CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134fd7aab8149f6',cH: 'O54Oi47lyTP0HNyKeAoUJf_flaWPzrQVxtf_I0NV9U4-1739787053-1.2.1.1-vXHF0ypVOSv93ETp2E6EIkKAGWZsuE9Ahd_9oI0LEm9J9wFj2hsoJCEbPG7hh7o4',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=simplified%20torque%20equation&__cf_chl_tk=.REUDINfLBTb2LnkWl.A4sB3u8vq1l85F5R338zc4fE-1739787053-1.0.1.1-7PtWcprzaju7TuIEocPQm8DEj9Sf51BfJsO3tRWocP0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739787053',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=simplified%20torque%20equation&__cf_chl_f_tk=.REUDINfLBTb2LnkWl.A4sB3u8vq1l85F5R338zc4fE-1739787053-1.0.1.1-7PtWcprzaju7TuIEocPQm8DEj9Sf51BfJsO3tRWocP0",md: "INrgdk7Qay0aN19FvXL.qgPkCGD3DIJGCSQOZI0zD7Q-1739787053-1.2.1.1-6dGgrcB530xwxoIahw.kMPY3xiwG50d5UlRgFi.vBwLDIEcPvkKGv92Q.fng5XS8N7.8QdpEONveCmAdoY3M4OodjeIyyfVoiNxDS7iX6ozOu0e0lsZLbYDvvwNbL9y4wfz0nRF9dYraL3kG_UO3uvYnf8CF7jvaxf4LRQz_HQcQOZ.nvDNwLfx6KmanLybXjUPdaDvS_heeKii_ZweJx1viL5jjmt6OLxVh.fW9osksMr9CEkMhylxIcLE8t6rF7AVsSrPYs3l8RZSBuPFRXe4_oqUytWRYwY80l3GKv91im_.LZg8q9bmWxmxycfN8UiVegk6JoEgT9b4ovS_4OXCBjKLROZJgCB.QW9P1Jhp0nfZi3gJJbjvW51jsfP_xL7.hbDLdI1u3DF6HCBa85e0yX5WkEU2DVjbKv7dbzK4TlDESXKp5MC3uTjV5yxsfW6p9FNFNMd.YifA4p.XkovP9KzCsqrSfVUQYHG1Lr7u_NeGzVlfE5Gte2.7kXMJiGBzFWI5k_i2KQ2jCnpwcQebGnws4jRcGuAYc15T4fcrk0PU4vS4siS3jT3xUmV1wGqaqWuwcemEarC3RDuBcyJ2Q84r9y8d4gSp38xemGrWQPUSNoXbDoQUgYCLhSVk_LaBja9DyYSDUZAuJONmQUX5ECq6ovQs9GAG_YPYnwaZ97zimdNAXBwdLi9O3tIbh_MkbE5kns99nTAf7Z1kX.A6Q39_QUvuEB_gqQnSdMHk4QGmhV_2OB.xWQ314_JUYS4Y1ftxtWUw9tSXR2i5yB2PHtXVjWn4oTbVGuKxNWfjTOt7efW4iW4IXahy2SbErl38NXP2zlB5JijBPr_cnf8CaijD4HEpUe0EkEUVRah59A2oA6HBE2erzKGIJ0iSG5iGs1WhGlZ3NKk4Xqntv6eJ5dcuw7n4hhvJtBVFXLS_yvUYpsd5ZslCTwmTEJXW91Vq02tsJXXTQdZBHrCZWWSWaXh6BLTNSyNXufF94cvD.Xqs.Evrp.KX_7Ek_7e4HfwFMSOaTtUdQW0OXUDLHKqEaELM0CMzWfAN8WMgXevgLEiRsQbIjIDfsi.rzwssWsQF1yFS.YumZemkdU7PQtNca9qjvvzigocWFmRIdpXlkMxJh4TcDxKgBC_FaXqcSZ5JuehZxtR3fiaONYE.zDOLzMhdPJ3Jann1Cz6OSyxpALwfJy9S89aY5OiR20HS94U5uWewXPC5rHfEOLAm_B1dvLRQXEOLlCBtMfheSHFW4aTePKLI9hbWbEJgwn91LptE6Vtu658c6.qKV7FX2CYxb9q62v7EVPN1U3WhM1wn_.TZ5cgN1KseLJ36ZRpwHNeMci6wX8DkAb3FT9s_nB0JrsXs5Uflcbj56E6Z38FF_dGnsi1c3HEbFJACUdAOHOMbJgLwu1xzDaSaxnO515L.oSuvDhuEskQxiUvVLCdGWUfLUqK0Gt8rgCi3KakDdK.jYWtdCY168QSLHG3q71Fl_fVojwJ_DsYTVmyp30U7r1qo5EzAJq85gerrwjSaIr64fRa9ZDgubf2Jc1FVOozx.b7gGbyN2tZWxBLsUpFVbpO7ySMUsdAbx6Fg8fEbAShK2OmMXOLfp3ZPhMccuiiBvoT7fI74a3SyhjEIP8kpFMNk_t3jCNyUxMOGGIvCZUaEkNL71yuryoSYp7Bmd5EF1N3DAU4lWcWkBmB2zFTSp_dYF8vXDrz2ItaDWXAfuohxbLfbYv1PH59CMSxRmLre7h9LkXqDagrNs8vgG0_5ybTuW5My6TAVewpuvvOdv1i9c4Ua4sKmGJzSutdu7sdVa8wN.XcvzoLZ1wBY8Sk96qkugIh75jqsZV.aYnrA01dZ26b5wLIIhyA4dvO.tB3o4AfIGJQDVU.eWpKaONuyQYN_9rhWuc6bYzil6FSluKDLNa4OIqKwR3oFr5th8hSAePgw424D0On_b53lz3MpmPOMJ6UGgRT4FCBnzW27jyPy7uADpEZgXr5Z.MBaoGg",mdrd: "nVT6IfHl45ThWophio3kX6bcZPbsg0OP.YCOqoa4_n4-1739787053-1.2.1.1-Qjqp96uJyKzSlK0wK.P43qzBytTmmYVWcU1sJfMKobCvdbA.Qe253PW.pRcmvvZsOQgQTGYGcwI3YjJjsRnY7nX1BVi_dUBjlarR2h72NRFSWQd6LO9Cj.JltApBvswXW_UFW4D.tx0bjVEV2SAXNmh46oDMTv68NmXzXZlVf9it5qkC7RrIsbmbrIgJFp1MfqRcrMmShuV2V6Jg1YUlnvHngJHZBExb1bGAgQY4NXs86YLn8ml_j_Ln0jiTMb6Vud2V0UtseHJxSm0QTTfxMrZxB6Jivpc40_owtevECjfThcJ8XbawGo2xykdWMWMnUgkQxeoUcnz63FVkfvPscAahQ1p.DdiGZQxIjagtyu_mt0sZa0JbweIsCpuCjcvZVAVe8fuMEQ0EUF.4zfQz3s6HtpdNyueXZtT6noz9H7YdkZjVfMTVJVzZMoWSILJDhfy1gz_pWTiWG3fG_7LTOjx5iAEmoYoEFGFKlxHlvI5dlEdaMlMAsyNR4yUuj8TZfH.0og45zIDklMLcMjAwgkBGrxrdlpenU3nrrMwxFK5iUcop0sWVpHzAkb302APw.Nvwze5BQFshd_psQhwgKwB2O0yWXFNVvj5aKsaDx7eGpD57pbJgA5DLXQMAtxuebKaAIgv5.f5DlZ_L4gW3LwCH4_DsoTeo3ID1wI8tKYaNsPKgSHFNgf0UL2MHKdJgllxUAyQ8MVXoc9rPf2bmzFUEZ32l79islOwhCF6CjKSjmFngAFtZz00jyIlKmQ2MKmpeSyXVVMK3HE03dtRtQ1rkt34JMuRqSToRG7FXbJkszSRCrDwdPH5CgpNEV._ep3P_fIShiDLkNl6bqldS7PoAasLQ88GrjL.U9denEr08daKvXr9Q8tgTkrzrPGXfIDGWUlG.ERvh8WfwA1tbyVbSph1sIZItxQN4baZIzg0l.4P5egZt03hMzZ1p9OCJnixkvZ1I38JzerqB9WXBWnkX45NKoFE8B5MMP5HpJedDPoNoykqllX8tq4AZvRe_BGNVbDsBk5WVRD7NZYBsff2NMkBF3v2xkkTm6U9XFISwa41x.gAiMtKK_pzZCVIfWRD.Zuh.y4yRK2rnrYinPF4Z6.Ndj5fpyXWvxUIqCaSr5u9tRJj1K2psLrdF2FTrnvDyC2qqjVNav_vDS3p27zRG7Cv5O1JG3gFkLrcIDsNg6vWpPL0zzF1RmqCwHWWqD2IkaaJufu2dYyIqBOJW9JA4cbpu0yJkXEHkfjNGY4mItjQNRN6QYMMONAscWFlucwqqsUxx1ukRVBzz0H7i58GnaZ.vmHCd7VIDawedzboi1C7mFLDW_ECfOA7LcrgltnNDfveN1QZb4hjUcS88_fSwrX9UEqvJSTXn9WI9Eo5_GrlUCFA_CYPh4piv2rmfiAbtW.A3uaXxLBMV8dbZqrX1hpmxeVlglsA_1_Y77MTW5GXDS5adeIkTkxNQ3mZzXqw0riD8aRXm8Pw2dv.s7uL1vtbUF_Kd1dPjl_bvasdrZ20VWo5XIsP2uCa6h.HVbjwtWTQDOhBQ8ZBfUu6RRYCZgPSbRytEzBY154e6bjJKJxgW1BC2blj9WBUcbLebUeK6t9oYQvWKn0LLTmOU0TTcPgv8VYrylQ7SWqdMOFIyWNFSjp5h.4.Z4llABFz_DWbMjrRh7a1BKTAn0GpR3xtXERUVm3DbtfeNNkAcOVQmLsEuuQaI9gyAqPewUcOfmlWmq8ECTxj0Q0SlGd.UueXxZPt5oUiY4Kri9Bo9Q9gHYxEu5kipY5IPpvzkEQKk0lUgvjQXO5uVLkUFrVIM5T81hpZikt1J3_Sv_BNW.iLunfkHy3cLsIRYtfIk.0AoxHG3_rGkeezrN1KdGpJmK_Dvv9kLELAQczkwqKL_BwaLgDnUssTs22.XKjw69TeG6k4WXzCkl89lSRcsodsQ1cj0Ok70FW6R9C072gOSD8d_cX9b6jMX9DB7LhA7XqW6"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134fd7aab8149f6';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=simplified%20torque%20equation&__cf_chl_rt_tk=.REUDINfLBTb2LnkWl.A4sB3u8vq1l85F5R338zc4fE-1739787053-1.0.1.1-7PtWcprzaju7TuIEocPQm8DEj9Sf51BfJsO3tRWocP0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>