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class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Vietne"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Saturs" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Saturs</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Sākums</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Keramikas_materiālu_īpašības" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keramikas_materiālu_īpašības"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Keramikas materiālu īpašības</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keramikas_materiālu_īpašības-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keramikas_izstrādājumu_klasifikācija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keramikas_izstrādājumu_klasifikācija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Keramikas izstrādājumu klasifikācija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keramikas_izstrādājumu_klasifikācija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keramikas_materiālu_ražošana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keramikas_materiālu_ražošana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Keramikas materiālu ražošana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keramikas_materiālu_ražošana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izmantotā_literatūra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izmantotā_literatūra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Izmantotā literatūra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izmantotā_literatūra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ārējās_saites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ārējās_saites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ārējās saites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ārējās_saites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Saturs" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Satura rādītājs" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pārslēgt satura rādītāju" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pārslēgt satura rādītāju</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Keramika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pāriet uz rakstu citā valodā. Pieejams 89 valodās" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 valodas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramiek" title="Keramiek – afrikandu" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Keramiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikandu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramik" title="Keramik – Šveices vācu" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Keramik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Šveices vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%81" title="خزف – arābu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خزف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arābu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cer%C3%A1mica" title="Cerámica – astūriešu" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cerámica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astūriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramika" title="Keramika – azerbaidžāņu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Keramika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidžāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seramiko" title="Seramiko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Seramiko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кераміка – baltkrievu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кераміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="baltkrievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кераміка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кераміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Керамика – bulgāru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Керамика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="দগ্ধমৃত্তিকা – bengāļu" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দগ্ধমৃত্তিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramika" title="Keramika – bosniešu" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Keramika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cer%C3%A0mica" title="Ceràmica – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ceràmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="سێرامیک – centrālkurdu" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سێرامیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centrālkurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramika" title="Keramika – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Keramika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Керамика – čuvašu" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Керамика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvašu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramik" title="Keramik – dāņu" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Keramik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramik" title="Keramik – vācu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Keramik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Κεραμικό υλικό – grieķu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κεραμικό υλικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grieķu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ceramic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramika%C4%B5o" title="Ceramikaĵo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ceramikaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cer%C3%A1mica" title="Cerámica – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cerámica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keraamika" title="Keraamika – igauņu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keraamika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="igauņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeramika" title="Zeramika – basku" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zeramika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="سرامیک – persiešu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرامیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keraami" title="Keraami – somu" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keraami" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="somu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taile" title="Taile – fidžiešu" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Taile" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidžiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ramique" title="Céramique – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Céramique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramyk" title="Keramyk – rietumfrīzu" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keramyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="rietumfrīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceirmeacht" title="Ceirmeacht – īru" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceirmeacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="īru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potri" title="Potri – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Potri" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cer%C3%A1mica" title="Cerámica – galisiešu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cerámica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99" title="חומר קרמי – ivrits" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומר קרמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="मृत्तिकाशिल्प – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मृत्तिकाशिल्प" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramika" title="Keramika – horvātu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Keramika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seramik" title="Seramik – haitiešu" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Seramik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ker%C3%A1mia" title="Kerámia – ungāru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kerámia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Կերամիկա – armēņu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կերամիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramica" title="Ceramica – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ceramica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramik" title="Keramik – indonēziešu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keramik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonēziešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramikajo" title="Ceramikajo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ceramikajo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramica" title="Ceramica – itāļu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ceramica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="セラミックス – japāņu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セラミックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramik" title="Keramik – javiešu" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Keramik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="კერამიკა – gruzīnu" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კერამიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzīnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaur%C5%A9" title="Kaurũ – kikuju" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kaurũ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Керамика – kazahu" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Керамика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%AF%B9" title="세라믹 – korejiešu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세라믹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Керамика – kirgīzu" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Керамика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictile" title="Fictile – latīņu" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fictile" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latīņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramika" title="Keramika – lietuviešu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Keramika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lietuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Керамика – maķedoniešu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Керамика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maķedoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Керамик – mongoļu" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Керамик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seramik" title="Seramik – malajiešu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seramik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramica" title="Ceramica – neapoliešu" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ceramica" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="neapoliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramik" title="Keramik – lejasvācu" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Keramik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lejasvācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramiek" title="Keramiek – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keramiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramikk" title="Keramikk – jaunnorvēģu" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Keramikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="jaunnorvēģu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramikk" title="Keramikk – norvēģu bukmols" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Keramikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvēģu bukmols" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramica" title="Ceramica – oksitāņu" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ceramica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramika" title="Ceramika – poļu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ceramika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cer%C3%A2mica" title="Cerâmica – portugāļu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerâmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27apra" title="K'apra – kečvu" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'apra" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečvu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%C4%83" title="Ceramică – rumāņu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ceramică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Керамика – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Керамика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Керамика – jakutu" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Керамика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciramica" title="Ciramica – sicīliešu" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciramica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicīliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic – skotu" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ceramic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramika_(materijal)" title="Keramika (materijal) – serbu–horvātu" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Keramika (materijal)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbu–horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_(%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92)" title="සෙරමික් (පිඟන් මැටි) – singāļu" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෙරමික් (පිඟන් මැටි)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ceramic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramika_(p%C3%A1len%C3%A9_v%C3%BDrobky)" title="Keramika (pálené výrobky) – slovāku" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Keramika (pálené výrobky)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovāku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramika" title="Keramika – slovēņu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Keramika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialet_Qeramike" title="Materialet Qeramike – albāņu" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Materialet Qeramike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Керамика – serbu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Керамика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramik" title="Keramik – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Keramik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சுட்டாங்கல் – tamilu" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுட்டாங்கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Кулолӣ – tadžiku" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кулолӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="เซรามิก – taju" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซรามิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seramika" title="Seramika – tagalu" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Seramika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seramik" title="Seramik – turku" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Seramik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кераміка – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кераміка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%81" title="خزف – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خزف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramika" title="Keramika – uzbeku" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Keramika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BB%91m" title="Gốm – vjetnamiešu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gốm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7%E5%99%A8" title="陶瓷器 – vu ķīniešu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="陶瓷器" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7" title="קעראמיק – jidišs" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קעראמיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidišs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7%E5%99%A8" title="陶瓷器 – ķīniešu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="陶瓷器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BBi" title="Hûi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hûi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7" title="陶瓷 – kantoniešu" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="陶瓷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45621#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Labot starpvalodu saites" class="wbc-editpage">Labot saites</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Vārdtelpas"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Keramika" title="Apskatīt rakstu [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Raksts</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusija:Keramika" rel="discussion" title="Diskusija par šī raksta lapu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Keramika&printable=yes" title="Drukājama lapas versija [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukājama versija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Citos projektos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ceramics" hreflang="en"><span>Vikikrātuve</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45621" title="Saistītais Vikidatu ieraksts [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Ieraksts Vikidatos</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lapas rīki"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izskats"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izskats</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipēdijas lapa</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lv" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><span class="hatnote noexcerpt">Šis raksts ir par materiāliem. Par citām jēdziena <b>Keramika</b> nozīmēm skatīt <a href="/wiki/Keramika_(noz%C4%ABmju_atdal%C4%AB%C5%A1ana)" class="mw-disambig" title="Keramika (nozīmju atdalīšana)">nozīmju atdalīšanas lapu</a>.</span></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Porcel%C4%81na_fig%C5%ABri%C5%86a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/7/76/Porcel%C4%81na_fig%C5%ABri%C5%86a.jpg/190px-Porcel%C4%81na_fig%C5%ABri%C5%86a.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/7/76/Porcel%C4%81na_fig%C5%ABri%C5%86a.jpg/285px-Porcel%C4%81na_fig%C5%ABri%C5%86a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/7/76/Porcel%C4%81na_fig%C5%ABri%C5%86a.jpg/380px-Porcel%C4%81na_fig%C5%ABri%C5%86a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1684" /></a><figcaption>Smalkkeramika: Porcelāna figūriņa</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Keramika</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sengrie%C4%B7u_valoda" title="Sengrieķu valoda">sengrieķu</a>: <span lang="grc"><span style="font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;"><i>κέραμος</i></span></span>, <i>keramos</i> — ‘<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ls" title="Māls">māli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podniec%C4%ABba" title="Podniecība">podniecība</a>’) ir <a href="/wiki/Neorganisk%C4%81_%C4%B7%C4%ABmija" title="Neorganiskā ķīmija">neorganiski</a> un nemetāliski materiāli, kas apdedzināti augstās <a href="/wiki/Temperat%C5%ABra" title="Temperatūra">temperatūrās</a>, lai piešķirtu tiem mehānisko izturību un palielinātu <a href="/wiki/Bl%C4%ABvums" title="Blīvums">blīvumu</a>. Termins keramika vēl nesenā pagātnē tika lietots vienīgi attiecībā uz priekšmetiem, kas tika izgatavoti, apdedzinot materiālus, ko iegūst no zemes. <a href="/wiki/Arheolo%C4%A3ija" title="Arheoloģija">Arheologi</a> ir atraduši pierādījumus šāda veida keramikas izgatavošanai jau pirms daudziem tūkstošiem gadu. Šajā materiālu klasē ietilpst gan tradicionālie keramikas materiāli — māla trauki, <a href="/wiki/Stikls" title="Stikls">stikls</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6ie%C4%A3elis" title="Ķieģelis">ķieģeļi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porcel%C4%81ns" title="Porcelāns">porcelāns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cements" title="Cements">cements</a> un citi, gan modernās speciālās (tehniskās) keramikas — dažādu <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisko_elementu_periodisk%C4%81_tabula" title="Ķīmisko elementu periodiskā tabula">elementu</a> <a href="/wiki/Karb%C4%ABdi" title="Karbīdi">karbīdi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bor%C4%ABdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borīdi (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">borīdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oks%C4%ABdi" title="Oksīdi">oksīdi</a> un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitr%C4%ABdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrīdi (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">nitrīdi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alum%C4%ABnija_nitr%C4%ABds" title="Alumīnija nitrīds">alumīnija nitrīds</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bora_karb%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bora karbīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">bora karbīds</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bora_nitr%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bora nitrīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">bora nitrīds</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sil%C4%ABcija_karb%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silīcija karbīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">silīcija karbīds</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirkonija_dioks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cirkonija dioksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">cirkonija dioksīds</a> u. c.). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keramikas_materiālu_īpašības"><span id="Keramikas_materi.C4.81lu_.C4.ABpa.C5.A1.C4.ABbas"></span>Keramikas materiālu īpašības</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keramika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļu: Keramikas materiālu īpašības" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keramika&action=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Keramikas materiālu īpašības"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keramikas materiālu raksturīgākās īpašības ir cietība un trauslums, tie ir slikti <a href="/wiki/Siltumvad%C4%ABtsp%C4%93ja" title="Siltumvadītspēja">siltuma</a> un <a href="/wiki/Elektrovad%C4%ABtsp%C4%93ja" title="Elektrovadītspēja">elektrības vadītāji</a>, tiem ir relatīvi augstas <a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%A1anas_temperat%C5%ABra" title="Kušanas temperatūra">kušanas temperatūras</a> un vispārīgā gadījumā tie labāk iztur <a href="/wiki/Deform%C4%81cija" title="Deformācija">spiedi</a> nekā <a href="/wiki/Deform%C4%81cija" title="Deformācija">stiepi</a>. Sava ķīmiskā inertuma dēļ keramika ir noturīga pret <a href="/wiki/Sk%C4%81be" class="mw-redirect" title="Skābe">skābju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sk%C4%81beklis" title="Skābeklis">skābekļa</a> un citu vielu postošo iedarbību. Tomēr dažām keramiskām vielām nepiemīt visas minētās īpašības, piemēram, dažas mākslīgi izveidotās keramikas ir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supravad%C4%81m%C4%ABba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supravadāmība (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">supravadītāji</a>. Keramikai var būt gan <a href="/wiki/Krist%C4%81lisk%C4%81_strukt%C5%ABra" title="Kristāliskā struktūra">kristāliska</a>, gan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amorfa_strukt%C5%ABra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amorfa struktūra (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">amorfa struktūra</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keramikas_izstrādājumu_klasifikācija"><span id="Keramikas_izstr.C4.81d.C4.81jumu_klasifik.C4.81cija"></span>Keramikas izstrādājumu klasifikācija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keramika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļu: Keramikas izstrādājumu klasifikācija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keramika&action=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Keramikas izstrādājumu klasifikācija"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Tit%C4%81na_dioks%C4%ABda_elektrodi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/3/32/Tit%C4%81na_dioks%C4%ABda_elektrodi.jpg/175px-Tit%C4%81na_dioks%C4%ABda_elektrodi.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/3/32/Tit%C4%81na_dioks%C4%ABda_elektrodi.jpg/263px-Tit%C4%81na_dioks%C4%ABda_elektrodi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/3/32/Tit%C4%81na_dioks%C4%ABda_elektrodi.jpg/350px-Tit%C4%81na_dioks%C4%ABda_elektrodi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Speciālā keramika: <a href="/wiki/Latvija" title="Latvija">Latvijā</a> ražoti <a href="/wiki/Tit%C4%81na_dioks%C4%ABds" title="Titāna dioksīds">titāna dioksīda</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektrods" title="Elektrods">elektrodi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Vienota klasifikācija šajā jomā vēl nav izveidota, tādēļ dažādās pasaules valstīs tā var nedaudz atšķirties. </p> <ul><li>Smagā mālu rūpniecība, ko iedala trīs apakšnozarēs — strukturālās, blīvās un ugunsizturīgās keramikas — <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6ie%C4%A3elis" title="Ķieģelis">ķieģeļi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81rni%C5%86%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kārniņš (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">kārniņi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fl%C4%ABze" class="mw-redirect" title="Flīze">flīzes</a> u. c.</li></ul> <ul><li>Smalkkeramika — dažādi porcelāna, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akmens_masa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akmens masa (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">akmens masu</a> un citi izstrādājumi.</li></ul> <ul><li>Speciālās (tehniskās) keramikas, ko var iedalīt trīs apakšnozarēs — oksīdu (<a href="/wiki/Alum%C4%ABnija_oks%C4%ABds" title="Alumīnija oksīds">alumīnija oksīds</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirkonija_oks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cirkonija oksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">cirkonija oksīds</a>), neoksīdu (karbīdi, borīdi, nitrīdi) un jauktie (dažādas oksīdu un neoksīdu kombinācijas) keramikas izstrādājumi — plānsienu caurulītes, <a href="/wiki/Elektrods" title="Elektrods">elektrodi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0%C5%ABnveida_katalizators&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šūnveida katalizators (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">šūnveida katalizatori</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Degvielas_%C5%A1%C5%ABna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Degvielas šūna (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">degvielas šūnas</a> u. c.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keramikas_materiālu_ražošana"><span id="Keramikas_materi.C4.81lu_ra.C5.BEo.C5.A1ana"></span>Keramikas materiālu ražošana</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keramika&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļu: Keramikas materiālu ražošana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keramika&action=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Keramikas materiālu ražošana"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vispārīgā gadījumā keramikas materiālus ražo pēc tālāk minētās shēmas, lai gan atsevišķos gadījumos kāds no posmiem var nebūt, bet cits — atkārtoties vairākas reizes. </p> <ul><li>Izejvielu apstrāde — smalcināšana, attīrīšana, šķirošana, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalcin%C4%93%C5%A1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalcinēšana (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">kalcinēšana</a>, disperģēšana šķidrumā, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granul%C4%93%C5%A1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granulēšana (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">granulēšana</a> u. c.</li></ul> <ul><li>Maisīšana un mīcīšana — izejvielu sajaukšana viendabīgā masā.</li></ul> <ul><li>Formēšana jeb formas piešķiršana — izplatītākās formēšanas metodes ir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulveru_pres%C4%93%C5%A1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulveru presēšana (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">pulveru presēšana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lie%C5%A1ana_form%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liešana formā (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">liešana formā</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lie%C5%A1ana_zem_spiediena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liešana zem spiediena (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">liešana zem spiediena</a> un <a href="/wiki/Ekstr%C5%ABzija" title="Ekstrūzija">ekstrūzija</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Papildu apstrāde — <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sl%C4%ABp%C4%93%C5%A1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slīpēšana (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">slīpēšana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfor%C4%93%C5%A1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perforēšana (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">perforēšana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamin%C4%93%C5%A1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laminēšana (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">laminēšana</a> u. c.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BD%C4%81v%C4%93%C5%A1ana" title="Žāvēšana">Žāvēšana</a> — šķidrās <a href="/wiki/F%C4%81ze" class="mw-disambig" title="Fāze">fāzes</a> (parasti — <a href="/wiki/%C5%AAdens" title="Ūdens">ūdens</a>) aizvadīšana.</li></ul> <ul><li>Pirmsapdedzināšanas termiskā apstrāde — mērķis ir nodrošināt papildu žāvēšanu, lai <a href="/wiki/Iztvaiko%C5%A1ana" title="Iztvaikošana">iztvaicētu</a> vai sadalītu daļu <a href="/wiki/Organiskas_vielas" class="mw-redirect" title="Organiskas vielas">organisko piedevu</a> un citus piemaisījumus, kā arī daļu atlikušā ūdens.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glaz%C4%93%C5%A1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glazēšana (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Glazēšana</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glaz%C4%93%C5%A1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glazēšana (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">glazūras</a> ir stiklveida vielas, ar kurām pārklāj keramikas materiālus, lai padarītu tos izturīgākus pret <a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C4%93ra" title="Atmosfēra">atmosfēras</a> iedarbību, mehāniski izturīgākus, ūdensnecaurlaidīgus un gāznecaurlaidīgus, kā arī dekorētu tos.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apdedzin%C4%81%C5%A1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apdedzināšana (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Apdedzināšana</a> — apdedzināšanu veic, lai keramikas materiālam piešķirtu mehānisko izturību un palielinātu to blīvumu.</li></ul> <ul><li>Pēcapstrāde — dažus keramikas materiālus pēc apdedzināšanas papildus jāapstrādā — ar <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C4%81zergrie%C5%A1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lāzergriešana (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">lāzergriešanu</a>, mehāniski vai ķīmiski <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pul%C4%93%C5%A1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulēšana (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">pulēt</a> utml.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izmantotā_literatūra"><span id="Izmantot.C4.81_literat.C5.ABra"></span>Izmantotā literatūra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keramika&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļu: Izmantotā literatūra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keramika&action=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Izmantotā literatūra"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>R.Asthana, A.Kumar, N. B.Dahotre. Materials Processing and Manufacturing Science; Elsevier: Tokyo, 2006</li> <li>F.Ošis, P.Vītols. Ķīmijas tehnoloģija; Zvaigzne: Rīga, 1980</li> <li>F.Handle (Ed.). Extrusion in Ceramics; Springer: Berlin, 2007</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ārējās_saites"><span id=".C4.80r.C4.93j.C4.81s_saites"></span>Ārējās saites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keramika&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļu: Ārējās saites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keramika&action=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Ārējās saites"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vikikr%C4%81tuve" title="Vikikrātuve">Vikikrātuvē</a> par šo tēmu ir pieejami <a href="/wiki/Multivides" title="Multivides">multivides</a> faili. Skatīt: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ceramics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ceramics">Keramika</a></b></i>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/ceramique/"><i>Encyclopædia Universalis</i> raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(franciski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravenc.ru/text/1684211.html">Pareizticīgo enciklopēdijas raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(krieviski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/kultura_i_obrazovanie/izobrazitelnoe_iskusstvo/KERAMIKA.html">Enciklopēdijas <i>Krugosvet</i> raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(krieviski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch11/final/c11s07.pdf">Ceramic products manufacturing</a></li></ul> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Autoritat%C4%ABv%C4%81_vad%C4%ABba" title="Autoritatīvā vadība">Autoritatīvā vadība</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-sh85-022017">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongresa_bibliot%C4%93ka" title="Kongresa bibliotēka">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/sh85022017">sh85022017</a></span></li> <li>GND: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4030270-2">4030270-2</a></span></li> <li>BNF: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935435f">cb11935435f</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935435f">(data)</a></span></li> <li>HDS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F047274.php">047274</a></span></li> <li>NDL: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570816">00570816</a></span></li> <li>NKC: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121575&CON_LNG=ENG">ph121575</a></span></li> <li>BNE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524836">XX524836</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Saturs iegūts no "<a dir="ltr" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keramika&oldid=4028704">https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keramika&oldid=4028704</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Materi%C4%81lzin%C4%81tne" title="Kategorija:Materiālzinātne">Materiālzinātne</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Šī lapa pēdējoreiz labota: 2024. gada 20. marts plkst. 13.30.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teksts ir pieejams saskaņā ar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike licenci</a>; var pastāvēt papildu ierobežojumi. 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