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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Imperia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Imperia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Imperia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Imperia-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Imperia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Duplodnaviria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duplodnaviria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span><i>Duplodnaviria</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duplodnaviria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monodnaviria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monodnaviria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span><i>Monodnaviria</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monodnaviria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riboviria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riboviria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span><i>Riboviria</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riboviria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varidnaviria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varidnaviria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span><i>Varidnaviria</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varidnaviria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_link" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_link"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Externe link</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_link-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronnen" class="vector-toc-list-item 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p>Het <b>imperium</b> (<a href="/wiki/Engels" title="Engels">Engels</a>: <i>Realm</i>) is de hoogste <a href="/wiki/Taxonomische_rang" title="Taxonomische rang">taxonomische rang</a> voor <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologie)" title="Virus (biologie)">virussen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICTV_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICTV-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strien_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strien-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deze rang werd vastgesteld door het <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses">ICTV</a>, een commissie die virustaxonomie overziet. In 2020 erkende het ICTV vier imperia op basis van specifieke, sterk <a href="/wiki/Geconserveerde_sequentie" title="Geconserveerde sequentie">geconserveerde</a> eigenschappen: <i><a href="/wiki/Duplodnaviria" title="Duplodnaviria">Duplodnaviria</a></i>, waartoe alle dubbelstrengs-DNA virussen met een HK97-capside behoren; <i><a href="/wiki/Monodnaviria" title="Monodnaviria">Monodnaviria</a></i>, dat alle enkelstrengs-DNA virussen omvat; <i><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria">Riboviria</a></i>, dat alle RNA-virussen omvat die coderen voor <a href="/wiki/RNA-afhankelijke_RNA-polymerase" title="RNA-afhankelijke RNA-polymerase">RNA-afhankelijke RNA-polymerase</a> en alle virussen die coderen voor reverse transcriptase; en <i><a href="/wiki/Varidnaviria" title="Varidnaviria">Varidnaviria</a></i>, waartoe alle dsDNA-virussen die <a href="/wiki/Capsomeer" title="Capsomeer">capside-eiwit</a> hebben met een <i>jelly roll</i>-structuur.<sup id="cite_ref-ICTV_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICTV-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Het imperium is te vergelijken met het <a href="/wiki/Domein_(biologie)" title="Domein (biologie)">domein</a> dat gebruikt wordt voor indeling van <a href="/wiki/Leven" title="Leven">cellulair leven</a>, maar verschilt ervan doordat imperia geen <a href="/wiki/Gemeenschappelijke_voorouder" title="Gemeenschappelijke voorouder">gemeenschappelijke voorouder</a> hebben en geen fundamentele biologische processen delen.<sup id="cite_ref-Strien_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strien-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Een imperium groepeert virussen op basis van specifieke eigenschappen die in de loop van de evolutie behouden zijn, maar ook meerdere keren zouden kunnen zijn ontstaan. Hoewel het in het verleden onmogelijk leek om vroege evolutionaire relaties tussen virussen met zekerheid vast te stellen, hebben sterke vooruitgangen in technieken als <a href="/wiki/Metagenomica" title="Metagenomica">metagenomica</a> en <a href="/wiki/Cryo-elektronenmicroscopie" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryo-elektronenmicroscopie">cryo-elektronenmicroscopie</a> ervoor gezorgd dat ook hoge virustaxa een plaats konden krijgen in de inclusieve virustaxonomie.<sup id="cite_ref-ICTV_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICTV-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperia">Imperia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(virologie)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Imperia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(virologie)&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Imperia"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duplodnaviria"><i>Duplodnaviria</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(virologie)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Duplodnaviria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(virologie)&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Duplodnaviria"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Duplodnaviria_virion_morphology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Duplodnaviria_virion_morphology.jpg/200px-Duplodnaviria_virion_morphology.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Duplodnaviria_virion_morphology.jpg/300px-Duplodnaviria_virion_morphology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Duplodnaviria_virion_morphology.jpg/400px-Duplodnaviria_virion_morphology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4382" data-file-height="3897" /></a><figcaption>Illustraties van <i><a href="/wiki/Duplodnaviria" title="Duplodnaviria">Duplodnaviria</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Duplodnaviria" title="Duplodnaviria">Duplodnaviria</a></i> omvat dubbelstrengse DNA-virussen die coderen voor een capside-eiwit waarin een HK97-<a href="/wiki/Eiwitstructuur" title="Eiwitstructuur">vouwingsstructuur</a> zit. Andere gemeenschappelijke kenmerken met betrekking tot de capside, zijn de <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologie)#Structuur" title="Virus (biologie)">icosaëdrische symmetrie</a> en het speciale terminase-enzym dat het virale DNA in de capside verpakt. <a href="/wiki/Bacteriofagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteriofagen">Bacteriofagen</a> in dit imperium (bv. <i>Caudovirales</i>) zijn wereldwijd alomtegenwoordig, met name in zee, en zijn onderwerp van veel onderzoek.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monodnaviria"><i>Monodnaviria</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(virologie)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Monodnaviria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(virologie)&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Monodnaviria"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Monodnaviria" title="Monodnaviria">Monodnaviria</a></i> omvat enkelstrengse DNA-virussen die coderen voor een <a href="/wiki/Endonuclease" title="Endonuclease">endonuclease</a> uit de HUH-superfamilie. Alle andere virussen die van dergelijke virussen afstammen worden ook tot dit imperium gerekend. De prototypische vertegenwoordigers hebben circulaire ssDNA-genomen. Virussen uit dit imperium worden in verband gebracht met uiteenlopende ziekten, waaronder <a href="/wiki/Papillomavirussen" class="mw-redirect" title="Papillomavirussen">papillomavirussen</a> die kankers veroorzaken.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riboviria"><i>Riboviria</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(virologie)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Riboviria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(virologie)&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Riboviria"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria">Riboviria</a></i> omvat alle <a href="/wiki/RNA-virus" title="RNA-virus">RNA-virussen</a> die coderen voor <a href="/wiki/RNA-afhankelijke_RNA-polymerase" title="RNA-afhankelijke RNA-polymerase">RNA-afhankelijke RNA-polymerase</a> (RdRp). Ook alle virussen die coderen voor een <a href="/wiki/Reverse-transcriptase" title="Reverse-transcriptase">reverse-transcriptase</a> (retrovirussen), worden in dit imperium ondergebracht. Deze enzymen zijn essentieel in de virale replicatiecyclus. Tot de <i>Riboviria</i> behoren voornamelijk virussen die eukaryoten infecteren, waaronder dieren en planten.<sup id="cite_ref-wolf_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bekende virusziekten worden door deze virussen veroorzaakt, zoals <a href="/wiki/Influenzavirussen" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenzavirussen">influenzavirussen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiv" title="Hiv">hiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronavirussen" title="Coronavirussen">coronavirussen</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Ebolavirus" title="Ebolavirus">ebolavirus</a> en <a href="/wiki/Rabi%C3%ABsvirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabiësvirus">rabiësvirus</a>, evenals het eerste virus dat werd ontdekt, het <a href="/wiki/Tabaksmoza%C3%AFekvirus" title="Tabaksmozaïekvirus">tabaksmozaïekvirus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varidnaviria"><i>Varidnaviria</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(virologie)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Varidnaviria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(virologie)&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Varidnaviria"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:2w0c_monomer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2w0c_monomer.png/200px-2w0c_monomer.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2w0c_monomer.png/300px-2w0c_monomer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2w0c_monomer.png/400px-2w0c_monomer.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Twee <i>jelly roll</i>-structuren, kenmerkend voor <i><a href="/wiki/Varidnaviria" title="Varidnaviria">Varidnaviria</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Varidnaviria" title="Varidnaviria">Varidnaviria</a></i> omvat verschillende <a href="/wiki/DNA-virus" title="DNA-virus">DNA-virussen</a> die coderen voor <a href="/wiki/Capside" class="mw-redirect" title="Capside">capside</a>-eiwitten waarin zogenaamde <i>jelly roll</i>-structuur voorkomt (een speciale <a href="/wiki/Eiwitstructuur" title="Eiwitstructuur">vouwingsstructuur</a>). Andere gemeenschappelijke kenmerken zijn de structuur van het kleine capside-eiwit, een <a href="/wiki/ATPase" title="ATPase">ATPase</a> die het virale genoom in de capside verpakt en een karakteristiek <a href="/wiki/DNA-polymerase" title="DNA-polymerase">DNA-polymerase</a>. </p><p><i>Varidnaviria</i> is een zeer diverse groep virussen. In zee levende virussen binnen dit imperium zijn wereldwijd alomtegenwoordig en spelen, net als andere bacteriofagen, een belangrijke rol in de mariene <a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">ecologie</a>. De meeste geïdentificeerde eukaryote DNA-virussen behoren tot dit imperium. Vermeldenswaardige ziekteverwekkende virussen in <i>Varidnaviria</i> zijn onder meer <a href="/wiki/Adenovirussen" title="Adenovirussen">adenovirussen</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pokkenvirussen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pokkenvirussen (de pagina bestaat niet)">pokkenvirussen</a>. Ook reuzenvirussen behoren tot deze groep. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_link">Externe link</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(virologie)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe link" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_(virologie)&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe link"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320103754/https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy">Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release</a>, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><div style="margin-top:-16px"></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronnen">Bronnen</h2></div> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;-moz-column-width:30em; -webkit-column-width:30em; column-width:30em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICTV-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ICTV_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICTV_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICTV_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Gorbalenya A, Krupovic M.</span> <i>et al</i>. (2020). The new scope of virus taxonomy: partitioning the virosphere into 15 hierarchical ranks. <i>Nat Microbiol 5</i>, 668–674. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41564-020-0709-x">10.1038/s41564-020-0709-x</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strien-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Strien_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strien_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Nederlands">(<span>nl</span>) </span><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Strien, Willy van</span>. Vier imperia voor genetische pakketjes. <i><a href="/wiki/Bionieuws" title="Bionieuws">Bionieuws</a> 08</i>, 14 november 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2020"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Mart Krupovic, Valerian V. Dolja & Eugene V. Koonin</span> (2020). <cite>The LUCA and its complex virome</cite>. <i>Nature Reviews Microbiology</i> <b>18</b>: 661-670. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0408-x">10.1038/s41579-020-0408-x</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF1993"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ward, C. W.</span> (1993). <cite>Progress towards a higher taxonomy of viruses</cite>. <i>Research in Virology</i> <b>144</b> (6): 419–53. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8140287">8140287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135741">7135741</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0923-2516(06)80059-2">10.1016/S0923-2516(06)80059-2</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2015"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Keen EC</span> (2015). <cite>A century of phage research: Bacteriophages and the shaping of modern biology</cite>. <i>BioEssays</i> <b>37</b> (1): 6–9. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25521633">25521633</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418462">4418462</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201400152">10.1002/bies.201400152</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2019"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Malathi VG, Renuka Devi P</span> (2019). <cite>ssDNA Viruses: Key Players in Global Virome</cite>. <i>Virusdisease</i> <b>30</b> (1): 3-12. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31143827">31143827</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6517461">6517461</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-019-00519-4">10.1007/s13337-019-00519-4</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolf-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wolf_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2018"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Wolf YI, Kazlauskas D, Iranzo J, Lucia-Sanz A, Kuhn JH, Krupovic M, Dolja VV, Kooning EV</span> (2018). <cite>Origins and Evolution of the Global RNA Virome</cite>. <i>mBio</i> <b>9</b> (6): e02329-18. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30482837">30482837</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6282212">6282212</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02329-18">10.1128/mBio.02329-18</a>. </span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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