasons</a>, ":X" redirects here. For the keyboard symbol, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_emoticons" title="List of emoticons">List of emoticons</a>.</span> <span>This article is about the letter. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/X_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="X (disambiguation)">X (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/X" title="Special:EditPage/X">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22X%22">"X"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22X%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22X%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22X%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22X%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22X%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:lightblue; color:black;;">X</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span style="font-size: 4em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;">X x</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_letter_X.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Latin_letter_X.svg/250px-Latin_letter_X.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Latin_letter_X.svg/330px-Latin_letter_X.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Latin_letter_X.svg/440px-Latin_letter_X.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Usage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">logographic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sound values</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1190286162">.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-2em ul,.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-3em ul{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-2em li,.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-3em li{display:inline-block;text-align:center;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-2em li{min-width:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-3em li{min-width:2.5em}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-abcd ul{border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-abcd li{display:inline-block;text-align:center;min-width:1.57em;padding:0}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist template-grid-list-3em"><ul><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">ǁ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span>]<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">sʲ</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>]</li><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a>]</span></li><li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>U+0058, U+0078</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alphabetical position</th><td class="infobox-data">24</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Development</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 1.25em;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%93%8A%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:𓊽">𓊽</a><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%A4%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐤎">𐤎</a><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">𐊑</a><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">𐊐</a><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="𐌗">𐊐</a><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><b>X x</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time period</th><td class="infobox-data">~−700 to present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Descendants</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1190286162" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist template-grid-list-3em"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%97" class="mw-redirect" title="×">×</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%A8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="⨘ (page does not exist)">⨘</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E2%A8%89" class="mw-redirect" title="⨉">⨉</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E2%A8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="⨯">⨯</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E2%9C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="✗">✗</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%92" class="mw-redirect" title="☒">☒</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%9E%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꭓ">ꭓ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/X%CC%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="X̧">X̧</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sisters</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1190286162" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist template-grid-list-3em"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Х">Х</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8D%87" class="mw-redirect" title="𐍇">𐍇</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%82%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Ⴕ">Ⴕ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ქ">ქ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%82%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ⴟ">Ⴟ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="ჯ">ჯ</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associated graphs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#X" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">x(x)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:14em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_alphabet_Xx.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="X"><img alt="X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Latin_alphabet_Xx.svg/119px-Latin_alphabet_Xx.svg.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Latin_alphabet_Xx.svg/179px-Latin_alphabet_Xx.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Latin_alphabet_Xx.svg/238px-Latin_alphabet_Xx.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="119" data-file-height="34" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic<br />Latin alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="letter-spacing: 0.1em"> <span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xx</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz</a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template:Latin alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template talk:Latin alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_alphabet_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>X</b>, or <b>x</b>, is the twenty-fourth <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, used in the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">modern English alphabet</a>, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ex#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:ex"><i>ex</i></a> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f0\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-X.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-X.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-X.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-X.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-X.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-X.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-X.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), plural <i>exes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/X" title="Special:EditPage/X">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22X%22">"X"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22X%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22X%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22X%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22X%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22X%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Western Greek<br /><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Chi</a> </th> <th>Etruscan<br />X </th> <th>Latin<br />X </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:white; text-align:center;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/45px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/68px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/90px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanX-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/EtruscanX-01.svg/40px-EtruscanX-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/EtruscanX-01.svg/60px-EtruscanX-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalis_monumentalis_X.SVG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Capitalis_monumentalis_X.SVG/28px-Capitalis_monumentalis_X.SVG.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Capitalis_monumentalis_X.SVG/42px-Capitalis_monumentalis_X.SVG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Capitalis_monumentalis_X.SVG/56px-Capitalis_monumentalis_X.SVG.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="54" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨X⟩</span>, representing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span>, was inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</a>. It perhaps originated in the <span class="nowrap">⟨Χ⟩</span> of the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets#Euboean" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Euboean alphabet</a> or another Western Greek alphabet, which also represented <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span>. Its relationship with the <span class="nowrap">⟨Χ⟩</span> of the Eastern Greek alphabets, which represented <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span>, is uncertain. </p><p>The pronunciation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> underwent <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_in_the_Romance_languages" title="Palatalization in the Romance languages">sound changes</a>, with various outcomes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/js/</span> (e.g. <i>laisser</i> from <i>laxare</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ss/</span> (e.g. <i>asse</i> from <i>axem</i>) and, in some cases, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃʃ/</span> (e.g. <i>lasciare</i> from <i>laxare</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jʃ/</span> (e.g. <i>eixo</i> from <i>axem</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ps/</span> (e.g. <i>coapsă</i> from <i>coxa</i>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> (e.g. <i>lăsa</i> from <i>laxare</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> (e.g. <i>cuja</i> from <i>coxa</i>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>In Old Spanish, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> came to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>, which it still represents in most <a href="/wiki/Iberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian languages">Iberian languages</a> and in the orthographies of other languages influenced by Spanish, such as <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a>. In French (with a few exceptions), Italian, Romanian, and modern Spanish, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> was replaced by other letters. </p><p>The use of <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> was reintroduced to the Romance languages via Latin <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. In many words, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> was <a href="/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">voiced</a> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gz/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_writing_systems">Use in writing systems</h2></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Pronunciation of <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> by language </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Orthography </th> <th>Phonemes </th> <th>Environment </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Asturian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Asturian orthography">Asturian</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Albanian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian orthography">Albanian</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azeri</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Basque_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque orthography">Basque</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td>Usually (word-initially, after consonants, <i>i</i>, <i>au</i>, or <i>eu</i>, in some surnames such as <i><a href="/wiki/Rexach" title="Rexach">Rexach</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gz/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Cou</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>/</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> </td> <td>Usually, mainly used in loanwords </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td> <td>In <i><a href="/wiki/Texel" title="Texel">Texel</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> </td> <td>Usually; before an unstressed vowel </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gz/</span> </td> <td>Before a stressed vowel </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> </td> <td>Word-initially </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a></i>, and words derived from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl" title="Classical Nahuatl">Classical Nahuatl</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto</a> </th> <td><i>in digraphs only as a substitute for a diacritic</i> </td> <td><i>cx, gx, hx, jx, sx, ux</i> are used as substitutes for <i>ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ</i> where these characters are not available, see <a href="/wiki/X-convention" class="mw-redirect" title="X-convention">X-convention</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> </td> <td>Usually; in <i><a href="/wiki/Aix_(disambiguation)#France" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Aix (disambiguation)">Aix-</a></i> (prefix or name of several places) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gz/</span> </td> <td>Mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> ex- followed by a vowel; sometimes word-initially </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silent </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">Word-finally</a> with no liaison </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> </td> <td>Word-finally with <a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">liaison</a>; in <i>sixième</i> (6th) and <i>dixième</i> (10th) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td> <td>In <i>six</i> (<a href="/wiki/6" title="6">6</a>), <i>dix</i> (<a href="/wiki/10" title="10">10</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Auxerre" title="Auxerre">Auxerre</a></i>, and <i>Bruxelles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Galician_alphabet" title="Galician alphabet">Galician</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td>Usually </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/(k)s/</span> </td> <td>Some learned loanwords </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> </td> <td>Mainly used in loanwords </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_orthography" title="Indonesian orthography">Indonesian</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td> <td>In the beginning of a word, mainly used in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> for science </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> </td> <td>In the middle or the end of a word, although words borrowed with the letter x in the middle or the end of a word are always replaced by the letters 'ks'. For example, the word 'maximum' and 'climax' in Indonesian would be 'maksimal' and 'klimaks'. Letter x on the middle or the end of a word only occurs in names. Mainly used in loanwords for science. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> </td> <td>Mainly used in learned loanwords </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish orthography">Kurdish</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a> romanization </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td> <td>A "low consonant", affects the tone of the following vowel </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Leonese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonese dialect">Leonese</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Maltese_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltese orthography">Maltese</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Academia_de_Lenguas_Mayas_de_Guatemala" title="Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala">ALMG</a>) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_orthography" title="Nahuatl orthography">Nahuatl</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nguni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguni language">Nguni</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">ǁ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Norwegian</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> </td> <td>Archaic </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Occitan_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Occitan orthography">Occitan</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/</span> </td> <td>Usually </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td> <td>Before consonants </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡz/</span> </td> <td>In the prefix <i>ex</i>- before vowels in the <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaro-Alpine">Vivaro-Alpine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard" class="mw-redirect" title="Niçard">Niçard</a> dialects </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡʒ/</span> </td> <td>Before <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a> dialect </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pirah%C3%A3_language" title="Pirahã language">Pirahã</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">Polish</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>gz/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td>Usually, always when word-initially </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> </td> <td>Found between vowels in some words, mainly in those that entered the language recently </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td> <td>When preceded by <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> and succeeded by a consonant </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> </td> <td>In the <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ex⟩</span> when before a vowel and <span class="nowrap">⟨exo⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gz/</span> </td> <td>Optionally in the <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> <a href="/wiki/Numeral_prefix" title="Numeral prefix"><i>hexa</i>-</a>, although most dialects just pronounce this prefix's <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinian alphabet">Sardinian</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_orthography" title="Sicilian orthography">Sicilian</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td>Old Sicilian words and names, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi"><i>Craxi</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Joppolo_Giancaxio" title="Joppolo Giancaxio"><i>Giancaxio</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k(ə)s(ə)/</span> </td> <td>Loanwords </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Somali_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali orthography">Somali</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/(k)s/</span> </td> <td>Usually </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td> <td>Word-initially </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> </td> <td>In some names and words </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Swedish_orthography" title="Swedish orthography">Swedish</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian orthography">Venetian</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> </td> <td>Usually </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td> <td>In <i>Venexia</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese orthography">Vietnamese</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> is typically pronounced as the voiceless <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant cluster</a> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> when it follows the stressed vowel (e.g. <i>ox</i>), and the voiced consonant <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> when it precedes the stressed vowel (e.g. <i>exam</i>). It is also pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> when it precedes a silent <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> and a stressed vowel (e.g. <i>exhaust</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Venezky1970_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venezky1970-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to <a href="/wiki/Yod-coalescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-coalescence">yod-coalescence</a>, the sequence <span class="nowrap">⟨xi⟩</span> before a vowel can be pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> resulting from earlier <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span></span>/</a></span></span>, e.g. in <i>-xion(-)</i>, <i>-xious(-)</i>. Similarly, the sequence <span class="nowrap">⟨xu⟩</span> can be pronounced with <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> (e.g. <i>flexure</i>, <i>sexual</i>) or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span></span>/</a></span></span> (in <i>luxury</i> and its derivatives). Due to <a href="/wiki/NG-coalescence" class="mw-redirect" title="NG-coalescence">NG-coalescence</a>, the sequence <span class="nowrap">⟨nx⟩</span> can be pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> in <i>anxiety</i>. </p><p>When <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> ends a word, it is always <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> (e.g. <i>fax</i>), except in loan words such as <i>faux</i>. When <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> does start a word, it is usually pronounced 'z' (e.g. <i>xylophone</i>, <i>xanthan</i>). When starting in some names or as its own representation, it is pronounced 'eks', in rare recent loanwords or foreign proper names, it can also be pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> (e.g. the obsolete Vietnamese monetary unit <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/xu" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:xu">xu</a></i>) or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> (e.g. Chinese names starting with <i>Xi</i>, like <a href="/wiki/Xiaomi" title="Xiaomi">Xiaomi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>). Many of the words that start with <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> are of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> origin, standardized trademarks (<i><a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a></i>), or acronyms (<i>XC</i>). </p><p>In abbreviations, it can represent "trans-" (e.g. <i>XMIT</i> for transmit, <i>XFER</i> for transfer), "cross-" (e.g. <i>X-ing</i> for crossing, <i>XREF</i> for <a href="/wiki/Cross-reference" title="Cross-reference">cross-reference</a>), "Christ-" (e.g. <i>Xmas</i> for <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <i>Xian</i> for <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>), the "crys-" in crystal (<i>XTAL</i>), "by" (<i>SXSW</i> for <a href="/wiki/South_by_Southwest" title="South by Southwest">South by Southwest</a>), or various words starting with "ex-" (e.g. <i>XL</i> for extra large, <i>XOR</i> for <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_disjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive disjunction">exclusive-or</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Extinction_symbol" title="Extinction symbol">extinction symbol</a>). </p><p>X is the <a href="/wiki/Letter_frequency" title="Letter frequency">third least frequently used letter</a> in English (after <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span>), with a frequency of about 0.15% in words.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are very few English words that start with <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> (the fewest of any letter). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance_languages">Romance languages</h3></div> <p>In Latin, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> stood for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span>. In the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, as a result of assorted phonetic changes, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> has other pronunciations: </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> has three pronunciations; the most common is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span>; as in <i>xarop</i> ('syrup'). Others are: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span>; <i>fixar</i> ('to fix'), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡz/</span>; <i>examen</i>. In addition, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> gets voiced to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</span> before voiced consonants; <i>caixmir</i>. Catalan also has the digraph <span class="nowrap">⟨tx⟩</span>, pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/</span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> in most cases (often used in place of etymological <i>g</i> or <i>j</i>). The pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> occurs in learned words, such as '<i>taxativo</i>' (taxing). However, Galician speakers tend to pronounce it <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span>, especially when it appears before plosives, such as in <i>externo</i> ('external').</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> usually represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> or (primarily in words beginning with ex- followed by a vowel) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡz/</span>. It is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> in some city names such as <i><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Bruxelles</a></i> (although some people pronounce it 'ks') or <i><a href="/wiki/Auxerre" title="Auxerre">Auxerre</a></i>; it is nevertheless pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Aix_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Aix (disambiguation)">Aix</a>, the name of several towns. At the ends of other words, it is silent (or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">liaison</a> if the next word starts with a vowel). Two exceptions are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span>: <i>six</i> ('six') and <i>dix</i> ('ten'). It is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> in <i>sixième</i> and <i>dixième</i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> is either pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span>, as in <i>extra</i>, <i>uxorio</i>, <i>xilofono</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡz/</span>, as in <i>exogamia</i>, when it is preceded by <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> and followed by a vowel. In several related languages, notably <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>, it represents the voiced <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span>. It is also used, mainly amongst young people, as a short written form for "per" (meaning "for"); for example, "x sempre" ("forever"). This is because in Italian, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%97" class="mw-redirect" title="×">multiplication sign</a> is called "per". However, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> is found only in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, as it is not part of the standard <a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">Italian alphabet</a>; in most words with <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span>, this letter may be replaced with 's' or 'ss' (with different pronunciation: <i>xilofono</i>/<i>silofono</i>, <i>taxi</i>/<i>tassì</i>) or, rarely, by 'cs' (with the same pronunciation: <i>claxon</i>/<i><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/clacson" class="extiw" title="it:clacson">clacson</a></i>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> has four main pronunciations; the most common is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span>, as in <i>xícara</i> ('cup'). The other sounds are: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> as in <i>flexão</i> ('flexion'); <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span>, when preceded by E and followed by a consonant, as in <i>contexto</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> in European Portuguese), and in a small number of other words, such as <i>próximo</i> (close/next); and (the rarest) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span>, which occurs in the prefix "ex-" before a vowel, as in <i>exagerado</i> ('exaggerated'). A rare fifth sound is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡz/</span>, coexisting with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> as acceptable pronunciations in <i>exantema</i> and in words with the Greek prefix 'hexa-'.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> was pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span>, as it is still currently in other <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian Romance languages</a>. Later, the sound evolved to a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> sound. In modern <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, due to a spelling reform, whenever <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> is used for the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> sound it has been replaced with <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span>, including in words that originally had <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> such as <i>ejemplo</i> or <i>ejercicio</i>, though <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> is still retained for some names (notably "México", even though "Méjico" may sometimes be used in Spain). Presently, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> represents the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> (word-initially), or the consonant cluster <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> (e.g. <i>oxígeno</i>, <i>examen</i>). Rarely, it can be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> as in Old Spanish in some proper nouns such as <i>Raxel</i> (a variant of <i><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal">Uxmal</a></i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> represents the voiced alveolar sibilant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span>, much like in Portuguese 'exagerado', English 'xylophone' or in the French 'sixième'. Examples from medieval texts include <i>raxon</i> ('reason'), <i>prexon</i> ('prison'), <i>dexerto</i> ('desert'), and <i>chaxa</i> or <i>caxa</i> ('home'). Nowadays, the best-known word is <i>xe</i> (is/are). The most notable exception to this rule is the name <i>Venexia</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/veˈnɛsja/</span>, in which <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> has evolved from the initial voiced sibilant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> to the present-day voiceless sibilant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3></div> <p>In languages which adopted the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabet</a> later, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> is used for various sounds, in some cases inspired by Latin or its descendants, but in others for unrelated consonants. Since the various Romance pronunciations of <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> can often be written in other ways, the letter becomes available for other sounds. </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>/</span> while the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨xh⟩</span> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/</span>.</li> <li>It represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> (Hawar alphabet), <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> (when Latinized), <a href="/wiki/Lojban" title="Lojban">Lojban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> (when Latinized), <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> (Jaꞑalif, Zamanälif, official romanization of 2012), <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Latin script</a>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span>. Additionally, the digraph <span class="nowrap">⟨tx⟩</span> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/</span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>'s official transcription system in China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan, the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>/</span>, for instance in '<a href="/wiki/Xi_(surname)" title="Xi (surname)">Xi</a>', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕi/</span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> usually represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span>, except in the name of the island of <a href="/wiki/Texel" title="Texel">Texel</a>, which is pronounced <i>Tessel</i>. This is because of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language#Historical_sound_changes" title="Dutch language">historical sound-changes in Dutch</a>, where all <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> sounds have been replaced by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> sounds. Words with an <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> in the Dutch language are nowadays usually <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Dutch-speaking part of Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family names</a> with <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> are not uncommon (e.g. <i>Dierckxa</i> and <i>Hendrickx</i>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, the <a href="/wiki/X-convention" class="mw-redirect" title="X-convention">x-convention</a> replaces <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%88" title="Ĉ">ĉ</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%9C" title="Ĝ">ĝ</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%A4" title="Ĥ">ĥ</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%B4" title="Ĵ">ĵ</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%9C" title="Ŝ">ŝ</a>⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%AC" title="Ŭ">ŭ</a>⟩</span> with x-suffixes: <span class="nowrap">⟨cx⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨gx⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨hx⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨jx⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨sx⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨ux⟩</span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, generally pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span>; in native words, however, such as <i>Ochs</i> or <i>wachsen</i>, the cluster <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> is often written <span class="nowrap">⟨chs⟩</span>.</li> <li>In transliterations of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian languages</a>, primarily Indo-Aryan languages, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> represents the consonant cluster <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʃ]</span> in alternate spellings of words containing 'क्ष' (kṣ), especially names such as <a href="/wiki/Laxmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laxmi">Laxmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dikshit" title="Dikshit">Dixit</a>. Less frequently, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> is used to represent 'ख़' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Lao#Consonants" title="Romanization of Lao">romanization of Lao consonants</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span>, while appears to be homophonous with <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>, it is a "low consonant" and affects the tone of the following vowel, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> or, in some cases, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span> (only in loanwords such as 'televixin', and not for all speakers).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni languages</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> represents the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral click">alveolar lateral click</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">ǁ</a>/</span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> is generally pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span>, but since the 19th century, there has been a tendency to spell it out as <span class="nowrap">⟨ks⟩</span>; it may still be retained in personal names, though it is fairly rare, and occurs mostly in foreign words and <a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">SMS language</a>. Usage in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> is similar (while <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, on the other hand, makes frequent use of <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> in native words as well as in loanwords).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Pirah%C3%A3_language" title="Pirahã language">Pirahã</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> symbolizes the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> was used prior to 19th century both in loanwords and native words and was pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡz/</span>, e.g. <i>xiążę</i>, <i>xięstwo</i> (now <i>książę</i>, <i>księstwo</i>). This was later replaced by <span class="nowrap">⟨ks⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨gz⟩</span> in almost all words and remained only in a few loanwords as 'xenia' (<i>xenien</i>), surnames as <i>Axentowicz</i>, <i>Rexemowski</i>, and <i>Xiężopolski</i>, names as <i>Xawery</i>, and <i>Xymena</i>, and abbreviations.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet#Consonants" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span>. This sound was <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>]</span> in Middle Vietnamese, resembling the Portuguese <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span>, spelled <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span>.</li></ul> <p>An illustrative example of <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> as a "leftover" letter is the differing usage in three different <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic languages</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>: <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">voiced alveolar implosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a>/</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective">alveolar ejective</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>/</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">voiceless pharyngeal fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>/</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_systems">Other systems</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span>⟩ represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/X_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="X (disambiguation)">X (disambiguation)</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X_mark" title="X mark">X mark</a> has a widely accepted meaning of "negative" or "wrong".</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numeral</a> X represents the number 10.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <i>x</i> is commonly used as the name for an <a href="/wiki/Independent_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent variable">independent variable</a> or unknown value. The modern tradition of using <i>x</i>, <i>y</i>, and <i>z</i> to represent an <a href="/wiki/Unknown_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unknown (mathematics)">unknown (<i>incognita</i>)</a> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/La_G%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie" title="La Géométrie">La Géométrie</a></i> (1637).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of its use in <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, X is often used to represent unknowns in other circumstances (e.g. <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Planet_X" title="The Man from Planet X">The Man from Planet X</a></i>).</li> <li>On some <a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">identification documents</a>, the letter X represents a <a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">non-binary gender</a>, where F means female and M means male.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_as_Culture_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_as_Culture-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nzpass_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzpass-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Cartesian coordinate system</a>, <i>x</i> is used to refer to the horizontal axis.</li> <li>It is also sometimes used as a <a href="/wiki/Typographic_approximation" title="Typographic approximation">typographic approximation</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">multiplication sign</a>, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">×</span>. In mathematical typesetting, <i>x</i> meaning an algebraic variable is normally in <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic type</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/13b85d29899b2b2e4931388408d51f4fb086e7ec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.271ex; width:1.214ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\!}" /></span>), partly to avoid confusion with the multiplication symbol. In fonts containing both <i>x</i> (the letter) and × (the multiplication sign), the two glyphs are dissimilar.</li> <li>It can be used as an abbreviation for 'between' in the context of historical dating; e.g. "1483 x 1485".</li> <li>Maps and other images sometimes use an X to label a specific location, leading to the expression "X marks the spot".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In art or fashion, the use of X indicates a collaboration by two or more artists, e.g. Aaron Koblin x Takashi Kawashima. This application, which originated in Japan, now extends to other kinds of collaboration outside the art world.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This usage mimics the use of a similar mark in <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_name_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid name (botany)">denoting botanical hybrids</a>, for which scientifically the <a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign#Uses" title="Multiplication sign">multiplication ×</a> is used, but informally, a lowercase "x" is also used.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Kiss"></span>At the end of a letter or other correspondence, '<a href="/wiki/Hugs_and_kisses" title="Hugs and kisses">x</a>' can mean a kiss;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the earliest example of this usage cited by the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> is from 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/X_rating" title="X rating">X rating</a> denotes media, such as movies, that are intended for adults only.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a>, a series of Xs is used as a visual <a href="/wiki/Bleep_censor" title="Bleep censor">bleep censor</a> for subtitles and captions, serving the same role as an <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a> (*).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/C_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="C programming language">C programming language</a>, "x" preceded by zero (as in 0x or 0X) is used to denote hexadecimal literal values.</li> <li>X is commonly used as a prefix term in nouns related to the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">Unix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_characters">Related characters</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants_and_related_characters_in_the_Latin_alphabet">Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet</h3></div> <ul><li>X with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>: <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">Ẍ ẍ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%8A" title="Ẋ">Ẋ ẋ</a> <a href="/wiki/X%CC%82" title="X̂">X̂ x̂</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶍ">ᶍ</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>-specific symbols related to X: <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuthonista" title="Teuthonista">Teuthonista</a> phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to X:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+AB56</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꭖ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LOW RIGHT RING</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+AB57</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꭗ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LONG LEFT LEG</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+AB58</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꭘ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LONG LEFT LEG AND LOW RIGHT RING</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+AB59</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꭙ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LONG LEFT LEG WITH SERIF</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ˣ">ˣ</a> : Modifier letter small x is used for phonetic transcription</li> <li>ₓ : Subscript small x is used in <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestors_and_siblings_in_other_alphabets">Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets</h3></div> <ul><li>Χ χ : <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Chi</a>, from which the following derive: <ul><li>Ꭓ ꭓ : <a href="/wiki/Latin_chi" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin chi">Latin chi</a></li> <li>Х х : <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Kha_(Cyrillic)" title="Kha (Cyrillic)">Kha</a></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1107333977">.mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:"Sophia Nubian","Noto Sans Coptic","FreeSerif","Quivira","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol","New Athena Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","Arial Coptic","Analecta","Antinoou"}</style><span class="script-coptic">Ⲭ ⲭ</span> : <a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> letter Khe, which derives from Greek Chi</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r866748126">.mw-parser-output .script-gothic{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Vulcanius,Junicode,Pfeffer Mediæval,Ulfilas,Silubr,Skeirs,Midjungards,ALPHABETUM,FreeSerif,FreeSans,"Noto Sans Gothic",Code2001,"Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol",serif}</style><span class="script-gothic">𐍇</span> : <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> letter enguz, which derives from Greek Chi</li> <li>𐌗 : <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">Old Italic</a> X, which derives from Greek Chi, and is the ancestor of modern Latin X <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227795492">.mw-parser-output .script-runic{font-family:"BabelStone Runic","FreeMono",Junicode,Code2000,Hnias,"Noto Sans Runic","San Francisco","New York"}</style><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚷ</span> : <a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runic</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Gyfu" title="Gyfu">Gyfu</a>, which may derive from old Italic X</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Ξ ξ : Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">Xi</a>, which was used in place of Chi in the Eastern (and the modern) Greek alphabets</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_representations">Other representations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computing">Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing_codes"></span></h3></div> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">X</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">x</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">Ｘ</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ｘ </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273787049">.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child{height:50px}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]{height:100%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:0 0.5em}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div>span:nth-child(2){margin:auto;padding:10px 0;font-size:150%;font-family:monospace;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .smallcaps-cm{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap td:first-child{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .template-charmap-numchr td:nth-child(n/**/+2){font-size:90%;font-family:monospace;padding:2px}</style>Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">LATIN SMALL LETTER X </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER X </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>88</td> <td>U+0058</td> <td>120</td> <td>U+0078</td> <td>65336</td> <td>U+FF38</td> <td>65368</td> <td>U+FF58 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>88</td> <td>58</td> <td>120</td> <td>78</td> <td>239 188 184</td> <td>EF BC B8</td> <td>239 189 152</td> <td>EF BD 98 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&#88;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x58;<wbr /></td> <td>&#120;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x78;<wbr /></td> <td>&#65336;<wbr /></td> <td>&#xFF38;<wbr /></td> <td>&#65368;<wbr /></td> <td>&#xFF58;<wbr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> family</td> <td>231</td> <td>E7</td> <td>167</td> <td>A7</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>88</td> <td>58</td> <td>120</td> <td>78</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <div style="width: 500px;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="text-align: center; background: white;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 125%;"> <td width="50%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; line-height:1.3em; padding:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/NATO_spelling_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO spelling alphabet">NATO phonetic</a> </td> <td width="50%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-family: monospace; font-weight: bold; line-height: 100%; font-size:150%"> <td width="50%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;">Xray<br /><i style="font-size:75%"></i> </td> <td width="50%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; font-size: large;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion nounderlines"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/be\/X_morse_code.ogg\/X_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style><span class=\"morse\">&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"X morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/X_morse_code.ogg/X_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268038863">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:"\a0 "}</style><span class="morse"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:X_morse_code.ogg" title="File:X morse code.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="text-align: center; background: white;"> <tbody><tr style="height: 80px;"> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_X-ray.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ICS_X-ray.svg/75px-ICS_X-ray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ICS_X-ray.svg/113px-ICS_X-ray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ICS_X-ray.svg/150px-ICS_X-ray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Semaphore_X-ray.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Semaphore_X-ray.svg/120px-Semaphore_X-ray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Semaphore_X-ray.svg/250px-Semaphore_X-ray.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_language_X.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sign_language_X.svg/90px-Sign_language_X.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sign_language_X.svg/135px-Sign_language_X.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sign_language_X.svg/180px-Sign_language_X.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="522" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BSL_letter_X.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/BSL_letter_X.svg/90px-BSL_letter_X.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/BSL_letter_X.svg/135px-BSL_letter_X.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/BSL_letter_X.svg/180px-BSL_letter_X.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_X.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠭"><img alt="⠭" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_X.svg/120px-Braille_X.svg.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_X.svg/154px-Braille_X.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 125%;"> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver; padding-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Signal flag</a> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/American_manual_alphabet" title="American manual alphabet">American manual alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a> <a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">fingerspelling</a>) </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/British_manual_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="British manual alphabet">British manual alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">BSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">fingerspelling</a>) </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/Braille_pattern_dots-1346" title="Braille pattern dots-1346">Braille dots-1346</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X_mark" title="X mark">X mark</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">as in the <a href="/wiki/English_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="English Language">English</a> word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/luxurious" class="extiw" title="wikt:luxurious"><i>lu<b>xu</b>rious</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"X", <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, 2nd edition (1989); <i>Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged</i> (1993); "ex", <i>op. cit</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venezky1970-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Venezky1970_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVenezky1970" class="citation book cs1">Venezky, Richard (1 January 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mrt_G_RrJykC&pg=PA5"><i>The Structure of English Orthography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>: Walter de Gruyter. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080447-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080447-8"><bdi>978-3-11-080447-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427105102/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mrt_G_RrJykC&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+English+Orthography&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft.isbn=978-3-11-080447-8&rft.aulast=Venezky&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMrt_G_RrJykC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMička" class="citation web cs1">Mička, Pavel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.algoritmy.net/article/40379/Letter-frequency-English">"Letter frequency (English)"</a>. <i>Algoritmy.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304152631/http://en.algoritmy.net/article/40379/Letter-frequency-English">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Algoritmy.net&rft.atitle=Letter+frequency+%28English%29&rft.aulast=Mi%C4%8Dka&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.algoritmy.net%2Farticle%2F40379%2FLetter-frequency-English&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dizionario.rai.it">"Dizionario di ortografia e pronunzia"</a> [Dictionary of Spelling and Pronunciation]. <i>Dizionario di ortografia e pronunzia</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180416110248/http://www.dizionario.rai.it/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dizionario+di+ortografia+e+pronunzia&rft.atitle=Dizionario+di+ortografia+e+pronunzia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dizionario.rai.it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon1983" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Arthur E. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedintro0000gord"><i>Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedintro0000gord/page/44">44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520038981" title="Special:BookSources/9780520038981"><bdi>9780520038981</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>roman numerals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Introduction+to+Latin+Epigraphy&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780520038981&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Arthur+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedintro0000gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKing2001" class="citation book cs1">King, David A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PapljPXaSbwC&q=roman%20numerals%20letters&pg=PA282"><i>The Ciphers of the Monks</i></a>. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515076401" title="Special:BookSources/9783515076401"><bdi>9783515076401</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210104092429/https://books.google.com/books?id=PapljPXaSbwC&q=roman%20numerals%20letters&pg=PA282">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>In the course of time, <b>I</b>, <b>V</b> and <b>X</b> became identical with three letters of the alphabet; originally, however, they bore no relation to these letters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ciphers+of+the+Monks&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9783515076401&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPapljPXaSbwC%26q%3Droman%2520numerals%2520letters%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCajori1928" class="citation book cs1">Cajori, Florian (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_byqAAAAQBAJ&q=unknown&pg=PA380"><i>A History of Mathematical Notations</i></a>. Chicago: Open Court Publishing. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486161167" title="Special:BookSources/9780486161167"><bdi>9780486161167</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413173747/https://books.google.com/books?id=_byqAAAAQBAJ&q=unknown&pg=PA380">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mathematical+Notations&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=9780486161167&rft.aulast=Cajori&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_byqAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dunknown%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></span> See <a href="/wiki/History_of_algebra#The_symbol_x" title="History of algebra">History of algebra</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science_as_Culture-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Science_as_Culture_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolme2008" class="citation journal cs1">Holme, Ingrid (2008). "Hearing People's Own Stories". <i>Science as Culture</i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">341–</span>344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09505430802280784">10.1080/09505430802280784</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143528047">143528047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+as+Culture&rft.atitle=Hearing+People%27s+Own+Stories&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E341-%3C%2Fspan%3E344&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09505430802280784&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143528047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Holme&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nzpass-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nzpass_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passports.govt.nz/Transgender-applicants">"New Zealand Passports - Information about Changing Sex / Gender Identity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140923055123/http://www.passports.govt.nz/Transgender-applicants">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Passports+-+Information+about+Changing+Sex+%2F+Gender+Identity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.passports.govt.nz%2FTransgender-applicants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/x-marks-the-spot">"X marks the spot"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604015834/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/x-marks-the-spot">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=X+marks+the+spot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fx-marks-the-spot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arkitip.com/product/x-mark-of-collaboration-issue-no-0053x/">"X: Mark of Collaboration - Issue No. 0053X - Arkitip, Inc"</a>. <i>arkitip.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517184918/http://arkitip.com/product/x-mark-of-collaboration-issue-no-0053x/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arkitip.com&rft.atitle=X%3A+Mark+of+Collaboration+-+Issue+No.+0053X+-+Arkitip%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farkitip.com%2Fproduct%2Fx-mark-of-collaboration-issue-no-0053x%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2020" class="citation news cs1">Epstein, Nadine (7 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/a-whole-lot-of-history-behind-x-and-o-kiss-and-hug/2014/02/13/0c3e218a-9341-11e3-b46a-5a3d0d2130da_story.html">"A whole lot of history behind 'x' and 'o', kiss and hug"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401143406/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/a-whole-lot-of-history-behind-x-and-o-kiss-and-hug/2014/02/13/0c3e218a-9341-11e3-b46a-5a3d0d2130da_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+whole+lot+of+history+behind+%27x%27+and+%27o%27%2C+kiss+and+hug&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Nadine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Fa-whole-lot-of-history-behind-x-and-o-kiss-and-hug%2F2014%2F02%2F13%2F0c3e218a-9341-11e3-b46a-5a3d0d2130da_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/230945">X, n.</a>" <i>OED Online</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, September 2022), §6. Accessed 11 November 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118155129/https://www.goeonair.com/news/article.html?no=13845">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'찐따', 'X랄하다'...욕도 전통을 가진다?"</a> ['loser', 'fXing'... swear words also have a tradition?]. <i>www.goeonair.com</i> (in Korean). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goeonair.com/news/article.html?no=13845">the original</a> on 18 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.goeonair.com&rft.atitle=%27%EC%B0%90%EB%94%B0%27%2C+%27X%EB%9E%84%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4%27...%EC%9A%95%EB%8F%84+%EC%A0%84%ED%86%B5%EC%9D%84+%EA%B0%80%EC%A7%84%EB%8B%A4%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goeonair.com%2Fnews%2Farticle.html%3Fno%3D13845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF참바다2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">참바다 (15 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XX4WEAAAQBAJ&dq=%EC%9A%95+X&pg=PA6-IA1"><i>시사칼럼 우리 시대의 상징과 은유</i></a> (in Korean). e퍼플. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-11-6569-712-9" title="Special:BookSources/979-11-6569-712-9"><bdi>979-11-6569-712-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%8B%9C%EC%82%AC%EC%B9%BC%EB%9F%BC+%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC+%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%98+%EC%83%81%EC%A7%95%EA%B3%BC+%EC%9D%80%EC%9C%A0&rft.pub=e%ED%8D%BC%ED%94%8C&rft.date=2021-01-15&rft.isbn=979-11-6569-712-9&rft.au=%EC%B0%B8%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%A4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXX4WEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25EC%259A%2595%2BX%26pg%3DPA6-IA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConstable2004" class="citation web cs1">Constable, Peter (19 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf">"L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014355/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F04-132+Proposal+to+add+additional+phonetic+characters+to+the+UCS&rft.date=2004-04-19&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2004%2F04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEversonDicklbergerPentzlinWandl-Vogt2011" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf">"L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011012426/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F11-202%3A+Revised+proposal+to+encode+%22Teuthonista%22+phonetic+characters+in+the+UCS&rft.date=2011-06-02&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Dicklberger%2C+Alois&rft.au=Pentzlin%2C+Karl&rft.au=Wandl-Vogt%2C+Eveline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2011%2F11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndersonEverson2004" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (7 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04191-n2788-laryngeals.pdf">"L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014402/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04191-n2788-laryngeals.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F04-191%3A+Proposal+to+encode+six+Indo-Europeanist+phonetic+characters+in+the+UCS&rft.date=2004-06-07&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft.au=Everson%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2004%2F04191-n2788-laryngeals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=X&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_script/main" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_script492" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Additional Latin letters</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ æ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_alpha" title="Latin alpha">Ɑ ɑ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Turned_v" title="Turned v">Ʌ ʌ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_beta" title="Latin beta">Ꞵ ꞵ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Eth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eth (letter)">Ð ð</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_epsilon" title="Latin epsilon">Ɛ ɛ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%8F" title="Ə">Ə ə</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%8E" title="Ǝ">Ǝ ə</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_gamma" title="Latin gamma">Ɣ ɣ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Gha" title="Gha">Ƣ ƣ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_iota" title="Latin iota">Ɩ ɩ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Turned_h" title="Turned h">Ɥ ɥ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Lambda_(Latin_letter)" title="Lambda (Latin letter)">λ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Eng_(letter)" title="Eng (letter)">Ŋ ŋ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">Œ œ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Open_O" title="Open O">Ɔ ɔ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C9%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ɤ">ɤ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Kra_(letter)" title="Kra (letter)">Kʼ ĸ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ʀ">Ʀ ʀ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ẞ ß</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Esh_(letter)" title="Esh (letter)">Ʃ ʃ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%9C" title="Ɯ">Ɯ ɯ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%B1" title="Ʊ">Ʊ ʊ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_omega" title="Latin omega">Ꞷ ꞷ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%B2" title="Ʋ">Ʋ ʋ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">Ƿ ƿ </a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Yogh" title="Yogh">Ȝ ȝ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_theta" title="Latin theta">ϴ θ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Ezh" title="Ezh">Ʒ ʒ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%B8" title="Ƹ">Ƹ ƹ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">Þ þ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Ou_(ligature)" title="Ou (ligature)">Ȣ ȣ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Ꭓ ꭓ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop_(letter)" title="Glottal stop (letter)">Ɂ ʔ ɂ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ʕ">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ǀ">ǀ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C7%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ǁ">ǁ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C7%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ǂ">ǂ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ǃ">ǃ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ʘ">ʘ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOkina" title="ʻOkina">ʻ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ˀ">ˀ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_apostrophe" title="Modifier letter apostrophe">ʼ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Saltillo_(linguistics)" title="Saltillo (linguistics)">Ꞌ ꞌ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴬ">ᴬ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴮ">ᴮ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ꟲ (page does not exist)">ꟲ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴰ">ᴰ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴱ">ᴱ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ꟳ (page does not exist)">ꟳ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴳ">ᴳ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴴ">ᴴ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴵ">ᴵ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴶ">ᴶ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴷ">ᴷ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴸ">ᴸ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴹ">ᴹ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵃ">ᵃ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵉ">ᵉ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵋ">ᵋ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ʰ">ʰ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E2%81%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ⁱ">ⁱ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶤ">ᶤ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E2%81%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ⁿ">ⁿ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵒ">ᵒ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵓ">ᵓ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵘ">ᵘ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶶ">ᶶ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵛ">ᵛ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ʷ">ʷ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ʸ">ʸ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶻ">ᶻ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶿ">ᶿ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%EA%9C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꜣ">Ꜣ ꜣ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%EA%9C%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꜥ">Ꜥ ꜥ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/3_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="3 (letter)">3</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Tresillo_(letter)" title="Tresillo (letter)">Ꜫ ꜫ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Cuatrillo" title="Cuatrillo">Ꜭ ꜭ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/7_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="7 (letter)">7</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E2%81%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="⁷">⁷</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letter X with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/X%CC%81" class="mw-redirect" title="X́">X́x́</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/X%CC%82" title="X̂">X̂x̂</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẍ">Ẍẍ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/X%CC%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="X̌">X̌x̌</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%8A" title="Ẋ">Ẋẋ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/X%CC%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="X̧">X̧x̧</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/X%CC%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="X̱">X̱x̱</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/X%CC%A3" title="X̣">X̣x̣</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶍ">ᶍ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" 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