CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913681599e1ece6a',cH: 'a0Hqi5cuawBT7WYjhESu7fh4b4VkaRyVuFtjj.QhVQA-1739802940-1.2.1.1-3DFY.9fK9DZmS3lsNaG3l_epNFXdN2AOuRyNSdSl0a6bfyxSKISDOQj3YwRHZNvI',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=expressing%20pain&__cf_chl_tk=6DkaArRUF5qgaBTCvkNCqdiOunXjTnVyMLHvjb5hvp0-1739802940-1.0.1.1-3d1I3XMJ1EBhoqmbjhAnzT8TlngYdKbYgHWUAO3zUIw",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739802940',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=expressing%20pain&__cf_chl_f_tk=6DkaArRUF5qgaBTCvkNCqdiOunXjTnVyMLHvjb5hvp0-1739802940-1.0.1.1-3d1I3XMJ1EBhoqmbjhAnzT8TlngYdKbYgHWUAO3zUIw",md: "FFyN34gdln1rkYjvNRA._s2AYC_3g1OejNBFdy5H.NQ-1739802940-1.2.1.1-qtHfrYz1u1qGq8bQNWdmR9xvSu9kjjisg2qD6pvIFQrSghC3I0f.Kyw.hN8onofPaoLtEYRlntF_dcwmXhbEld_MRpY4Tb4h9MYuu0AlfSRbvBz5.nMaoMD8i.73O.fZYzNYsrf4ldPhvhThaeNgGf7NbszKmQQf7i1.s.Zz_QD7F49_p7s5ulTUS8_ItDZtd8wNetDllArX9mqxzqCNX6UZaTPS6om6gCq1eX3mE7TBRW46Uh6gNuDroxhgtmtz5mOsnTEj9Rc55L1srUrQG3XeJxJyCunO6NBe9pTWp2.TtYP6_CqHOzdEqP.Kn7TK6AT7tv8XEaBWe6YcQYp.v4umcZW4z0helC48YUBxYyrAgHuwhoetjVq2KWMSmDkTo0kelWmm6qknb713SVSk1b.Tt_07yHVQROXXmq7CM0vc2VfkThRZLuu5Hmh0K6sjH4udB9aV8pUKP5aMo5kbT.8E8qVAl4FGsXv9qnvJGZ9wMMg5w.x3sB3BwASW0pXa_3q_X8lHfZIhW4ap.xILIdlKO2HydgbDe4sE4y_WhMSaCpPh_WY5iPP8Zf9kkD0XDVzOJ_T3XePts970uzfAoyeSnQ0wn_GZghRLuut30dosmCNz7co2KbaQFGp5A.A6rNqUteyFCn4IGirugV2IwQFs7l17F3CnCvJ2HLxpj6EBCV5ZHoAPrYbuFDMdoH8XJe5oMfRWj2hEtKdkHOcy1G7347oldTHaLqt.EYV81pkRa0BgdouYb8tjzZiqbNdkxq4V9tVv4Ru_VNuCBkZH1L0ZdT.bMyAZunmhexPXi7yoG1YqeKnlIOUcNpZnEsuziSpmGG7LyKm3c7vwHIWkgmoCjM1UlpFuKWIWdB7EULOweEB6lyPiaHy8HQnAFKNB4qBmmQ2tKnP15rULRYJ5l36AQmP.KyEQBA7jCo6k59JZVk7W3C6u6boFXiOLrukrgNe9LKl01lcQAtuXH6BU.h8pT.KfF1i7AOTSDXCNPc7zZrXU7eLZtoRv9SauCvITQQs.hjTSaRVDkLq0KR2WStZojuORDaKtiNfc9_3V_7zhUdOuxxEjaRe6ksVaMFSDVn4D5vepHl0PXWkexRnfURA5RVeFVLp_841GzetL4M415.Z0vyh2gtGvRdAwstG8ImyxkzH8ykNiOBRNQKje7aihI763UpILOVZPVItYgaUJtROKraFwmHVYXuFVihmGam66gYpq89P61omTzIqrYmnAITxLysI66ZPuZr_y2SroGJonR6DfM3HTcwSR5pqGdmjUEUGyBRWGkB7bTMh8qb3nViAszvYXKs13fHNX2xHDcksZwn27_rd_svbSGDCI43lf6xnNrDUxO0t_5Fst4Ek7NNEKg_bRBeWWUROReLGfk0oFG4ckG.293xNh0gbgmhMemoJ1oM8DvlkVUparUEBre61La9DpHVTAWayG06Nz.iIcuPPbkA6bkWNQ8XzUE4_oOJBqegqjI1xUqwpJKe4Kc506t.65odGoo_OwThULnW1kVgYFjOVr8y2F1Fde8XDzkpDaMX.zhO6_od1M8jzgu7P7Oozt9RLnLxm23wFC2MmcApWSJhDaPLE4LS9m7P8kfnyy_AmTXKwOxGCh1GdzcbSBAyputFQebUvimxhnJtihy7V5vQeGFa7iAQp_PT_zaJL09Ue9jb.oKIWikiewqmejz9YAZZ.u9tMs4PI9Hr8yYcb6TWc4sO7nfJNnbNUbqcrFNm3JQB2vxnjllcbKJdXOS62vkFtW52vsXz0tHn3NhptxaX3Ra9UeS3qFaPwBVEQxpK92U9MTzeq.gCS49PgnGlTT5InIDBo1ZlLt8Ub.RvHuczRvuUQRj2C6_kPN.R5Co9Q573hPEO9c9qrFkAl039FJX2nVYLQRcEr2kSgcYRJ9z7xV2NlFUc0eMD7B5pv3HNHUGi1sF8lWS8znAtF44qg46JnIT5tkiVY",mdrd: "lmHQkWfnPC0NieKWcHdNE2_9T2u6596FvnJxYI4vLRc-1739802940-1.2.1.1-lx10mQC1BPNBtvBRNVZXemRGgAZ1Q0W.mOoMBqrnwr3m57Wqo7UlIzOufS.N8SYlZxdJJ3rNVEJH.pElJ5TJEy41giOSfjdHmNvBj9QChY3gAVZOHNaXJmIqnMFc0Qr6jcSAkibNR2vIhvHsNUl56FQmTbPwU5tQvVt1VYig4juC3ruRfQx7UW13QBsCFQRlrDkXDkELgCnlid0AVNBQ0_818iyuuEqGiFcAv44v6052NeRZrpStc9hODqGajP1BMjIg1U6ilUmb.IniwBgIhnNPrEwYxUX2ILhYFr5jjbx377uAswKr0hYDwEyaGHrvRVbLaPrpfBCC0D5fzzlcgsHrIkDFw9PL.5ydz82w4zSeJN7KnfLez6wftENkTyjw9U.j1sPsJsmp4dIxyfSHEpmqiuo9UcmQOx_RGDLxof_RvTjWBBtdrDBWoQ0eruuO0YgPVeUH0z_FbfVclk4r_5ktweMZ4U_67vtHcebYBYCe_iWGeUABwFqnBA3E2_MKlU9Ky5VhiHu.5fhSjipX.0edYcu3h1nXHtXD96MiVKcfX7V__TbmMyY9NIc8OgCn1hdZe7naom9HTcFTH3GleHaCEsSdaUXAARPwojihY8CkLdqMo6_CLnjJLPAI_x4CpDohAdscF1R9YFmiIcpzXuC7InkTZUee8W7u8YQcfwOPLuqUu4Jmw34KRpyiRQwdV8cny_1Qk7Gd7kkM_nRGGUlxOUU1eP0omR8n_urA0f_TKoH5IcNkTCiFQOVz7oL3wreYbahr.bcGEfgTZ9SzSvAtSHPXapuBKLi.X3489_16VMrfVik3w9RW3SPXNn4tKlZGR0B.2Kru7CIT4_Ne962r8WjHVcXS1OBT7LwvUnGlvq7nyR2pkh03GNrEAZyae5avJCQF2uavwiiw2AhqIHKf2bZQslApSu5TRN.188tSm2ko55poGb3k4yaWEUyDgQtDDshvWNDLFZ3RYNtY3zcF3_BdKma835q2_w00RMrQ_pszxakY6oe9wXu3vKQbTIXjUU6UKCWxXYCYaw4ulHns_UXQOaKpvCkJ0Qw.c1rZBIqC6fOaOMH4fADDYypoaWAI_K0RYM8TgArS06mc7IOtuASSUQB3a_HqeBrpHjumgkSAu9hoFDg5NzxjhuJEndOeTAQ101r01yE5Sk56.zIhmGphjoHUBHJwlPmWZpRIHPhEruniGi1lFPkfyncO_DmacG4k6vA3rjY53QOgr5xB1s.YjGNjGBf39uhl_2U0icZAqksnMFqe4PYrjfeXKzO0gb1JQdkII4..1b1w75RKP9WsKyfAADWWtcgEnkYPSu58TwQypRpT6BJnJDVwoNCFakT9YmNjU9Jyp1Q61X1nMLVm_QWf7LmDMzQBfyyVw1tbig6nc1eICseepoGQCgQI1jBBmQ7NJ9fmrESYXxUnYLE8OqJh3PF29yzw.IhqQhrvqnSfuAGb2lGZzOiGQTwBOaZmNGMmOdvRHJq8eEcde8QtfKyjUngdQEKpCvq5mzt1nS3VZfD9OdBK5caWDlt.GOBL8ni0VrVYL.QlsNKXXj3X7VygUkR1H3w6l1lhlN6SgUfolf0NLVgX3eTaBPOFfkT1YLxiyB.PdUGzjGjmfNaaGLyceFhql4gbng4nBnpx0yxdNoKYkeGkKK8PjwxgUe3qcrLuaiEmudPUUKNs6JMgnKYPh52VbIZXSsoZ1PKuVQHopM5Hv9wKpdjkYV1YHxaV8Bdzf29zN0TQWuFo0I_XKd3WTKaw0x2K_q_iZAbLgxd3O74.LRBWwibzyOFHfDVEhfNaEuSbO7GORoFSM7KLNU.dDtKuqS3C67DM.yan7VFe67Rc790N0il0SAXoTNC3a9GCQc7SwGJkbeOe890.fLvPTReTNARMvXxlLDOlFgJ_edwlRYQwkJPw0noyBnbq.tVvEqAMHzsmz2dZS5HNWpi3QA2LjeA59lZUxe49M9iWf3PBuXbIlhf8"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913681599e1ece6a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=expressing%20pain&__cf_chl_rt_tk=6DkaArRUF5qgaBTCvkNCqdiOunXjTnVyMLHvjb5hvp0-1739802940-1.0.1.1-3d1I3XMJ1EBhoqmbjhAnzT8TlngYdKbYgHWUAO3zUIw" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>