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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Female: Longing for her lover (1:2–7) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Female:_Longing_for_her_lover_(1:2–7)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verse_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verse_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Verse 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verse_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verse_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verse_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Verse 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verse_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verse_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verse_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Verse 5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verse_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verse_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verse_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Verse 6</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verse_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verse_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verse_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Verse 7</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verse_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male:_Response_with_invitation_and_praise_(1:8–11)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male:_Response_with_invitation_and_praise_(1:8–11)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Male: Response with invitation and praise (1:8–11)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Male:_Response_with_invitation_and_praise_(1:8–11)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Male: Response with invitation and praise (1:8–11) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Male:_Response_with_invitation_and_praise_(1:8–11)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verse_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verse_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Verse 8</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verse_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verse_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verse_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Verse 9</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verse_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female:_Her_lover_as_fragrance_(1:12–14)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female:_Her_lover_as_fragrance_(1:12–14)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Female: Her lover as fragrance (1:12–14)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Female:_Her_lover_as_fragrance_(1:12–14)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Female: Her lover as fragrance (1:12–14) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Female:_Her_lover_as_fragrance_(1:12–14)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verse_12" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verse_12"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Verse 12</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verse_12-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verse_14" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verse_14"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Verse 14</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verse_14-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male:_Praise_of_beauty_(1:15)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male:_Praise_of_beauty_(1:15)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Male: Praise of beauty (1:15)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Male:_Praise_of_beauty_(1:15)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Male: Praise of beauty (1:15) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Male:_Praise_of_beauty_(1:15)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verse_15" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verse_15"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Verse 15</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verse_15-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female:_Love_in_paradise_(1:16–2:1)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female:_Love_in_paradise_(1:16–2:1)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Female: Love in paradise (1:16–2:1)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female:_Love_in_paradise_(1:16–2:1)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of the abbreviation, see <a href="/wiki/Song_1_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Song 1 (disambiguation)">Song 1</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Song of Songs 1</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="float: left;">← <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_12" title="Ecclesiastes 12">Ecclesiastes 12</a></div><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_2" title="Song of Songs 2">chapter 2</a> →</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Song_of_songs_Rothschild_mahzor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Song_of_songs_Rothschild_mahzor.jpg/250px-Song_of_songs_Rothschild_mahzor.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Song_of_songs_Rothschild_mahzor.jpg/375px-Song_of_songs_Rothschild_mahzor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Song_of_songs_Rothschild_mahzor.jpg/500px-Song_of_songs_Rothschild_mahzor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1379" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="width: 250px; text-align: center; line-height: 1em">Illumination for the opening verse of Song of Songs, the Rothschild Mahzor, Manuscript on parchment. Florence, Italy, 1492. </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Book</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Christian Bible part</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Order in the Christian part</th><td class="infobox-data">22</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Song of Songs 1</b> (abbreviated <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2023)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> as <b>Song 1</b>) is the first chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">"Song of Songs" or "Song of Solomon"</a>, a book of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> or <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalley1965278_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalley1965278-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book is one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five Megillot</a>, a group of short books, together with <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a>, the third and the final section of the Hebrew Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007429_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007429-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish tradition">Jewish tradition</a> views <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> as the author of this book (although this is now largely disputed), and this attribution influences the acceptance of this book as a canonical text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007429_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007429-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Song of Songs 1 contains the book's superscription, songs of the main female characters, and the opening song of the male character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007430_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007430-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Text">Text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elihu-Shannon_Megillot_01Song-of-Songs.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Elihu-Shannon_Megillot_01Song-of-Songs.pdf/page1-200px-Elihu-Shannon_Megillot_01Song-of-Songs.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="452" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Elihu-Shannon_Megillot_01Song-of-Songs.pdf/page1-300px-Elihu-Shannon_Megillot_01Song-of-Songs.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Elihu-Shannon_Megillot_01Song-of-Songs.pdf/page1-400px-Elihu-Shannon_Megillot_01Song-of-Songs.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>A handwritten Hebrew scroll of the Song of Songs by the scribe Elihu Shannon of Kibbutz Saad, Israel (circa 2005).</figcaption></figure> <p>The original text is written in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew language</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapter is divided</a> into 17 verses (16 in the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> translation). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textual_witnesses">Textual witnesses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Textual witnesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Hebrew_Bible#Song_of_Songs_1" title="Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible">Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible § Song of Songs 1</a></div> <p>Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew</a> are of the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a> (10th century CE), and <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Codex" title="Leningrad Codex">Codex Leningradensis</a> (CE 1008).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWürthwein199536–37_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWürthwein199536–37-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fragments containing verses of Song 1 were found among the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, assigned as <a href="/wiki/6Q6" title="6Q6">6Q6 (6QCant)</a>; 50 CE; extant verses 1–7).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a translation into <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a> (<b>B</b>; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">G</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/781fcd09ad1ff694d53778c4d59da525ed9abeb9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.824ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}"></span><sup>B</sup>; 4th century), <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> (<b>S</b>; <a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_(Kittel)" title="Biblia Hebraica (Kittel)">BHK</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">G</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/781fcd09ad1ff694d53778c4d59da525ed9abeb9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.824ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}"></span><sup>S</sup>; 4th century), and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a> (<b>A</b>; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">G</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/781fcd09ad1ff694d53778c4d59da525ed9abeb9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.824ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}"></span><sup>A</sup>; 5th century).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWürthwein199573–74_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWürthwein199573–74-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Modern_English_Version" title="Modern English Version">Modern English Version (MEV)</a> divides this chapter as follows: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:1&version=mev">Song 1:1</a> = Introduction</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:2–4&version=mev">Song 1:2–4</a>a = The Woman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:4&version=mev">Song 1:4</a>b = Friends of the Woman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:5–7&version=mev">Song 1:5–7</a> = The Woman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:8&version=mev">Song 1:8</a> = Friends of the Woman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:9–10&version=mev">Song 1:9–10</a> = The Man</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:11&version=mev">Song 1:11</a> = Friends of the Woman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:12–14&version=mev">Song 1:12–14</a> = The Woman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:15&version=mev">Song 1:15</a> = The Man</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:16–17&version=mev">Song 1:16–17</a> = The Woman</li></ul> <p>The New Catholic Bible and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a> treat verses 2-4 as a "prologue".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hess" title="Richard Hess">Richard Hess</a>, on the other hand, treats verses 1:1-2:7 as a "prologue".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200535_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200535-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Superscription_(1:1)"><span id="Superscription_.281:1.29"></span>Superscription (1:1)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Superscription (1:1)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecclesiastes,_chapter_XII,_on_old_age._Wellcome_M0013785.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ecclesiastes%2C_chapter_XII%2C_on_old_age._Wellcome_M0013785.jpg/200px-Ecclesiastes%2C_chapter_XII%2C_on_old_age._Wellcome_M0013785.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ecclesiastes%2C_chapter_XII%2C_on_old_age._Wellcome_M0013785.jpg/300px-Ecclesiastes%2C_chapter_XII%2C_on_old_age._Wellcome_M0013785.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ecclesiastes%2C_chapter_XII%2C_on_old_age._Wellcome_M0013785.jpg/400px-Ecclesiastes%2C_chapter_XII%2C_on_old_age._Wellcome_M0013785.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2693" data-file-height="3922" /></a><figcaption>The end of the book of <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> and the beginning of the first chapter of Song of Songs in a family Bible, bound with the Book of Common Prayer, 1607.</figcaption></figure> <p>A superscription in a biblical book functions like the title page of a modern book, containing information about the genre, author, and sometimes also the subject matter and the date of the book (in prophecy books for examples, <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaiah 1:1">Isaiah 1:1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nahum_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahum 1:1">Nahum 1:1</a>; in wisdom books: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Proverbs#1:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Proverbs">Proverbs 1:1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastes 1:1">Ecclesiastes 1:1</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongman200187_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongman200187-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_1">Verse 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Verse 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>The song of songs, which is Solomon's.</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>This verse is a detached description of the book's content, containing two phrases: "the song of songs" and "which is Solomon's".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongman200187–88_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongman200187–88-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The "song of songs" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שיר השירים</span>, <i><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H7892">shîr</a></span> ha-<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H7892">shî-rîm</a></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-Song1_1h_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Song1_1h-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>): The form of the words indicates a superlative statement as the "Greatest of Songs",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200537_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200537-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but can also denote "a single poem composed of many poems".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongman200188_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongman200188-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Song" (Hebrew: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שיר</span></span>, <i><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H7892">shîr</a></span></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Song1_1h_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Song1_1h-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also meaning "poem") in noun form appears only here in this book, out of 166 times in the Hebrew Bible (mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Book of Psalms</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200537_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200537-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Which is Solomon's" ("that concerns Solomon"; Hebrew: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אשר לשלמה</span></span>, <i><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H834">’ă-sher</a></span> li<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H8010">š-lō-mōh</a></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-Song1_1h_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Song1_1h-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>): can have the interpretation that (1) Solomon is the author; (2) the book is dedicated to Solomon; or (3) it was merely a 'part of royal holding'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant20013_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant20013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Solomon" is mentioned twice in this chapter (verses 1 and <a href="#Verse_5">5</a>); Solomon's name also appears in two other passages (3 times in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#3:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">3:6–11</a> and twice in the final chapter <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#8:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">8:10–12</a>), a total of seven times in the whole book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongman200188,_132_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongman200188,_132-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Female:_Longing_for_her_lover_(1:2–7)"><span id="Female:_Longing_for_her_lover_.281:2.E2.80.937.29"></span>Female: Longing for her lover (1:2–7)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Female: Longing for her lover (1:2–7)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BookOfLove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BookOfLove.jpg/200px-BookOfLove.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BookOfLove.jpg/300px-BookOfLove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BookOfLove.jpg/400px-BookOfLove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Heart shaped shadow cast by a ring on the pages of the Bible. Song of Solomon chapter 1 is shown on the right page.</figcaption></figure> <p>This section is the first part of the Prologue, as described by Hess, containing the description of the lovers' first coming together and intimacy (1:2–2:7).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200535_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200535-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speaker is a woman as definitely established in verse 5 from the adjectival form <i>shehora</i> ("black").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEExum200592,_100_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEExum200592,_100-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verses 2–4 contains a 'romantic <a href="/wiki/Soliloquy" title="Soliloquy">soliloquy</a>' of a woman about her lover, with two distinctive word-patterns: "your_love (or 'lovemaking') more_than_wine" (verses 2, 4; Hebrew: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דדיך מיין</span></span>, <i><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H1730">ḏō-ḏe-ḵā</a></span> mî-<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H3196">ya-yin</a></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-Song1_4h_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Song1_4h-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and "they love you" (verses 3, 4; Hebrew: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אהבוך</span></span>, <i><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H157">’ă-hê-ḇū-ḵā.</a></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-Song1_4h_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Song1_4h-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant20018_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant20018-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first appearance of the first word-pattern is a part of a <a href="/wiki/Chiastic_structure" title="Chiastic structure">chiastic structure</a> (verses 2b–3a):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant20018_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant20018-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>A. good <dl><dd>B. your lovemaking <dl><dd>C. wine</dd> <dd>C'. scent</dd></dl></dd> <dd>B'. ointments</dd></dl></dd> <dd>A'. good</dd></dl> <p>The second chiastic structure of the same word-pattern could be found in verse 4(c–d).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant20018_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant20018-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word for the noun "love" (<i><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H1730">ḏôḏîm</a></span></i>) is plural, indicating more that one romantic act, so here "lovemaking" is a better rendering than a simple word "love".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant20019_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant20019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One Hebrew word (<i>ahebuka</i>) becomes the second word-pattern "[they] love you" which is used 'twice as the last word of a tricolon' in verses 3 and 4.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant20018_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant20018-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The root verb "love" (<i><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H157">aheb</a></span></i>) is used seven times in the whole book (<a href="#Verse_3">verses 1:3</a>, <a href="#Verse_4">4</a>, 7; 3:1, 2, 3, 4) and always translated in Greek using the same verb 'agapaō' in <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint (LXX)</a> (also only seven times in these seven verses of the book).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200552_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200552-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_3">Verse 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Verse 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>[The Shulamite] </p> <dl><dd><i>Because of the fragrance of your good ointments,</i></dd> <dd><i>Your name is ointment poured forth;</i></dd> <dd><i>Therefore the virgins love you.</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>"The virgins" (Hebrew: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עלמות</span></span>, <i><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H5959">‘ălāmōṯ</a></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>): from the root word <i>‘ălmā</i> ("maiden"), which is only used seven times in the whole Hebrew Bible, twice in this book (the second one in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3006.htm#8">6:8</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> none denies the possibility of the interpretation of "virgins", some even suggest it, but the most certain meaning is "unmarried women who are, or shortly will be, sexually mature".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200551–52_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200551–52-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_4">Verse 4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Verse 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rafe-ML-BHS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rafe-ML-BHS.png/200px-Rafe-ML-BHS.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rafe-ML-BHS.png/300px-Rafe-ML-BHS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rafe-ML-BHS.png/400px-Rafe-ML-BHS.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>The word "<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אחריך</span></span>", meaning "after you", from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3001.htm#4">Song of Solomon 1:4a</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Codex" title="Leningrad Codex">Leningrad Codex</a> (hand-written) and in the Hebrew Bible print edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">BHS</a></i> (which omits the <a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a> diacritic)</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><small>According to the <a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Version" title="New King James Version">New King James Version (NKJV)</a></small></dd></dl> <p>[The Shulamite] </p> <dl><dd><i>Draw me away!</i></dd></dl> <p>[The Daughters of Jerusalem] </p> <dl><dd><i>We will run after <sup>[a]</sup>you.</i></dd></dl> <p>[The Shulamite] </p> <dl><dd><i>The king has brought me into his chambers.</i></dd></dl> <p>[The Daughters of Jerusalem] </p> <dl><dd><i>We will be glad and rejoice in <sup>[b]</sup>you.</i></dd> <dd><i>We will remember your love more than wine.</i></dd></dl> <p>[The Shulamite] </p> <dl><dd><i>Rightly do they love you.</i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><sup>[a]</sup>"You": masculine singular, referring to "the Beloved" ("the man").<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><sup>[b]</sup>"You": feminine singular, referring to "the Shulamite" ("the woman").<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_5">Verse 5</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Verse 5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>I am black, but comely, O ye daughters of Jerusalem, as the tents of Kedar, as the curtains of Solomon.</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The phrase "daughters of Jerusalem" ("friends of the woman" in MEV heading; "girls of Jerusalem" in <a href="/wiki/Living_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Living Bible">Living Bible</a>) is introduced as one of the three identifiable speaking voices and principal characters in this chapter, other than the woman, who speaks until verse 7, and the man, whom the woman talks about in 1:2-4 and 7 (he starts to speak in 1:9-11).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEExum2005100_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEExum2005100-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_6">Verse 6</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Verse 6"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Do not gaze at me, because I am dark,</i> <dl><dd><i>because the sun has looked upon me.</i></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i>My mother's sons were angry with me;</i> <dl><dd><i>they made me the keeper of the vineyards,</i></dd> <dd><i>but my own vineyard I have not kept.</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>"My mother's sons": suggesting her "full brothers" (not "half-brothers"), who seem to assume responsibility for the woman (cf. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#8:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">Song 8:8</a>), a common practice in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atriarchal_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atriarchal society (page does not exist)">patriarchal societies</a>, especially with no mention of her father in the whole book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant200116_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant200116-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The woman's mother is mentioned in five places (Song 1:6; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#3:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">3:4</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#6:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">6:9</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#8:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">8:1,2</a>), whereas the man's mother is mentioned once (<a href="/wiki/Song_8:5" class="mw-redirect" title="Song 8:5">Song 8:5</a>) and one mention of Solomon's mother (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#3:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">Song 3:11</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant200116_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant200116-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEExum2005141_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEExum2005141-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_7">Verse 7</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Verse 7"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O%C3%B9_paissent_les_brebis_04221.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/O%C3%B9_paissent_les_brebis_04221.JPG/250px-O%C3%B9_paissent_les_brebis_04221.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/O%C3%B9_paissent_les_brebis_04221.JPG/375px-O%C3%B9_paissent_les_brebis_04221.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/O%C3%B9_paissent_les_brebis_04221.JPG/500px-O%C3%B9_paissent_les_brebis_04221.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2628" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption>17th-Century French tapestry with the text of Song 1:7 in Latin on the center bottom ("Tell me, O thou whom my soul loveth, where thou feedest"). <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Tau" title="Palace of Tau">Palace of Tau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheims" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheims">Rheims</a>.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><i>Tell me, you whom my soul loves,</i> <dl><dd><i>where you pasture your flock,</i></dd> <dd><i>where you make it lie down at noon;</i></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i>for why should I be like one who wanders</i> <dl><dd><i>beside the flocks of your companions?</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>"Noon": in warm climates, such as in Palestine, is a time for 'rest and repose', and a convenient occasion for 'an amorous tryst'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoogan2007960_Hebrew_Bible_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoogan2007960_Hebrew_Bible-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Male:_Response_with_invitation_and_praise_(1:8–11)"><span id="Male:_Response_with_invitation_and_praise_.281:8.E2.80.9311.29"></span>Male: Response with invitation and praise (1:8–11)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Male: Response with invitation and praise (1:8–11)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hess notes the distinct structure of the verses containing the male's response in term of the syllable count for the lines in each one:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200561_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200561-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Verse 8: 11, 6, and 12</li> <li>Verse 9: 7 and 6</li> <li>Verse 10: 8 and 6</li> <li>Verse 11: 7 and 6</li></ul> <p>It is clear that verse 8 is structurally out of sequence among these verses and different in the content as well: verse 8 provides the answer to the female's prior question, whereas verses 9–11 focus on her beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200561_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200561-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_8">Verse 8</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Verse 8"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>[He] </p> <dl><dd><i>If you do not know,</i> <dl><dd><i>O most beautiful among women,</i></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i>follow in the tracks of the flock,</i> <dl><dd><i>and pasture your young goats</i></dd> <dd><i>beside the shepherds' tents.</i><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>All three finite verbs in this verse ("know", "follow" and "pasture") have the woman as the subject, and the second-person feminine singular form is used for "you" or "your".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200561_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200561-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure of this verse duplicates the woman's question and plea of verse 7.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200561_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200561-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MEV applies this verse to the "Friends of the woman".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_9">Verse 9</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Verse 9"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>[The Man] </p> <dl><dd><i>I compare you, my love, to a mare among Pharaoh’s chariots.</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The man calls his lover, "my love" (or "my [female] friend"; Hebrew: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רעיתי</span></span>, <i><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H7474">ra‘-yā-ṯî</a></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) a specific term of endearment for women that is used 9 times in the book (Song <b>1:9</b>, <a href="#Verse_15">15</a>; <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_2:2" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Songs 2:2">2:2</a>,<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#2:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_2:13" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Songs 2:13">13</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#4:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">4:1</a>,<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#4:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">7</a>; <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_5:2" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Songs 5:2">5:2</a>; <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_6:4" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Songs 6:4">6:4</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant200119_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant200119-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The masculine form of the same root word to call the man ("my [male] friend"; Hebrew: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רעי</span></span>, <i><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H7453">rê-‘î</a></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-So5_16h_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-So5_16h-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used in a parallel construction with "my beloved" (Hebrew: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דודי</span></span>, <i><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H1730">ḏōḏî</a></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-So5_16h_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-So5_16h-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in <a href="/wiki/Song_5:16" class="mw-redirect" title="Song 5:16">Song 5:16</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant200119_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant200119-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Female:_Her_lover_as_fragrance_(1:12–14)"><span id="Female:_Her_lover_as_fragrance_.281:12.E2.80.9314.29"></span>Female: Her lover as fragrance (1:12–14)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Female: Her lover as fragrance (1:12–14)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Albany,_New_York)_-_interior,_stained_glass,_A_Disciple_washes_Christ%E2%80%99s_feet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_%28Albany%2C_New_York%29_-_interior%2C_stained_glass%2C_A_Disciple_washes_Christ%E2%80%99s_feet.jpg/150px-Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_%28Albany%2C_New_York%29_-_interior%2C_stained_glass%2C_A_Disciple_washes_Christ%E2%80%99s_feet.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_%28Albany%2C_New_York%29_-_interior%2C_stained_glass%2C_A_Disciple_washes_Christ%E2%80%99s_feet.jpg/225px-Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_%28Albany%2C_New_York%29_-_interior%2C_stained_glass%2C_A_Disciple_washes_Christ%E2%80%99s_feet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_%28Albany%2C_New_York%29_-_interior%2C_stained_glass%2C_A_Disciple_washes_Christ%E2%80%99s_feet.jpg/300px-Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_%28Albany%2C_New_York%29_-_interior%2C_stained_glass%2C_A_Disciple_washes_Christ%E2%80%99s_feet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of "A disciple washes Christ's feet" (<a href="/wiki/Luke_7:38" class="mw-redirect" title="Luke 7:38">Luke 7:38</a>) with the text on the bottom from Song of Solomon 1:12 in Latin (English: "While the king was at his repose, my spikenard sent forth the odour thereof.")</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawsonia_inermis_(3709419835).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lawsonia_inermis_%283709419835%29.jpg/150px-Lawsonia_inermis_%283709419835%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lawsonia_inermis_%283709419835%29.jpg/225px-Lawsonia_inermis_%283709419835%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lawsonia_inermis_%283709419835%29.jpg/300px-Lawsonia_inermis_%283709419835%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Lawsonia_inermis" title="Lawsonia inermis">Lawsonia inermis</a></i>, known as "camphire" or "henna".</figcaption></figure> <p>In these three verses, the woman describes her lover in the first line and their relationship in the second line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200568_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200568-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second word in each of the verses—the king, the myrrh, the henna—are the only words preceded by the definite article <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַ</span></span> (<i>ha</i>) in this section, indicating their identification with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200568_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200568-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_12">Verse 12</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Verse 12"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>While the king is at his table,</i></dd> <dd><i>My spikenard sends forth its fragrance.</i><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>"His table" (Hebrew: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מסבו</span></span>, <i><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H4524">me-si-bōw</a></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>): with a meaning "that which surrounds or is round",<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> likely "a divan or seat set round a room".<sup id="cite_ref-cambridgebible_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridgebible-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Spikenard" title="Spikenard">Spikenard</a>" (or "nard"; Hebrew: <i><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H5373">nerd</a></span></i>): or "perfume";<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a substance originated from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, extracted from <i><a href="/wiki/Nardostachys_jatamansi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nardostachys jatamansi">Nardostachys jatamansi</a></i>, a plant of the family <a href="/wiki/Valerianaceae" title="Valerianaceae">Valerianaceae</a>, growing in the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya mountains">Himalaya mountains</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETristram1868484–485_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETristram1868484–485-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was "very precious" as read from the account of <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary's</a> <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">anointing on</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, priced more than 300 <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarii</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#14:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 14:5</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#12:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 12:2</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pulpit_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulpit-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_14">Verse 14</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Verse 14"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ein_Gedi_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ein_Gedi_11.jpg/200px-Ein_Gedi_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ein_Gedi_11.jpg/300px-Ein_Gedi_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ein_Gedi_11.jpg/400px-Ein_Gedi_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Ein Gedi (=Engedi) nature reserve, Judaean Desert, Israel. (2009)</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><i>My beloved is unto me as a cluster of camphire in the vineyards of Engedi.</i><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Camphire" class="mw-redirect" title="Camphire">Camphire</a>" (Hebrew: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כפר</span></span>, <i><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H3724">kō-p̄er</a></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or "Henna" (<i><a href="/wiki/Lawsonia_inermis" title="Lawsonia inermis">Lawsonia inermis</a></i>) from Arabic: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">حِنَّاء</span>‎ (<a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a>: <i>ḥinnāʾ</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This small shrub (8–10 feet high) produces "clusters of white and yellow blossoms with a powerful fragrance" and continues to grow in En-gedi area from the ancient time until the modern era, providing an enduring illustration of this verse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETristram1868339–340_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETristram1868339–340-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Engedi</a>: <i>lit.</i> "spring of the kid"; an "oasis on the western shore of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoogan2007961_Hebrew_Bible_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoogan2007961_Hebrew_Bible-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Male:_Praise_of_beauty_(1:15)"><span id="Male:_Praise_of_beauty_.281:15.29"></span>Male: Praise of beauty (1:15)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Male: Praise of beauty (1:15)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_15">Verse 15</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Verse 15"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Behold, you are fair, my love!</i></dd> <dd><i>Behold, you are fair!</i></dd> <dd><i>You have dove's eyes.</i><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In this verse and the following, the lovers exchange a mutual admiration in a parallel fashion:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant200121_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant200121-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>first the man (verse 15)</li></ul> <dl><dd>a. Ah! <dl><dd>b. you are beautiful <dl><dd>c. my love (<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H7474">ra‘-yā-ṯî</a></span>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>then the woman (verse 16):</li></ul> <dl><dd>a'. Ah! <dl><dd>b'. you are beautiful <dl><dd>c'. my love (<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H1730">ḏōḏî</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant200121_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant200121-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The response of the man comprises seven words, two of which are repeated (Hebrew: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הנך יפה</span></span> <i><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H2005">hināḵ</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H3303">yāp̄āh</a></span></i>, "behold_you_[are] fair"<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200571_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200571-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exclamation "you are beautiful" is used most frequently by the man to describe his lover (<a href="#Verse_8">1:8</a>,<b>15</b>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#2:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">2:10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_2:13" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Songs 2:13">13</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#4:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">4:1</a>,<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#4:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">7</a>,<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#4:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">10</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#7:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">7:1</a>,<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#7:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">6</a> [Masoretic: 7:2,7]).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant200121–22_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant200121–22-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Female:_Love_in_paradise_(1:16–2:1)"><span id="Female:_Love_in_paradise_.281:16.E2.80.932:1.29"></span>Female: Love in paradise (1:16–2:1)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Female: Love in paradise (1:16–2:1)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verses 16–17 focus on the subject of trees, with a closure in <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_2:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Songs 2:1">verse 2:1</a> on the subject of flowers, to provide a 'picture of the bed as a spreading growth', using a theme of nature's flora.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200572–73_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200572–73-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Engedi (Ein Gedi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezreel_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezreel (city)">Jezreel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The seven verses containing the word formed from <i>‘ălmā</i> are Song 1:3 and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3006.htm#8">Song 6:8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0124.htm#43">Genesis 24:43</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0202.htm#8">Exodus 2:8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2668.htm#26">Psalm 68:26</a> (68:25 English), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2830.htm#19">Proverbs 30:19</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_7:14" title="Isaiah 7:14">Isaiah 7:14</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200551_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200551-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another use of <i>rê·‘î</i> in the Hebrew Bible is in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2731.htm#9">Job 31:9</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalley1965278-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalley1965278_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalley1965">Halley 1965</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holman-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holman_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007429-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007429_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007429_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrenner2007">Brenner 2007</a>, p. 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007430-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007430_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrenner2007">Brenner 2007</a>, p. 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWürthwein199536–37-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWürthwein199536–37_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWürthwein1995">Würthwein 1995</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUlrich2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ulrich" title="Eugene Ulrich">Ulrich, Eugene</a>, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls"><i>The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants</i></a>. Brill. p. 739. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004181830" title="Special:BookSources/9789004181830"><bdi>9789004181830</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Qumran+Scrolls%3A+Transcriptions+and+Textual+Variants&rft.pages=739&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004181830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheBiblicalQumranScrolls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong+of+Songs+1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#song_of_songs">Dead sea scrolls - Song of Songs</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzmyer2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Fitzmyer, Joseph A.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC"><i>A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature</i></a>. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802862419" title="Special:BookSources/9780802862419"><bdi>9780802862419</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+and+Related+Literature&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780802862419&rft.aulast=Fitzmyer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTILXeWJ2eNAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong+of+Songs+1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWürthwein199573–74-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWürthwein199573–74_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWürthwein1995">Würthwein 1995</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:1–4&version=ncb">Song of Songs 1:1–4</a>: New Catholic Bible; Jerusalem Bible (1966), The Song of Songs, Title and Prologue, verses 1:1-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200535-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200535_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200535_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2005">Hess 2005</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongman200187-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongman200187_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongman2001">Longman 2001</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#1:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">Song 1:1</a> <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">KJV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongman200187–88-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongman200187–88_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongman2001">Longman 2001</a>, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Song1_1h-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Song1_1h_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Song1_1h_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Song1_1h_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/songs/1-1.htm">Hebrew Text Analysis: Song of Solomon 1:1</a>. Biblehub</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200537-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200537_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200537_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2005">Hess 2005</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongman200188-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongman200188_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongman2001">Longman 2001</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant20013-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant20013_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergant2001">Bergant 2001</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongman200188,_132-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongman200188,_132_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongman2001">Longman 2001</a>, pp. 88, 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEExum200592,_100-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEExum200592,_100_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFExum2005">Exum 2005</a>, pp. 92, 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Song1_4h-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Song1_4h_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Song1_4h_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/songs/1-4.htm">Hebrew Text Analysis: Song of Solomon 1:4</a>. Biblehub</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant20018-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant20018_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant20018_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant20018_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant20018_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergant2001">Bergant 2001</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant20019-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant20019_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergant2001">Bergant 2001</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200552-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200552_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2005">Hess 2005</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:3&version=nkjv">Song 1:3</a> <a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Version" title="New King James Version">NKJV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/songs/1-3.htm">Hebrew Text Analysis: Song of Solomon 1:3</a>. Biblehub.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200551-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200551_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2005">Hess 2005</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200551–52-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200551–52_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2005">Hess 2005</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:4&version=nkjv">Song 1:4</a> NKJV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note [a] on Song 1:4 in NKJV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note [b] on Song 1:4 in NKJV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#1:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">Song 1:5</a> KJV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEExum2005100-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEExum2005100_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFExum2005">Exum 2005</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:6&version=mev">Song 1:6</a> <a href="/wiki/Modern_English_Version" title="Modern English Version">MEV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant200116-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant200116_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant200116_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergant2001">Bergant 2001</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEExum2005141-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEExum2005141_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFExum2005">Exum 2005</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:7&version=rsv">Song 1:7</a> <a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">RSV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoogan2007960_Hebrew_Bible-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoogan2007960_Hebrew_Bible_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoogan2007">Coogan 2007</a>, p. 960 Hebrew Bible.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200561-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200561_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200561_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200561_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200561_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2005">Hess 2005</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Song+of+Solomon+1:8">Song 1:8</a> <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">ESV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:8&version=mev">Song 1:8</a> MEV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:9&version=mev">Song 1:9</a> MEV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/songs/1-9.htm">Hebrew Text Analysis: Song of Solomon 1:9</a>. Biblehub</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant200119-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant200119_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant200119_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergant2001">Bergant 2001</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/7474.htm">Strong's Concordance: 7474. rayah</a>. Biblehub</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-So5_16h-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-So5_16h_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-So5_16h_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/songs/5-16.htm">Hebrew Text Analysis: Song of Solomon 5:16</a>. Biblehub</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/rei_7453.htm">Englishman's Concordance: rê·‘î — 2 Occurrences</a>. Biblehub</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200568-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200568_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200568_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2005">Hess 2005</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:12&version=nkjv">Song 1:12</a> NKJV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/songs/1-12.htm">Hebrew Text Analysis: Song of Solomon 1:12</a>. Biblehub</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/4524.htm">Strong's Concordance: 4524. mesab or mesibbim or mesibboth</a>. Biblehub</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridgebible-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cambridgebible_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harper, A. (1902), <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Bible_for_Schools_and_Colleges" title="Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges">Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/songs/1.htm">Song of Solomon 1</a>, accessed 28 April 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note [a] on Song of Solomon 1:12 in NKJV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETristram1868484–485-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETristram1868484–485_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTristram1868">Tristram 1868</a>, pp. 484–485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pulpit-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pulpit_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/pulpit/songs/1.htm">On "Song of Solomon 1".</a> In: <i>The <a href="/wiki/Pulpit_Commentary" title="Pulpit Commentary">Pulpit Commentary</a></i>. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. Accessed 24 April 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#1:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">Song 1:14</a> KJV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/songs/1-14.htm">Hebrew Text Analysis: Song of Solomon 1:14</a>. Biblehub</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3724.htm">Strong's Concordance: 3724. kopher</a>. Biblehub</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETristram1868339–340-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETristram1868339–340_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTristram1868">Tristram 1868</a>, pp. 339–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoogan2007961_Hebrew_Bible-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoogan2007961_Hebrew_Bible_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoogan2007">Coogan 2007</a>, p. 961 Hebrew Bible.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+1:15&version=nkjv">Song 1:15</a> NKJV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant200121-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant200121_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant200121_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergant2001">Bergant 2001</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/songs/1-15.htm">Hebrew Text Analysis: Song of Solomon 1:15</a>. Biblehub</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200571-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200571_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2005">Hess 2005</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant200121–22-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant200121–22_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergant2001">Bergant 2001</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess200572–73-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess200572–73_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2005">Hess 2005</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergant2001" class="citation book cs1">Bergant, Dianne (2001). Cotter, David W.; Walsh, Jerome T.; Franke, Chris (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xkwtwLQ_QCQC"><i>The Songs of Songs</i></a>. Berit Olam (The Everlasting Covenant): Studies In Hebrew Narrative And Poetry. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814650691" title="Special:BookSources/9780814650691"><bdi>9780814650691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Songs+of+Songs&rft.series=Berit+Olam+%28The+Everlasting+Covenant%29%3A+Studies+In+Hebrew+Narrative+And+Poetry&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780814650691&rft.aulast=Bergant&rft.aufirst=Dianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxkwtwLQ_QCQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong+of+Songs+1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Athalya_Brenner" title="Athalya Brenner">Brenner, Athalya</a> (2007). "21. The Song of Solomon". In <a href="/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)" title="John Barton (theologian)">Barton, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Muddiman" title="John Muddiman">Muddiman, John</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ"><i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a> (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 429–433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199277186" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199277186"><bdi>978-0199277186</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=21.+The+Song+of+Solomon&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pages=429-433&rft.edition=first+%28paperback%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199277186&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Athalya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZJdVkgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong+of+Songs+1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coogan" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael D. Coogan">Coogan, Michael David</a> (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ"><i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48</i></a> (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195288810" title="Special:BookSources/9780195288810"><bdi>9780195288810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible+with+the+Apocryphal%2FDeuterocanonical+Books%3A+New+Revised+Standard+Version%2C+Issue+48&rft.edition=Augmented+3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780195288810&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHmpMPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong+of+Songs+1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExum2005" class="citation book cs1">Exum, J. Cheryl (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mLKBcC5ND30C"><i>Songs of Songs: A Commentary</i></a>. Old Testament library (reprint ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664221904" title="Special:BookSources/9780664221904"><bdi>9780664221904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+Songs%3A+A+Commentary&rft.series=Old+Testament+library&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780664221904&rft.aulast=Exum&rft.aufirst=J.+Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmLKBcC5ND30C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong+of+Songs+1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalley1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hampton_Halley" title="Henry Hampton Halley">Halley, Henry H.</a> (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr"><i>Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary</i></a></span> (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-25720-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-25720-4"><bdi>0-310-25720-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halley%27s+Bible+Handbook%3A+an+abbreviated+Bible+commentary&rft.edition=24th+%28revised%29&rft.pub=Zondervan+Publishing+House&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-310-25720-4&rft.aulast=Halley&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhalleysbiblehand00henr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong+of+Songs+1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hess" title="Richard Hess">Hess, Richard S.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AWoEZ2bWauAC"><i>Songs of Songs</i></a>. Baker Commentary on the Old Testament Series. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801027123" title="Special:BookSources/9780801027123"><bdi>9780801027123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+Songs&rft.series=Baker+Commentary+on+the+Old+Testament+Series&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780801027123&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAWoEZ2bWauAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong+of+Songs+1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongman2001" class="citation book cs1">Longman, Tremper (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDnMuOcIUjEC"><i>Songs of Songs</i></a>. The New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Vol. 26. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802825438" title="Special:BookSources/9780802825438"><bdi>9780802825438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+Songs&rft.series=The+New+International+Commentary+on+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780802825438&rft.aulast=Longman&rft.aufirst=Tremper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPDnMuOcIUjEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong+of+Songs+1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTristram1868" class="citation book cs1">Tristram, Henry Baker (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v7UsAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Natural History of the Bible: Being a Review of the Physical Geography, Geology, and Meteorology of the Holy Land, with a Description of Every Animal and Plant Mentioned in Holy Scripture</i></a> (2nd ed.). Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+the+Bible%3A+Being+a+Review+of+the+Physical+Geography%2C+Geology%2C+and+Meteorology+of+the+Holy+Land%2C+with+a+Description+of+Every+Animal+and+Plant+Mentioned+in+Holy+Scripture&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Tristram&rft.aufirst=Henry+Baker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv7UsAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong+of+Songs+1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWürthwein1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_W%C3%BCrthwein" title="Ernst Würthwein">Würthwein, Ernst</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC"><i>The Text of the Old Testament</i></a>. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0788-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-0788-7"><bdi>0-8028-0788-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8028-0788-7&rft.aulast=W%C3%BCrthwein&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFSNKSBObCYwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong+of+Songs+1" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Songs_1&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> translations: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16445">Shir Hashirim - Song of Songs - Chapter 1 (Judaica Press)</a> translation [with <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>'s commentary] at Chabad.org</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> translations: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=Song+1"><i>Online Bible</i> at GospelHall.org</a> (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=26&chapter=1&version=9">Song of Solomon Chapter 1 King James Version</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Song+of+Solomon&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Song of Solomon</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> Various versions</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Song_of_Songs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Song_of_Songs" title="Template:Song of Songs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Song_of_Songs" title="Template talk:Song of Songs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Song_of_Songs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Song of Songs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Song_of_Songs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Song of Songs 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_2" title="Song of Songs 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_3" title="Song of Songs 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_4" title="Song of Songs 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_5" title="Song of Songs 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_6" title="Song of Songs 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_7" title="Song of Songs 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_8" title="Song of Songs 8">8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">En-gedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshbon" title="Heshbon">Heshbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezreel_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezreel (city)">Jezreel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarite" class="mw-redirect" title="Qedarite">Kedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_plain" title="Sharon plain">Sharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirzah_(ancient_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirzah (ancient city)">Tirzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Amminadib" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minor Old Testament figures, A–K">Amminadib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulamite" title="Shulamite">Shulamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_tower" title="Ivory tower">Ivory tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lily_of_the_valley" title="Lily of the valley">Lily of the valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Sharon" title="Rose of Sharon">Rose of Sharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veniat_dilectus_meus" class="mw-redirect" title="Veniat dilectus meus">Veniat dilectus meus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shir_HaShirim_Rabbah" title="Shir HaShirim Rabbah">Shir HaShirim Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir_ha-Shirim_Zutta" title="Shir ha-Shirim Zutta">Shir ha-Shirim Zutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">Israelian Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five Megillot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Beloved_(Rossetti)" title="The Beloved (Rossetti)"><i>The Beloved</i> (Rossetti)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sponsa_de_Libano" title="Sponsa de Libano">Sponsa de Libano</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_(Egon_Tschirch)" title="Song of Songs (Egon Tschirch)"><i>Song of Songs</i> (Tschirch)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4Q106" title="4Q106">4Q106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q107" title="4Q107">4Q107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q108" title="4Q108">4Q108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6Q6" title="6Q6">6Q6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q240" title="4Q240">4Q240 (pesher)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" class="extiw" title="wikisource:he:מגילת שיר השירים">Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%86%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%91%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Άσμα Ασμάτων">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Songes_of_Songes" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Songes of Songes">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Song_of_Solomon" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Song of Solomon">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Song_of_Solomon" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Song of Solomon">World English Version</a></li></ul> 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