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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width; initial-scale=1"/><title>Strong's Greek: 4747. στοιχεῖον (stoicheion) -- Element, principle, rudiment</title></title><link rel="canonical" href="http://biblehub.com/greek/4747.htm" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/strongsnew2.css" type="text/css" media="Screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/print.css" type="text/css" media="Print" /><script type="application/javascript" src="https://scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scripts/8a2459b64f9cac8122fc7f2eac4409c8555fac9383016db59c4c26e3d5b8b157"></script><script src='https://qd.admetricspro.com/js/biblehub/biblehub-layout-loader-revcatch.js'></script><script id='HyDgbd_1s' src='https://prebidads.revcatch.com/ads.js' type='text/javascript' async></script><script>(function(w,d,b,s,i){var cts=d.createElement(s);cts.async=true;cts.id='catchscript'; cts.dataset.appid=i;cts.src='https://app.protectsubrev.com/catch_rp.js?cb='+Math.random(); document.head.appendChild(cts); }) (window,document,'head','script','rc-anksrH');</script></head> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-LR4HSKRP2H"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-LR4HSKRP2H'); </script><body><div id="fx"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx2"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="30" scrolling="no" src="/interlinear/vmenus/luke/4-38.htm" align="left" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div><div id="blnk"></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable"><tr><td><div id="fx5"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx6"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="245" scrolling="no" src="//biblehu.com/bmstrongs/greek/4747.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable3"><tr><td><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" id="announce"><tr><td><div id="l1"><div id="breadcrumbs"><a href="/">Bible</a> > <a href="/strongs.htm">Strong's</a> > <a href="/englishmans_greek.htm">Greek</a> > 4747</div><div id="anc"><iframe src="/anc.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></div><div id="anc2"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><iframe src="/anc2.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></div></td></tr></table><div id="movebox2"><table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><div id="topheading"><a href="../greek/4746b.htm" title="4746b">◄</a> 4747. stoicheion <a href="../greek/4748.htm" title="4748">►</a></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center" class="maintable2"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><div id="leftbox"><div class="padleft"><div class="vheading">Strong's Lexicon</div><div align="left"><span class="toptitle2">stoicheion: Element, principle, rudiment</span></div><p><span class="tophdg">Original Word: </span><span class="greek">στοιχεῖον</span><br><span class="tophdg">Part of Speech: </span>Noun, Neuter<br><span class="tophdg">Transliteration: </span>stoicheion<br><span class="tophdg">Pronunciation: </span>stoy-KHI-on<br><span class="tophdg">Phonetic Spelling: </span>(stoy-khi'-on)<br><span class="tophdg">Definition: </span>Element, principle, rudiment<br><span class="tophdg">Meaning: </span>(a) plur: the heavenly bodies, (b) a rudiment, an element, a rudimentary principle, an elementary rule.<p><span class="tophdg">Word Origin: </span>From a derivative of στῐ́χω (stichō), meaning "to proceed in a row" or "to march in order."<p><span class="tophdg">Corresponding Greek / Hebrew Entries: </span>While there is no direct Hebrew equivalent for "stoicheion," the concept of basic principles or elements can be related to terms like תּוֹרָה (torah, H8451) for law or instruction, which represents foundational teachings in the Hebrew Scriptures.<p><span class="tophdg">Usage: </span>In the New Testament, "stoicheion" is used to refer to basic principles or elements. It can denote the fundamental components of the physical world, such as the elements of nature, or the elementary teachings and principles of religious or philosophical systems. The term is often used metaphorically to describe the basic, rudimentary teachings that are foundational but not the ultimate goal of spiritual maturity.<p><span class="tophdg">Cultural and Historical Background: </span>In the Greco-Roman world, "stoicheion" was commonly used in philosophical contexts to refer to the basic elements of the universe, such as earth, water, air, and fire. In Jewish thought, it could also refer to the basic principles of the Mosaic Law. The term reflects a worldview that sought to understand the universe in terms of its most fundamental components, whether physical or ideological.<div class="vheading2">HELPS Word-studies</div><p class="discovery"><b>4747</b> <i>stoixeíon</i>– properly, <i>fundamentals</i>, like with the <i>basic components</i> of a philosophy, structure, etc.; (figuratively) "<i>first principles</i>," like the basic fundamentals of Christianity.</p><p class="discovery">[<a href="/greek/4747.htm">4747</a> (<i>stoixeíon</i>) refers to "the <i>rudiments</i> with which mankind . . . were <i>indoctrinated</i> (before the time of Christ), i.e. the elements of religious training or the ceremonial precepts common alike to the worship of Jews and of Gentiles" (J. Thayer). </p><p class="discovery">The <i>RSV</i> however renders <i>stoixeia</i> as "elemental spirits," i.e. <i>spiritual powers</i> or "cosmic spirits" (<i>DNTT</i>, 2, 828). This views <a href="/greek/4747.htm">4747</a> <i>/stoixeíon</i> ("elements") as ancient astral beings associated with the very beginning (make-up) of the earth.]</p><iframe width="100%" height="85" scrolling=no src="/discovery.htm" frameborder=0 cellpadding=0></iframe><div class="vheading2">NAS Exhaustive Concordance</div><span class="hdg">Word Origin</span><br>from the same as <a href="/greek/4748.htm">stoicheó</a><br><span class="hdg">Definition</span><br>one of a row, hence a letter (of the alphabet), by ext. the elements (of knowledge)<br><span class="hdg">NASB Translation</span><br>elemental things (2), elementary principles (2), elementary* (1), elements (2), principles (1).<p><div align="center"><span class="smalltext"><iframe width="100%" height="85" scrolling=no src="/nasec.htm" frameborder=0 cellpadding=0></iframe></span></div><div class="vheading2">Thayer's Greek Lexicon</div><span class="maintitle">STRONGS NT 4747: στοιχεῖον</span><br><br><span class="arttitle"><span class="grktitle">στοιχεῖον</span></span>, <span class="greek2">στοιχειου</span>, <span class="greek2">τό</span> (from <span class="greek2">στοῖχος</span> a row, rank, series; hence, properly, that which belongs to any <span class="greek2">στοῖχος</span>, that of which a <span class="greek2">στοῖχος</span> is composed; hence), "any first thing, from which the others belonging to some series or composite whole take their rise; an element, first principle". The word denotes specifically: <p><span class="textheading">1.</span> <span class="accented">the letters of the alphabet</span> as the elements of speech, not however the written characters (which are called <span class="greek2">γράμματα</span>), but the spoken sounds: <span class="greek2">στοιχεῖον</span> <span class="greek2">φωνῆς</span> <span class="greek2">φωνή</span> <span class="greek2">ἀσύνθετος</span>, <span class="abbreviation">Plato</span> definition, p. 414 e.; <span class="greek2">τό</span> <span class="greek2">ῥω</span> <span class="greek2">τό</span> <span class="greek2">στοιχεῖον</span>, id. Crat., p. 426 d.; <span class="greek2">στοιχεῖον</span> <span class="greek2">ἐστι</span> <span class="greek2">φωνή</span> <span class="greek2">ἀδιαιρετος</span>, <span class="greek2">οὐ</span> <span class="greek2">πᾶσα</span> <span class="greek2">δέ</span>, <span class="greek2">ἀλλ'</span> <span class="greek2">ἐξ</span> <span class="greek2">ἧς</span> <span class="greek2">πεφυκε</span> <span class="greek2">συνετή</span> <span class="greek2">γίγνεσθαι</span> <span class="greek2">φωνή</span>, <span class="abbreviation">Aristotle</span>, poet. 20, p. 1456{b}, 22. <p><span class="textheading">2.</span> <span class="accented">the elements from which all things have come, the material causes of the universe</span> (<span class="greek2">ἐστι</span> <span class="greek2">δέ</span> <span class="greek2">στοιχεῖον</span>, <span class="greek2">ἐξ</span> <span class="greek2">οὗ</span> <span class="greek2">πρώτου</span> <span class="greek2">γίνεται</span> <span class="greek2">τά</span> <span class="greek2">γινόμενα</span> <span class="greek2">καί</span> <span class="greek2">εἰς</span> <span class="greek2">ὁ</span> <span class="greek2">ἔσχατον</span> <span class="greek2">ἀναλύεται</span> ... <span class="greek2">τό</span> <span class="greek2">πῦρ</span>, <span class="greek2">τό</span> <span class="greek2">ὕδωρ</span>, <span class="greek2">ὁ</span> <span class="greek2">ἀήρ</span>, <span class="greek2">ἡ</span> <span class="greek2">γῆ</span>, (<span class="abbreviation">Diogenes Laërtius</span> <span class="abbreviation">Zeno</span> 137); so very often from <span class="abbreviation">Plato</span> down, as in Tim., p. 48 b.; in the Scriptures: Wis. 7:17 Wis. 19:17; <a href="/interlinear/2_peter/3-10.htm">2 Peter 3:10, 12</a>. <p><span class="textheading">3.</span> <span class="accented">the heavenly bodies,</span> either as parts of the heavens, or (as others think) because in them the elements of man's life and destiny were supposed to reside; so in the earlier ecclesiastical writings: Ep. ad <span class="abbreviation">Diogn.</span> 7, 2 [ET]; <span class="abbreviation">Justin Martyr</span>, dialog contra Trypho, 23; <span class="greek2">τά</span> <span class="greek2">Οὐρανία</span> <span class="greek2">στοιχεῖα</span>, id. Apology 2, 5; <span class="greek2">στοιχεῖα</span> <span class="greek2">Θεοῦ</span>, created by God, <span class="abbreviation">Theophilus</span> Ant. ad Autol. 1, 4; cf. Hilgenfeld, Galaterbrief, pp. 66-77. Hence, some interpreters infelicitously understand Paul's phrase <span class="greek2">τά</span> <span class="greek2">στοιχεῖα</span> <span class="greek2">τοῦ</span> <span class="greek2">κόσμου</span>, <a href="/interlinear/galatians/4-3.htm">Galatians 4:3, 9</a>; <a href="/interlinear/colossians/2-8.htm">Colossians 2:8, 20</a>, of the heavenly bodies, because times and seasons, and so sacred seasons, were regulated by the course of the sun and moon; yet in unfolding the meaning of the passage on the basis of this sense they differ widely. <p><span class="textheading">4.</span> <span class="accented">the elements, rudiments, primary and fundamental principles</span> (cf. our 'alphabet' or 'a b c') <span class="accented">of any art, science, or discipline</span>; e. g. of mathematics, as in the title of <span class="abbreviation">Euclid</span>'s well-known work; <span class="greek2">στοιχεῖα</span> <span class="greek2">πρῶτα</span> <span class="greek2">καί</span> <span class="greek2">μέγιστα</span> <span class="greek2">χρήστης</span> <span class="greek2">πολιτείας</span>, <span class="abbreviation">Isocrates</span>, p. 18 a.; <span class="greek2">τῆς</span> <span class="greek2">ἀρετῆς</span>, <span class="abbreviation">Plutarch</span>, de puer. educ. 16, 2; many examples are given in <span class="abbreviation">Passow</span>, under the word, 4, ii., p. 1550b; (cf. Liddell and Scott, under the word, II. 3 and 4). In the N. T. we have <span class="greek2">τά</span> <span class="greek2">στοιχεῖα</span> <span class="greek2">τῆς</span> <span class="greek2">ἀρχῆς</span> <span class="greek2">τῶν</span> <span class="greek2">λογίων</span> <span class="greek2">τοῦ</span> <span class="greek2">Θεοῦ</span> (see <span class="greek2"><span class="lexref">ἀρχή</span></span>, 1 b., p. 76{b} bottom), <a href="/interlinear/hebrews/5-12.htm">Hebrews 5:12</a>, such as are taught to <span class="greek2">νήπιοι</span>, <a href="/interlinear/hebrews/5-13.htm">Hebrews 5:13</a>; <span class="greek2">τά</span> <span class="greek2">στοιχεῖα</span> <span class="greek2">τοῦ</span> <span class="greek2">κόσμου</span>, the rudiments with which mankind like <span class="greek2">νήπιοι</span> were indoctrinated before the time of Christ, i. e. the elements of religions training, or the ceremonial precepts common alike to the worship of Jews and of Gentiles, <a href="/interlinear/galatians/4-3.htm">Galatians 4:3, 9</a>, (and since these requirements on account of the difficulty of observing them are to be regarded as a yoke — cf. <a href="/interlinear/acts/15-10.htm">Acts 15:10</a>; <a href="/interlinear/galatians/5-1.htm">Galatians 5:1</a> — those who rely upon them are said to be <span class="greek2">δεδουλωμένοι</span> <span class="greek2">ὑπό</span> <span class="greek2">τά</span> <span class="greek2">στοιχεῖα</span>); specifically, the ceremonial requirements especially of Jewish tradition, minutely set forth by theosophists and false teachers, and fortified by specious argument, <a href="/interlinear/colossians/2-8.htm">Colossians 2:8, 20</a>. The phrase <span class="greek2">τά</span> <span class="greek2">στοιχεῖα</span> <span class="greek2">τοῦ</span> <span class="greek2">κόσμου</span> is fully discussed by Schneckenburger in the Theolog. Jahrbücher for 1848, Part iv., p. 445ff; Neander in the Deutsche Zeitschrift f. Christl. Wissensehaft for 1850, p. 205ff; Kienlen in Reuss u. Cunitz's Beiträge zu d. theolog. Wissenschaften, vol. ii., p. 133ff; E. Schaubach, Comment. qua exponitur quid <span class="greek2">στοιχεῖα</span> <span class="greek2">τοῦ</span> <span class="greek2">κόσμου</span> in N. T. sibi velint. (Meining. 1862).<FOOTNOTE:1> <br><br><iframe width="100%" height="85" scrolling=no src="/bsoft.htm" frameborder=0 cellpadding=0></iframe><div class="vheading2">Strong's Exhaustive Concordance</div>element, principle, rudiment. <p>Neuter of a presumed derivative of the base of <a href="/greek/4748.htm">stoicheo</a>; something orderly in arrangement, i.e. (by implication) a serial (basal, fundamental, initial) constituent (literally), proposition (figuratively) -- element, principle, rudiment. <p>see GREEK <a href="/greek/4748.htm">stoicheo</a> <div class="vheading2">Forms and Transliterations</div>στοιχεια στοιχεία στοιχεῖα στοιχειων στοιχείων stoicheia stoicheîa stoicheion stoicheiōn stoicheíon stoicheíōn<div class="vheading2">Links</div><a href="/interlinear/matthew/1-1.htm">Interlinear Greek</a> • <a href="/interlinear/genesis/1-1.htm">Interlinear Hebrew</a> • <a href="/strongs.htm">Strong's Numbers</a> • <a href="/englishmans_greek.htm">Englishman's Greek Concordance</a> • <a href="/englishmans_hebrew.htm">Englishman's Hebrew Concordance</a> • <a href="/texts/matthew/1-1.htm">Parallel Texts</a></div></div><div id="centbox"><div class="padcent"><div class="vheading">Englishman's Concordance</div><b><a href="/text/galatians/4-3.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">Galatians 4:3</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Accusative Neuter Plural">N-ANP</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/galatians/4.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">ὑπὸ τὰ <b>στοιχεῖα</b> τοῦ κόσμου</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/galatians/4.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> under <span class="itali">the elemental things</span> of the world.<br><a href="/kjvs/galatians/4.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> under <span class="itali">the elements</span> of the world:<br><a href="/interlinear/galatians/4-3.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> under the <span class="itali">basic principles</span> of the world<p><b><a href="/text/galatians/4-9.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">Galatians 4:9</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Accusative Neuter Plural">N-ANP</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/galatians/4.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">καὶ πτωχὰ <b>στοιχεῖα</b> οἷς πάλιν</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/galatians/4.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> and worthless <span class="itali">elemental things,</span> to which<br><a href="/kjvs/galatians/4.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> beggarly <span class="itali">elements,</span> whereunto<br><a href="/interlinear/galatians/4-9.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> and beggarly <span class="itali">principles</span> to which again<p><b><a href="/text/colossians/2-8.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">Colossians 2:8</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Accusative Neuter Plural">N-ANP</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/colossians/2.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">κατὰ τὰ <b>στοιχεῖα</b> τοῦ κόσμου</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/colossians/2.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> according <span class="itali">to the elementary principles</span> of the world,<br><a href="/kjvs/colossians/2.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> after <span class="itali">the rudiments</span> of the world,<br><a href="/interlinear/colossians/2-8.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> according to the <span class="itali">principles</span> of the world<p><b><a href="/text/colossians/2-20.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">Colossians 2:20</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Genitive Neuter Plural">N-GNP</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/colossians/2.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">ἀπὸ τῶν <b>στοιχείων</b> τοῦ κόσμου</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/colossians/2.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> with Christ <span class="itali">to the elementary principles</span> of the world,<br><a href="/kjvs/colossians/2.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> from <span class="itali">the rudiments</span> of the world,<br><a href="/interlinear/colossians/2-20.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> from the <span class="itali">principles</span> of the world<p><b><a href="/text/hebrews/5-12.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">Hebrews 5:12</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Nominative Neuter Plural">N-NNP</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/hebrews/5.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">τινὰ τὰ <b>στοιχεῖα</b> τῆς ἀρχῆς</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/hebrews/5.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> to teach <span class="itali">you the elementary</span> principles<br><a href="/kjvs/hebrews/5.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> [be] the first <span class="itali">principles</span> of the oracles<br><a href="/interlinear/hebrews/5-12.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> what [are] the <span class="itali">principles</span> of the beginning<p><b><a href="/text/2_peter/3-10.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">2 Peter 3:10</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Nominative Neuter Plural">N-NNP</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/2_peter/3.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">ῥοιζηδὸν παρελεύσονται <b>στοιχεῖα</b> δὲ καυσούμενα</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/2_peter/3.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> with a roar <span class="itali">and the elements</span> will be destroyed<br><a href="/kjvs/2_peter/3.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> and <span class="itali">the elements</span> shall melt<br><a href="/interlinear/2_peter/3-10.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> with rushing noise will pass away <span class="itali">elements</span> moreover burning with heat<p><b><a href="/text/2_peter/3-12.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">2 Peter 3:12</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Nominative Neuter Plural">N-NNP</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/2_peter/3.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">λυθήσονται καὶ <b>στοιχεῖα</b> καυσούμενα τήκεται</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/2_peter/3.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> by burning, <span class="itali">and the elements</span> will melt<br><a href="/kjvs/2_peter/3.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> and <span class="itali">the elements</span> shall melt<br><a href="/interlinear/2_peter/3-12.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> will be dissolved and <span class="itali">[the] elements</span> burning with heat shall melt<p><b><a href="/greek/4747.htm">Strong's Greek 4747</a><br><a href="/greek/strongs_4747.htm">7 Occurrences</a></b><br><br><a href="/greek/stoicheia_4747.htm">στοιχεῖα — 6 Occ.</a><br><a href="/greek/stoicheio_n_4747.htm">στοιχείων — 1 Occ.</a><br><br></div></div></td></tr></table></div><div id="mdd"><div align="center"><div class="bot2"><table align="center" width="100%"><tr><td><div align="center"> <script id="3d27ed63fc4348d5b062c4527ae09445"> (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=51ce25d5-1a8c-424a-8695-4bd48c750f35&cid=3a9f82d0-4344-4f8d-ac0c-e1a0eb43a405'; </script> <script id="b817b7107f1d4a7997da1b3c33457e03"> (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=cb0edd8b-b416-47eb-8c6d-3cc96561f7e8&cid=3a9f82d0-4344-4f8d-ac0c-e1a0eb43a405'; </script><br /><br />  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-2'> </div><br /><br />  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-0' style='max-width: 300px;'> </div><br /><br />  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-3'> </div><br /><br />  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-1' style='max-width: 300px;'> </div><br /><br />  <div align="center" id='div-gpt-ad-1531425649696-0'> </div><br /><br /> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:200px;height:200px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3753401421161123" data-ad-slot="3592799687"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script><br /><br /> </div> <div id="left"><a href="/greek/4746b.htm" onmouseover='lft.src="/leftgif.png"' onmouseout='lft.src="/left.png"' title="4746b"><img src="/left.png" name="lft" border="0" alt="4746b" /></a></div><div id="right"><a href="/greek/4748.htm" onmouseover='rght.src="/rightgif.png"' onmouseout='rght.src="/right.png"' title="4748"><img src="/right.png" name="rght" border="0" alt="4748" /></a></div><div id="botleft"><a href="#" onmouseover='botleft.src="/botleftgif.png"' onmouseout='botleft.src="/botleft.png"' title="Top of Page"><img src="/botleft.png" name="botleft" border="0" alt="Top of Page" /></a></div><div id="botright"><a href="#" onmouseover='botright.src="/botrightgif.png"' onmouseout='botright.src="/botright.png"' title="Top of Page"><img src="/botright.png" name="botright" border="0" alt="Top of Page" /></a></div><div id="bot"><iframe width="100%" height="1500" scrolling="no" src="/botmenubhchap.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe></div></td></tr></table></div></body></html>