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cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_action&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_actions&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Social actions">Social actions</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the sociological concept. For the Italian political party, see <a href="/wiki/Social_Action" title="Social Action">Social Action</a>. For the Thai political party, see <a href="/wiki/Social_Action_Party" title="Social Action Party">Social Action Party</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a> or <a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(sociology)" title="Action theory (sociology)">Action theory (sociology)</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>social action</b>, also known as <b>Weberian social action</b>, is <a href="/wiki/Action_(philosophy)" title="Action (philosophy)">an act</a> which takes into account the actions and reactions of <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individuals</a> (or '<a href="/wiki/Agency_(sociology)" title="Agency (sociology)">agents</a>'). According to <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>, "Action is 'social' insofar as its subjective meaning takes account of the behavior of others and is thereby oriented in its course."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Max_Weber"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Max Weber</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Types"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Max_Weber">Max Weber</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_action&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Max Weber" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The basic concept was primarily developed in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-positivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-positivism">non-positivist</a> theory of <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> to observe how human behaviors relate to <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">cause and effect</a> in the social realm. For Weber, sociology is the study of society and behavior and must therefore look at the heart of interaction. The theory of social action, more than <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural functionalist">structural functionalist</a> positions, accepts and assumes that humans vary their actions according to social contexts and how it will affect other people; when a potential reaction is not desirable, the action is modified accordingly. Action can mean either a basic action (one that has a <a href="/wiki/Meaning-making" title="Meaning-making">meaning</a>) or an advanced social action, which not only has a meaning but is directed at other actors and causes action (or, perhaps, <i>inaction</i>). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>[Sociology is]</i> ... the science whose object is to interpret <i>the meaning of social action</i> and thereby give a <i>causal explanation</i> of the way in which the <i>action proceeds</i> and the <i>effects which it produces</i>. By 'action' in this definition is meant the human behavior when and to the extent that the agent or agents see it as <i>subjectively meaningful</i> ... the meaning to which we refer may be either (a) the meaning actually intended either by an individual agent on a particular historical occasion or by a number of agents on an approximate average in a given set of cases, or (b) the meaning attributed to the agent or agents, as types, in a pure type constructed in the abstract. In neither case is the 'meaning' to be thought of as somehow objectively 'correct' or 'true' by some metaphysical criterion. This is the difference between the empirical sciences of action, such as sociology and history, and any kind of <i>priori</i> discipline, such as jurisprudence, logic, ethics, or aesthetics whose aim is to extract from their subject-matter 'correct' or 'valid' meaning.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Max Weber <i>The Nature of Social Action</i> 1922, <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The term is more practical and encompassing than <a href="/wiki/Florian_Znaniecki" title="Florian Znaniecki">Florian Znaniecki</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Social_phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Social phenomena">social phenomena</a>", since the individual performing social action is not passive, but rather active and reactive. Although Weber himself used the word '<a href="/wiki/Agency_(sociology)" title="Agency (sociology)">agency</a>', in modern social science this term is often appropriated with a given acceptance of Weberian conceptions of social action, unless a work intends to make the direct allusion. Similarly, '<a href="/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory)">reflexivity</a>' is commonly used as a shorthand to refer to the circular relationship of cause and effect between <a href="/wiki/Structure_and_agency" title="Structure and agency">structure and agency</a> which Weber was integral in hypothesising. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_action&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Rational_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational action">Rational actions</a> (also known as value-rational actions, <i>wertrational</i>): actions which are taken because it leads to a valued goal, but with no thought of its consequences and often without consideration of the appropriateness of the means chosen to achieve it ('the end justifies the means'). Value rational or Instrumentally rational social action is divided into two groups: rational consideration and rational orientation. Rational consideration is when secondary results are taken into account rationally. This is also considered alternative means when secondary consequences have ended. Determining this mean of action is quite hard and even incompatible. Rational orientation is being able to recognize and understand certain mediums under common conditions. According to Weber, heterogeneous actors and groups that are competing, find it hard to settle on a certain medium and understand the common social action;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental action">Instrumental action</a> (also known as value relation, instrumentally rational, goal-instrumental ones, <i>zweckrational</i>): actions which are planned and taken after evaluating the goal in relation to other goals, and after thorough consideration of various means (and consequences) to achieve it. An example would be a high school student preparing for life as a lawyer. The student knows that in order to get into college, they must take the appropriate tests and fill out the proper forms to get into college and then do well in college in order to get into law school and ultimately realize their goal of becoming a lawyer. If the student chooses not to do well in college, they know that it will be difficult to get into law school and ultimately achieve the goal of being a lawyer. Thus the student must take the appropriate steps to reach the ultimate goal.</li></ol> <p>Another example would be most <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic</a> transactions. Value Relation is divided into the subgroups commands and demands. According to the law, people are given commands and must use the whole system of private laws to break down the central government or domination in the legal rights in which a citizen possess. Demands can be based on justice or human dignity just for morality. These demands have posed several problems even legal formalism has been put to the test. These demands seem to weigh on the society and at times can make them feel immoral.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rational choice approach to religion draws a close analogy between religion and the market economy. Religious firms compete against one another to offer religious products and services to consumers, who choose between the firms. To the extent that there are many religious firms competing against each other, they will tend to specialize and cater to the particular needs of some segments of religious consumers. This specialization and catering in turn increase the number of religious consumers actively engaged in the religious economy. This proposition has been confirmed in a number of empirical studies. </p><p>It is well known that strict churches are strong and growing in the contemporary United States, whereas liberal ones are declining. For Iannaccone's religious experience is a jointly produced collective good. Thus members of a church face a collective action problem. Strict churches, which often impose costly and esoteric requirements on their members, are able to solve this problem by weeding out potential free riders, since only the very committed would join the church in the face of such requirements. Consistent with the notion that religious experience is a collective good, Iannaccone et al. show that churches that extract more resources from their members (in the form of time and money) tend to grow in membership. </p> <ol><li>Affectual action (also known as <a href="/wiki/Emotional_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional action">emotional actions</a>): actions which are taken due to 'one's emotions, to express personal feelings. For examples, cheering after a victory, crying at a funeral would be affective actions. Affective is divided into two subgroups: uncontrolled reaction and emotional tension. In uncontrolled reaction there is no restraint and there is lack of discretion. A person with an uncontrolled reaction becomes less inclined to consider other peoples’ feelings as much as their own. Emotional tension comes from a basic belief that a person is unworthy or powerless to obtain their deepest aspirations. When aspirations are not fulfilled there is internal unrest. It is often difficult to be productive in society because of the unfulfilled life. Emotion is often neglected because of concepts at the core of exchange theory. A common example is behavioral and rational choice assumptions. From the behavioral view, emotions are often inseparable from punishments.</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotion</a>: Emotions are one's feelings in response to a certain situation. There are six types of emotion: social emotions, counterfactual emotions, emotions generated by what may happen (often manifested as anxiety), emotions generated by joy and grief (examples found in responses typically seen when a student gets a good grade, and when a person is at a funeral, respectively), thought-triggered emotions (sometimes manifested as flashbacks), and finally emotions of love and disgust. All of these emotions are considered to be unresolved. There are six features that are used to define emotions: intentional objects, valence, cognitive antecedents, physiological arousal, action tendencies, and lastly physiological expressions. These six concepts were identified by Aristotle and are still the topic of several talks. Macro institutional theory of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_Order&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic Order (page does not exist)">Economic Order</a>: Nicole Biggart and Thomas Beamish have a slightly different approach to human habit then Max Weber. Whereas Weber believed economic organization is based on structures of material interest and ideas, institutional sociologist like Biggart and Beamish stress macro-institutional sources of arrangements of market capitalism. </p><p>Micrological theories of economy consider acts of a group of individuals. Economic theory is based on the assumption that when the highest bidder succeeds the market clears. Microeconomic theories believes that individuals are going to find the cheapest way to buy the things they need. By doing this it causes providers to be competitive and therefore creates order in the economy. </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice models">Rational choice modeling</a>, on the other hand, assumes that all social action is rationally motivated. Rationality means that the actions taken are analyzed and calculated for the greatest amount of (self)-gain and efficiency.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional action">Traditional actions</a>: actions which are carried out due to <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a>, because they are always carried out in a particular manner for certain situations. An example would be putting on clothes or relaxing on Sundays. Some traditional actions can become a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">cultural artifact</a> Traditional is divided into two subgroups: customs and habit. A custom is a practice that rests among familiarity. It is continually perpetuated and is ingrained in a culture. Customs usually last for generations. A habit is a series of steps learned gradually and sometimes without conscious awareness. As the old cliché goes, "old habits are hard to break" and new habits are difficult to form.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_action_model" title="Social action model">Social action models</a> help explain Social Outcomes because of basic sociological ideas such as the Looking Glass Self. The idea of Cooley's <a href="/wiki/Looking_glass_self" class="mw-redirect" title="Looking glass self">looking glass self</a> is that our sense of self develops as we observe and reflect upon others and what they may think of our actions. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Impression_formation" title="Impression formation">impression formation</a> processes allow us to interpret the significance of others' actions.</li> <li>Social Actions and Institutions Model: An '<a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institution</a>' consists of specialized roles and settings that are linked together semantically,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the complex typically being devoted to serving some function within society.</li></ol> <p>In sociological hierarchy, social action is more advanced than <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Action_(philosophy)" title="Action (philosophy)">action</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">social behavior</a>, and is in turn followed by more advanced <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">social contact</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interaction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">social relation</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_action&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(sociology)" title="Action theory (sociology)">Action theory (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affectional_action" title="Affectional action">Affectional action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicative_action" title="Communicative action">Communicative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramaturgy_(sociology)" title="Dramaturgy (sociology)">Dramaturgy (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_action_(sociology)" title="Group action (sociology)">Group action (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_action" title="Collective action">Collective action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_and_value-rational_action" title="Instrumental and value-rational action">Instrumental and value-rational action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_structuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of structuration">Theory of structuration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verstehen" title="Verstehen">Verstehen</a></i></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_action&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSecher1962" class="citation cs2">Secher, H. P. (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040620154802/http://www.ne.jp/asahi/moriyuki/abukuma/weber/method/basic/basic_concept_frame.html"><i>Basic Concepts in Sociology. Contributors: Max Weber</i></a>, New York: Citadel Press, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.jp/asahi/moriyuki/abukuma/weber/method/basic/basic_concept_frame.html">the original</a> on 2004-06-20</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Concepts+in+Sociology.+Contributors%3A+Max+Weber&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Secher&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.jp%2Fasahi%2Fmoriyuki%2Fabukuma%2Fweber%2Fmethod%2Fbasic%2Fbasic_concept_frame.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber, Max</a> (1991), "The Nature of Social Action.", <i>Runciman, W.G. 'Weber: Selections in Translation'<span></span></i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+Social+Action.&rft.btitle=Runciman%2C+W.G.+%27Weber%3A+Selections+in+Translation%27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark2007" class="citation cs2">Stark, Rodney (2007), <i>Sociology</i>, USA: Thomson Wadsworth, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-09344-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-09344-2"><bdi>978-0-495-09344-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-495-09344-2&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSciulli1992" class="citation cs2">Sciulli, David (1992), <i>Theory of Societal Constitutionalism: Foundations of a Non-Marxist Critical Theory.</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41040-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41040-3"><bdi>978-0-521-41040-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Societal+Constitutionalism%3A+Foundations+of+a+Non-Marxist+Critical+Theory.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41040-3&rft.aulast=Sciulli&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1978" class="citation cs2">Weber, Max (1978), <i>Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology.</i>, USA: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03500-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03500-3"><bdi>978-0-520-03500-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economy+and+Society%3A+An+Outline+of+Interpretive+Sociology.&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03500-3&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGecasSchwalbe1983" class="citation cs2">Gecas, Viktor; Schwalbe, M. L. (1983), "Beyond The Looking Glass Self: Social Structure and Efficacy-Based Self-Esteem", <i>The Scholarly Journal Archive</i>, <b>46</b> (2): 77–88, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3033844">3033844</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6879222">6879222</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scholarly+Journal+Archive&rft.atitle=Beyond+The+Looking+Glass+Self%3A+Social+Structure+and+Efficacy-Based+Self-Esteem&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=77-88&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3033844%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6879222&rft.aulast=Gecas&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rft.au=Schwalbe%2C+M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hedström, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/311/5762/786?rss=1">“Experimental Macro Sociology: Predicting the Next Best Seller”</a> Science/AAAS. 10 Feb. 2006. 17 Oct. 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012215059/http://www.solonline.org/pra/tool/conversation.html">Society for Organizational Learning</a>. Personal Mastery 16 October 2007</li> <li>Habits 16 October 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://serendipstudio.org/bb/neuro/neuro05/web1/mmcgovern.html">http://serendipstudio.org/bb/neuro/neuro05/web1/mmcgovern.html</a></li> <li>Homans GC. 1961. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.217">Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms</a>. New York: Harcourt Brace 23 Oct. 2007.</li> <li>Frijda, Nico H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkNuuVf-pBMC">The Emotions</a>. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 1986 23 Oct. 2007</li> <li>Stark R, Bainbridge WS. 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.191">A Theory of Religion</a>. New York: Peter Lang</li> <li>Iannaccone LR. 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.191">Sacrifice and stigma: reducing free-riding in cults, communes, and other collectivities</a>. J. Polit. Econ. 100: 271– 91</li> <li>Iannaccone LR. 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.191">Why strict churches are strong</a>. Am. J. Sociol. 99: 1180– 211</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony. <i>Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure, and Contradiction in Social Analysis</i></li> <li>Atkinson, J. Maxwell. <i>Liberalism and Social Action by John Dewey</i>, Structures of Social Action (Studies in Emotion and social Interaction)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons1968" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Parsons, Talcott</a> (1968), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vbDkAAAAIAAJ"><i>The structure of social action: a study in social theory with special reference to a group of recent European writers</i></a>, New York: Free Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780029242407" title="Special:BookSources/9780029242407"><bdi>9780029242407</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+structure+of+social+action%3A+a+study+in+social+theory+with+special+reference+to+a+group+of+recent+European+writers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780029242407&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Talcott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvbDkAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+action" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_action&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Social_action" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Social action">Social action</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fadul, J. and Estoque, R. <i>A Textbook for an Introductory Course in Sociology. </i> Lulu Press, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1978" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Max (1978) [1968]. <i>Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03500-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03500-3"><bdi>0-520-03500-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economy+and+society%3A+An+outline+of+interpretive+sociology&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-520-03500-3&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber, Max <i>The Nature of Social Action</i> in Runciman, W.G. 'Weber: Selections in Translation' Cambridge University Press, 1991. p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacKinnon, Neil J. and David R. Heise. <i>Self, Identity, and Social Institutions</i> (Palgrave, 2010), Chapter 4</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_action&oldid=1253387374">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_action&oldid=1253387374</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_action&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Closed Limelike Curves" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1729881130"> <span>Last edited on 25 October 2024, at 18:32</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="فعل اجتماعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فعل اجتماعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aici%C3%B3n_social" title="Aición social – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aición social" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Социална дейност на човека – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социална дейност на човека" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acci%C3%B3_social" title="Acció social – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Acció social" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziales_Handeln" title="Soziales Handeln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Soziales Handeln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_social" title="Acción social – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acción social" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socia_agado" title="Socia agado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socia agado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizarte_ekintza" title="Gizarte ekintza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizarte ekintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="کنش اجتماعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنش اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_sociale_(sciences_sociales)" title="Action sociale (sciences sociales) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Action sociale (sciences sociales)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_social" title="Acción social – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acción social" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="સામાજિક ક્રિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સામાજિક ક્રિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սոցիալական գործողություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիալական գործողություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tindakan_sosial" title="Tindakan sosial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tindakan sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azione_sociale_(sociologia)" title="Azione sociale (sociologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Azione sociale (sociologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tindakan_sosial" title="Tindakan sosial – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tindakan sosial" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="社会的行為 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会的行為" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82" title="ਸਮਾਜਕ ਕਾਰਵਾਈਆਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਮਾਜਕ ਕਾਰਵਾਈਆਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzia%C5%82anie_(socjologia)" title="Działanie (socjologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Działanie (socjologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C3%A3o_social" title="Ação social – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ação social" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Социальное действие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социальное действие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veprimi_shoq%C3%ABror" title="Veprimi shoqëror – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Veprimi shoqëror" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Друштвена акција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Друштвена акција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Соціальна дія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціальна дія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0nh_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Hành động xã hội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hành động xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="社会行动 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="社会行动" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 18:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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