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(PDF) McCarthy's China: Conflict and Change, 1943-1949
<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="m1eHhq40cvowbWR7NliBec55e_pw2hbfy_CrT3wEp00oz9mgfip71v5IlGJcxHeY7QpD-gNa9GBaNL-FAnmGBw" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="China During an Era of Change" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2017" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="China’s Last Jesuit" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Amanda C. R. 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Charles McCarthy was among those" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/40549765/12910727/14293610/s200_amanda_c._r..clark.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/84824339/China_During_an_Era_of_Change" /> <meta property="og:title" content="China During an Era of Change" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="It was into violent conflicts between the Chinese and Japanese, and Nationalists and Communists, that McCarthy entered China. He arrived in Shanghai in 1943, undergoing internment under Japanese occupation. 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He arrived in Shanghai in 1943, undergoing internment under Japanese occupation. Charles McCarthy was among those Californians sent to Zikawei, where he joined French and Chinese Jesuits, taught as a faculty member in the Society's schools, served as vice-rector of the theologate, and then as vice-superior of the California Jesuits in China. From 1948 to 1949 he was editor of Catholic Review, Assistant Director of the Hua Ming News Service, and directed radio work. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, the Communist party moved aggressively against the Church, inaugurating anti-Christian campaigns. 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R. Clark" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/40549765/12910727/14293610/s65_amanda_c._r..clark.jpg" />Amanda C. R. Clark</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2017, China’s Last Jesuit</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">29 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 84824339; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=84824339"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">It was into violent conflicts between the Chinese and Japanese, and Nationalists and Communists, that McCarthy entered China. He arrived in Shanghai in 1943, undergoing internment under Japanese occupation. Charles McCarthy was among those Californians sent to Zikawei, where he joined French and Chinese Jesuits, taught as a faculty member in the Society's schools, served as vice-rector of the theologate, and then as vice-superior of the California Jesuits in China. From 1948 to 1949 he was editor of Catholic Review, Assistant Director of the Hua Ming News Service, and directed radio work. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, the Communist party moved aggressively against the Church, inaugurating anti-Christian campaigns. Letters home included increasingly traumatic accounts.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":89716638,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/84824339/China_During_an_Era_of_Change"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":89716638,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/84824339/China_During_an_Era_of_Change"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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He was with the first group of his university in Australia to study Chinese in Nanjing in 1982 and now holds an MA in Chinese studies and a PhD in Chinese history. He</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Protestant Church in Communist China: Moore Memorial Church Shanghai, 1949–1989 by John Craig William Keating (review)","attachmentId":116241511,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121335271/A_Protestant_Church_in_Communist_China_Moore_Memorial_Church_Shanghai_1949_1989_by_John_Craig_William_Keating_review_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121335271/A_Protestant_Church_in_Communist_China_Moore_Memorial_Church_Shanghai_1949_1989_by_John_Craig_William_Keating_review_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="69974027" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69974027/Communist_Party_Vatican_Interplay_Over_the_Training_of_Church_Leaders_in_China">Communist Party-Vatican Interplay Over the Training of Church Leaders in China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="176813161" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BeatriceLeung1">Beatrice Leung</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal for The Scientific Study of Religion, 2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Catholic Church could not compromise with Communist states due to ideological incompatibility between atheist Marxism-Leninism and religious beliefs. Christianity, in the perception of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), had been closely linked with "foreign cultural imperialism." This study examines the clash of authority between the CCP and Catholic Church over seminary training, elucidating the CCP's desire to retain institutional and ideological control over this particular sector of Chinese society. The findings highlight the ideological conflict between the dialectic materialism of the CCP, combined with the economic materialism (i.e., to get rich is glorious) mentality of the Deng Xiaoping-Jiang Zemin era, and religious idealism. A SILHOUETTE OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CHINA Following the 1949 Revolution, the Messianism of Mao changed China into a politicized society where Marxism-Leninism became the only ideology acceptable (Ding 1994:17-31). Religion, in the perception of Chinese leaders, had been closely linked to "foreign cultural imperialism"</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Communist Party-Vatican Interplay Over the Training of Church Leaders in China","attachmentId":79870400,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69974027/Communist_Party_Vatican_Interplay_Over_the_Training_of_Church_Leaders_in_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69974027/Communist_Party_Vatican_Interplay_Over_the_Training_of_Church_Leaders_in_China"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="21433448" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21433448/A_report_on_China_and_Mao_Zedong">A report on China and Mao Zedong</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42510168" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JessaGarcia5">Jessa Garcia</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A report on China and Mao Zedong","attachmentId":41871685,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21433448/A_report_on_China_and_Mao_Zedong","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21433448/A_report_on_China_and_Mao_Zedong"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="82733574" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82733574/Monsignor_Martin_T_Gilligans_diplomatic_mission_and_the_rise_of_communism_in_China_1946_1953">Monsignor Martin T. Gilligan's diplomatic mission and the rise of communism in China, 1946-1953</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="224580496" href="https://sinica.academia.edu/BibianaYeeyingWong">Bibiana Yee-ying WONG</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">U.S. Catholic Historian, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Monsignor Martin T. Gilligan, a member of the Holy See’s diplomatic corps from Cincinnati, Ohio, was appointed secretary to China’s first Papal Internuncio, Archbishop Antonio Riberi, when bilateral diplomatic relations were established between Rome and the Chinese Nationalist (Guomindang) government. Gilligan’s correspondence from 1946 to 1953 records the government’s successive defeats in the Chinese civil war, communism’s growing strength, and the suffering of native Chinese and missionary clergy and religious. The Internuncio sent Gilligan to accompany the retreating Nationalist government and assist exiled clergy and religious entering Hong Kong. By 1952, the need to assist refugees declined, prompting a discernment that ultimately led Gilligan to resign from the Holy See’s diplomatic service and return to the Archdiocese of Cincinnati.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Monsignor Martin T. Gilligan's diplomatic mission and the rise of communism in China, 1946-1953","attachmentId":88343417,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82733574/Monsignor_Martin_T_Gilligans_diplomatic_mission_and_the_rise_of_communism_in_China_1946_1953","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82733574/Monsignor_Martin_T_Gilligans_diplomatic_mission_and_the_rise_of_communism_in_China_1946_1953"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="24398395" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24398395/THE_CHINESE_COMMUNIST_PARTY_DURING_THE_ERA_OF_THE_COMINTERN_1919_1943">THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY DURING THE ERA OF THE COMINTERN (1919-1943</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47039304" href="https://independent.academia.edu/InjaeBaek">Injae Baek</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY DURING THE ERA OF THE COMINTERN (1919-1943","attachmentId":44730081,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24398395/THE_CHINESE_COMMUNIST_PARTY_DURING_THE_ERA_OF_THE_COMINTERN_1919_1943","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24398395/THE_CHINESE_COMMUNIST_PARTY_DURING_THE_ERA_OF_THE_COMINTERN_1919_1943"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="45325541" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45325541/The_Fifty_Years_that_Changed_Chinese_Religion_1898_1948_TOC_and_Intro_">The Fifty Years that Changed Chinese Religion, 1898-1948 (TOC and Intro)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="20568608" href="https://ephe.academia.edu/VincentGoossaert">Vincent Goossaert</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In recent years, both scholars and the general public have become increasingly fascinated by the role of religion in modern Chinese life. However, the bulk of attention has been devoted to changes caused by the repression of the Maoist era and subsequent religious revival. The Fifty Years That Changed Chinese Religion breaks new ground by systematically demonstrating that equally important transformative processes occurred during the period covering the last decade of the Qing dynasty and the entire Republican period. Focusing on Shanghai and Zhejiang, this book delves in depth into the real-life workings of social structures, religious practices and personal commitments as they evolved during this period of wrenching changes. At the same time, it goes further than the existing literature in terms of theoretical models and comparative perspectives, notably with other Asian countries such as Korea and Japan.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Fifty Years that Changed Chinese Religion, 1898-1948 (TOC and Intro)","attachmentId":65868856,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45325541/The_Fifty_Years_that_Changed_Chinese_Religion_1898_1948_TOC_and_Intro_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/45325541/The_Fifty_Years_that_Changed_Chinese_Religion_1898_1948_TOC_and_Intro_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="89528745" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89528745/Early_Communist_China">Early Communist China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="228113051" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RonaldSuleski">Ronald Suleski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1969</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Contains two detailed case studies. In “The Fu-t’ien Incident, December 1930,” Ronald Suleski describes the pivotal incident in the power struggle between Mao Zedong and the Communist Central Committee. 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