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title="Urreligion – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Urreligion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur-religi%C3%A3o" title="Ur-religião – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ur-religião" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urreligion" title="Urreligion – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Urreligion" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urreligion" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:urreligion"> urreligion</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p> <i><b>Urreligion</b></i> is a postulated "original" or "oldest" form of <a href="/wiki/Religious_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious tradition">religious tradition</a> (the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> <i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ur-#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:ur-">ur-</a></i> expressing the idea of "original", "primal", "primitive", "elder", "primeval", or "<i><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proto-#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:proto-">proto-</a></i></i>"). The concept contrasts with later <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">organized religions</a> such as the early <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> and in later <a href="/wiki/Major_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Major religions">world religions</a>. The term <i>Urreligion</i> originated in the context of <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urreligion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Creuzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Creuzer">Friedrich Creuzer</a> put forward the notion of a monotheistic primeval religion in 1810 – an idea taken up by other authors of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic period">Romantic period</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/J._J._Bachofen" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Bachofen">J. J. Bachofen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but decidedly opposed by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Voss" title="Johann Heinrich Voss">Johann Heinrich Voss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>, in a conversation with <a href="/wiki/Eckermann" class="mw-redirect" title="Eckermann">Eckermann</a> on 11 March 1832, discussed the human <i>Urreligion</i>, which he characterized as "pure nature and [pure] reason, of divine origin".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final scene of his <i><a href="/wiki/Faust_Part_Two" class="mw-redirect" title="Faust Part Two">Faust Part Two</a></i> (1832) has been taken as evoking "the 'Urreligion' of mankind".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often used in the sense of <a href="/wiki/Natural_religion" title="Natural religion">natural religion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">indigenous religion</a>, the religious behaviour of pre-modern <a href="/wiki/Tribal_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal societies">tribal societies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Australian_aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian aboriginal mythology">Australian aboriginal mythology</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the term <i>Urreligion</i> has also been used by adherents of various religions to back up the claim that their own religion is somehow "primeval" or "older" than competing traditions. In the context of a given religious faith, literal belief in a <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation</a> may be the base of primality. (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a>, or literal belief in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>). </p><p>In particular, <a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a> comprises the historical claim that primeval religion was <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a>. Some have rejected this hypothesis,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and certain <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a> circles defend it.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nineteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic mysticism">Germanic mysticism</a> sometimes claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic runes">Germanic runes</a> bore testimony of a primeval religion.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some more recent <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New religious movements">new religious movements</a> that claim to restore primeval religion include <a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urreligion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Ancient Semitic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennial philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-religion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Proto-religion (disambiguation)">Proto-religion (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Evolutionary origin of religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist school">Traditionalist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UR_Group" title="UR Group">UR Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradition (perennialism)">Tradition (perennialism)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urreligion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his <i>Mutterrecht und Urreligion </i>, Bachofen connects primeval religion and <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">matriarchy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Symbolik und Mythologie der alten Völker, besonders der Griechen. In Vorträgen und Entwürfen.</i> Leipzig and Darmstadt, Heyer und Leske, 1810–1812.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/Goethe,+Johann+Wolfgang/Gespr%C3%A4che/%5BZu+den+Gespr%C3%A4chen%5D/1832">Gespräche</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O. Durrani, "Biblical Borrowings in Goethe's 'Faust': A Historical Survey of Their Interpretation", <i>The Modern Language Review</i> 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDayton1996" class="citation news cs1">Dayton, Leigh (2 November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15220540.600-flood-gave-birth-to-worlds-oldest-religion.html">"Flood gave birth to world's oldest religion"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Flood+gave+birth+to+world%27s+oldest+religion&rft.date=1996-11-02&rft.aulast=Dayton&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg15220540.600-flood-gave-birth-to-worlds-oldest-religion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrreligion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnuse1997" class="citation book cs1">Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Kf1ZwDifdAC&q=urmonotheism&pg=PA136"><i>No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel</i></a>. Sheffield Academic Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85075-657-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85075-657-0"><bdi>1-85075-657-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Other+Gods%3A+Emergent+Monotheism+in+Israel&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85075-657-0&rft.aulast=Gnuse&rft.aufirst=Robert+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Kf1ZwDifdAC%26q%3Durmonotheism%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrreligion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pajak, Sylwester, <i>Urreligion und Uroffenbarung bei P. W. Schmidt</i>, St. Augustin 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. L. Studach, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_YmgCAAAAQAAJ"><i>Die Urreligion oder das entdeckte Uralphabet</i></a>, 1856</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnyioha1980" class="citation book cs1">Onyioha, K. O. K. (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africangodianism0000onyi/page/124"><i>African Godianism : a revolutionary religion for mankind through direct communication with God</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Owerri" title="Owerri">Owerri</a>; New York: Conch Magazine. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africangodianism0000onyi/page/124">124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0914970313" title="Special:BookSources/0914970313"><bdi>0914970313</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Godianism+%3A+a+revolutionary+religion+for+mankind+through+direct+communication+with+God&rft.place=Owerri%3B+New+York&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Conch+Magazine&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0914970313&rft.aulast=Onyioha&rft.aufirst=K.+O.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricangodianism0000onyi%2Fpage%2F124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrreligion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_M%C3%BCller_(Lutheran_theologian)" title="Gerhard Müller (Lutheran theologian)">Gerhard Müller</a>, <i>Theologische Realenzyklopädie</i>, <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a> (2003), p. 265</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urreligion&oldid=1236350569">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urreligion&oldid=1236350569</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1810_introductions" title="Category:1810 introductions">1810 introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_religion" title="Category:Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_religion_studies" title="Category:History of religion studies">History of religion studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Superlatives_in_religion" title="Category:Superlatives in religion">Superlatives in religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romantic_idealism" title="Category:Romantic idealism">Romantic idealism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2021">Use dmy dates from January 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 July 2024, at 06:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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