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--goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg1)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-1-no-poverty" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">1</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">No poverty</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Zero hunger" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg2); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg2)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-2-zero-hunger" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">2</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Zero hunger</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Good health & well-being" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg3); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg3)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-3-good-health-and-well-being" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">3</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Good health & well-being</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Quality education" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg4); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg4)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-4-quality-education" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">4</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Quality education</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm active" alt="Gender equality" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg5); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg5)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-5-gender-equality" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">5</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Gender equality</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Clean water & sanitation" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg6); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg6)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">6</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Clean water & sanitation</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Affordable & clean energy" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg7); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg7)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-7-affordable-and-clean-energy" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">7</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Affordable & clean energy</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Decent work & economic growth" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg8); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg8)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-8-decent-work-and-economic-growth" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">8</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Decent work & economic growth</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Industry, innovation & infrastructure" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg9); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg9)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-9-industry-innovation-and-infrastructure" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">9</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Industry, innovation & infrastructure</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Reduced inequalities" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg10); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg10)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-10-reduced-inequalities" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">10</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Reduced inequalities</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Sustainable cities & communities" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg11); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg11)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">11</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Sustainable cities & communities</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Responsible consumption & production" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg12); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg12)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-12-responsible-consumption-and-production" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">12</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Responsible consumption & production</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Climate action" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg13); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg13)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-13-climate-action" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">13</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Climate action</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Life below water" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg14); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg14)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-14-life-below-water" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">14</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Life below water</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Life on land" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg15); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg15)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-15-life-on-land" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">15</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Life on land</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Peace, justice & strong institutions" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg16); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg16)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-16-peace-justice-and-strong-institutions" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">16</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Peace, justice & strong institutions</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Partnerships for the goals" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg17); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg17)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-17-partnerships-for-the-goals" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">17</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Partnerships for the goals</span></a></li> </ul> </nav></div></div></div> </nav> </header> <div class="content-nav svelte-n5348p"><nav class="sdg-nav svelte-1dwpntn"><a class="home svelte-1dwpntn" href="/sdgatlas/"><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 576 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(288 256)" transform-origin="144 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M575.8 255.5c0 18-15 32.1-32 32.1h-32l.7 160.2c0 2.7-.2 5.4-.5 8.1V472c0 22.1-17.9 40-40 40H456c-1.1 0-2.2 0-3.3-.1c-1.4 .1-2.8 .1-4.2 .1H416 392c-22.1 0-40-17.9-40-40V448 384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H256c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64 24c0 22.1-17.9 40-40 40H160 128.1c-1.5 0-3-.1-4.5-.2c-1.2 .1-2.4 .2-3.6 .2H104c-22.1 0-40-17.9-40-40V360c0-.9 0-1.9 .1-2.8V287.6H32c-18 0-32-14-32-32.1c0-9 3-17 10-24L266.4 8c7-7 15-8 22-8s15 2 21 7L564.8 231.5c8 7 12 15 11 24z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-288 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a> <p class="explore-sdgs svelte-1dwpntn">Explore<br/>17 SDGs</p> <ul class="svelte-1dwpntn"><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg1); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg1)" alt="No poverty" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-1-no-poverty" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="No poverty">1</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-1-no-poverty" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">1</span> No poverty </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg2); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg2)" alt="Zero hunger" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-2-zero-hunger" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Zero hunger">2</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-2-zero-hunger" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">2</span> Zero hunger </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg3); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg3)" alt="Good health & well-being" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-3-good-health-and-well-being" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Good health & well-being">3</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-3-good-health-and-well-being" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">3</span> Good health & well-being </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg4); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg4)" alt="Quality education" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-4-quality-education" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Quality education">4</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-4-quality-education" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">4</span> Quality education </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg5); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg5)" alt="Gender equality" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-5-gender-equality" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Gender equality">5</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-5-gender-equality" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">5</span> Gender equality </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg6); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg6)" alt="Clean water & sanitation" class="svelte-1dwpntn active"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Clean water & sanitation">6</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">6</span> Clean water & sanitation </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg7); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg7)" alt="Affordable & clean energy" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-7-affordable-and-clean-energy" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Affordable & clean energy">7</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-7-affordable-and-clean-energy" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">7</span> Affordable & clean energy </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg8); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg8)" alt="Decent work & economic growth" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-8-decent-work-and-economic-growth" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Decent work & economic growth">8</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-8-decent-work-and-economic-growth" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">8</span> Decent work & economic growth </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg9); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg9)" alt="Industry, innovation & infrastructure" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-9-industry-innovation-and-infrastructure" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Industry, innovation & infrastructure">9</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-9-industry-innovation-and-infrastructure" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">9</span> Industry, innovation & infrastructure </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg10); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg10)" alt="Reduced inequalities" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-10-reduced-inequalities" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Reduced inequalities">10</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-10-reduced-inequalities" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">10</span> Reduced inequalities </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg11); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg11)" alt="Sustainable cities & communities" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Sustainable cities & communities">11</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">11</span> Sustainable cities & communities </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg12); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg12)" alt="Responsible consumption & production" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-12-responsible-consumption-and-production" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Responsible consumption & production">12</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-12-responsible-consumption-and-production" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">12</span> Responsible consumption & production </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg13); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg13)" alt="Climate action" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-13-climate-action" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Climate action">13</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-13-climate-action" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">13</span> Climate action </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg14); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg14)" alt="Life below water" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-14-life-below-water" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Life below water">14</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-14-life-below-water" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">14</span> Life below water </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg15); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg15)" alt="Life on land" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-15-life-on-land" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Life on land">15</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-15-life-on-land" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">15</span> Life on land </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg16); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg16)" alt="Peace, justice & strong institutions" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-16-peace-justice-and-strong-institutions" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Peace, justice & strong institutions">16</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-16-peace-justice-and-strong-institutions" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">16</span> Peace, justice & strong institutions </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg17); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg17)" alt="Partnerships for the goals" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-17-partnerships-for-the-goals" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Partnerships for the goals">17</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-17-partnerships-for-the-goals" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">17</span> Partnerships for the goals </p></a> </li></ul></nav> <div class="content svelte-n5348p"><div name="top" class="banner svelte-7ufapi" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg6)"><div class="text svelte-7ufapi"><div class="title-container svelte-7ufapi"><div class="goal-title svelte-7ufapi"><p class="goal svelte-7ufapi">6</p> <h1 class="title svelte-7ufapi">Clean water & sanitation</h1></div> <h2 class="story-title svelte-7ufapi">Strains on freshwater resources</h2></div> <div class="globe-container svelte-h97fkp" style="--globe-width: 0px; --max-globe-width: 520px"><div class="globier-container svelte-h97fkp"> <div class="value-container svelte-h97fkp"><p class="reference-label svelte-h97fkp">Worldwide</p> <div class="reference-value"></div> <p class="ref-data-description svelte-h97fkp"></p> </div></div> <div class="legend-container svelte-h97fkp"></div> </div> <div class="intro-container svelte-7ufapi"><p class="intro svelte-7ufapi">[goal: 6] calls for ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Although access to clean water has increased in recent decades, population growth and climate change threaten to aggravate water scarcity in many countries. Since the 1960s, about two-thirds of countries have seen an increase in their level of water stress.</p> <div class="container intro svelte-1v47ieh" style="--sdg-color: var(--goal-color); --sdg-text-color : var(--color-un-text-sdg6"><span class="sdg-target svelte-1v47ieh">SDG Targets</span> covered in this story: <div class="summary svelte-1v47ieh"><span class="goal-target svelte-1v47ieh"><span class="goal">6.</span><span class="target">4</span></span> </div> </div></div></div></div> <a href="#page-start"><p class="read svelte-7ufapi">↓ Read the full story</p></a> <div class="banner-bottom svelte-7ufapi"><div class="logos svelte-7ufapi"><img title="logo" alt="SDG fund logo" src="/sdgatlas/assets/external/loop-header-footer/img/SDG-Fund-Logo.svg" class="svelte-7ufapi"> <img title="logo" alt="World Development Indicators Logo" src="/sdgatlas/assets/external/loop-header-footer/img/WDI-Logo.svg" class="svelte-7ufapi"> <img title="logo" alt="KDI School Logo" src="/sdgatlas/assets/external/loop-header-footer/img/KDI-School-Logo.png" class="svelte-7ufapi"></div> </div> <a name="page-start"></a> <div class="inner-content svelte-n5348p loading"><div class="empty svelte-n5348p"><div class="loading-container svelte-n5348p"><div class="loading svelte-1vykx8k" style="min-height: 60vh;"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/images/tail-spin.svg" alt="Loading" class="svelte-1vykx8k"> <div style="display: flex"><div style="width: 75%"></div> <div style="width: 25%"></div></div> </div></div></div> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c0"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Over the past twenty years, global access to water has steadily increased.[reference: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2021.[link: https://washdata.org/reports/jmp-2021-wash-households "Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2020: five years into the SDGs."] Geneva. Retrieved from World Development Indicators [link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS (SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS)].] Close to three quarters of the world population used safely managed drinking water services [target: 6.1] in 2020, up from 62 percent in 2000. However this progress is threatened by increasing demand for freshwater, and the impact of climate change on the water cycle.[footnote: The continuous circulation of water between air and land by water changing states between liquid, vapor, and ice.] This chapter will focus on [target: 6.4], which seeks to ensure sustainable usage and supply of freshwater, and avert water scarcity.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c1"></a> <div class="subhed layout-main svelte-allwnz" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><h2 class="svelte-allwnz">Freshwater is a limited resource </h2> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c2"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Looking at the Earth, water may seem abundant. But freshwater, non-saline water that can be used for irrigation and consumed by humans, is limited.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c3"></a> <div class="text-emphasis layout-main svelte-1n1t4ff" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><hr class="svelte-1n1t4ff"> <p class="svelte-1n1t4ff">Freshwater represents only [emphasis: 2.5 percent] of the total amount of water available on the planet.</p> <hr class="svelte-1n1t4ff"> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c4"></a> <div class="side-by-side layout-full light default svelte-bkupxm" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><div class="scroller-container svelte-bkupxm"> <svelte-scroller-outer class="svelte-17jy5yq"><svelte-scroller-background-container class="background-container svelte-17jy5yq" style=" position: absolute; /* override with sticky if supported: */ position: sticky; top: 0; transform: translate(0, 0px); z-index: 1; "><svelte-scroller-background class="svelte-17jy5yq"><div class="left svelte-bkupxm" slot="background"><div class="freshwater_amount vis-container svelte-x9jmks in-scroller" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><div class="internal-container svelte-x9jmks"><div class="title-container svelte-x9jmks"><h1 class="svelte-x9jmks">Easily accessible surface freshwater accounts for less than 1% of the total</h1> <h2 class="svelte-x9jmks">Water distribution on Earth (% of total water)</h2></div> <div class="vis svelte-x9jmks" role="img" aria-label="This waffle chart represents the distribution of water resources on Earth. It breaks down water resources by type: freshwater versus non-freshwater, and also indicates the main sources of freshwater. Only 2.5% of water resources are freshwater."><div class="loading svelte-1vykx8k" style="min-height: 60vh;"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/images/tail-spin.svg" alt="Loading" class="svelte-1vykx8k"> <div style="display: flex"><div style="width: 75%"></div> <div style="width: 25%"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="source svelte-x9jmks"> <span class="download-share svelte-x9jmks"><span class="download svelte-x9jmks borderless"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" data-customlink="download:vis-data-Easily accessible surface freshwater accounts for less than 1% of the total" href="/sdgatlas/data/goal06/goal06.water_distribution.csv" aria-label="Download Data"><span aria-hidden="true">Data</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M288 32c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32V274.7l-73.4-73.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l128 128c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L288 274.7V32zM64 352c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64v32c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V416c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H346.5l-45.3 45.3c-25 25-65.5 25-90.5 0L165.5 352H64zm368 56a24 24 0 1 1 0 48 24 24 0 1 1 0-48z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="download svelte-x9jmks"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Download Image"><span aria-hidden="true">Image</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM323.8 202.5c-4.5-6.6-11.9-10.5-19.8-10.5s-15.4 3.9-19.8 10.5l-87 127.6L170.7 297c-4.6-5.7-11.5-9-18.7-9s-14.2 3.3-18.7 9l-64 80c-5.8 7.2-6.9 17.1-2.9 25.4s12.4 13.6 21.6 13.6h96 32H424c8.9 0 17.1-4.9 21.2-12.8s3.6-17.4-1.4-24.7l-120-176zM112 192a48 48 0 1 0 0-96 48 48 0 1 0 0 96z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="share svelte-x9jmks"><a alt="Copy link to clipboard"><span aria-hidden="true">Copy Link</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(320 256)" transform-origin="160 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M562.8 267.7c56.5-56.5 56.5-148 0-204.5c-50-50-128.8-56.5-186.3-15.4l-1.6 1.1c-14.4 10.3-17.7 30.3-7.4 44.6s30.3 17.7 44.6 7.4l1.6-1.1c32.1-22.9 76-19.3 103.8 8.6c31.5 31.5 31.5 82.5 0 114L405.3 334.8c-31.5 31.5-82.5 31.5-114 0c-27.9-27.9-31.5-71.8-8.6-103.8l1.1-1.6c10.3-14.4 6.9-34.4-7.4-44.6s-34.4-6.9-44.6 7.4l-1.1 1.6C189.5 251.2 196 330 246 380c56.5 56.5 148 56.5 204.5 0L562.8 267.7zM43.2 244.3c-56.5 56.5-56.5 148 0 204.5c50 50 128.8 56.5 186.3 15.4l1.6-1.1c14.4-10.3 17.7-30.3 7.4-44.6s-30.3-17.7-44.6-7.4l-1.6 1.1c-32.1 22.9-76 19.3-103.8-8.6C57 372 57 321 88.5 289.5L200.7 177.2c31.5-31.5 82.5-31.5 114 0c27.9 27.9 31.5 71.8 8.6 103.9l-1.1 1.6c-10.3 14.4-6.9 34.4 7.4 44.6s34.4 6.9 44.6-7.4l1.1-1.6C416.5 260.8 410 182 360 132c-56.5-56.5-148-56.5-204.5 0L43.2 244.3z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-320 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span></span> </div> <p class="source-text svelte-x9jmks">Source: Igor Shiklomanov's chapter "World fresh water resources" in Peter H. Gleick (editor), 1993, Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources (Oxford University Press, New York). Retrieved from [link: https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/where-earths-water the United States Geological Survey Water Science School.]</p></div> </div></div></svelte-scroller-background></svelte-scroller-background-container> <svelte-scroller-foreground class="svelte-17jy5yq"><div class="right svelte-bkupxm" slot="foreground"><div class="right-inner svelte-bkupxm"><a name="c4s0"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">This square represents 100 percent of the <span class="highlighted-dark-text" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-base-blue100);">water that is available on Earth</span>. </div> </div><a name="c4s1"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">The vast majority (97.5 percent) of Earth’s <span class="highlighted-dark-text" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-base-blue100);">water is saline</span>. Only 2.5 percent of Earth’s water is <span class="highlighted-dark-text" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-base-blue200)">freshwater</span>. </div> </div><a name="c4s2"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">More than two-thirds of all freshwater (69 percent) is <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-base-blue300)">locked up in glaciers</span>, and therefore not accessible. </div> </div><a name="c4s3"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-base-blue500)">Groundwater</span> constitutes the largest component of the remaining freshwater. It is the <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-base-blue500)">main source of water supplies</span> in many countries, even though it is sequestered below the Earth, and only accessible through drilling. </div> </div><a name="c4s4"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">The amount of <span class="highlighted-dark-text" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-base-blue200); border: 1.5px solid black">surface water</span easily accessible to humans (rivers, lakes, swamps) represents only [emphasis: 0.3 percent] of all freshwater. </div> </div><a name="c4s5"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">The rest is other freshwater such as soil moisture. </div> </div> </div></div></svelte-scroller-foreground> </svelte-scroller-outer> <p class="source-text svelte-bkupxm">Source: Igor Shiklomanov's chapter "World fresh water resources" in Peter H. Gleick (editor), 1993, Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources (Oxford University Press, New York). Retrieved from [link: https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/where-earths-water the United States Geological Survey Water Science School.]</p></div> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c5"></a> <div class="subhed layout-main svelte-allwnz" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><h2 class="svelte-allwnz">Freshwater is unevenly distributed </h2> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c6"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">The amount of available freshwater varies widely from country to country. Some countries are rich in surface waters, and enjoy abundant precipitation,[footnote: Water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail. Source: [link: https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/precipitation-and-water-cycle United States Geological Survey Water Science School]] while others have no surface water resources, and see little rain or snow.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c7"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Heat from the sun helps create continuous circulation from sea to air to land as water alternates its states of liquid, vapor, and ice: This is called the water cycle. Renewable freshwater resources are generated from this cycle, which is a direct consequence of countries’ geographical position. This determines the water supply, which can come from rainfall over the territory, as well as from upstream rivers or aquifers, which may be shared with neighboring countries. Thus, the renewable freshwater supply is essentially finite, even though the amount available in any given area varies from year to year due to rainfall variability.[reference: M Falkenmark, J Lundqvist, C Widstrand. 1989. [link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12317608/ “Macro-scale water scarcity requires micro-scale approaches. Aspects of vulnerability in semi-arid development.”] Natural Resources Forum 13(4):258-67]</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c8"></a> <div class="precipitation vis-container content svelte-x9jmks" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><div class="internal-container svelte-x9jmks"><div class="title-container svelte-x9jmks"><h1 class="svelte-x9jmks">The global map shows the disparities of annual precipitation among regions</h1> <h2 class="svelte-x9jmks">Mean annual precipitation (mm), 2021</h2></div> <div class="vis svelte-x9jmks" role="img" aria-label="This world map uses color shading to show the differences in the amount of precipitation received across regions and countries. Some regions receive much more precipitation than others."><div class="loading svelte-1vykx8k" style="min-height: 60vh;"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/images/tail-spin.svg" alt="Loading" class="svelte-1vykx8k"> <div style="display: flex"><div style="width: 75%"></div> <div style="width: 25%"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="source svelte-x9jmks"> <span class="download-share svelte-x9jmks"><span class="download svelte-x9jmks borderless"></span> <span class="download svelte-x9jmks borderless"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Download Image"><span aria-hidden="true">Image</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM323.8 202.5c-4.5-6.6-11.9-10.5-19.8-10.5s-15.4 3.9-19.8 10.5l-87 127.6L170.7 297c-4.6-5.7-11.5-9-18.7-9s-14.2 3.3-18.7 9l-64 80c-5.8 7.2-6.9 17.1-2.9 25.4s12.4 13.6 21.6 13.6h96 32H424c8.9 0 17.1-4.9 21.2-12.8s3.6-17.4-1.4-24.7l-120-176zM112 192a48 48 0 1 0 0-96 48 48 0 1 0 0 96z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="share svelte-x9jmks"><a alt="Copy link to clipboard"><span aria-hidden="true">Copy Link</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(320 256)" transform-origin="160 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M562.8 267.7c56.5-56.5 56.5-148 0-204.5c-50-50-128.8-56.5-186.3-15.4l-1.6 1.1c-14.4 10.3-17.7 30.3-7.4 44.6s30.3 17.7 44.6 7.4l1.6-1.1c32.1-22.9 76-19.3 103.8 8.6c31.5 31.5 31.5 82.5 0 114L405.3 334.8c-31.5 31.5-82.5 31.5-114 0c-27.9-27.9-31.5-71.8-8.6-103.8l1.1-1.6c10.3-14.4 6.9-34.4-7.4-44.6s-34.4-6.9-44.6 7.4l-1.1 1.6C189.5 251.2 196 330 246 380c56.5 56.5 148 56.5 204.5 0L562.8 267.7zM43.2 244.3c-56.5 56.5-56.5 148 0 204.5c50 50 128.8 56.5 186.3 15.4l1.6-1.1c14.4-10.3 17.7-30.3 7.4-44.6s-30.3-17.7-44.6-7.4l-1.6 1.1c-32.1 22.9-76 19.3-103.8-8.6C57 372 57 321 88.5 289.5L200.7 177.2c31.5-31.5 82.5-31.5 114 0c27.9 27.9 31.5 71.8 8.6 103.9l-1.1 1.6c-10.3 14.4-6.9 34.4 7.4 44.6s34.4 6.9 44.6-7.4l1.1-1.6C416.5 260.8 410 182 360 132c-56.5-56.5-148-56.5-204.5 0L43.2 244.3z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-320 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span></span> </div> <p class="source-text svelte-x9jmks">Source: [link: https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal]</p></div> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c9"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Water is indispensable for humans. We need it to stay hydrated, prepare food, and maintain good hygiene. Besides such domestic use, water is an essential input to agriculture and for other goods and services. These non-domestic uses are by far the most intensive. While the UN calculates[reference: [link: https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/water United Nations Global Issues: Water]] that a person needs 50 to 100 liters of water per day to meet basic drinking, cooking, and hygiene needs, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates[reference: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2017. [link: https://www.fao.org/3/i7959e/i7959e.pdf “Water for Sustainable Food and Agriculture: A report produced for the G20 Presidency of Germany.“]] that “between 2,000 and 5,000 liters of water are needed to produce a person’s daily food needs”. Water is also critical for electricity production[footnote: 90 percent of global power generation is water intensive. Source: WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme). 2014. [link: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000225741 The United Nations World Water Development Report 2014: Water and Energy.] Paris, UNESCO.] and sustaining biodiversity and ecosystems.[reference: [link: https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/water-and-ecosystems UN-Water: Water and Ecosystems]]</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c10"></a> <div class="side-by-side layout-full light default svelte-bkupxm" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><div class="scroller-container svelte-bkupxm"> <svelte-scroller-outer class="svelte-17jy5yq"><svelte-scroller-background-container class="background-container svelte-17jy5yq" style=" position: absolute; /* override with sticky if supported: */ position: sticky; top: 0; transform: translate(0, 0px); z-index: 1; "><svelte-scroller-background class="svelte-17jy5yq"><div class="left svelte-bkupxm" slot="background"><div class="freshwater_per_capita2 vis-container svelte-x9jmks in-scroller" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><div class="internal-container svelte-x9jmks"><div class="title-container svelte-x9jmks"><h1 class="svelte-x9jmks">In most countries, per capita water resources have been steadily decreasing</h1> <h2 class="svelte-x9jmks">Availability of water resources per capita (m<sup>3</sup> per capita per year)</h2></div> <div class="vis svelte-x9jmks" role="img" aria-label="This bubble chart shows the amount of water resources per capita by country from 1964 to 2020. Each country is represented by a circle. Almost all countries have experienced a decrease of water resources per capita over this time period."><div class="loading svelte-1vykx8k" style="min-height: 60vh;"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/images/tail-spin.svg" alt="Loading" class="svelte-1vykx8k"> <div style="display: flex"><div style="width: 75%"></div> <div style="width: 25%"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="source svelte-x9jmks"> <span class="download-share svelte-x9jmks"><span class="download svelte-x9jmks borderless"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" data-customlink="download:vis-data-In most countries, per capita water resources have been steadily decreasing" href="/sdgatlas/data/goal06/goal06.per_capita2.csv" aria-label="Download Data"><span aria-hidden="true">Data</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M288 32c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32V274.7l-73.4-73.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l128 128c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L288 274.7V32zM64 352c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64v32c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V416c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H346.5l-45.3 45.3c-25 25-65.5 25-90.5 0L165.5 352H64zm368 56a24 24 0 1 1 0 48 24 24 0 1 1 0-48z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="download svelte-x9jmks"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Download Image"><span aria-hidden="true">Image</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM323.8 202.5c-4.5-6.6-11.9-10.5-19.8-10.5s-15.4 3.9-19.8 10.5l-87 127.6L170.7 297c-4.6-5.7-11.5-9-18.7-9s-14.2 3.3-18.7 9l-64 80c-5.8 7.2-6.9 17.1-2.9 25.4s12.4 13.6 21.6 13.6h96 32H424c8.9 0 17.1-4.9 21.2-12.8s3.6-17.4-1.4-24.7l-120-176zM112 192a48 48 0 1 0 0-96 48 48 0 1 0 0 96z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="share svelte-x9jmks"><a alt="Copy link to clipboard"><span aria-hidden="true">Copy Link</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(320 256)" transform-origin="160 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M562.8 267.7c56.5-56.5 56.5-148 0-204.5c-50-50-128.8-56.5-186.3-15.4l-1.6 1.1c-14.4 10.3-17.7 30.3-7.4 44.6s30.3 17.7 44.6 7.4l1.6-1.1c32.1-22.9 76-19.3 103.8 8.6c31.5 31.5 31.5 82.5 0 114L405.3 334.8c-31.5 31.5-82.5 31.5-114 0c-27.9-27.9-31.5-71.8-8.6-103.8l1.1-1.6c10.3-14.4 6.9-34.4-7.4-44.6s-34.4-6.9-44.6 7.4l-1.1 1.6C189.5 251.2 196 330 246 380c56.5 56.5 148 56.5 204.5 0L562.8 267.7zM43.2 244.3c-56.5 56.5-56.5 148 0 204.5c50 50 128.8 56.5 186.3 15.4l1.6-1.1c14.4-10.3 17.7-30.3 7.4-44.6s-30.3-17.7-44.6-7.4l-1.6 1.1c-32.1 22.9-76 19.3-103.8-8.6C57 372 57 321 88.5 289.5L200.7 177.2c31.5-31.5 82.5-31.5 114 0c27.9 27.9 31.5 71.8 8.6 103.9l-1.1 1.6c-10.3 14.4-6.9 34.4 7.4 44.6s34.4 6.9 44.6-7.4l1.1-1.6C416.5 260.8 410 182 360 132c-56.5-56.5-148-56.5-204.5 0L43.2 244.3z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-320 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span></span> </div> <p class="source-text svelte-x9jmks">Source: [link: http://fao.org/aquastat/statistics/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat database].</p></div> </div></div></svelte-scroller-background></svelte-scroller-background-container> <svelte-scroller-foreground class="svelte-17jy5yq"><div class="right svelte-bkupxm" slot="foreground"><div class="right-inner svelte-bkupxm"><a name="c10s0"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">This is the distribution of per-capita water availability in 1964. </div> </div><a name="c10s1"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">The blue band on the left represents the minimum amount of water needed per capita to meet basic drinking, cooking and hygiene needs: 50 to 100 liters of water per day (converted to per capita m<sup>3</sup> per year on the chart). </div> </div><a name="c10s2"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">This second blue bar represents the amount of water required to meet a person’s food production needs: 2,000 to 5,000 liters per capita per day (converted to per capita m<sup>3</sup> per year on the chart). A lot of water is needed to grow crops and produce food. This amount may vary substantially depending on a country’s climate and other factors. </div> </div><a name="c10s3"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">Amid population growth, more countries moved to the left, below the minimum threshold of per capita water for basic needs and food production. </div> </div><a name="c10s4"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-vis-region-EAS)">China</span> has seen a decrease of about 50 percent in its per capita water availability between 1964 and 2020. </div> </div><a name="c10s5"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">In <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-vis-region-SAS)">Pakistan</span>, availability of water resources per capita has been reduced by 80 percent between 1964 and 2020. </div> </div> </div></div></svelte-scroller-foreground> </svelte-scroller-outer> <p class="source-text svelte-bkupxm">Source: [link: http://fao.org/aquastat/statistics/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat database].</p></div> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c11"></a> <h3 class="subhed2 layout-main svelte-m85jys">Freshwater withdrawals </h3><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c12"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Global freshwater withdrawal is estimated to have more than doubled since 1960.[reference: UN-Water. 2021. [link: https://www.unwater.org/sites/default/files/app/uploads/2021/10/UN-Water-analytical-brief-Water-use-efficiency_October2021.pdf “UN-Water Analytical Brief on Water Use Efficiency.”]Geneva.] The large amount of water needed for food production means that water resources are predominantly allocated to the agricultural sector. Population growth is one of the primary drivers of increased water demand, as is economic growth. In addition, policy distortions and water mismanagement can contribute to water scarcity: Water underpricing and agricultural subsidies for instance, may lead to excessive use.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c13"></a> <div class="side-by-side layout-full light default svelte-bkupxm" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><div class="scroller-container svelte-bkupxm"> <svelte-scroller-outer class="svelte-17jy5yq"><svelte-scroller-background-container class="background-container svelte-17jy5yq" style=" position: absolute; /* override with sticky if supported: */ position: sticky; top: 0; transform: translate(0, 0px); z-index: 1; "><svelte-scroller-background class="svelte-17jy5yq"><div class="left svelte-bkupxm" slot="background"><div class="water_withdrawal_timeseries vis-container svelte-x9jmks in-scroller" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><div class="internal-container svelte-x9jmks"><div class="title-container svelte-x9jmks"><h1 class="svelte-x9jmks">Water withdrawal has increased in many countries</h1> <h2 class="svelte-x9jmks">Total freshwater withdrawal (billion m<sup>3</sup>/year) and Total population</h2></div> <div class="vis svelte-x9jmks" role="img" aria-label="Scatter plot of the total freshwater withdrawal by country from 1975 to 2020. The chart shows the relationship between the size of the population and the total amount of water withdrawals. Water withdrawals usually increase as population increases."><div class="loading svelte-1vykx8k" style="min-height: 60vh;"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/images/tail-spin.svg" alt="Loading" class="svelte-1vykx8k"> <div style="display: flex"><div style="width: 75%"></div> <div style="width: 25%"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="source svelte-x9jmks"> <span class="download-share svelte-x9jmks"><span class="download svelte-x9jmks borderless"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" data-customlink="download:vis-data-Water withdrawal has increased in many countries" href="/sdgatlas/data/goal06/goal06.water_withdrawal_timeseries.csv" aria-label="Download Data"><span aria-hidden="true">Data</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M288 32c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32V274.7l-73.4-73.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l128 128c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L288 274.7V32zM64 352c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64v32c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V416c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H346.5l-45.3 45.3c-25 25-65.5 25-90.5 0L165.5 352H64zm368 56a24 24 0 1 1 0 48 24 24 0 1 1 0-48z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="download svelte-x9jmks"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Download Image"><span aria-hidden="true">Image</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM323.8 202.5c-4.5-6.6-11.9-10.5-19.8-10.5s-15.4 3.9-19.8 10.5l-87 127.6L170.7 297c-4.6-5.7-11.5-9-18.7-9s-14.2 3.3-18.7 9l-64 80c-5.8 7.2-6.9 17.1-2.9 25.4s12.4 13.6 21.6 13.6h96 32H424c8.9 0 17.1-4.9 21.2-12.8s3.6-17.4-1.4-24.7l-120-176zM112 192a48 48 0 1 0 0-96 48 48 0 1 0 0 96z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="share svelte-x9jmks"><a alt="Copy link to clipboard"><span aria-hidden="true">Copy Link</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(320 256)" transform-origin="160 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M562.8 267.7c56.5-56.5 56.5-148 0-204.5c-50-50-128.8-56.5-186.3-15.4l-1.6 1.1c-14.4 10.3-17.7 30.3-7.4 44.6s30.3 17.7 44.6 7.4l1.6-1.1c32.1-22.9 76-19.3 103.8 8.6c31.5 31.5 31.5 82.5 0 114L405.3 334.8c-31.5 31.5-82.5 31.5-114 0c-27.9-27.9-31.5-71.8-8.6-103.8l1.1-1.6c10.3-14.4 6.9-34.4-7.4-44.6s-34.4-6.9-44.6 7.4l-1.1 1.6C189.5 251.2 196 330 246 380c56.5 56.5 148 56.5 204.5 0L562.8 267.7zM43.2 244.3c-56.5 56.5-56.5 148 0 204.5c50 50 128.8 56.5 186.3 15.4l1.6-1.1c14.4-10.3 17.7-30.3 7.4-44.6s-30.3-17.7-44.6-7.4l-1.6 1.1c-32.1 22.9-76 19.3-103.8-8.6C57 372 57 321 88.5 289.5L200.7 177.2c31.5-31.5 82.5-31.5 114 0c27.9 27.9 31.5 71.8 8.6 103.9l-1.1 1.6c-10.3 14.4-6.9 34.4 7.4 44.6s34.4 6.9 44.6-7.4l1.1-1.6C416.5 260.8 410 182 360 132c-56.5-56.5-148-56.5-204.5 0L43.2 244.3z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-320 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span></span> </div> <p class="source-text svelte-x9jmks">Source: [link: http://fao.org/aquastat/statistics/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat database]. Retrieved from World Development Indicators ([link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ER.H2O.FWTL.K3 ER.H2O.FWTL.K3], [link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL SP.POP.TOTL]).</p></div> </div></div></svelte-scroller-background></svelte-scroller-background-container> <svelte-scroller-foreground class="svelte-17jy5yq"><div class="right svelte-bkupxm" slot="foreground"><div class="right-inner svelte-bkupxm"><a name="c13s0"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">Water is essential to human needs, and a critical input to food production. Population growth naturally leads to more pressure on water resources, as illustrated by the correlation between population size and water withdrawals. </div> </div><a name="c13s1"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">While that correlation holds at the global level, there is significant variation from country to country. </div> </div><a name="c13s2"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">In <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-vis-region-LCN)">Uruguay</span> for instance, water withdrawals have increased much faster than the population. This is partly explained by Uruguay’s agricultural sector’s specialization in water intensive products like beef, soybeans, and rice. </div> </div><a name="c13s3"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">In contrast, owing to more efficient use of water resources, the <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-vis-region-NAC)">United States</span> has managed to withdraw less water over the same period of time, despite of a growing population. </div> </div> </div></div></svelte-scroller-foreground> </svelte-scroller-outer> <p class="source-text svelte-bkupxm">Source: [link: http://fao.org/aquastat/statistics/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat database]. Retrieved from World Development Indicators ([link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ER.H2O.FWTL.K3 ER.H2O.FWTL.K3], [link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL SP.POP.TOTL]).</p></div> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c14"></a> <div class="text-emphasis layout-main svelte-1n1t4ff" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><hr class="svelte-1n1t4ff"> <p class="svelte-1n1t4ff">Around [emphasis: 70 percent] of global freshwater resources are used for [emphasis: agriculture].</p> <hr class="svelte-1n1t4ff"> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c15"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">In low-income countries, water use in agriculture accounts for 90 percent of all water withdrawals. This is significantly less in high-income countries (44 percent), where a higher share of water goes to the industrial sector.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c16"></a> <div class="water_withdrawal_by_sector vis-container content svelte-x9jmks" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><div class="internal-container svelte-x9jmks"><div class="title-container svelte-x9jmks"><h1 class="svelte-x9jmks">Agriculture is the main sector of water use</h1> <h2 class="svelte-x9jmks">Water withdrawal by sector (% of total freshwater withdrawal) by income group, 2020</h2></div> <div class="vis svelte-x9jmks" role="img" aria-label="Bar chart of water withdrawal by economic sector and by income group. The chart shows the high share of water used for the agriculture sector in low-income countries."><div class="loading svelte-1vykx8k" style="min-height: 60vh;"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/images/tail-spin.svg" alt="Loading" class="svelte-1vykx8k"> <div style="display: flex"><div style="width: 75%"></div> <div style="width: 25%"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="source svelte-x9jmks"> <span class="download-share svelte-x9jmks"><span class="download svelte-x9jmks borderless"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" data-customlink="download:vis-data-Agriculture is the main sector of water use" href="/sdgatlas/data/goal06/goal06.water_withdrawal_by_sector.csv" aria-label="Download Data"><span aria-hidden="true">Data</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M288 32c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32V274.7l-73.4-73.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l128 128c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L288 274.7V32zM64 352c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64v32c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V416c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H346.5l-45.3 45.3c-25 25-65.5 25-90.5 0L165.5 352H64zm368 56a24 24 0 1 1 0 48 24 24 0 1 1 0-48z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="download svelte-x9jmks"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Download Image"><span aria-hidden="true">Image</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM323.8 202.5c-4.5-6.6-11.9-10.5-19.8-10.5s-15.4 3.9-19.8 10.5l-87 127.6L170.7 297c-4.6-5.7-11.5-9-18.7-9s-14.2 3.3-18.7 9l-64 80c-5.8 7.2-6.9 17.1-2.9 25.4s12.4 13.6 21.6 13.6h96 32H424c8.9 0 17.1-4.9 21.2-12.8s3.6-17.4-1.4-24.7l-120-176zM112 192a48 48 0 1 0 0-96 48 48 0 1 0 0 96z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="share svelte-x9jmks"><a alt="Copy link to clipboard"><span aria-hidden="true">Copy Link</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(320 256)" transform-origin="160 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M562.8 267.7c56.5-56.5 56.5-148 0-204.5c-50-50-128.8-56.5-186.3-15.4l-1.6 1.1c-14.4 10.3-17.7 30.3-7.4 44.6s30.3 17.7 44.6 7.4l1.6-1.1c32.1-22.9 76-19.3 103.8 8.6c31.5 31.5 31.5 82.5 0 114L405.3 334.8c-31.5 31.5-82.5 31.5-114 0c-27.9-27.9-31.5-71.8-8.6-103.8l1.1-1.6c10.3-14.4 6.9-34.4-7.4-44.6s-34.4-6.9-44.6 7.4l-1.1 1.6C189.5 251.2 196 330 246 380c56.5 56.5 148 56.5 204.5 0L562.8 267.7zM43.2 244.3c-56.5 56.5-56.5 148 0 204.5c50 50 128.8 56.5 186.3 15.4l1.6-1.1c14.4-10.3 17.7-30.3 7.4-44.6s-30.3-17.7-44.6-7.4l-1.6 1.1c-32.1 22.9-76 19.3-103.8-8.6C57 372 57 321 88.5 289.5L200.7 177.2c31.5-31.5 82.5-31.5 114 0c27.9 27.9 31.5 71.8 8.6 103.9l-1.1 1.6c-10.3 14.4-6.9 34.4 7.4 44.6s34.4 6.9 44.6-7.4l1.1-1.6C416.5 260.8 410 182 360 132c-56.5-56.5-148-56.5-204.5 0L43.2 244.3z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-320 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span></span> </div> <p class="source-text svelte-x9jmks">Source: [link: http://fao.org/aquastat/statistics/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat database]. Retrieved from World Development Indicators ([link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ER.H2O.FWTL.K3 ER.H2O.FWTL.K3], [link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ER.H2O.FWAG.ZS ER.H2O.FWAG.ZS], [link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ER.H2O.FWIN.ZS ER.H2O.FWIN.ZS], [link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ER.H2O.FWDM.ZS ER.H2O.FWDM.ZS]).</p></div> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c17"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Between 1960 and 2018, water withdrawals increased by 100 percent in agriculture, 90 percent in industry, and 300 percent in domestic use.[reference: UN-Water. 2021. [link: https://www.unwater.org/sites/default/files/app/uploads/2021/10/UN-Water-analytical-brief-Water-use-efficiency_October2021.pdf “UN-Water Analytical Brief on Water Use Efficiency.”] Geneva.] Although water use is becoming more efficient[reference: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2021. [link: https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb6413en “Progress on change in water-use efficiency: Global Status and Acceleration Needs for SDG Indicator 6.4.1.”] Rome.] across all economic sectors, global demand for water is expected to keep increasing due to economic and population growth.[reference: WWAP (UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme). 2019. [link: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367306 “World Water Development Report 2019: Leaving No One Behind.”] Paris.] This growth is adding to pressure on water resources, while at the same time the water cycle is being impacted by climate change – two factors which may limit freshwater availability. It is therefore essential to monitor stress on water resources as an early warning indicator of potential scarcity.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c18"></a> <div class="subhed layout-main svelte-allwnz" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><h2 class="svelte-allwnz">Water stress: from global to local </h2> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c19"></a> <h3 class="subhed2 layout-main svelte-m85jys">Understanding water stress: What is water stress? </h3><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c20"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">There are different ways of defining water stress.[footnote: Please see the following [link: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/2/201 article.]] In this story, we will use the water stress indicator defined in SDG 6.4.2.[reference: United Nations Statistics Division. SDG Indicators Metadata repository. [link: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-06-04-02.pdf “Indicator 6.4.2: Level of water stress - Definition and methodology”].] The water stress indicator seeks to estimate the amount of pressure on a country’s renewable freshwater resources.[footnote: The indicator for water stress does not consider human-made increases in water supply (such as desalination), and ignores water withdrawals that are recycled and reused.] It is defined as the ratio of total freshwater withdrawals divided by the available renewable freshwater.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c21"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">The closer a country gets to 100 percent, the more pressure it places on its water resources. In some cases, the value of 100 percent can even be exceeded. This happens when a country consumes water resources that are non-renewable. This is the case for instance, when water is extracted from the non-renewable reserves of an aquifer, generally referred to as fossil groundwater.[reference: UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). 2006. [link: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146997 “Non-renewable groundwater resources.”] Paris.]In such cases, countries are over-extracting their water resources.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c22"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Countries can face water stress even if they are not over-extracting. The FAO classifies countries into five categories of water stress: None (<25 percent), Low (25-50 percent), Medium (50-75 percent), High (75-100 percent), and Critical (>100 percent).</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c23"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">While low water stress indicates sustainable usage, it is important to note that this is not necessarily a positive outcome: it may indicate the inability of a country to properly manage its water resources for the benefit of its population. In some low-income countries, water stress levels are very low, but access levels are also low. For example, the level of water stress in Uganda is just 5.8 percent but only 17 percent of the population have access to safely managed drinking water.[reference: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2021.[link: https://washdata.org/reports/jmp-2021-wash-households "Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2020: five years into the SDGs."] Geneva. Retrieved from World Development Indicators [link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS (SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS)].] The water stress indicator signals the importance of effective supply and demand management policies.[reference: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and UN-Water. 2021. [link: https://doi.org/10.4060/cb6241en “Progress on the level of water stress: Global status and acceleration needs for SDG indicator 6.4.2, 2021.”] Rome.]</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c24"></a> <h3 class="subhed2 layout-main svelte-m85jys">The global picture </h3><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c25"></a> <div class="factoid layout-main svelte-1hb5n"><div class="fact svelte-1hb5n"><h2 class="title svelte-1hb5n">Share of countries with increased level of water stress</h2> <h1 class="number svelte-1hb5n">~67 %</h1> <p class="label svelte-1hb5n">Worldwide, 2020</p></div> <div class="text svelte-1hb5n"><div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">The global water stress level was 18 percent in 2020,[reference: Retrieved from [link: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/database UN SDG Portal (6.4.2)].]which is classified as “no stress” according to FAO. However, this masks variations among countries. About two-thirds of countries have seen an increase in their level of water stress since the 1960s.</div></div> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c26"></a> <div class="side-by-side layout-full light fullScreen svelte-bkupxm" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><div class="scroller-container svelte-bkupxm"> <svelte-scroller-outer class="svelte-17jy5yq"><svelte-scroller-background-container class="background-container svelte-17jy5yq" style=" position: absolute; /* override with sticky if supported: */ position: sticky; top: 0; transform: translate(0, 0px); z-index: 1; "><svelte-scroller-background class="svelte-17jy5yq"><div class="left svelte-bkupxm" slot="background"><div class="water_map vis-container svelte-x9jmks in-scroller" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><div class="internal-container svelte-x9jmks"><div class="title-container svelte-x9jmks"><h1 class="svelte-x9jmks">Water stress is a serious concern across the world</h1> <h2 class="svelte-x9jmks">Level of water stress (%) by countries, 2020, and by major river basin, 2018</h2></div> <div class="vis svelte-x9jmks" role="img" aria-label="This chart is a global map of water stress level by country, as well as by major river basin. Countries are shaded by level of water stress. Some specific areas of the map will be highlighted as you scroll down."><div class="loading svelte-1vykx8k" style="min-height: 60vh;"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/images/tail-spin.svg" alt="Loading" class="svelte-1vykx8k"> <div style="display: flex"><div style="width: 75%"></div> <div style="width: 25%"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="source svelte-x9jmks"> <span class="download-share svelte-x9jmks"><span class="download svelte-x9jmks borderless"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" data-customlink="download:vis-data-Water stress is a serious concern across the world" href="/sdgatlas/data/goal06/goal06.country_level_water_stress.csv" aria-label="Download Data"><span aria-hidden="true">Data</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M288 32c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32V274.7l-73.4-73.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l128 128c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L288 274.7V32zM64 352c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64v32c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V416c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H346.5l-45.3 45.3c-25 25-65.5 25-90.5 0L165.5 352H64zm368 56a24 24 0 1 1 0 48 24 24 0 1 1 0-48z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="download svelte-x9jmks"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Download Image"><span aria-hidden="true">Image</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM323.8 202.5c-4.5-6.6-11.9-10.5-19.8-10.5s-15.4 3.9-19.8 10.5l-87 127.6L170.7 297c-4.6-5.7-11.5-9-18.7-9s-14.2 3.3-18.7 9l-64 80c-5.8 7.2-6.9 17.1-2.9 25.4s12.4 13.6 21.6 13.6h96 32H424c8.9 0 17.1-4.9 21.2-12.8s3.6-17.4-1.4-24.7l-120-176zM112 192a48 48 0 1 0 0-96 48 48 0 1 0 0 96z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="share svelte-x9jmks"><a alt="Copy link to clipboard"><span aria-hidden="true">Copy Link</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(320 256)" transform-origin="160 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M562.8 267.7c56.5-56.5 56.5-148 0-204.5c-50-50-128.8-56.5-186.3-15.4l-1.6 1.1c-14.4 10.3-17.7 30.3-7.4 44.6s30.3 17.7 44.6 7.4l1.6-1.1c32.1-22.9 76-19.3 103.8 8.6c31.5 31.5 31.5 82.5 0 114L405.3 334.8c-31.5 31.5-82.5 31.5-114 0c-27.9-27.9-31.5-71.8-8.6-103.8l1.1-1.6c10.3-14.4 6.9-34.4-7.4-44.6s-34.4-6.9-44.6 7.4l-1.1 1.6C189.5 251.2 196 330 246 380c56.5 56.5 148 56.5 204.5 0L562.8 267.7zM43.2 244.3c-56.5 56.5-56.5 148 0 204.5c50 50 128.8 56.5 186.3 15.4l1.6-1.1c14.4-10.3 17.7-30.3 7.4-44.6s-30.3-17.7-44.6-7.4l-1.6 1.1c-32.1 22.9-76 19.3-103.8-8.6C57 372 57 321 88.5 289.5L200.7 177.2c31.5-31.5 82.5-31.5 114 0c27.9 27.9 31.5 71.8 8.6 103.9l-1.1 1.6c-10.3 14.4-6.9 34.4 7.4 44.6s34.4 6.9 44.6-7.4l1.1-1.6C416.5 260.8 410 182 360 132c-56.5-56.5-148-56.5-204.5 0L43.2 244.3z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-320 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span></span> </div> <p class="source-text svelte-x9jmks">Source: [link: http://fao.org/aquastat/statistics/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat database]. Retrieved from World Development Indicators ([link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ER.H2O.FWST.ZS ER.H2O.FWST.ZS]).[link: https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/iso/40bc32f6-1467-44ac-8f7c-3d67cbb1cbd7 FAO. Level of Water Stress (SDG 6.4.2) by Major River Basin].</p></div> </div></div></svelte-scroller-background></svelte-scroller-background-container> <svelte-scroller-foreground class="svelte-17jy5yq"><div class="right svelte-bkupxm" slot="foreground"><div class="right-inner svelte-bkupxm"><a name="c26s0"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">Countries with <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: #824b1e">critical</span> or <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: #89662a">high stress levels</span> are concentrated in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region where available water resources are scarce. Some countries depend heavily on desalinated water, with the region hosting about 50 percent of the world’s desalination capacity according to FAO.[reference: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2022. [link: https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cc0265en “The State of Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture in the Near East and North Africa region –Synthesis report”].] Water intensive products are also imported, rather than locally produced, to compensate for the lack of local water resources.[reference: World Bank. 2018. [link: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/62f75eb4-5488-50dc-9bb5-b54b12a32ac0 “Beyond Scarcity : Water Security in the Middle East and North Africa”.] MENA Development Report. Washington, DC. ] </div> </div><a name="c26s1"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">With a water stress level of [emphasis: 116 percent] in 2020, <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: #824b1e">Pakistan</span>, a South Asian country, has one of the highest water withdrawals in the world. To meet its growing demand, Pakistan draws heavily from its aquifers. It is the fourth largest user of groundwater in the world behind India, China, and the United States.[reference: Margat, J., and J. van der Gun. 2013. Groundwater around the World. CRC Press/Balkema. Retrieved from [link: https://www.ngwa.org/what-is-groundwater/About-groundwater/facts-about-global-groundwater-usage National Ground Water Association].] FAO notes that this over-extraction of groundwater is pushing the country toward a widening supply-demand gap that has created a need to improve water management. </div> </div><a name="c26s2"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: #89662a">Singapore</span> also has a high level of stress (83 percent) due to a lack of freshwater resources and limited land for water storage. However, it has improved the way water is managed by cutting demand and increasing supply.[reference: Singapore’s National Water Agency. [link: https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/singaporewaterstory Singapore Water Story].] Singapore has diversified its resources by using treated wastewater and desalinated water. It has also invested heavily in underground drainage systems and dams, research and development, and in running public awareness campaigns to conserve water. </div> </div><a name="c26s3"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"> </div><a name="c26s4"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">Water is a local resource and availability and usage can vary within countries. On average, South American countries do not suffer from water stress, but specific local conditions can be different. </div> </div><a name="c26s5"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">A river basin is the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. Looking at water stress at the river basin level, as shown on the map, we get a more nuanced picture of water stress in South America. </div> </div><a name="c26s6"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: #824b1e">Northern Chile</span>, for instance, lies in an area of critical water stress, due to its dry climate, water intensive agriculture and mining activities. <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: #78a17b">Southern Chile</span> on the other hand, does not have this problem. </div> </div><a name="c26s7"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">Water stress can vary within the borders of a single country. At the same time, water basins do not stop at country borders, and may be shared by multiple countries. </div> </div><a name="c26s8"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"> </div><a name="c26s9"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">This is the case of the <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: #824b1e">Nile</span>, one of the largest basins in the world, covering approximately 10 percent of the African continent, and shared by eleven countries in Northeast Africa: Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Sudan, Eritrea, and Egypt.[reference: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2011. [link: https://www.fao.org/3/i2615e/i2615e.pdf “Information Products for Nile Basin Water Resources Management”]. Synthesis Report.] </div> </div><a name="c26s10"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">The population of these countries has nearly quadrupled (143 million in 1971 to 564 million in 2021) over the past 50 years,[reference: Retrieved from World Development Indicators [link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL (SP.POP.TOTL)].] and is projected to keep increasing. The growing demand for water puts pressure on the Nile River Basin, where water flows are already fully used to meet various domestic, agricultural and industrial demands. FAO describes the allocation of the Nile water across countries as a zero-sum game.[reference: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2011. [link: https://www.fao.org/3/i2615e/i2615e.pdf “Information Products for Nile Basin Water Resources Management”]. Synthesis Report.] Managing such a shared resource can be complex. The Nile Basin Initiative[reference: The World Bank. 2019. [link: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/02/22/stronger-together-20-years-of-cooperation-around-the-nile “Stronger Together: 20 Years of Cooperation Around the Nile”]. Feature Story. February 22, 2019.] was created in 1999 to facilitate cooperation across countries for the sustainable management of water in this region. </div> </div> </div></div></svelte-scroller-foreground> </svelte-scroller-outer> <p class="source-text svelte-bkupxm">Source: [link: http://fao.org/aquastat/statistics/query/index.html?lang=en FAO Aquastat database]. Retrieved from World Development Indicators ([link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ER.H2O.FWST.ZS ER.H2O.FWST.ZS]).[link: https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/iso/40bc32f6-1467-44ac-8f7c-3d67cbb1cbd7 FAO. Level of Water Stress (SDG 6.4.2) by Major River Basin].</p></div> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c27"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">The Nile basin is a striking example of transboundary water resources, but it is not isolated: At least 310 of the world’s river basins are shared by at least two countries, and the majority of global freshwater flows (60 percent) comes from these basins.[reference: Carius, Alexander, Geoffrey d. Dabelko, and Aaron T. Wolf. 2004. [link: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/ecspr10_unf-caribelko.pdf “Water, Conflict, and Cooperation”.] Environmental Change and Security Program Report Issue 10, 60-66. Wolf, Aaron T., Annika Kramer, Alexander Carius, and Geoffrey D. Dabelko. 2005. [link: https://transboundarywaters.science.oregonstate.edu/sites/transboundarywaters.science.oregonstate.edu/files/Publications/Wolf%20-%20SOW%2005%20chap5.pdf “Managing Water Conflict and Cooperation”]. In State of the world 2005: A Worldwatch Institute Report on progress toward a sustainable society: global security. 80-99.]</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c28"></a> <div class="text-emphasis layout-main svelte-1n1t4ff" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><hr class="svelte-1n1t4ff"> <p class="svelte-1n1t4ff">At least [emphasis: 310] of the world’s river basins are shared by at least two countries.[reference: McCracken, Melissa, and Aaron T. Wolf. 2019.[link: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2019.1572497 “Updating the Register of International River Basins of the World”. International Journal of Water Resources Development. Volume 35, Issue 5.732-782.]]</p> <hr class="svelte-1n1t4ff"> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c29"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">In many regions, economic development and population growth have put pressure on freshwater resources. Climate change represents an additional challenge as it is already impacting, and will likely continue to affect the quality and quantity of water in many river basins.[reference: Caretta, M.A., et.al., 2022. [link: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Water. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change].] Climate change intensifies the water cycle, increasing evaporation and precipitation. Regions with high rainfall will see more rainfall during shorter periods of time (increased risk of flooding), while arid and semi-arid regions will receive less rain over longer periods of time, creating an increased drought risk.[reference: OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2013. [link: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264200449-en “Water and Climate Change Adaptation: Policies to Navigate Uncharted Waters”, OECD Studies on Water, OECD Publishing.]] This situation calls for extended institutional collaboration, and is forcing governing bodies to rethink their water management practices. This is happening in the Colorado River Basin.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c30"></a> <div class="subhed layout-main svelte-allwnz" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><h2 class="svelte-allwnz">Case Study: Colorado River Basin </h2> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c31"></a> <h3 class="subhed2 layout-main svelte-m85jys">Water crisis in Southwest United States </h3><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c32"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">The United States, as a country, has a low water stress level (28 percent), but there are large regional differences. [link: https://www.usbr.gov/uc/img/crsp/CRBMap.jpg The Colorado River Basin], located in the Southwest, has a high level of water stress (79 percent). The Colorado River is about 1,450 miles long (2,334 km) and the basin area includes seven states (Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, California), and parts of northern Mexico. The river is an important water source: It irrigates nearly 4.5 million acres (18,210 km<sup>2</sup>) of agricultural lands, generates more than 4,200 megawatts of electrical capacity per year, and provides water to around 40 million people.[reference: Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department of Interior. 2021. [link: https://www.usbr.gov/climate/secure/docs/2021secure/basinreports/ColoradoBasin.pdf Colorado River Basin—SECURE Water Act Section 9503(c)—Report to Congress. ]] The majority of this region has an arid or semi-arid climate.[footnote: Defined by precipitation per year: 0-250 mm for arid climate and 250-500 mm for semi-arid climate.] In addition, the basin has had a severe drought since 2000. According to the United States Bureau of Reclamation, the period from 2000 through 2018 was the driest 19-year period in over 100 years of record keeping.[reference: United States Bureau of Reclamation. 2019. [link: https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/g4000/aop/AOP19.pdf “Annual Operating Plan for Colorado River reservoirs, 2019”].] For the first time ever, the federal government officially declared a water shortage in the Colorado River in 2021. Lake Mead, the largest reservoir in the U.S. in terms of water capacity, is used to illustrate the declining water levels in the Colorado River Basin.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c33"></a> <h3 class="subhed2 layout-main svelte-m85jys">Declining water levels in Lake Mead </h3><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c34"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Lake Mead is the largest reservoir in the United States by volume, and was formed in 1936 following the construction of the Hoover Dam. Its water level has declined since 2000.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c35"></a> <div class="text-emphasis layout-main svelte-1n1t4ff" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><hr class="svelte-1n1t4ff"> <p class="svelte-1n1t4ff">In July 2022, the storage level of Lake Mead recorded its lowest level, at 26.9 percent.</p> <hr class="svelte-1n1t4ff"> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c36"></a> <div class="side-by-side layout-full light default svelte-bkupxm" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><div class="scroller-container svelte-bkupxm"> <svelte-scroller-outer class="svelte-17jy5yq"><svelte-scroller-background-container class="background-container svelte-17jy5yq" style=" position: absolute; /* override with sticky if supported: */ position: sticky; top: 0; transform: translate(0, 0px); z-index: 1; "><svelte-scroller-background class="svelte-17jy5yq"><div class="left svelte-bkupxm" slot="background"><div class="lake_mead vis-container svelte-x9jmks in-scroller" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><div class="internal-container svelte-x9jmks"><div class="title-container svelte-x9jmks"><h1 class="svelte-x9jmks">The water level in Lake Mead has declined over the past 22 years</h1> <h2 class="svelte-x9jmks">Percent of full operational capacity (26,120,000 acre-feet) by month (last day of the month)</h2></div> <div class="vis svelte-x9jmks" role="img" aria-label="Line chart of the monthly water capacity in Lake Mead from 1937 to 2022. The water level in Lake Mead has continued to drop since 2000."><div class="loading svelte-1vykx8k" style="min-height: 60vh;"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/images/tail-spin.svg" alt="Loading" class="svelte-1vykx8k"> <div style="display: flex"><div style="width: 75%"></div> <div style="width: 25%"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="source svelte-x9jmks"> <span class="download-share svelte-x9jmks"><span class="download svelte-x9jmks borderless"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" data-customlink="download:vis-data-The water level in Lake Mead has declined over the past 22 years" href="/sdgatlas/data/goal06/goal06.lake_mead.csv" aria-label="Download Data"><span aria-hidden="true">Data</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M288 32c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32V274.7l-73.4-73.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l128 128c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L288 274.7V32zM64 352c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64v32c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V416c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H346.5l-45.3 45.3c-25 25-65.5 25-90.5 0L165.5 352H64zm368 56a24 24 0 1 1 0 48 24 24 0 1 1 0-48z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="download svelte-x9jmks"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Download Image"><span aria-hidden="true">Image</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM323.8 202.5c-4.5-6.6-11.9-10.5-19.8-10.5s-15.4 3.9-19.8 10.5l-87 127.6L170.7 297c-4.6-5.7-11.5-9-18.7-9s-14.2 3.3-18.7 9l-64 80c-5.8 7.2-6.9 17.1-2.9 25.4s12.4 13.6 21.6 13.6h96 32H424c8.9 0 17.1-4.9 21.2-12.8s3.6-17.4-1.4-24.7l-120-176zM112 192a48 48 0 1 0 0-96 48 48 0 1 0 0 96z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="share svelte-x9jmks"><a alt="Copy link to clipboard"><span aria-hidden="true">Copy Link</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(320 256)" transform-origin="160 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M562.8 267.7c56.5-56.5 56.5-148 0-204.5c-50-50-128.8-56.5-186.3-15.4l-1.6 1.1c-14.4 10.3-17.7 30.3-7.4 44.6s30.3 17.7 44.6 7.4l1.6-1.1c32.1-22.9 76-19.3 103.8 8.6c31.5 31.5 31.5 82.5 0 114L405.3 334.8c-31.5 31.5-82.5 31.5-114 0c-27.9-27.9-31.5-71.8-8.6-103.8l1.1-1.6c10.3-14.4 6.9-34.4-7.4-44.6s-34.4-6.9-44.6 7.4l-1.1 1.6C189.5 251.2 196 330 246 380c56.5 56.5 148 56.5 204.5 0L562.8 267.7zM43.2 244.3c-56.5 56.5-56.5 148 0 204.5c50 50 128.8 56.5 186.3 15.4l1.6-1.1c14.4-10.3 17.7-30.3 7.4-44.6s-30.3-17.7-44.6-7.4l-1.6 1.1c-32.1 22.9-76 19.3-103.8-8.6C57 372 57 321 88.5 289.5L200.7 177.2c31.5-31.5 82.5-31.5 114 0c27.9 27.9 31.5 71.8 8.6 103.9l-1.1 1.6c-10.3 14.4-6.9 34.4 7.4 44.6s34.4 6.9 44.6-7.4l1.1-1.6C416.5 260.8 410 182 360 132c-56.5-56.5-148-56.5-204.5 0L43.2 244.3z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-320 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span></span> </div> <p class="source-text svelte-x9jmks">Source: [link: https://www.usbr.gov/lc/riverops.html United States Bureau of Reclamation]</p></div> </div></div></svelte-scroller-background></svelte-scroller-background-container> <svelte-scroller-foreground class="svelte-17jy5yq"><div class="right svelte-bkupxm" slot="foreground"><div class="right-inner svelte-bkupxm"><a name="c36s0"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">The chart shows [footnote: Lake Mead storage is constantly evolving. A number of subsequent studies have been conducted to determine its current storage capacity. The bathymetric studies were conducted from 1948 to 1949, 1963 to 1964, and 2001. The United States Bureau of Reclamation doesn’t overwrite the historical values for content after new studies. For this chart, we have calculated the percentage of storage capacity based on the latest full operation capacity in Lake Mead (which is 26,120,000 acre-feet). References: Bureau of Reclamation. 2011. [link: https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/g4000/LM_AreaCapacityTables2009.pdf Lake Mead Area and Capacity Tables], [link: https://www.nps.gov/lake/learn/nature/storage-capacity-of-lake-mead.htm National Park Service’s website: Storage Capacity of Lake Mead] ] the monthly percentage of full capacity from May 1937 to September 2022. </div> </div><a name="c36s1"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">The horizontal lines represent various levels of shortage conditions. Shortage conditions levels are defined under [link: https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/#GuidelineOperation the Drought Contingency Plan ]. </div> </div><a name="c36s2"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">Starting around 2000, the storage level of Lake Mead has been almost continuously declining. Since 2013, it has been below 50 percent. </div> </div><a name="c36s3"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)">In May 2021, the storage level fell below the Tier 1 water shortage level (around 37 percent full capacity) for the first time. </div> </div> </div></div></svelte-scroller-foreground> </svelte-scroller-outer> <p class="source-text svelte-bkupxm">Source: [link: https://www.usbr.gov/lc/riverops.html United States Bureau of Reclamation]</p></div> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c37"></a> <div class="lake_mead_satellite vis-container content svelte-x9jmks" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><div class="internal-container svelte-x9jmks"><div class="title-container svelte-x9jmks"><h1 class="svelte-x9jmks">NASA Satellite images show Lake Mead has shrunk</h1> </div> <div class="vis svelte-x9jmks" role="img" aria-label="NASA’s satellite images of Lake Mead reveal the huge water loss between 2000 and 2021."><div class="loading svelte-1vykx8k" style="min-height: 60vh;"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/images/tail-spin.svg" alt="Loading" class="svelte-1vykx8k"> <div style="display: flex"><div style="width: 75%"></div> <div style="width: 25%"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="source svelte-x9jmks"> <span class="download-share svelte-x9jmks"><span class="download svelte-x9jmks borderless"></span> <span class="download svelte-x9jmks borderless"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Download Image"><span aria-hidden="true">Image</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM323.8 202.5c-4.5-6.6-11.9-10.5-19.8-10.5s-15.4 3.9-19.8 10.5l-87 127.6L170.7 297c-4.6-5.7-11.5-9-18.7-9s-14.2 3.3-18.7 9l-64 80c-5.8 7.2-6.9 17.1-2.9 25.4s12.4 13.6 21.6 13.6h96 32H424c8.9 0 17.1-4.9 21.2-12.8s3.6-17.4-1.4-24.7l-120-176zM112 192a48 48 0 1 0 0-96 48 48 0 1 0 0 96z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="share svelte-x9jmks"><a alt="Copy link to clipboard"><span aria-hidden="true">Copy Link</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(320 256)" transform-origin="160 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M562.8 267.7c56.5-56.5 56.5-148 0-204.5c-50-50-128.8-56.5-186.3-15.4l-1.6 1.1c-14.4 10.3-17.7 30.3-7.4 44.6s30.3 17.7 44.6 7.4l1.6-1.1c32.1-22.9 76-19.3 103.8 8.6c31.5 31.5 31.5 82.5 0 114L405.3 334.8c-31.5 31.5-82.5 31.5-114 0c-27.9-27.9-31.5-71.8-8.6-103.8l1.1-1.6c10.3-14.4 6.9-34.4-7.4-44.6s-34.4-6.9-44.6 7.4l-1.1 1.6C189.5 251.2 196 330 246 380c56.5 56.5 148 56.5 204.5 0L562.8 267.7zM43.2 244.3c-56.5 56.5-56.5 148 0 204.5c50 50 128.8 56.5 186.3 15.4l1.6-1.1c14.4-10.3 17.7-30.3 7.4-44.6s-30.3-17.7-44.6-7.4l-1.6 1.1c-32.1 22.9-76 19.3-103.8-8.6C57 372 57 321 88.5 289.5L200.7 177.2c31.5-31.5 82.5-31.5 114 0c27.9 27.9 31.5 71.8 8.6 103.9l-1.1 1.6c-10.3 14.4-6.9 34.4 7.4 44.6s34.4 6.9 44.6-7.4l1.1-1.6C416.5 260.8 410 182 360 132c-56.5-56.5-148-56.5-204.5 0L43.2 244.3z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-320 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span></span> </div> <p class="source-text svelte-x9jmks">Source: NASA Earth Observatory. United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration. [link: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/150111/lake-mead-keeps-dropping “Image of the Day for July 22, 2022: Lake Mead Keeps Dropping.”]</p></div> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c38"></a> <h3 class="subhed2 layout-main svelte-m85jys">Imbalance of water supply and demand </h3><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c39"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Each year, 16.5 million acre-feet (MAF) (20.3 km<sup>3</sup>) per year of water [footnote: Roughly equivalent to 8 million Olympic-sized swimming pools. Source: [link: https://regioncwater.org/glossary/acre-foot/ The Region C Water Planning Group]] from the Colorado River is shared across seven U.S. states and Mexico. This is based on [link: https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/pao/pdfiles/crcompct.pdf the 1922 Colorado River Compact], the foundational document governing the basin’s water management. When the Compact was created, the Colorado River’s annual flow was estimated at around 18 MAF (22.3 km<sup>3</sup>) per year.[reference: Koebele, Elizabeth and Max Robinson. 2021. [link: https://www.unr.edu/nevada-today/blogs/2021/impact-of-colorado-river-shortages-on-nevada “The impact of Colorado River water shortages on Nevada: Changes to water policy needed as time runs out.”] Nevada Today, November 12, 2021]</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c40"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Between 2000-2020, the annual flow declined to 12.5 MAF (15.4 km<sup>3</sup>) per year,[reference: Bureau of Reclamation. [link: https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/g4000/NaturalFlow/current.html Colorado River Basin Natural Flow and Salt Data.]] but a total of 16.5 MAF (20.3 km<sup>3</sup>) per year of water is still being allocated to the U.S. states and Mexico.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c41"></a> <h3 class="subhed2 layout-main svelte-m85jys">Impact of the water shortage conditions in the southwest region </h3><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c42"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">To prevent further depletion of water resources, the federal government set the guidelines[reference: Bureau of Reclamation. [link: https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/#InterimGuidelines Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead].] governing Colorado River operations.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c43"></a> <div class="text-emphasis layout-main svelte-1n1t4ff" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><hr class="svelte-1n1t4ff"> <p class="svelte-1n1t4ff">For the first time ever, the federal government declared a Tier 1 water shortage [footnote: The projected elevation is lower than 1,075 feet (equivalent to around 37 percent of full capacity)] in the Colorado River in 2021 [reference: Bureau of Reclamation. [link: https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/3950?filterBy=year&year=2021 “Reclamation announces 2022 operating conditions for Lake Powell and Lake Mead”]. News release on August 16, 2021.]</p> <hr class="svelte-1n1t4ff"> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c44"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Around 30 percent of water has been cut for central Arizona agricultural usage.[reference: [link: https://azwaternews.com/2021/08/16/arizona-heads-into-tier-1-colorado-river-shortage-for-2022/ Arizona Municipal Water Users Association]] Water supplies to cities and industries are not changed, but Scottsdale, Arizona, is asking all residents, businesses, and visitors to conserve water usage by at least 5 percent.[reference: [link: https://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/water/news/Scottsdale-asks-residents-to-use-five-percent-less-water-and-conserve-more City of Scottsdale Water News], January 11, 2022.] The federal government warns that the level of Lake Mead will continue to decline and has called for further Basin-wide conservation efforts.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c45"></a> <div class="subhed layout-main svelte-allwnz" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg6)"><h2 class="svelte-allwnz">Looking forward </h2> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c46"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Water is a precious resource. Amid pressures from human activities, and uncertainties linked to climate change, robust water management will be critical to the sustainable use of freshwater resources. This is especially important when considering the interdependencies that exist between water, food production, energy, ecosystems, and economic activities.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c47"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Robust water management systems cannot exist without accurate and timely monitoring. However, numerous data gaps exist. As the main source of freshwater, aquifers face situations of depletion and pollution in various regions of the world, but there is little available data about the quality and quantity of groundwater.[reference: Ravenscroft, Peter, and Lucy Lytton. 2022. [link: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/37197 Seeing the Invisible : A Strategic Report on Groundwater Quality.] Washington, DC: World Bank.] Water stress information is also far from complete.[reference: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and UN-Water. 2021. [link: https://www.unwater.org/sites/default/files/app/uploads/2021/08/SDG6_Indicator_Report_642_Progress-on-Level-of-Water-Stress_2021_ENGLISH_pages-1.pdf Progress on Level of Water Stress. Global status and acceleration needs for SDG Indicator 6.4.2, 2021.]]</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c48"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Various initiatives are being undertaken to address this situation. The World Bank is contributing to this effort through the [link: https://www.ciwaprogram.org/data-initiatives Cooperation in International Waters in Africa], the [link: https://wbwaterdata.org/ibnet International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities], and the [link: https://wbwaterdata.org/siasar Rural Water and Sanitation Information System]. The upcoming World Bank report “The Hidden Wealth of Nations : The Economics of Groundwater in Times of Climate Change” will also seek to provide additional data and a “comprehensive understanding of the importance and value of groundwater for development under evolving conditions”.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c49"></a> <div class="supplementary content-full svelte-s728h6" style="--sdg-color: var(--color-un-sdg6)"><hr class="svelte-s728h6"> <h1 class="layout-content svelte-s728h6">Learn more about SDG 6</h1> <p class="desc-text svelte-s728h6">In the charts below you can find more facts about SDG {activeGoal} targets, which are not covered in this story. The data for these graphics is derived from official UN data sources.</p> <div class="overlay-graphic svelte-cy315q"><div class="header svelte-cy315q"><p class="target svelte-cy315q"><span class="goal-target">SDG target</span> 6.1.1</p> <div class="close-button svelte-cy315q"><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;font-size:.75em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(160 256)" transform-origin="80 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M310.6 150.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L160 210.7 54.6 105.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L114.7 256 9.4 361.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0L160 301.3 265.4 406.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0s12.5-32.8 0-45.3L205.3 256 310.6 150.6z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-160 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></div></div> <div class="title-container svelte-cy315q"><h1 class="svelte-cy315q">Rural dwellers are disadvantaged in access to drinking water.</h1> <h2 class="svelte-cy315q">Proportion of rural and urban people using safely managed drinking water services, (%), 2020</h2></div> <div class="graphic svelte-cy315q"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/supplementary/en/goal06/sdg6_safe_water.png" class="svelte-cy315q"></div> <hr class="svelte-cy315q"> <p class="note svelte-cy315q">* The figure includes 30 countries with the largest gaps in access between urban and rural dwellers (out of 62 countries with data) in 2020.</p> <hr class="svelte-cy315q"> <p class="source svelte-cy315q"><span class="source-text">Source: WHO/UNICEF JMP for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene. Retrieved from World Development Indicators ([link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.SMDW.RU.ZS SH.H2O.SMDW.RU.ZS], [link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.SMDW.UR.ZS SH.H2O.SMDW.UR.ZS]).</span> <span class="download svelte-cy315q">DOWNLOAD <span class="download-icon svelte-cy315q"><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM323.8 202.5c-4.5-6.6-11.9-10.5-19.8-10.5s-15.4 3.9-19.8 10.5l-87 127.6L170.7 297c-4.6-5.7-11.5-9-18.7-9s-14.2 3.3-18.7 9l-64 80c-5.8 7.2-6.9 17.1-2.9 25.4s12.4 13.6 21.6 13.6h96 32H424c8.9 0 17.1-4.9 21.2-12.8s3.6-17.4-1.4-24.7l-120-176zM112 192a48 48 0 1 0 0-96 48 48 0 1 0 0 96z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></span></span></p> </div><div class="overlay-graphic svelte-cy315q"><div class="header svelte-cy315q"><p class="target svelte-cy315q"><span class="goal-target">SDG target</span> 6.2.1</p> <div class="close-button svelte-cy315q"><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;font-size:.75em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(160 256)" transform-origin="80 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M310.6 150.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L160 210.7 54.6 105.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L114.7 256 9.4 361.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0L160 301.3 265.4 406.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0s12.5-32.8 0-45.3L205.3 256 310.6 150.6z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-160 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></div></div> <div class="title-container svelte-cy315q"><h1 class="svelte-cy315q">Although the number has drastically declined for the past 21 years, 494 million people in the world still defecate in the open. They are concentrated in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.</h1> <h2 class="svelte-cy315q">Number of people practicing open defecation, 2000 and 2020</h2></div> <div class="graphic svelte-cy315q"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/supplementary/en/goal06/sdg6_open_def.png" class="svelte-cy315q"></div> <hr class="svelte-cy315q"> <p class="source svelte-cy315q"><span class="source-text">Source: WHO/UNICEF JMP for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene. Retrieved from World Development Indicators ([link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS SH.STA.ODFC.ZS], [link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL SP.POP.TOTL]).</span> <span class="download svelte-cy315q">DOWNLOAD <span class="download-icon svelte-cy315q"><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM323.8 202.5c-4.5-6.6-11.9-10.5-19.8-10.5s-15.4 3.9-19.8 10.5l-87 127.6L170.7 297c-4.6-5.7-11.5-9-18.7-9s-14.2 3.3-18.7 9l-64 80c-5.8 7.2-6.9 17.1-2.9 25.4s12.4 13.6 21.6 13.6h96 32H424c8.9 0 17.1-4.9 21.2-12.8s3.6-17.4-1.4-24.7l-120-176zM112 192a48 48 0 1 0 0-96 48 48 0 1 0 0 96z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></span></span></p> </div> <div class="overlay-container svelte-wtx5ir"><div class="overlay-background svelte-wtx5ir"></div> <div class="cards-and-buttons svelte-wtx5ir"><div class="icon-container svelte-wtx5ir"><div class="icon svelte-wtx5ir" style="background-image: url(/sdgatlas/assets/icons/arrow-left.svg)"></div></div> <div class="icon-container svelte-wtx5ir"><div class="icon svelte-wtx5ir" style="background-image: url(/sdgatlas/assets/icons/arrow-right.svg)"></div></div></div> </div> </div></div> <footer class="simplified-footer loop"><div class="row full-row-footer-components"><div class="container"><div class="lp__footer_top"></div> <div class="row"><div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"><div class="lp__footer_bottom"><div class="row"><div class="col-lg-6 col-md-7 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"><div class="lp__listinline"><ul><li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal">Legal</a></li> <li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/privacy-notice">Privacy Notice</a></li> <li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are/site-accessibility">Site Accessibility</a></li> <li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/access-to-information">Access to Information</a></li> <li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/careers">Jobs</a></li> <li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/contacts">Contact</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"><div class="lp__footer_fraud"><ul><li><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/scams">SCAM ALERT</a></li> <li><a href="https://wbgcmsprod.microsoftcrmportals.com/en-US/anonymous-users/int-fraud-management/create-new-complaint/">REPORT FRAUD OR CORRUPTION</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> </div></div> </div></div> <div class="row full-row-footer-black-components"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="lp__footer_bottom_left"><div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"><ul><li><a href="https://www.worldbank.org"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/external/loop-header-footer/img/logo-wbg-footer-en.svg" class="footer-logo" title="World Bank Group logo" alt="World Bank Group logo"></a></li> <li><a class="lp__wbgpartnership" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are/ibrd">IBRD</a></li> <li><a class="lp__wbgpartnership" title="International Development Association" href="https://ida.worldbank.org/">IDA</a></li> <li><a class="lp__wbgpartnership" title="International Finance Corporation" href="https://www.ifc.org">IFC</a></li> <li><a class="lp__wbgpartnership" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency" href="https://www.miga.org/">MIGA</a></li> <li><a class="lp__wbgpartnership" title="International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes" href="https://icsid.worldbank.org">ICSID</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="lp__copyright"><div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12">© <span id="footer-year"></span> <script language="JavaScript">var time = new Date(); var year = time.getYear(); if (year < 2000) year = year + 1900; document.getElementById('footer-year').innerHTML = year; // End --> </script> The World Bank Group, All Rights Reserved.</div></div> </div></div></div></footer> </div> </div></main> </div> <script> { __sveltekit_13763bo = { env: {}, assets: "/sdgatlas", base: "/sdgatlas", element: document.currentScript.parentElement }; const data = [null,null,null]; Promise.all([ import("/sdgatlas/_app/immutable/entry/start.963d1eb7.js"), import("/sdgatlas/_app/immutable/entry/app.8bc21f39.js") ]).then(([kit, app]) => { kit.start(app, __sveltekit_13763bo.element, { node_ids: [0, 2, 4], data, form: null, error: null }); }); } </script> </div> </body> </html>