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href="https://www.longdom.org/pharmaceutical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click Here">Pharmaceutical Sciences</a> </nav> </div> </div>  </aside> <div class="col-12 col-sm-9 full-text"> <div class="row align-items-center justify-content-between"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <p class="text-muted mb-0"> Short Communication - (2024)Volume 14, Issue 7 </p> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-8 text-right custom-column"> <a href="https://www.longdom.org/open-access/exploring-mycobacterial-diversity-in-soil-ecosystems.pdf" title="View PDF" class="btn btn-sm bg-green-600 rounded-50"><i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i> View PDF</a> <a href="https://www.longdom.org/pdfdownload.php?download=open-access/exploring-mycobacterial-diversity-in-soil-ecosystems.pdf&aid=109589" title="Download PDF" class="btn btn-sm bg-green-600 rounded-50"><i class="fas fa-download"></i> Download PDF</a> </div> </div> <h2 class="font-size-7 mt-2">Exploring Mycobacterial Diversity in Soil Ecosystems</h2> <a href='https://www.longdom.org/author/giulio-obels-71912' title='Giulio Obels' style='color:#555; border-bottom:1px dotted #CCC;'>Giulio Obels</a><sup><a href='#Giulio_Obels'>*</a></sup> <div> </div> <a id="Giulio_Obels"></a> <strong><sup>*</sup>Correspondence:</strong> Giulio Obels, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, <strong>Email:</strong> <i class='fa fa-envelope' aria-hidden='true' title='giuoels@gmail.com'></i> <p><a href="#ai"><strong>Author info »</strong></a></p> <h4>Description</h4> <p>Mycobacteria, a diverse group of bacteria within the genus <em>Mycobacterium</em>, are known for their ability to thrive in a variety of environments, including soil. Soil, being a dynamic and complex ecosystem, harbors a vast array of mycobacterial species, many of which have significant implications for human health, agriculture, and environmental processes [<a href="#1" title="1">1</a>]. This article explores the diversity of mycobacteria in soil samples, their ecological roles, and the methods used to study them. Mycobacteria are aerobic, non-motile bacteria characterized by their thick, waxy cell walls, which contribute to their resilience in harsh conditions. While some mycobacteria, such as <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> and <em>Mycobacterium leprae</em>, are wellknown pathogens, many others are saprophytic, living off decaying organic matter in soil and water. [<a href="#2" title="2">2</a>] These Environmental Mycobacteria (EM) are widespread in nature and can influence soil health and fertility.</p> <p><strong>Ecological roles of mycobacteria in soil</strong></p> <p>Mycobacteria contribute to the decomposition of organic matter, breaking down complex compounds into simpler molecules. This process releases essential nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, back into the soil, promoting <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/plant-growth-5397.html'>plant growth</a> and maintaining soil <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/fertility-3065.html'>fertility</a> [<a href="#3" title="3">3</a>]. Some mycobacteria have the ability to degrade pollutants, including hydrocarbons and heavy metals. This makes them valuable agents in bioremediation, the process of using <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/microorganisms-2929.html'>microorganisms</a> to clean up contaminated environments [<a href="#4" title="4">4</a>]. Certain mycobacteria can enhance plant growth by producing growth-promoting <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/hormones-4791.html'>hormones</a> or by facilitating nutrient uptake. They can also protect plants against pathogens through various mechanisms, including the production of antimicrobial compounds [<a href="#5" title="5">5</a>]. While many mycobacteria are beneficial or benign, some can be opportunistic pathogens, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/species-5796.html'>Species</a> such as <em>Mycobacterium Avium</em> Complex (MAC) can cause diseases in humans and animals, highlighting the need to understand the distribution and behaviour of mycobacteria in the environment [<a href="#6" title="6">6</a>].</p> <p><strong>Diversity of mycobacteria in soil</strong></p> <p> Studies have shown that soil is a rich reservoir of mycobacterial diversity. Commonly detected <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/species-5796.html'>species</a> include, <em>Mycobacterium fortuitum</em> known for its rapid growth and ability to degrade various organic compounds, this <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/species-5796.html'>species</a> is often found in polluted soils [<a href="#7" title="7">7</a>].<em> Mycobacterium smegmatis</em> model organism in mycobacterial research, <em>M. smegmatis</em> is widely distributed in soil and water. <em>Mycobacterium gordonae</em> frequently isolated from soil and water, it is considered an environmental saprophyte but can occasionally cause infections in humans [<a href="#8" title="8">8</a>]. <em>Mycobacterium Avium</em> Complex (MAC) includes several pathogenic <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/species-5796.html'>species</a> that can cause disease in animals and humans, especially in immunocompromised individuals.</p> <p><strong>Methods for studying mycobacterial diversity in soil</strong></p> <p> Understanding the diversity and function of mycobacteria in soil involves several advanced techniques, such as, culture-dependent methods Traditional microbiological techniques involve isolating mycobacteria on selective media [<a href="#9" title="9">9</a>]. Although useful, these methods often underestimate diversity because many mycobacteria are difficult to culture. Molecular techniques of DNA-based methods, such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), allow for the detection and identification of mycobacterial DNA directly from soil samples [<a href="#10" title="10">10</a>]. These techniques can target specific genetic markers, such as the 16S rRNA gene, providing a more comprehensive view of mycobacterial diversity. Next- Generation Sequencing (NGS) high-throughput sequencing technologies enable the analysis of entire microbial communities in soil samples. Metagenomics, the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples, can reveal the presence of mycobacteria that are not detectable by culture-based methods. Advanced computational tools are used to analyze sequencing data, identify species, and predict functional capabilities of mycobacterial communities. These analyses can provide insights into the ecological roles and potential applications of soil mycobacteria.</p> <h4>Conclusion</h4> <p>The diversity of mycobacteria in soil is vast and encompasses a wide range of <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/species-5796.html'>species</a> with varied ecological roles. These <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/microorganisms-2929.html'>microorganisms</a> contribute to nutrient cycling, bioremediation, and <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/plant-growth-5397.html'>plant growth</a> promotion, while some also pose risks as opportunistic pathogens. Advanced molecular techniques and <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/bioinformatics-53691.html'>bioinformatics</a> have significantly enhanced our ability to study mycobacterial diversity in soil, providing valuable insights into their ecological functions and potential applications. As research continues, a deeper understanding of soil mycobacteria will contribute to environmental management, agricultural productivity, and public health.</p> <h4>References</h4> <ol> <li id='Reference_Title_Link' value='1'><a name="1" id='1'></a>Walsh CM, Gebert MJ, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Maestre FT, Fierer N. <a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/aem.01180-19">A global survey of mycobacterial diversity in soil</a>. 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Mycobact Dis.14:483.</p> <p> <strong>Received: </strong>03-Jun-2024, Manuscript No. MDTL-24-33233; <strong>Editor assigned: </strong>05-Jun-2024, Pre QC No. MDTL-24-33233 (PQ); <strong>Reviewed: </strong>19-Jun-2024, QC No. MDTL-24-33233; <strong>Revised: </strong>26-Jun-2024, Manuscript No. MDTL-24-33233 (R); <strong>Published:</strong> 02-Jul-2024 , DOI: 10.35248/2161-1068.24.14.483</p> <p><strong>Copyright: </strong>漏 2024 Obels G. 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