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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Micro Channel architecture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Arquitectura Micro Channel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arquitectura Micro Channel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_Architecture" title="Micro Channel Architecture – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Micro Channel Architecture" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_Architecture" title="Micro Channel Architecture – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Micro Channel Architecture" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_Architecture" title="Micro Channel Architecture – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Micro Channel Architecture" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_Architecture" title="Micro Channel Architecture – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Micro Channel Architecture" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_Architecture" title="Micro Channel Architecture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Micro Channel Architecture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C_%EC%B1%84%EB%84%90_%EC%95%84%ED%82%A4%ED%85%8D%EC%B2%98" title="마이크로 채널 아키텍처 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이크로 채널 아키텍처" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_Architecture" title="Micro Channel Architecture – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Micro Channel Architecture" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_MCA" title="Bus MCA – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bus MCA" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchannel_Architecture" title="Microchannel Architecture – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Microchannel Architecture" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Micro Channel architecture" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Micro Channel architecture" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_Architecture" title="Micro Channel Architecture – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Micro Channel Architecture" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Micro Channel architecture" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_Architecture" title="Micro Channel Architecture – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Micro Channel Architecture" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_Architecture" title="Micro Channel Architecture – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Micro Channel Architecture" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_Architecture" title="Micro Channel Architecture – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Parallel computer bus introduced by IBM in 1987</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Micro Channel</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Micro Channel architecture</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_MCA_XGA_card_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="MCA graphics card" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/IBM_MCA_XGA_card_front.jpg/220px-IBM_MCA_XGA_card_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/IBM_MCA_XGA_card_front.jpg/330px-IBM_MCA_XGA_card_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/IBM_MCA_XGA_card_front.jpg/440px-IBM_MCA_XGA_card_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1362" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">IBM XGA-2 32-bit graphics card</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year created</th><td class="infobox-data">1987<span class="noprint">; 37 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1987</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Supersedes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superseded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a> (1993)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width in bits</th><td class="infobox-data">16 or 32</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Speed</th><td class="infobox-data">10 MHz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parallel_communication" title="Parallel communication">Parallel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hotplugging interface</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">External interface</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a computer bus. For small-sized liquid ducts, see <a href="/wiki/Microchannel_(microtechnology)" title="Microchannel (microtechnology)">Microchannel (microtechnology)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MCASlot16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/MCASlot16.JPG/220px-MCASlot16.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/MCASlot16.JPG/330px-MCASlot16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/MCASlot16.JPG/440px-MCASlot16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3518" data-file-height="2646" /></a><figcaption>Two, 16 bit MCA slots (top and middle). At the bottom is an MCA slot for an <a href="/wiki/IBM_8514" title="IBM 8514">IBM 8514</a> card.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Micro Channel architecture</b>, or the <b>Micro Channel</b> bus, is a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_hardware" title="Proprietary hardware">proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-</a> or <a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_communication" title="Parallel communication">parallel</a> computer <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">bus</a> publicly introduced by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> in 1987 which was used on <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2">PS/2</a> and other computers until the mid-1990s. Its name is commonly abbreviated as "<b>MCA</b>", although not by IBM. In IBM products, it superseded the <a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a> bus and was itself subsequently superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a> bus architecture. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro_Channel_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Micro Channel architecture">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The development of Micro Channel was driven by both technical and business pressures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro_Channel_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/IBM_AT" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM AT">IBM AT</a> bus, which later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">Industry Standard Architecture</a> (ISA) bus, had a number of technical design limitations, including: </p> <ul><li>A slow bus speed.</li> <li>A limited number of <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupts</a>, fixed in hardware.</li> <li>A limited number of <a href="/wiki/I/O_device" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O device">I/O device</a> addresses, also fixed in hardware.</li> <li>Hardwired and complex configuration with no conflict resolution.</li> <li>Deep links to the architecture of the <a href="/wiki/80x86" class="mw-redirect" title="80x86">80x86</a> chip family<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In addition, it suffered from other problems: </p> <ul><li>Poor <a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">grounding</a> and power distribution.</li> <li>Undocumented bus interface standards that varied between systems and manufacturers.</li></ul> <p>These limitations became more serious as the range of tasks and peripherals, and the number of manufacturers for <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC-compatibles</a>, grew. IBM was already investigating the use of <a href="/wiki/RISC" class="mw-redirect" title="RISC">RISC</a> processors in desktop machines, and could, in theory, save considerable money if a single well-documented bus could be used across their entire computer lineup. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_share">Market share</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro_Channel_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Market share"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was thought that by creating a new standard, IBM would regain control of standards via the required licensing. As patents can take three years or more to be granted, however, only those relating to ISA could be licensed when Micro Channel was announced. Patents on important Micro Channel features, such as <a href="/wiki/Plug_and_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug and Play">Plug and Play</a> automatic configuration, were not granted to IBM until after PCI had replaced Micro Channel in the marketplace. The overall reception was tepid and the impact of Micro Channel in the worldwide PC market was minor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro_Channel_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Micro Channel architecture">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CHIPS_P82C612.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/CHIPS_P82C612.jpg/220px-CHIPS_P82C612.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/CHIPS_P82C612.jpg/330px-CHIPS_P82C612.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/CHIPS_P82C612.jpg/440px-CHIPS_P82C612.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>CHIPS P82C612 in a <a href="/wiki/Plastic_leaded_chip_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic leaded chip carrier">PLCC</a> package</figcaption></figure> <p>The Micro Channel architecture was designed by engineer Chet Heath.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lot of the Micro Channel cards that were developed used the <a href="/wiki/Chips_and_Technologies" title="Chips and Technologies">Chips and Technologies</a> P82C612 MCA interface controller; allowing MCA implementations to become a lot easier.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MCA_NIC_IBM_83X9648.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/MCA_NIC_IBM_83X9648.jpg/280px-MCA_NIC_IBM_83X9648.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/MCA_NIC_IBM_83X9648.jpg/420px-MCA_NIC_IBM_83X9648.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/MCA_NIC_IBM_83X9648.jpg/560px-MCA_NIC_IBM_83X9648.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>IBM 83X9648 16-bit network interface card</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro_Channel_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Micro Channel was primarily a 32-bit bus, but the system also supported a 16-bit mode designed to lower the cost of connectors and logic in <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>-based machines like the IBM <a href="/wiki/PS/2" class="mw-redirect" title="PS/2">PS/2</a>. </p><p>The situation was never that simple, however, as both the 32-bit and 16-bit versions initially had a number of additional optional connectors for memory cards which resulted in a huge number of physically incompatible cards for bus attached memory. In time, memory moved to the CPU's <a href="/wiki/Local_bus" title="Local bus">local bus</a>, thereby eliminating the problem. On the upside, signal quality was greatly improved as Micro Channel added ground and power pins and arranged the pins to minimize interference; a ground or a supply was thereby located within 3 pins of every signal. </p><p>Another connector extension was included for <a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">graphics cards</a>. This extension was used for analog output from the video card, which was then routed through the system board to the system's own monitor output. The advantage of this was that Micro Channel system boards could have a basic <a href="/wiki/VGA" class="mw-redirect" title="VGA">VGA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Multi-Color_Graphics_Array" title="Multi-Color Graphics Array">MCGA</a> graphics system on board, and higher-level graphics (<a href="/wiki/XGA" class="mw-redirect" title="XGA">XGA</a> or other accelerator cards) could then share the same port. The add-on cards were then able to be free of '<a href="/wiki/Legacy_system" title="Legacy system">legacy</a>' VGA modes, making use of the on-board graphics system when needed, and allowing a single system board connector for graphics that could be upgraded. </p><p>Micro Channel cards also featured a unique, 16-bit software-readable ID, which formed the basis of an early plug and play system. The BIOS and/or OS can read IDs, compare against a list of known cards, and perform automatic system configuration to suit. This led to boot failures whereby an older <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> would not recognize a newer card, causing an error at startup. In turn, this required IBM to release updated Reference Disks (The <a href="/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory" title="Nonvolatile BIOS memory">CMOS</a> Setup Utility) on a regular basis. A fairly complete list of known IDs is available (see External links section). To accompany these reference disks were ADF files which were read by setup which in turn provided configuration information for the card. The ADF was a simple text file, containing information about the card's memory addressing and interrupts. </p><p>Although MCA cards cost nearly double the price of comparable non-MCA cards, the marketing stressed that it was simple for any user to upgrade or add more cards to their PC, thus saving the considerable expense of a technician. In this critical area, Micro Channel architecture's biggest advantage was also its greatest disadvantage, and one of the major reasons for its demise. To add a new card (video, printer, memory, network, modem, etc.) the user simply plugged in the MCA card and inserted a customized <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a> (that came with the PC) to blend the new card into the original hardware automatically, rather than bringing in an expensively trained technician who could manually make all the needed changes. All choices for interrupts (an often perplexing problem) and other changes were accomplished automatically by the PC reading the old configuration from the floppy disk, which made necessary changes in software, then wrote the new configuration to the floppy disk. In practice, however, this meant that the user must keep that <i>same floppy disk matched to that PC</i>. For a small company with a few PCs, this was annoying, but practical. But for large organizations with hundreds or even thousands of PCs, permanently matching each PC with its own floppy disk was logistically unlikely or impossible. Without the original, updated floppy disk, no changes could be made to the PC's cards. After this experience repeated itself thousands of times, business leaders realized their dream scenario for upgrade simplicity did not work in the corporate world, and they sought a better process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_transmission">Data transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro_Channel_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Data transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic data rate of the Micro Channel was increased from ISA's 8 MHz to 10 MHz. This may have been a modest increase in terms of clock rate, but the greater bus width, coupled with a dedicated bus controller that utilized <a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(computing)" title="Burst mode (computing)">burst mode</a> transfers, meant that effective throughput was up to five times higher than ISA. For faster transfers the <a href="/wiki/Address_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Address bus">address bus</a> could be reused for data, further increasing the effective width of the bus. While the 10 MHz rate allowed 40 <a href="/wiki/MB/s" class="mw-redirect" title="MB/s">MB/s</a> of throughput at 32-bit width, later models of RS/6000 machines increased the data rate to 20 MHz, and the throughput to 80 MB/s.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some higher throughput functions of the Micro Channel bus were available to RS/6000 platform only, and were not initially supported on cards operating on an Intel platform.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Bus_mastering" title="Bus mastering">bus mastering</a>, each card could talk to another directly. This allowed performance that was independent of the CPU. One potential drawback of multi-master design was the possible collisions when more than one card would try to bus master, but Micro Channel included an arbitration feature to correct for these situations, and also allowed a master to use a <i><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(computing)" title="Burst mode (computing)">burst-mode</a></i>. Micro Channel cards had complete control for up to 12 <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">milliseconds</a>. This was long enough to permit the maximum number of other devices on the bus to <a href="/wiki/Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">buffer</a> inbound data from over-runnable devices like tape and communications. </p><p>Multiple bus-master support and improved arbitration mean that several such devices could coexist and share the system bus. Micro Channel bus-master-capable devices can even use the bus to talk directly to each other (<a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a>) at speeds faster than the system CPU, without any other system intervention. In theory, Micro Channel architecture systems could be expanded, like <a href="/wiki/Mainframe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainframe">mainframes</a>, with only the addition of intelligent masters, without periodic need to upgrade the central processor. </p><p>Arbitration enhancement ensures better system throughput since control is passed more efficiently. Advanced interrupt handling refers to the use of level-sensitive interrupts to handle system requests. Rather than a dedicated interrupt line, several lines can be shared to provide more possible interrupts, addressing the ISA-bus interrupt line conflict problems. </p><p>All interrupt request signals were "public" on Micro Channel architecture permitting any card on the bus to function as an I/O processor for direct service of I/O device interrupts. ISA had limited all such processing to just the system's CPU. Likewise, bus master request and grant signals were public, such that bus attached devices could monitor latency to control internal buffering for I/O processors. These features were not adopted for PCI, requiring all I/O support to come uniquely from the system board processor. </p><p>The final major Micro Channel architecture improvement was <b>POS</b>, the <i>Programmable Option Select</i>, which allowed all setup to take place in software. This feature is taken for granted now, but at the time setup was a huge chore for ISA systems. POS was a simple system that included device IDs in firmware, which the drivers in the computer were supposed to interpret. (This type of software-configuration system is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Plug_and_play" title="Plug and play">plug and play</a></i> today.) The feature did not really live up to its promise; the automatic configuration was fine when it worked, but it frequently did not - resulting in an unbootable computer - and resolving the problem by manual intervention was much more difficult than configuring an ISA system, not least because the documentation for the MCA device would tend to assume that the automatic configuration <i>would</i> work and so did not provide the necessary information to set it up by hand, unlike ISA device documentation which by necessity provided full details (however having to physically remove and check all <a href="/wiki/Interrupt_request" title="Interrupt request">IRQ</a> settings, then find and set the new IRQ for a new device—if a suitable one was available—for ISA was no fun at all, and beyond many users... it is obvious why the attempt was made to move to software-arbitrated configuration, and why this was to later succeed in the form of <a href="/wiki/Plug_and_play" title="Plug and play">PnP</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro_Channel_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1983 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> stated that the IBM PC standard's dominance of the personal computer market was not a problem because "it can help competition to flourish". The magazine predicted that<sup id="cite_ref-economist19831126_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist19831126-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>IBM will soon be as much a prisoner of its standards as its competitors are. Once enough IBM machines have been bought, IBM cannot make sudden changes in their basic design; what might be useful for shedding competitors would shake off even more customers.</p></blockquote> <p>Micro Channel architecture was publicly introduced at the launch of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Personal System/2">PS/2</a> range in 1987, with three out of four of the new machines featuring it.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IBM had actually discreetly introduced the Micro Channel architecture in October 1986, half a year before the introduction of the IBM PS/2, as part of their "Gearbox" Industrial Computer 7552 series. These computers were rack-mountable, ruggedized, modular <a href="/wiki/Industrial_PC" title="Industrial PC">industrial PCs</a>. They featured a hybrid 16-bit MCA and ISA bus, with certain ISA signal lines disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-industrial7552_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-industrial7552-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auss-report_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auss-report-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-networkworld-ibm-7552_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-networkworld-ibm-7552-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ics-ibm-7552_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ics-ibm-7552-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of MCA in IBM spread to the <a href="/wiki/RS/6000" class="mw-redirect" title="RS/6000">RS/6000</a>, <a href="/wiki/AS/400" class="mw-redirect" title="AS/400">AS/400</a>, and eventually to the <a href="/wiki/IBM_9370" title="IBM 9370">IBM 9370</a> systems - smallest members of the <a href="/wiki/System/370" class="mw-redirect" title="System/370">System/370</a> range.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IBM licensed the architecture to other companies for one to five percent of revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis19880424_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis19880424-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tandy_Corporation" title="Tandy Corporation">Tandy Corporation</a> was the first to ship a Micro Channel-based computer, the 5000 MC, but company head John Roach said "I'm surprised anybody at all would want it"; Tandy only sold the computer, he said, because there was some demand for it.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis19880802_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis19880802-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NCR_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR Corporation">NCR Corporation</a> adopted Micro Channel comprehensively - they designed and built high-performance personal computer, <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> and server platforms supporting it, including their own Micro Channel architecture-based logic componentry, including SCSI, graphics, networking, and audio. A small number of other manufacturers, including <a href="/wiki/Apricot_Computers" title="Apricot Computers">Apricot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>, <a href="/wiki/RM_plc" title="RM plc">Research Machines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olivetti" title="Olivetti">Olivetti</a> adopted it, but only for part of their PC range. </p><p>Despite the fact that MCA was a huge technical improvement over ISA, it soon became clear that its introduction and marketing by IBM was poorly handled. IBM had strong patents on Micro Channel architecture system features, and required Micro Channel system manufacturers to pay a licence fee - and actively pursued patents to block third parties from selling unlicensed implementations of it. The <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">PC clone</a> market did not want to pay royalties to IBM in order to use this new technology, and stayed largely with the 16-bit AT bus, (embraced and renamed as ISA to avoid IBM's "AT" trademark) and manual configuration, although the <a href="/wiki/VESA_Local_Bus" title="VESA Local Bus">VESA Local Bus</a> (VLB) was briefly popular for <a href="/wiki/Intel_80486" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80486">Intel '486</a> machines. </p><p>For servers the technical limitations of the old ISA were too great, and, in late 1988, the "<a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Nine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gang of Nine">Gang of Nine</a>", led by <a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a>, announced a rival high-performance bus - <a href="/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Extended Industry Standard Architecture">Extended Industry Standard Architecture</a> (EISA). This offered similar performance benefits to Micro Channel, but with the twin advantage of being able to accept older ISA boards and being free from IBM's control. </p><p>For several years EISA and Micro Channel battled it out in the server arena, but, in 1996, IBM effectively conceded defeat, when they themselves produced some EISA-bus servers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001 IBM executive Robert Moffat said that of the company's mistakes in the PC market, "the most obvious one is Micro Channel".<sup id="cite_ref-millermoffat20010904_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millermoffat20010904-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within a few years of its arrival in 1992, <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a> had largely superseded Micro Channel, EISA, and VLB. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consortium">Consortium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro_Channel_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consortium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Micro_Channel_Developers_Association" title="Micro Channel Developers Association">Micro Channel Developers Association</a></div> <p>In response to the rise of EISA, IBM and thirteen Micro Channel card and peripheral manufacturers formed the <a href="/wiki/Micro_Channel_Developers_Association" title="Micro Channel Developers Association">Micro Channel Developers Association</a>. This was a <a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a> that sought to consider and prioritize steps in the maturation of Micro Channel, as well as to explore better approaches to disseminating technical information about Micro Channel to third parties.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, it reached 92 members, including IBM.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after IBM discontinued MCA systems in 1995, the consortium still held meetings and maintained a catalog of MCA devices online.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third-party_adoption">Third-party adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro_Channel_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Third-party adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_Micro_Channel_computers" title="List of third-party Micro Channel computers">List of third-party Micro Channel computers</a></div> <p>A number of non-PS/2 computers were manufactured between the late 1980s and early 1990s. Such third-party computers were also referred to as <i>PS/2 clones</i> or <i>MCA clones</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first third-party Micro Channel–based computer was <a href="/wiki/Tandy_Corporation" title="Tandy Corporation">Tandy Corporation</a>'s 5000 MC in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis1988_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis1988-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McMullen1988_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMullen1988-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite expensive research and development costs on the part of third-party manufacturers of Micro Channel computers—in part due to the expensive licensing fees incurred by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> in order to allow legal use of the Micro Channel technology—by 1990 most MCA clones were not fully compatible with the Micro Channel architecture or expansion cards based on Micro Channel.<sup id="cite_ref-flunk_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flunk-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time IBM was winding down the <a href="/wiki/PS/2" class="mw-redirect" title="PS/2">PS/2</a> line of personal computers (which in 1987 acted as the means of introducing Micro Channel to the general public) in 1992, <a href="/wiki/NCR_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR Corporation">NCR Corporation</a> remained the one of a few remaining committed vendors of MCA clones.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cards">Cards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro_Channel_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Expansion cards for the Micro Channel bus typically targeted high-end graphic workstation or server requirements, with <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">Token Ring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_5250" title="IBM 5250">IBM 5250</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_3270" title="IBM 3270">IBM 3270</a> connections. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roland_MPU-IMC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Roland_MPU-IMC.jpg/220px-Roland_MPU-IMC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Roland_MPU-IMC.jpg/330px-Roland_MPU-IMC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Roland_MPU-IMC.jpg/440px-Roland_MPU-IMC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Roland MPU-IMC; second revision with IRQ jumpers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChipChat_16_MicroChannel_Sound_Card.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ChipChat_16_MicroChannel_Sound_Card.JPG/220px-ChipChat_16_MicroChannel_Sound_Card.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ChipChat_16_MicroChannel_Sound_Card.JPG/330px-ChipChat_16_MicroChannel_Sound_Card.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ChipChat_16_MicroChannel_Sound_Card.JPG/440px-ChipChat_16_MicroChannel_Sound_Card.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>ChipChat 16 with software-controlled IRQ selection</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_cards">Sound cards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro_Channel_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sound cards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very few MCA sound cards were ever produced. Some examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AdLib" class="mw-redirect" title="AdLib">AdLib</a> MCA Music Synthesizer Card <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ChipChat Sound-16<sup id="cite_ref-chipchat1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipchat1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ChipChat Sound-32<sup id="cite_ref-chipchat1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipchat1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Labs" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Labs">Creative Labs</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound_Blaster" title="Sound Blaster">Sound Blaster</a> MCV, <a href="/wiki/Stock-keeping_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock-keeping unit">SKU</a>:CT5320<sup id="cite_ref-creative1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creative1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Labs" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Labs">Creative Labs</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound_Blaster" title="Sound Blaster">Sound Blaster</a> Pro 2 MCV, <a href="/wiki/Stock-keeping_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock-keeping unit">SKU</a>:CT5330<sup id="cite_ref-creative1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creative1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> Rexon/Tecmar M-ACPA, <a href="/wiki/Stock-keeping_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock-keeping unit">SKU</a>: 95F1288, 34F2787<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> Audiovation, <a href="/wiki/Stock-keeping_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock-keeping unit">SKU</a>: 92G7463, 92G7464<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> Ultimedia Audio Adapter 7-6, only compatible with RS/6000 systems, or <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2">PS/2</a> systems under <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">NT</a> with a special procedure <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reply_Corporation" title="Reply Corporation">Reply</a> SB16 <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland</a> <a href="/wiki/MPU-401" title="MPU-401">MPU-IMC</a><sup id="cite_ref-computercraft1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computercraft1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Piper Research SoundPiper 16 <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro_Channel_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">Industry Standard Architecture</a> (ISA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Extended Industry Standard Architecture">Extended Industry Standard Architecture</a> (EISA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuBus" title="NuBus">NuBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_I/O" title="Channel I/O">Channel I/O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VESA_Local_Bus" title="VESA Local Bus">VESA Local Bus</a> (VLB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">Peripheral Component Interconnect</a> (PCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">Accelerated Graphics Port</a> (AGP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> (PCIe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_device_bit_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of device bit rates">List of device bit rates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro_Channel_architecture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Formal introduction; it had been secretly introduced as part of IBM's "Gearbox" <a href="/wiki/Industrial_PC" title="Industrial PC">industrial PCs</a> in 1986 (see <a href="#Reception">§ Reception</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Use of the ISA bus outside of machines employing the 80x86 CPU family was rare. Notable non-x86 hardware that used the ISA bus include the <a href="/wiki/IBM_RT_PC" title="IBM RT PC">IBM RT PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/BeBox" title="BeBox">BeBox</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Apollo/Domain" title="Apollo/Domain">Apollo/Domain</a> workstations, and some members of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment</a> <a href="/wiki/AlphaServer" title="AlphaServer">AlphaServer</a> line.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_50" title="IBM PS/2 Model 50">Models 50</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_60" title="IBM PS/2 Model 60">60</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_80" title="IBM PS/2 Model 80">80</a> - the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_30" title="IBM PS/2 Model 30">Model 30</a> was ISA</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro_Channel_architecture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2001/04/09/0409dvorak.html">"IBM Wild Duck Flies South"</a>, John C. Dvorak, 4/09/2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ardent-tool.com/tech/Why_MCA.html">"Why MCA?"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datasheetarchive.com/P82C612-datasheet.html">"82C611, 82C612 MicroCHIPS: Micro Channel Interface Parts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chips_and_Technologies" title="Chips and Technologies">Chips and 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p1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist19831126-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-economist19831126_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCIvSU6Y2GAC&pg=PA125">"Can Anybody Tackle IBM?"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 1983-11-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Can+Anybody+Tackle+IBM%3F&rft.date=1983-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUCIvSU6Y2GAC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicro+Channel+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-industrial7552-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-industrial7552_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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Industrial Business Machines. November 3, 1987<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2021</span> – via Ardent Tool.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+7552+Industrial+Computer+Model+540+Announcement+Letter&rft.pub=Industrial+Business+Machines&rft.date=1987-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fardent-tool.com%2F7552%2F187-224.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicro+Channel+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auss-report-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auss-report_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKono1992" class="citation book cs1">Kono, M. E. 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Nobody at IBM said anything about it at the time, because PS/2 hadn't yet been introduced.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Instrumentation+%26+Control+Systems&rft.atitle=Low-cost%2C+flexible+microcomputers+get+jobs+in+factories&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1987-04-21&rft.aulast=Cleaveland&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicro+Channel+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605220017/http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/z/os/zvse/about/history1990s.html"><i>"...enormous numbers of remote IBM MicroChannel/370 (9371) systems..."</i></a> About z/VSE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&appname=Demonstration&htmlfid=897/ENUS190-141">Micro Channel 370</a> Announcement Letter Number 190-141 dated September 5, 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis19880424-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lewis19880424_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_Peter_H.1988" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Peter H. 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New Statesman Media Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techmonitor.ai/technology/ncr_believe_in_micro_channel">the original</a> on November 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Business+Review&rft.atitle=NCR+Believe+in+Micro+Channel&rft.date=1992-10-20&rft.au=Staff+writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechmonitor.ai%2Ftechnology%2Fncr_believe_in_micro_channel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicro+Channel+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ardent-tool.com/sound/AdLib.html">"AdLib Music Synthesis Card (for MCA)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AdLib+Music+Synthesis+Card+%28for+MCA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ardent-tool.com%2Fsound%2FAdLib.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicro+Channel+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipchat1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipchat1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipchat1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chipchat.com/mca/SoundCard/SoundCard.html">"ChipChat Sound Card Homepage"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ChipChat+Sound+Card+Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chipchat.com%2Fmca%2FSoundCard%2FSoundCard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicro+Channel+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-creative1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-creative1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creative1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424193600/http://www.ask.asia.creative.com/wwenglish/general/Products_list_audio.htm">"List of Creative Sound Blaster Products"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ask.asia.creative.com/wwenglish/general/Products_list_audio.htm">the original</a> on April 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Creative+Sound+Blaster+Products&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ask.asia.creative.com%2Fwwenglish%2Fgeneral%2FProducts_list_audio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicro+Channel+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ardent-tool.com/sound/ACPA.html">"M-Audio Capture and Playback Adapter/A (M-ACPA)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M-Audio+Capture+and+Playback+Adapter%2FA+%28M-ACPA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ardent-tool.com%2Fsound%2FACPA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicro+Channel+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ardent-tool.com/sound/Audiovation.html">"Audiovation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audiovation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ardent-tool.com%2Fsound%2FAudiovation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicro+Channel+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li 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href="https://www.ardent-tool.com/sound/reply.html">"Reply Sound Card"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reply+Sound+Card&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ardent-tool.com%2Fsound%2Freply.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicro+Channel+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-computercraft1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-computercraft1_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computercraft.com/docs/ps2faq54.shtml">"COMPUTERCRAFT - PS/2 FAQ Version 5.4"</a>.</cite><span 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class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro_Channel_architecture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcamafia.de/">MCA Enthusiasts Page</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Technical_and_de_facto_standards_for_wired_computer_buses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_bus" title="Template:Computer bus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_bus" title="Template talk:Computer bus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_bus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer bus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Technical_and_de_facto_standards_for_wired_computer_buses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Technical</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard"><i>de facto</i> standards</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wired_communication" title="Wired communication">wired</a> <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">computer buses</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_bus" title="System bus">System bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front-side_bus" title="Front-side bus">Front-side bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-side_bus" title="Back-side bus">Back-side bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_chain_(electrical_engineering)" title="Daisy chain (electrical engineering)">Daisy chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_bus" title="Control bus">Control bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Address bus">Address bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_contention" title="Bus contention">Bus contention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_mastering" title="Bus mastering">Bus mastering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_and_play" title="Plug and play">Plug and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interface_bit_rates#Computer_buses" title="List of interface bit rates">List of bus bandwidths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-50_bus" title="SS-50 bus">SS-50 bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100 bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">Multibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unibus" title="Unibus">Unibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXBI_bus" title="VAXBI bus">VAXBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBus_(SPARC)" title="MBus (SPARC)">MBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STD_Bus" title="STD Bus">STD Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Management_Bus" title="System Management Bus">SMBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-Bus" title="Q-Bus">Q-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_Card_Bus" title="Europe Card Bus">Europe Card Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEbus" title="STEbus">STEbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_II" title="Amiga Zorro II">Zorro II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_III" title="Amiga Zorro III">Zorro III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control" title="Computer Automated Measurement and Control">CAMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASTBUS" title="FASTBUS">FASTBUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Pin_Count" title="Low Pin Count">LPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Precision_Bus" title="HP Precision Bus">HP Precision Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Extended Industry Standard Architecture">EISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">VME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation" title="VME eXtensions for Instrumentation">VXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VXS" title="VXS">VXS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPX" title="VPX">VPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuBus" title="NuBus">NuBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURBOchannel" title="TURBOchannel">TURBOchannel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBus" title="SBus">SBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VESA_Local_Bus" title="VESA Local Bus">VLB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSC_bus" title="GSC bus">HP GSC bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Port_Architecture" title="Ultra Port Architecture">UPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI-X" title="PCI-X">PCI Extended (PCI-X)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation" title="PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation">PXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express (PCIe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">AGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compute_Express_Link" title="Compute Express Link">Compute Express Link (CXL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Media_Interface" title="Direct Media Interface">Direct Media Interface (DMI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidIO" title="RapidIO">RapidIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">Intel QuickPath Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVLink" title="NVLink">NVLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperTransport" title="HyperTransport">HyperTransport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infinity_Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinity Fabric">Infinity Fabric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Ultra_Path_Interconnect" title="Intel Ultra Path Interconnect">Intel Ultra Path Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coherent_Accelerator_Processor_Interface" title="Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface">Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceWire" title="SpaceWire">SpaceWire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ST-506/ST-412" title="ST-506/ST-412">ST-506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface" title="Enhanced Small Disk Interface">ESDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Peripheral_Interface" title="Intelligent Peripheral Interface">IPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_Module_Device" title="Storage Module Device">SMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">Parallel ATA (PATA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_and_Tag" title="Bus and Tag">Bus and Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Storage_Systems_Interconnect" title="Digital Storage Systems Interconnect">DSSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIPPI" title="HIPPI">HIPPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">Serial ATA (SATA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">Parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">SAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESCON" title="ESCON">ESCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Storage_Architecture" title="Serial Storage Architecture">SSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA_Express" title="SATA Express">SATAe</a></li> <li>PCI Express (via <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">AHCI</a> or <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a> logical device interface)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripheral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Desktop_Bus" title="Apple Desktop Bus">Apple Desktop Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_SIO" title="Atari SIO">Atari SIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Control_Bus" title="Digital Control Bus">DCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_bus" title="Commodore bus">Commodore bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-IL" title="HP-IL">HP-IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIL_bus" title="HIL bus">HIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-422" title="RS-422">RS-422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-423" title="RS-423">RS-423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-485" title="RS-485">RS-485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_(connector)" title="Lightning (connector)">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMX512#DMX512-A" title="DMX512">DMX512-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE-488" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE-488">IEEE-488 (GPIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">IEEE-1284 (parallel port)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">IEEE-1394 (FireWire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNI/O" title="UNI/O">UNI/O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Wire" title="1-Wire">1-Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2C" title="I²C">I²C</a> (<a href="/wiki/ACCESS.bus" title="ACCESS.bus">ACCESS.bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_Management_Bus" title="Power Management Bus">PMBus</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_Management_Bus" title="System Management Bus">SMBus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I3C_(bus)" title="I3C (bus)">I3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">SPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61030" title="IEC 61030">D²B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">Parallel SCSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profibus" title="Profibus">Profibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_Link" title="Camera Link">Camera Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express#PCI_Express_External_Cabling" title="PCI Express">External PCIe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAT_Lightpipe" title="ADAT Lightpipe">ADAT Lightpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">AES3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_High_Definition_Audio" title="Intel High Definition Audio">Intel HD Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2S" title="I²S">I²S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MADI" title="MADI">MADI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McASP" title="McASP">McASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOSLINK" title="TOSLINK">TOSLINK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExpressCard" title="ExpressCard">ExpressCard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Embedded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multidrop_bus" title="Multidrop bus">Multidrop bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoreConnect" title="CoreConnect">CoreConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture" title="Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture">AMBA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Advanced_eXtensible_Interface" title="Advanced eXtensible Interface">AXI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishbone_(computer_bus)" title="Wishbone (computer bus)">Wishbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLIMbus" title="SLIMbus">SLIMbus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest.</small><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_buses" title="Category:Computer buses">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IBM_personal_computers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_personal_computers" title="Template:IBM personal computers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IBM_personal_computers" title="Template talk:IBM personal computers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IBM_personal_computers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IBM personal computers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IBM_personal_computers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> personal computers</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_IBM_PC_on_the_personal_computer_market" title="Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market">Influence on the PC market</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_the_IBM_PC_business_by_Lenovo" title="Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo">PC business acquisition by Lenovo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop<br />and all-in-one</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5120" title="IBM 5120">5120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/23_Datamaster" title="IBM System/23 Datamaster">DataMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">PC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_Personal_Computer_models" title="List of IBM Personal Computer models">list of models</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT" title="IBM Personal Computer XT">PC XT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC-based_IBM_mainframe-compatible_systems" title="PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems">XT/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_3270_PC" title="IBM 3270 PC">3270 PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT_286" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Personal Computer XT 286">XT 286</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_JX" title="IBM JX">JX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PCjr" title="IBM PCjr">PCjr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_AT" title="IBM Personal Computer AT">PC AT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC-based_IBM_mainframe-compatible_systems" title="PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems">AT/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-based_IBM_mainframe-compatible_systems" title="PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems">3270 AT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5550" title="IBM 5550">5550</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Industrial_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Industrial Computer">Industrial Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2">PS/2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_PS/2_models" title="List of IBM PS/2 models">list of models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_25" title="IBM PS/2 Model 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_25" title="IBM PS/2 Model 25">25 286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_25" title="IBM PS/2 Model 25">25 SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_30" title="IBM PS/2 Model 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_30" title="IBM PS/2 Model 30">30 286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_50" title="IBM PS/2 Model 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_50" title="IBM PS/2 Model 50">50 Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_55_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model 55 SX">55 SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_55_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model 55 SX">55 LS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_60" title="IBM PS/2 Model 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_60" title="IBM PS/2 Model 60">65 SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_70" title="IBM PS/2 Model 70">70 386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_70" title="IBM PS/2 Model 70">70 486</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_80" title="IBM PS/2 Model 80">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_E" title="IBM PS/2 E">E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/55" title="IBM PS/55">PS/55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/V" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/V">PS/V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/1" title="IBM PS/1">PS/1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EduQuest" title="EduQuest">EduQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/ValuePoint" title="IBM PS/ValuePoint">ValuePoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambra_Computer_Corporation" title="Ambra Computer Corporation">Ambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_Series" title="IBM PC Series">PC Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Aptiva" title="IBM Aptiva">Aptiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_NetVista" title="IBM NetVista">NetVista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkCentre" title="ThinkCentre">ThinkCentre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkCentre_A_series" title="ThinkCentre A series">A series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkCentre_M_series" title="ThinkCentre M series">M series</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5100" title="IBM 5100">5100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5110" title="IBM 5110">5110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Portable_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Portable Personal Computer">Portable PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_portable_computers" title="IBM PS/2 portable computers">PS/2 portables</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_portable_computers" title="IBM PS/2 portable computers">P70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_portable_computers" title="IBM PS/2 portable computers">P75</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laptop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">pre-ThinkPad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_Convertible" title="IBM PC Convertible">Convertible</a></li> <li>PS/2 Laptop <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_L40_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model L40 SX">L40 SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_CL57_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model CL57 SX">CL57 SX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note_and_PS/note" title="IBM PS/2 Note and PS/note">PS/2 Note and PS/note</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#N33SX" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">N33SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#N45SL" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">N45SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#N51SX" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">N51SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#N51SLC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">N51SLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#Model_425/425C" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">Model 425/425C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/55_Note" title="IBM PS/55 Note">PS/55 Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PCradio" title="IBM PCradio">PCradio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_220" title="IBM ThinkPad 220">220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_230" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 230">230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_235" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 235">235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_240" title="IBM ThinkPad 240">240</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_300" title="IBM ThinkPad 300">300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_310" title="IBM ThinkPad 310">310</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_350" title="IBM ThinkPad 350">350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_360" title="IBM ThinkPad 360">360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_365" title="IBM ThinkPad 365">365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_380" title="IBM ThinkPad 380">380</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_390" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 390">390</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_500" title="IBM ThinkPad 500">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_NoteJet#IBM_ThinkPad_550BJ" title="Canon NoteJet">550BJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_NoteJet#IBM_ThinkPad_555BJ" title="Canon NoteJet">555BJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_560" title="IBM ThinkPad 560">560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_570" title="IBM ThinkPad 570">570</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_600" title="IBM ThinkPad 600">600</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_700" title="IBM ThinkPad 700">700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_701" title="IBM ThinkPad 701">701 "Butterfly"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_750" title="IBM ThinkPad 750">750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_755" title="IBM ThinkPad 755">755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_760" title="IBM ThinkPad 760">760</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_765" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 765">765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_770" title="IBM ThinkPad 770">770</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">Power Series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">860</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_T_series" title="ThinkPad T series">T series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T20" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad T20">T20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T21" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad T21">T21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T22" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad T22">T22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T23" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad T23">T23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T30" title="IBM ThinkPad T30">T30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T40" title="IBM ThinkPad T40">T40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T41" title="IBM ThinkPad T41">T41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T42" title="IBM ThinkPad T42">T42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T43" title="IBM ThinkPad T43">T43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_T60" title="ThinkPad T60">T60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_T61" title="ThinkPad T61">T61</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_A_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad A series">A series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A20m</li> <li>A21m</li> <li>A22m</li> <li>A22e</li> <li>A20p</li> <li>A21p</li> <li>A22p</li> <li>A30</li> <li>A31</li> <li>A30p</li> <li>A31p</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_X40" title="IBM ThinkPad X40">X40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X60t</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X61t</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R61</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_TransNote" title="IBM ThinkPad TransNote">TransNote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Palm_Top_PC_110" title="IBM Palm Top PC 110">Palm Top PC 110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WorkPad" title="IBM WorkPad">WorkPad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WorkPad_Z50" title="IBM WorkPad Z50">Z50</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Leapfrog" title="IBM Leapfrog">Leapfrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series#Power_Series_600" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">Power Series 600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_240#Transmeta_Crusoe" title="IBM ThinkPad 240">ThinkPad 240 with Transmeta Crusoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WatchPad" title="IBM WatchPad">WatchPad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">Monochrome Display Adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">Color Graphics Adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">Enhanced Graphics Adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Graphics_Controller" title="Professional Graphics Controller">Professional Graphics Controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Color_Graphics_Array" title="Multi-Color Graphics Array">Multi-Color Graphics Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">Video Graphics Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_8514" title="IBM 8514">IBM 8514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Graphics_Array" title="Extended Graphics Array">Extended Graphics Array</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5151" title="IBM 5151">IBM 5151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_BASIC" title="IBM BASIC">IBM BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC%E2%80%93compatible" title="IBM PC–compatible">IBM PC–compatible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">Industry Standard Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_IntelliStation" title="IBM IntelliStation">IntelliStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_keyboard" title="IBM PC keyboard">Keyboards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_F_keyboard" title="Model F keyboard">Model F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_M_keyboard" title="Model M keyboard">Model M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Micro Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Music_Feature_Card" title="IBM Music Feature Card">Music Feature 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