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href="#Affiliations_with_the_American_Psychological_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Affiliations with the American Psychological Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affiliations_with_the_American_Psychological_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_affiliations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_affiliations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Other affiliations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_affiliations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Edna Heidbreder</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1890-05-01</span>)</span>May 1, 1890<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Quincy, Illinois</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 19, 1985<span style="display:none">(1985-02-19)</span> (aged 94)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Bedford, Massachusetts</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">Columbia University (Ph.D., 1924) <p>University of Wisconsin (MA, 1918) </p> Knox College (BA, 1907)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Advocate for Women's Education, Philosophy, Psychology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Minnesota Mechanical Ability Tests (1930), Seven Psychologies (1933)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Board member of</th><td class="infobox-data">American Psychological Association</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Honours</th><td class="infobox-data">APA 75th Anniversary Celebration Honor</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edna Frances Heidbreder</b> (May 1, 1890 - February 19, 1985) was an American philosopher and psychologist who explored the study of history,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made contributions toward the field of study in psychometrics, systematic psychology, and concept formation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She expressed interest in cognition and systematic psychology,<sup id="cite_ref-Russo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the experimentation on personality traits and its characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also did work testing the normal inferiority complex and studied systemic problems in her later work.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heidbreder earned a doctorate in psychology, and was the first Knox graduate to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a high school teacher, an instructor at the University of Minnesota, and later on became a professor at Wellesley College.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of Heidbreder's long-lasting contributions include her involvement in the <i>Minnesota Mechanical Abilities Test</i>, her dissertation, <i>An Experimental Study of Thinking</i>, and her publication, <i>Seven Psychologies</i><sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which taught the history and seven systems of psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heidbreder was an active member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> (APA), the APA Division of General Psychology, and the National Research Council representing APA.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was an advocate of women’s education and of the destigmatization of stereotypes towards women in psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-Russo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edna_Frances_Heidbreder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heidbreder was born on May 1, 1890, in Quincy, Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her parents were raised in Quincy and were German immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father, William Henry Heidbreder, and her mother, Mathilda Emelie Meyer, had five children, Bertha, Lousie, Edna, Helen, and Ralph.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, Edna graduated from Quincy High and pursued college in Galesburg, Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edna_Frances_Heidbreder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1907, Heidbreder attended <a href="/wiki/Knox_College_(Illinois)" title="Knox College (Illinois)">Knox College</a>, in Galesburg IL, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She noted that all professors, and virtually all staff, at the college were men.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her third year of study, Heidbreder took mandatory courses in psychology and philosophy. She recounted that reading <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> led her to be increasingly skeptical of the validity of human knowledge, which kickstarted her interest in psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduating, she was pulled toward the fields of biology, history, philosophy, and psychology. </p><p>Rather than continuing to do graduate work after graduation, Heidbreder became a high school history teacher. She credits this decision to her conservative upbringing where women got married, lived at home, and had very stereotypical occupations such as nurse or secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her free time she was involved in community literacy clubs and indulged in philosophical and psychological writings. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">WWI</a>, Heidbreder undertook work related to the war effort. </p><p>Several years later, without an obvious incentive,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heibreder began graduate work at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin</a>. She graduated in 1918 with a Masters in Philosophy, which at the time was blended with psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her favourite course was experimental psychology, and inspired her decision to pursue a PhD in Psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heidbreder attended <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in New York in 1921 and earned her PhD by 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her dissertation was entitled <i>An Experimental Study of Thinking</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Columbia, she attended lectures by psychologists <a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_McDougall_(psychologist)" title="William McDougall (psychologist)">William McDougall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>. Additionally, she took courses with <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Woodworth" title="Robert S. Woodworth">R.S. Woodworth</a>, H.L. Hollingworth, and <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heidbreder recounts that the psychology department at Columbia was “perfectly hospitable but not encouraging to women”.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She took this seriously and advocated for women to prosper in education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edna_Frances_Heidbreder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After completing her PhD, Heidbreder taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> from 1924 to 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her time there, she researched thinking, problem solving, attainment of concepts, introversion versus extroversion, and inferiority attitudes. The chair of the psychology department urged Heidbreder to write a book on history and psychological systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She agreed and published <i>Seven Psychologies</i> in 1933 which outlined American trends of psychological thinking. At the university, Heidbreder was also asked to help assemble, edit, and put together a draft of reports for <i>The Minnesota Mechanical Ability Tests</i> which were being developed.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her contribution was indispensable, as indicated by R.M. Elliott who said her work was “greater than that of anyone else in the group”.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, Heidbreder was contacted by <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a> who offered her a teaching position. The college was looking for “the most distinguished woman psychologist in the country”.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She published several papers in systematic psychology in her time at Wellesley, and remained there until her retirement in 1955. Despite retiring, she taught at <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College">Radcliffe College</a>, the women-equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>, for six years.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edna_Frances_Heidbreder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thinking_as_an_Instinct_(1926)"><span id="Thinking_as_an_Instinct_.281926.29"></span><i>Thinking as an Instinct</i> (1926)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edna_Frances_Heidbreder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Thinking as an Instinct (1926)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a psychologist in the field of research, Heidbreder was interested in the notion that the mechanism of thinking could possess identical properties similar to a biological instinct.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926, she published a psychological review called <i>Thinking as an Instinct</i>, in which she compared and connected to previous works from John Dewey’s <i>Essays in Logical Theory</i> and <i>How We Think</i>, as well as William James’ <i>The Principles of Psychology</i> to her new functionalist school of thought around the topic of thinking. </p><p>Heidbreder stated that the reason the notion of thinking has been disregarded within the field of psychology was because it was brought upon a philosophical manner rather than a testable subject that could be studied within the realm of empirical research.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led her to thoroughly examine the criteria in which thinking could be classified as scientific and nature-based, in relation to the nature-nurture debate. Her psychological review emphasized the ever-changing theories, ideas, and school of thoughts within psychology as she explored its fluidity. A topic that was once solely looked at within a metaphysical point-of-view could essentially be renewed and relooked at with just a change of direction and perception - in this case, a biological point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She looked towards science to explain thinking that was once viewed as a philosophical matter. </p><p>In her account on the basis of thinking as an instinct, Heidbreder believed that as natural as eating could be for human survival, thinking could be regarded in a similar sense.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She thought that both eating and thinking were naturally occurring without the influence of an outer or inner force to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were mindless activities in which humans engage in and essentially was something that they needed to do but there wasn’t an exact explanation behind it for doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also stated that the mechanisms behind the drive of our thought process could be compared to other biological processes that humans possess; in a sense that it functioned, occurred, and goal-orientated within the same way.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To build on, Heidbreder also broke down the mechanisms of thinking and compared it to the other functions that occur within the human body classified as instincts.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She suggested that thinking is similar to an impulse in which there isn’t a reason behind the creation of thoughts but rather thoughts occur spontaneously and out of one’s control.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led her to believe that thinking is based on its native capacity to function.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She strayed away from the philosophical thoughts of reasoning to explain occurrences and wanted to examine it within a scientific manner - it wasn't that philosophical explanations were wrong, but more so she was fascinated by her own interests. </p><p>Heidbreder also credited from Dewey and James as a reference to their biological perspectives within psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She used their ideas explicitly to support and contrast her change in paradigm when looking at the process of thinking. Drawing from James’ idea that the need for thinking has been rooted and innately present within the upbringing of animals, including humans, Heidbreder elaborated on how thinking can relate to a variety of survival reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She believed that animals were, by nature, creatures that survive off of their instincts and that humans were a category of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also thought that distinctiveness was key to determining if something was classified as an instinct or not.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance to distinctiveness, she believed that one main characteristic of an instinct is whether it provides an importance within an organism and that the behaviour of the instinct functions within a constant pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thinking is one of the important characteristics that define humans and thinking occurs almost homogeneously between humans - thus, thinking is an instinct. </p><p>Heidbreder hoped that her analyses would provide a new perspective on viewing the concept of thinking within psychology. She emphasized the fundamental need to start understanding phenomena within a much more diverse manner and within a multi-comparison level in order to grasp the essence of what it is, how it functions, and how it developed, rather than within a singular, structured perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_Psychologies_(1933)"><span id="Seven_Psychologies_.281933.29"></span><i>Seven Psychologies</i> (1933)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edna_Frances_Heidbreder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Seven Psychologies (1933)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Published in 1933, <i>Seven Psychologies</i> was one of Edna Heidbreder's most acclaimed pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-Russo_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book’s target audience were individuals outside of the field of psychology who were fascinated by the main theories and theorists who influenced American psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heidbreder focused on seven theories/schools of thought and their associated theorists: <a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(psychology)" title="Structuralism (psychology)">structuralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Titchener" title="Edward B. Titchener">Edward Bradford Titchener</a>; the psychology of William James; <a href="/wiki/Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">functionalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> psychologists (including, Dewey, <a href="/wiki/James_Rowland_Angell" title="James Rowland Angell">James Rowland Angell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harvey_A._Carr" title="Harvey A. Carr">Harvey A. Carr</a>); <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviourism</a> and Watson; dynamic psychology and Columbia (including Woodworth); <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a> psychology; and <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heidbreder’s approach was to examine the perspective of each theorist’s viewpoint on psychology through their different schools of thought while discussing the positives and deficiencies of each theory.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heidbreder evaluated the theories based on their ability to progress the scientific approach to psychology rather than on their accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, in regard to Titchener, she discussed how he wanted psychology to be researched through a <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> approach while removing intuition-based explanations of the mind—something he viewed as a barrier to advancing the scientific approach to psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heidbreder acknowledged the limitations of her book, namely that she did not incorporate all of the key influencers at the time, such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spearman" title="Charles Spearman">Charles Edward Spearman</a>, and that, for the theories she did incorporate, she did not delve into deviations, such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>’s influence on psychoanalysis.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also discussed the potential pitfalls of her approach to writing the book, such as the illusion of cohesion within a theory and the oversimplification of concepts. However, in defending her decisions, Heidbreder reiterated that the purpose of the text was for a non-psychologist to gain a brief insight into the main sources of influences on American psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heidbreder received praise for her objective approach from prominent psychologists.<sup id="cite_ref-Russo_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Koffka" title="Kurt Koffka">Kurt Koffka</a>, one of the founders of Gestalt psychology, commented: “Throughout I was struck by the clearness, impartiality and the fairness of your exposition. You have the progress of psychology at heart, and you try to present the different and conflicting systems in such a way that psychology may derive some benefit from your stock-taking."<sup id="cite_ref-Russo_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_right_to_education"><span id="Women.27s_right_to_education"></span>Women's right to education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edna_Frances_Heidbreder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Women's right to education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edna Heidbreder strongly advocated for women’s rights, particularly women’s rights in learning and education. She was also aware of the discrimination and inequality women had to continuously face in science and research as it was studied predominantly by men at the time. When learning at school, she found it hard being in the field of science and psychology as she was surrounded by men, including the professors that taught her.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was observant of the school’s tolerance of women within education, and how hospitable they were to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Russo_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heidbreder believed that women eventually came to understand that they live in a society that was more favorable to men. This included fields of study such as psychology, the sciences, and other ambitious disciplines. She believed that while women did acknowledge this reality, it did not mean they supported it; it was simply a conformity that people were expected to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-Russo_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cause of men being favored in most academic fields, Heidbreder believed, was due to the nature of the conditions outside the workplace and disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-Russo_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She suggested that this was because of stereotypes that people associated with gender within society. These stereotypes affected how the opposite sex see each other and how they interact with each other, accordingly. Women in non-stereotypical positions, working in male-dominant fields of science and research, was difficult to become accustomed to for some, even subconsciously, according to Heidbreder.<sup id="cite_ref-Russo_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Committees_and_awards">Committees and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edna_Frances_Heidbreder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Committees and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affiliations_with_the_American_Psychological_Association">Affiliations with the American Psychological Association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edna_Frances_Heidbreder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Affiliations with the American Psychological Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edna Heidbreder was involved with the American Psychological Association (APA), and provided services to them for over a decade, until her retirement in 1955. She was an active member of the Board of Directors from 1939 to 1940, and again from 1942 to 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, she was a representative of the APA to the National Research Council until 1947, and she started again from 1952 to 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, she became the president of the Division on General Psychology - now known as the Society for General Psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-Russo_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, Heidbreder was one of thirty-seven senior members honored by the Association as part of its 75th anniversary celebration. Her work on thinking and cognition, and her book Seven Psychologies were specially mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-Russo_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_affiliations">Other affiliations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edna_Frances_Heidbreder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other affiliations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heidbreder was president of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Psychological_Association" title="Eastern Psychological Association">Eastern Psychological Association</a> (EPA), from 1943 to 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from her, only one other woman had been in this position.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She remained in the EPA for three years as a member of their Board of Directors.<sup id="cite_ref-Russo_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940, Heidbreder began work as a secretary for the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> (AAAS).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a secretary for seven years until she became vice-president in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-Russo_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also became the chairperson for the AAAS’ section on psychology, and she remained there as the chairperson until 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edna_Frances_Heidbreder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHenle1987" class="citation journal cs1">Henle, Mary (January 1987). "Edna Heidbreder (1890-1985)". <i>American Psychologist</i>. <b>42</b>: 94–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0092013">10.1037/h0092013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Edna+Heidbreder+%281890-1985%29&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=94-95&rft.date=1987-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0092013&rft.aulast=Henle&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdna+Frances+Heidbreder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russo_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russo_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russo_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russo_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russo_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russo_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russo_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russo_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russo_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russo_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russo_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russo_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russo_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussoO'Connell1990" class="citation book cs1">Russo, Nancy F.; O'Connell, Agnes (August 13, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womeninpsycholog0000unse/page/143"><i>Women in Psychology: A Bio-Bibliographic Sourcebook</i></a>. New York, NY: Greenwood Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womeninpsycholog0000unse/page/143">143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313260915" title="Special:BookSources/0313260915"><bdi>0313260915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Psychology%3A+A+Bio-Bibliographic+Sourcebook&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1990-08-13&rft.isbn=0313260915&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Nancy+F.&rft.au=O%27Connell%2C+Agnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomeninpsycholog0000unse%2Fpage%2F143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdna+Frances+Heidbreder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurumoto1980" class="citation journal cs1">Furumoto, Laurel (September 1980). "Edna Heidbreder: Systematic and Cognitive Psychologist". <i>Psychology of Women Quarterly</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 94–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-6402.1980.tb01036.x">10.1111/j.1471-6402.1980.tb01036.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-6843">0361-6843</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144557033">144557033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Women+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Edna+Heidbreder%3A+Systematic+and+Cognitive+Psychologist&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94-102&rft.date=1980-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144557033%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0361-6843&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1471-6402.1980.tb01036.x&rft.aulast=Furumoto&rft.aufirst=Laurel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdna+Frances+Heidbreder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidbreder1926" class="citation journal cs1">Heidbreder, Edna (1926). "Thinking as an Instinct". <i>Psychological Review</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 279–297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0075873">10.1037/h0075873</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/614242736">614242736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.atitle=Thinking+as+an+Instinct&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=279-297&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0075873&rft.aulast=Heidbreder&rft.aufirst=Edna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdna+Frances+Heidbreder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidbreder1933" class="citation book cs1">Heidbreder, Edna (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/SevenPsychologiesEdnaHeidbreder"><i>Seven Psychologies</i></a>. New York: Century Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Psychologies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Century+Co.&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Heidbreder&rft.aufirst=Edna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSevenPsychologiesEdnaHeidbreder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdna+Frances+Heidbreder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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