Geri Dönüş Kaybı Nedir? - Electricity Turkey Magazine

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} .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-print .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-print .td-social-but-text { border-color: #333; } .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-linkedin .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-linkedin .td-social-but-text { border-color: #0266a0; } .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-tumblr .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-tumblr .td-social-but-text { border-color: #3e5a70; } .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-telegram .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-telegram .td-social-but-text { border-color: #179cde; } .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-stumbleupon .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-stumbleupon .td-social-but-text { border-color: #ee4813; } .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-vk .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-vk .td-social-but-text { border-color: #4c75a3; } .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-line .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-line .td-social-but-text { border-color: #00b900; } .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-viber .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-viber .td-social-but-text { border-color: #5d54a4; } .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-naver .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-naver .td-social-but-text { border-color: #3ec729; } .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-flipboard .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-border-colored .td-social-flipboard .td-social-but-text { border-color: #f42827; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-but-icon { height: 100%; border-color: transparent !important; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-network .td-social-but-icon { color: #fff; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-facebook .td-social-but-icon { background-color: #516eab; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-twitter .td-social-but-icon { background-color: #29c5f6; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-pinterest .td-social-but-icon { background-color: #ca212a; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-whatsapp .td-social-but-icon { background-color: #7bbf6a; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-reddit .td-social-but-icon { background-color: #f54200; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-mail .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-digg .td-social-but-icon { background-color: #000; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-print .td-social-but-icon { background-color: #333; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-linkedin .td-social-but-icon { background-color: #0266a0; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-tumblr .td-social-but-icon { background-color: #3e5a70; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-telegram .td-social-but-icon { background-color: #179cde; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-stumbleupon .td-social-but-icon { background-color: #ee4813; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-vk .td-social-but-icon { background-color: #4c75a3; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-line .td-social-but-icon { background-color: #00b900; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-viber .td-social-but-icon { background-color: #5d54a4; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-naver .td-social-but-icon { background-color: #3ec729; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-flipboard .td-social-but-icon { background-color: #f42827; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-but-text { margin-left: -3px; } .td-ps-icon-bg .td-social-network .td-social-but-text:before { display: none; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-network .td-social-but-icon:after { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); left: calc(100% + 1px); width: 0; height: 0; border-style: solid; border-width: 9px 0 9px 11px; border-color: transparent transparent transparent #000; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-network .td-social-but-text { padding-left: 20px; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-network .td-social-but-text:before { display: none; } .td-ps-icon-arrow.td-ps-padding .td-social-network .td-social-but-icon:after { left: 100%; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-facebook .td-social-but-icon:after { border-left-color: #516eab; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-twitter .td-social-but-icon:after { border-left-color: #29c5f6; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-pinterest .td-social-but-icon:after { border-left-color: #ca212a; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-whatsapp .td-social-but-icon:after { border-left-color: #7bbf6a; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-reddit .td-social-but-icon:after { border-left-color: #f54200; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-mail .td-social-but-icon:after, .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-digg .td-social-but-icon:after { border-left-color: #000; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-print .td-social-but-icon:after { border-left-color: #333; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-linkedin .td-social-but-icon:after { border-left-color: #0266a0; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-tumblr .td-social-but-icon:after { border-left-color: #3e5a70; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-telegram .td-social-but-icon:after { border-left-color: #179cde; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-stumbleupon .td-social-but-icon:after { border-left-color: #ee4813; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-vk .td-social-but-icon:after { border-left-color: #4c75a3; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-line .td-social-but-icon:after { border-left-color: #00b900; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-viber .td-social-but-icon:after { border-left-color: #5d54a4; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-naver .td-social-but-icon:after { border-left-color: #3ec729; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-flipboard .td-social-but-icon:after { border-left-color: #f42827; } .td-ps-icon-arrow .td-social-expand-tabs .td-social-but-icon:after { display: none; } .td-ps-icon-color .td-social-facebook .td-social-but-icon { color: #516eab; } .td-ps-icon-color .td-social-twitter .td-social-but-icon { color: #29c5f6; } .td-ps-icon-color .td-social-pinterest .td-social-but-icon { color: #ca212a; } .td-ps-icon-color .td-social-whatsapp .td-social-but-icon { color: #7bbf6a; } .td-ps-icon-color .td-social-reddit .td-social-but-icon { color: #f54200; } .td-ps-icon-color .td-social-mail .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-icon-color .td-social-digg .td-social-but-icon { color: #000; } .td-ps-icon-color .td-social-print .td-social-but-icon { color: #333; } .td-ps-icon-color .td-social-linkedin .td-social-but-icon { color: #0266a0; } .td-ps-icon-color .td-social-tumblr .td-social-but-icon { color: #3e5a70; } .td-ps-icon-color .td-social-telegram .td-social-but-icon { color: #179cde; } .td-ps-icon-color .td-social-stumbleupon .td-social-but-icon { color: #ee4813; } .td-ps-icon-color .td-social-vk .td-social-but-icon { color: #4c75a3; } .td-ps-icon-color .td-social-line .td-social-but-icon { color: #00b900; } .td-ps-icon-color .td-social-viber .td-social-but-icon { color: #5d54a4; } .td-ps-icon-color .td-social-naver .td-social-but-icon { color: #3ec729; } .td-ps-icon-color .td-social-flipboard .td-social-but-icon { color: #f42827; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-but-text { font-weight: 700; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-facebook .td-social-but-text { color: #516eab; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-twitter .td-social-but-text { color: #29c5f6; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-pinterest .td-social-but-text { color: #ca212a; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-whatsapp .td-social-but-text { color: #7bbf6a; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-reddit .td-social-but-text { color: #f54200; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-mail .td-social-but-text, .td-ps-text-color .td-social-digg .td-social-but-text { color: #000; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-print .td-social-but-text { color: #333; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-linkedin .td-social-but-text { color: #0266a0; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-tumblr .td-social-but-text { color: #3e5a70; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-telegram .td-social-but-text { color: #179cde; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-stumbleupon .td-social-but-text { color: #ee4813; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-vk .td-social-but-text { color: #4c75a3; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-line .td-social-but-text { color: #00b900; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-viber .td-social-but-text { color: #5d54a4; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-naver .td-social-but-text { color: #3ec729; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-flipboard .td-social-but-text { color: #f42827; } .td-ps-text-color .td-social-expand-tabs .td-social-but-text { color: #b1b1b1; } .td-ps-notext .td-social-but-icon { width: 40px; } .td-ps-notext .td-social-network .td-social-but-text { display: none; } .td-ps-padding .td-social-network .td-social-but-icon { padding-left: 17px; padding-right: 17px; } .td-ps-padding .td-social-handler .td-social-but-icon { width: 40px; } .td-ps-padding .td-social-reddit .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-padding .td-social-telegram .td-social-but-icon { padding-right: 16px; } .td-ps-padding .td-social-stumbleupon .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-padding .td-social-digg .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-padding .td-social-expand-tabs .td-social-but-icon { padding-right: 13px; } .td-ps-padding .td-social-vk .td-social-but-icon { padding-right: 14px; } .td-ps-padding .td-social-expand-tabs .td-social-but-icon { padding-left: 13px; } .td-ps-rounded .td-social-network .td-social-but-icon { border-top-left-radius: 100px; border-bottom-left-radius: 100px; } .td-ps-rounded .td-social-network .td-social-but-text { border-top-right-radius: 100px; border-bottom-right-radius: 100px; } .td-ps-rounded.td-ps-notext .td-social-network .td-social-but-icon { border-top-right-radius: 100px; border-bottom-right-radius: 100px; } .td-ps-rounded .td-social-expand-tabs { border-radius: 100px; } .td-ps-bar .td-social-network .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-bar .td-social-network .td-social-but-text { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0px -3px 0px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.31); box-shadow: inset 0px -3px 0px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.31); } .td-ps-bar .td-social-mail .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-bar .td-social-digg .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-bar .td-social-mail .td-social-but-text, .td-ps-bar .td-social-digg .td-social-but-text { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0px -3px 0px 0px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.28); box-shadow: inset 0px -3px 0px 0px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.28); } .td-ps-bar .td-social-print .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-bar .td-social-print .td-social-but-text { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0px -3px 0px 0px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2); box-shadow: inset 0px -3px 0px 0px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2); } .td-ps-big .td-social-but-icon { display: block; line-height: 60px; } .td-ps-big .td-social-but-icon .td-icon-share { width: auto; } .td-ps-big .td-social-handler .td-social-but-text:before { display: none; } .td-ps-big .td-social-share-text .td-social-but-icon { width: 90px; } .td-ps-big .td-social-expand-tabs .td-social-but-icon { width: 60px; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .td-ps-big .td-social-share-text { display: none; } } .td-ps-big .td-social-facebook i, .td-ps-big .td-social-reddit i, .td-ps-big .td-social-mail i, .td-ps-big .td-social-linkedin i, .td-ps-big .td-social-tumblr i, .td-ps-big .td-social-stumbleupon i { margin-top: -2px; } .td-ps-big .td-social-facebook i, .td-ps-big .td-social-reddit i, .td-ps-big .td-social-linkedin i, .td-ps-big .td-social-tumblr i, .td-ps-big .td-social-stumbleupon i, .td-ps-big .td-social-vk i, .td-ps-big .td-social-viber i, .td-ps-big .td-social-fliboard i, .td-ps-big .td-social-share-text i { font-size: 22px; } .td-ps-big .td-social-telegram i { font-size: 24px; } .td-ps-big .td-social-mail i, .td-ps-big .td-social-line i, .td-ps-big .td-social-print i { font-size: 23px; } .td-ps-big .td-social-twitter i, .td-ps-big .td-social-expand-tabs i { font-size: 20px; } .td-ps-big .td-social-whatsapp i, .td-ps-big .td-social-naver i, .td-ps-big .td-social-flipboard i { font-size: 26px; } .td-ps-big .td-social-pinterest .td-icon-pinterest { font-size: 21px; } .td-ps-big .td-social-telegram .td-icon-telegram { left: 1px; } .td-ps-big .td-social-stumbleupon .td-icon-stumbleupon { left: -2px; } .td-ps-big .td-social-digg .td-icon-digg { left: -1px; font-size: 25px; } .td-ps-big .td-social-vk .td-icon-vk { left: -1px; } .td-ps-big .td-social-naver .td-icon-naver { left: 0; } .td-ps-big .td-social-but-text { margin-left: 0; padding-top: 0; padding-left: 17px; } .td-ps-big.td-ps-notext .td-social-network, .td-ps-big.td-ps-notext .td-social-handler { height: 60px; } .td-ps-big.td-ps-notext .td-social-network { width: 60px; } .td-ps-big.td-ps-notext .td-social-network .td-social-but-icon { width: 60px; } .td-ps-big.td-ps-notext .td-social-share-text .td-social-but-icon { line-height: 40px; } .td-ps-big.td-ps-notext .td-social-share-text .td-social-but-text { display: block; line-height: 1; } .td-ps-big.td-ps-padding .td-social-network, .td-ps-big.td-ps-padding .td-social-handler { height: 90px; font-size: 13px; } .td-ps-big.td-ps-padding .td-social-network { min-width: 60px; } .td-ps-big.td-ps-padding .td-social-but-icon { border-bottom-left-radius: 0; border-top-right-radius: 2px; } .td-ps-big.td-ps-padding.td-ps-bar .td-social-but-icon { -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; } .td-ps-big.td-ps-padding .td-social-but-text { display: block; padding-bottom: 17px; line-height: 1; border-top-left-radius: 0; border-top-right-radius: 0; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; } .td-ps-big.td-ps-padding .td-social-but-text:before { display: none; } .td-ps-big.td-ps-padding .td-social-expand-tabs i { line-height: 90px; } .td-ps-nogap { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } .td-ps-nogap .td-social-network, .td-ps-nogap .td-social-handler { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; border-radius: 0; } .td-ps-nogap .td-social-network .td-social-but-icon, .td-ps-nogap .td-social-network .td-social-but-text { border-radius: 0; } .td-ps-nogap .td-social-expand-tabs { border-radius: 0; } .td-post-sharing-style7 .td-social-network .td-social-but-icon { height: 100%; 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Hem bakır bükümlü çift hem de fiber optik kablolama sistemlerinde kritik bir performans parametresidir, çünkü iletilen sinyale müdahale edebilir ve ölçülen ekleme kaybında (bir sinyalin bir kablo bağlantısı boyunca hareket ederken kaybettiği güç miktarı) bir artışa katkıda bulunabilir.</p> <p>Çok fazla güç geri yansıtılırsa, uzak uçta daha az güç kullanılabilir. Bazı fiber optik sistemlerde geri dönüş kaybı, alıcı-verici lazer kaynağına bile zarar verebilir. </p> <p><strong>Getiri Kaybını Hesaplama Formülü</strong></p> <p>Desibel (dB) cinsinden ölçülen geri dönüş kaybı, aşağıdaki formül kullanılarak giriş (veya olay) gücünün yansıyan güçle karşılaştırılmasıyla hesaplanır:</p> <p>Geri Dönüş Kaybı = +dB cinsinden 10*log (olası güç/yansıtılan güç)</p> <p>Sonuç her zaman pozitif bir sayıdır ve yüksek bir değer her zaman daha iyidir. (Değerin pozitif olarak ifade edilmesi, hem TIA hem de ISO standartlarının bir gerekliliğidir, ancak kafa karışıklığına yol açabilir — Pozitif misiniz, Negatif mi?) Kaynak sinyalinden gelen gücün hiçbiri geri yansıtılmazsa, sonsuz bir geri dönüş kaybı olacağını düşünün. Daha yüksek geri dönüş kaybı genellikle iletilen sinyalde daha az bozulma ile ilişkilidir.</p> <p><strong>Geri Dönüş Kaybına Karşı Yansıma</strong></p> <p>Yansıma esasen geri dönüş kaybının tersidir. Geri dönen miktara kıyasla enjekte edilen sinyal miktarından ziyade yansıtma, enjekte edilen miktara kıyasla geri dönen sinyal miktarıdır. Yansıma da dB cinsinden ifade edilir, ancak bu formülde gösterildiği gibi negatif bir sayıdır<strong>: Yansıtma = -dB cinsinden 10*log (yansıyan güç/olay gücü)</strong></p> <p>Sayı ne kadar düşükse yansıtma o kadar iyidir. Yüksek veya düşük değerlerin daha iyi olup olmadığını bilmenin bir yolu, sıfırdan daha uzak değerlerin hem geri dönüş kaybı hem de yansıma için daha iyi olduğunu hatırlamaktır. Tüm fiber bağlantıyı test etmek için geri dönüş kaybı kullanılırken, bireysel olaylar, yani bağlantı noktaları için yansıtmanın kullanıldığını unutmayın.</p> <p><strong>Optik Fiberde Geri Dönüş Kaybı </strong></p> <p>Fiber optik kablolama sistemlerinde geri dönüş kaybı bakıra göre çok daha azdır. Fiberin çok daha uzun mesafeleri desteklemesinin nedenlerinden biri de budur. Örneğin, tipik optik geri dönüş kaybı, uygulamaya ve test edilen fiberin tipine, dalga boyuna, darbe genişliğine ve geri saçılma katsayısına bağlı olarak 20 dB ile 75 dB arasında değişir. Buna karşılık, Kategori 6 bakır bükümlü çift kablo bağlantısı için geri dönüş kaybı sınırı 250 MHz’de 10 dB’dir.</p> <p>Ayrı bağlantı noktalarının da bir Optik Zaman Etki Alanı Reflektometresi (OTDR) kullanılarak ölçülebilen bir yansıma değeri vardır. Bununla birlikte, çoğu üretici, Geri Dönüş Kaybında bileşenlerinin yansımasını belirtir; bu, değerin pozitif bir sayı olarak ifade edildiği anlamına gelir. Unutmayın, yansıma negatif bir sayıdır; sayı ne kadar düşük olursa, bir bağlantıdaki genel geri dönüş kaybı ve ekleme kaybı o kadar iyi olur. İyi bir çok modlu fiber konektörün yansıtması -35 dB veya daha düşük (veya geri dönüş kaybı 35 dB veya daha fazla), iyi bir tek modlu konektörün yansıtması -50 dB veya daha düşük olacaktır. İyi bir füzyon ek yeri tipik olarak çok daha düşük olacaktır ve bu değerler çoğu saha test cihazıyla ölçülemez.</p> <div class="wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-center has-background" style="background-color:#f8fbe4e8;grid-template-columns:53% auto"><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="738" height="314" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20738%20314'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="" class="wp-image-24203 size-full" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-3.png 738w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-3-300x128.png 300w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-3-150x64.png 150w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-3-696x296.png 696w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 738px) 100vw, 738px" data-lazy-src="https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-3.png" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="738" height="314" src="https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-3.png" alt="" class="wp-image-24203 size-full" srcset="https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-3.png 738w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-3-300x128.png 300w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-3-150x64.png 150w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-3-696x296.png 696w" sizes="(max-width: 738px) 100vw, 738px" /></noscript></figure><div class="wp-block-media-text__content"> <div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:2em;padding-right:2em;padding-bottom:2em;padding-left:2em"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <p><strong>Fiber Optik Sistemlerde Geri Dönüş Kaybının Nedenleri</strong></p> <p>Bir fiber optik sistemdeki geri dönüş kaybı, öncelikle bağlantı noktalarındaki (yani konektörler ve ek yerleri) Fresnel yansımalarından kaynaklanır. Kirli konektör uç yüzleri, geri dönüş kaybını 20 dB veya daha fazla düşüren en yaygın nedendir. Geri dönüş kaybı aynı zamanda kötü parlatılmış uç yüzler, kötü eşleşen konektörler (yani hava boşlukları ve çekirdek yanlış hizalamaları), fiberdeki çatlaklar, açık fiber uçları ve üretim süreci sırasında fiber çekirdeğe giren safsızlıklardan da kaynaklanabilir. Büküm yarıçapının aşılması veya çekme gerilimi gereksinimleri gibi kurulum gerilimlerinin bir sonucu olarak fiberde meydana gelebilecek mikro ve makro bükülmeler de geri dönüş kaybını etkileyebilir.</p> <p>Konnektör uç yüzünün açısının da geri dönüş kaybı üzerinde etkisi olabilir. Bir APC (açılı fiziksel temas) uç yüzü 8 derece eğimliyken, UPC (ultra fiziksel temas) konnektörünün uç yüzü hafifçe yuvarlaktır.</p> </div></div> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-center has-background" style="background-color:#fbfae6;grid-template-columns:53% auto"><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><img decoding="async" width="780" height="450" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20780%20450'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="" class="wp-image-24204 size-full" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL2.png 780w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL2-300x173.png 300w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL2-768x443.png 768w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL2-150x87.png 150w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL2-696x402.png 696w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px" data-lazy-src="https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL2.png" /><noscript><img decoding="async" width="780" height="450" src="https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL2.png" alt="" class="wp-image-24204 size-full" srcset="https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL2.png 780w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL2-300x173.png 300w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL2-768x443.png 768w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL2-150x87.png 150w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL2-696x402.png 696w" sizes="(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px" /></noscript></figure><div class="wp-block-media-text__content"> <div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:2em;padding-right:2em;padding-bottom:2em;padding-left:2em"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <p>UPC ve APC konektörlerinin uç yüz şekilleri</p> <p>İki UPC konektörü eşleştiğinde, yansıma doğrudan fiber çekirdekten geçerek kaynağa doğru yönlendirilir. Bununla birlikte, bir APC konnektörünün açılı uç yüzü, yansıyan ışığın çoğunun fiber çekirdeği çevreleyen kaplamaya açı yapmasına ve bu kaplama tarafından emilmesine neden olur. İyi bir UPC tek modlu konektör -50 dB veya daha düşük bir değere sahip olurken, bir APC tek modlu konektör genel olarak -60 dB veya daha düşüktür. APC bağlantısı bu nedenle genellikle yansımaya karşı daha hassas olan fiber uygulamalarda kullanılır</p> </div></div> </div></div> <p><strong>Geri Dönüş Kaybı Gereksinimleri</strong></p> <p>Daha önce bahsedildiği gibi, iyi bir geri dönüş kaybı performansı aynı zamanda iyi ekleme kaybı performansının bir göstergesidir; bu, fiber optik uygulamalarına destek sağlamak için gereken birincil parametredir ve fiber zayıflama (bazen kayıp veya Kademe 1 olarak adlandırılır) sertifikasyon testi için gereklidir. Zayıf geri dönüş kaybı performansı, sonuçta bir fiber bağlantının ekleme kaybında başarısız olmasına ve sertifika testini geçememesine neden olabilir.</p> <p>Ek olarak, bağlantı noktalarının sayısı ve geri dönüş kaybı değerlerinin maksimum ekleme kaybı gereksinimlerini azaltabileceği, yansımaya daha duyarlı bazı uygulamalar vardır. Daha yeni DR ve FR kısa menzilli tek modlu uygulamalarda kullanılan düşük maliyetli, düşük güçlü alıcı-vericilerde durum budur. Sonuç olarak, IEEE standartları, bir kanaldaki eşleşen çiftlerin sayısına bağlı olarak bu uygulamalar için bağlantı yansıtma değerlerini belirler. Bu, eşleşen çiftlerin sayısının veya izin verilen maksimum kanal ekleme kaybının azaltılmasını gerektirebilir. </p> <p><strong>Fiber Optik Sistemlerde Geri Dönüş Kaybını Test Etme Araçları</strong></p> <p>Fluke Networks CertiFiber® Pro gibi bir Optik Kayıp Test Seti (OLTS), düşük belirsizlikle bağlantı ve kanal zayıflama testi sağlarken, bir fiber optik sistemdeki geri dönüş kaybı için saha testi, kaynağa geri yansıyan ışık miktarını ölçebilen bir OTDR gerektirir.  Bu, zayıflama testine ek olarak genişletilmiş (bazen Katman 2 olarak adlandırılır) testi belirten projeler için gereklidir.</p> <p>OTDR’ler, yüksek güçlü ışık atımlarını bir fibere iletir ve bu ışık atımları, yansıtıcı olaylarla karşılaştıklarında (yani bağlantılar, kopmalar, çatlaklar, ek yerleri, keskin kıvrımlar veya fiberin sonu), geri yansıtılır, izlenir ve cihaz tarafından karakterize edilir. Bir bağlantı için geri dönüş kaybı, tüm olaylardan yansıyan tüm ışığın toplamı ve bağlantının toplam geri saçılımı hesaplanarak ölçülür. Bir OTDR ayrıca, bağlantıların özel yansımasını bilmeniz gereken kısa mesafeli tek mod gibi uygulamalar ve sorun giderme için ideal olan yansıtma değerleri ve her bir olay için konum sağlar.</p> <p>OTDR kullanımının alternatif bir test yöntemi olarak kabul edildiğini not etmek önemlidir. OLTS’nin yerine geçmez, çünkü bir OTDR ile elde edilen toplam zayıflama ölçümü, canlı olduğunda bir bağlantıda meydana gelecek toplam kaybı mutlaka göstermez. </p> <p><strong>Fiber Optik için Geri Dönüş Kaybı Test Prosedürü</strong></p> <p>Bir OTDR ile geri dönüş kaybının test edilmesi, genel geri dönüş kaybı ölçümüne dahil edilebilmeleri için ilk ve son konektörün yansımalarının ölçülmesine izin veren başlatma ve kuyruk kablolarının kullanılmasını gerektirir. Fırlatma lifi ve kuyruk kordonunun uzunluklarının da dengeleme yoluyla ölçümden çıkarılması gerekir. OptiFiber™ Pro gibi OTDR’lerin kurulumu, yalnızca fiber tipini ve test limitlerini seçerek ve ardından başlatma telafisini ayarlayarak kolaydır.</p> <p>Bir OTDR kullanırken, belirli konektörlerin ve eklerin yansıması test yönüne bağlı olduğundan test çift yönlü olarak yapılır. Birbirine bağlı iki fiber aynı tipte olsa bile, fiberler hafif farklılıklara ve farklı geri saçılma katsayılarına sahip olabilir ve bu da bir bağlantıdan sonra bir bağlantıdan önce olduğundan daha fazla ışığın yansımasına neden olabilir.</p> <p>Bir OTDR, bir fiber bağlantının karakterizasyonunu grafiksel olarak gösteren bir izde yansıyan ve geri saçılan ışığı çizer. Deneyimli OTDR kullanıcıları tipik olarak fırlatma kabloları, konektörler, mekanik ek yerleri, füzyon ek yerleri, yanlış eşleşen lifler ve bağlantının sonu için yansıtıcı olayları tanıyabilir. Ancak, herkes bir iz analizi uzmanı değildir. OptiFiber Pro, izi otomatik olarak yorumlayan ve konektörlerin, eklerin ve anormalliklerin konumunu ve yansımasını gösteren bir “Olay Haritası” sağlayan gelişmiş bir mantığa sahiptir. </p> <p>Bir EventMap örnekleri ve bir OptiFiber aracında OTDR sonuçlarının izi</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignleft size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20349%20254'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="" class="wp-image-24205" style="width:349px;height:254px" width="349" height="254" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-1-1.jpg 550w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-1-1-275x200.jpg 275w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-1-1-300x218.jpg 300w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-1-1-150x109.jpg 150w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-1-1-324x235.jpg 324w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 349px) 100vw, 349px" data-lazy-src="https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-1-1.jpg" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-1-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-24205" style="width:349px;height:254px" width="349" height="254" srcset="https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-1-1.jpg 550w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-1-1-275x200.jpg 275w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-1-1-300x218.jpg 300w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-1-1-150x109.jpg 150w, https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/GORSEL-1-1-324x235.jpg 324w" sizes="(max-width: 349px) 100vw, 349px" /></noscript></figure></div> <p><strong>Bakırda Geri Dönüş Kaybı</strong></p> <p>Geri dönüş kaybı, bakır bükümlü çift kablolama sistemleri için de bir performans parametresidir. Önemli bir fark, bakır üzerindeki geri dönüş kaybının sinyalin frekansına göre değişmesidir – esasen bir gürültü ölçümü olarak kabul edilir ve bu nedenle daha yüksek frekanslarda daha kötüdür. Örneğin, 100 MHz olarak belirtilen Kategori 5’e için izin verilen maksimum geri dönüş kaybı yaklaşık 16 dB iken, 500 MHz olarak belirtilen Kategori 6A sadece 8 dB’dir. Unutmayın, sayı ne kadar yüksekse getiri kaybı o kadar iyidir. Bakır kablolamada çok fazla geri dönüş kaybı karışmayı artırabilir, sinyalleri bozabilir ve daha yüksek bit hata oranlarına neden olabilir.</p> <p><strong>Bakır Kablolama Sistemlerinde Geri Dönüş Kaybının Nedenleri</strong></p> <p>Bakır kablo bağlantılarındaki geri dönüş kaybı, bileşenler arasında meydana gelebilecek empedans uyumsuzluklarından veya bir kablo uzunluğu boyunca küçük empedans değişimlerinden kaynaklanır. Bu nedenle, bağlantı üreticileri fişlerini ve jaklarını eşleşen empedansa sahip olacak şekilde tasarlamaya çalışırken, kablo üreticileri üretim süreci boyunca tekdüzeliği ölçmek ve kontrol etmek için çabalar. Geri dönüş kaybı, bükülmüş veya hasar görmüş kablolardan veya sonlandırma noktalarında ek gereksiz çift büküm gibi kötü sonlandırma uygulamalarından da kaynaklanabilir. Bakır kablolamada geri dönüş kaybının bir başka olası nedeni de kablodaki sudur.</p> <p><strong>Bakır Kablolama Sistemlerinde Geri Dönüş Kaybı Nasıl Test Edilir</strong></p> <p>Geri dönüş kaybı frekansla değiştiğinden, belirli bir uygulama için tüm frekans aralığında test edilir. Örneğin, bir Kategori 5e kanalında, geri dönüş kaybı 1 MHz’den 100 MHz’e kadar test edilir. Kategori 6A için 1 MHz’den 500 MHz’e kadar test edilir. Fluke Networks DSX CableAnalyzer™ serisi test cihazları, test edilen uygulamaya bağlı olarak her frekansta her bir çifti otomatik olarak test eder ve sonuçları aşağıda gösterildiği gibi tüm frekans üzerinden çizer.</p> <p>Bir geri dönüş kaybı arızasını (solda), bir dönüş kaybının frekans grafiğini (ortada) ve geri dönüş kaybı arızasının nedenini tanılayan “Hata Bilgisi” ekranını gösteren bir DSX CableAnalyzer’da görüntülenen bakır kablo testinden elde edilen sonuçlara örnekler.</p> <p>Tek bir frekans noktasında geri dönüş kaybı meydana geldiğinde ve diğer tüm frekanslar farkla geçtiğinde, bu genellikle bir kablo sorununun göstergesidir. Genel olarak, dört çiftin tümü arızalandığında (özellikle düşük frekanslarda), bu, düşük kaliteli bir kablo veya kabloda su olduğunu gösterebilir. Geri dönüş kaybı arızalarının frekans grafiklerini yorumlamak önemli bir uzmanlık gerektirir – ancak bu yetenek, DSX CableAnalyzer’daki “Hata Bilgisi” özelliğine dahil edilmiştir. </p> <p><strong>Geri Dönüş Kaybı Test Ekipmanını İyi Yapan Nedir?</strong></p> <p>İster fiber ister bakır test ediyor olun, iyi bir geri dönüş kaybı test cihazının anahtarı doğruluktur. Fiber sertifikasyon testi için, çok modlu ve tek modlu fiber bağlantıları birden fazla dalga boyunda ve endüstri standartlarına veya özel test limitlerine göre test etme yeteneği ile OTDR testini destekleyen bir test cihazına ihtiyacınız vardır. Ek olarak, bir test cihazı kurma yeteneği, OTDR izini yansıma olaylarının konumunu gösteren bir grafik harita ile kolayca ve otomatik olarak yorumlayarak daha sorunsuz sorun gidermeye doğru uzun bir yol kat edebilir. Modüler Versiv™ kablolama sertifikası ürün ailesinin bir parçası olan OptiFiber™ Pro, hem kurumsal hem de OSP ortamlarında kurumsal ağ mühendisleri ve kablo tesisatçıları için kullanışsız ve karmaşık özellikler olmadan kullanılabilirlik sağlayan son derece hassas bir OTDR’dir. OptiFiber Pro, LinkWare™ Live bulut tabanlı sonuç yönetimini destekler, yeni uygulamaları desteklemek için en son bellenim ile kolayca güncellenebilir ve 7/24 teknik destekli kapsamlı bir koruma planı ile desteklenir.</p> <p>Bakır sertifikası testi için, test etmeyi beklediğiniz kablo tesisatı için TIA ve IEC doğruluk gereksinimlerini karşılamak üzere teknik olarak nitelikli bir laboratuvar tarafından bağımsız olarak onaylanan bir test cihazı seçmek önemlidir. Örneğin, TIA Kategori 6A / IEC Sınıf EA test cihazları için Seviye IIIe doğruluğu gereklidir. Maksimum esneklik ve son derece hassas ölçümler sağlamak için TIA Seviye 2G veya IEC Seviye VI doğruluğuna sahip bir test cihazı seçin. Test cihazı, tüm kablo ve akım uygulama kategorilerinin performansını onaylayabilmelidir. Geri dönüş kaybı da dahil olmak üzere bir kablonun dört çiftindeki tüm parametreler için sonuçları göstermelidir. (Ayrıca Alien Crosstalk’ın standardın bir parçası olduğunu hatırlamakta fayda var, bu nedenle gerekli olduğu nadir durumlarda bunu ölçen bir test cihazına sahip olmak paha biçilmezdir.) Son olarak, teşhis yeteneklerine sahip bir test cihazı, iade kaybının nedenlerini düzeltmek için gereken süreyi azaltabilir. DSX CableAnalyzer serisi bakır sertifikası test cihazları, tüm bu gereklilikleri karşılar ve Versiv platformunun bir parçası olarak (OptiFiber Pro gibi), LinkWare Live’ı destekler, bellenimi kolayca güncelleyebilir ve kapsamlı Fluke Networks korumasıyla desteklenir.</p> <p>Ekibiniz hem fiber hem de bakır kablolarla çalışıyorsa, aynı kullanıcı arabirimi aracılığıyla her iki testi de gerçekleştirebilen bir test cihazı arayın; bu, hem öğrenme süresini hem de hata olasılığını büyük ölçüde azaltabilir. Bakır ve fiber sonuçlarını destekleyen raporlama ve arşivleme yazılımı daha da fazla zaman kazandıracak – ve Versiv, bakır sertifikasyonu hem OLTS hem de OTDR testi (ve hatta uç yüz denetimi) için tek bir kullanıcı arabirimi ile bu gereksinimleri de karşılayacak. Versiv, dört test türünün hepsinin tek bir projenin parçası olarak belirtilmesine izin vererek, testlerin yanlışlıkla atlanmamasını sağlar. Ve raporlama için LinkWare, hem PC hem de bulut tabanlı sürümlerde tüm bu testler için tek bir platform sağlar.</p> </div> <footer>   <div class="td-post-source-tags">  <ul class="td-tags td-post-small-box clearfix"><li><span>Etiketler</span></li><li><a href="https://www.electricityturkey.com/electricity%20turkey/geri_donus_kaybi_nedir/">Geri_Dönüş_Kaybı_Nedir</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="td-post-sharing-bottom"><div class="td-post-sharing-classic"><iframe loading="lazy" frameBorder="0" src="about:blank" style="border:none; overflow:hidden; width:auto; height:21px; background-color:transparent;" data-rocket-lazyload="fitvidscompatible" data-lazy-src="https://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=https://www.electricityturkey.com/geri-donus-kaybi-nedir/&layout=button_count&show_faces=false&width=105&action=like&colorscheme=light&height=21"></iframe><noscript><iframe frameBorder="0" src="https://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=https://www.electricityturkey.com/geri-donus-kaybi-nedir/&layout=button_count&show_faces=false&width=105&action=like&colorscheme=light&height=21" style="border:none; overflow:hidden; width:auto; height:21px; background-color:transparent;"></iframe></noscript></div><div id="td_social_sharing_article_bottom" class="td-post-sharing td-ps-bg td-ps-notext td-post-sharing-style1 "><div class="td-post-sharing-visible"><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-sharing-button-js td-social-network td-social-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electricityturkey.com%2Fgeri-donus-kaybi-nedir%2F" title="Facebook" > <div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-facebook"></i></div> <div class="td-social-but-text">Facebook</div> </a><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-sharing-button-js td-social-network td-social-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Geri+D%C3%B6n%C3%BC%C5%9F+Kayb%C4%B1+Nedir%3F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electricityturkey.com%2Fgeri-donus-kaybi-nedir%2F&via=Electricity+Turkey+Magazine" title="Twitter" > <div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-twitter"></i></div> <div class="td-social-but-text">Twitter</div> </a><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-sharing-button-js td-social-network td-social-pinterest" href="https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.electricityturkey.com/geri-donus-kaybi-nedir/&media=https://www.electricityturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Fn-LinkWareLive_02a_c.jpg&description=Geri+D%C3%B6n%C3%BC%C5%9F+Kayb%C4%B1+Nedir%3F" title="Pinterest" > <div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-pinterest"></i></div> <div class="td-social-but-text">Pinterest</div> </a><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-sharing-button-js td-social-network td-social-whatsapp" href="https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=Geri+D%C3%B6n%C3%BC%C5%9F+Kayb%C4%B1+Nedir%3F %0A%0A https://www.electricityturkey.com/geri-donus-kaybi-nedir/" title="WhatsApp" > <div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-whatsapp"></i></div> <div class="td-social-but-text">WhatsApp</div> </a></div><div class="td-social-sharing-hidden"><ul class="td-pulldown-filter-list"></ul><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-handler td-social-expand-tabs" href="#" data-block-uid="td_social_sharing_article_bottom" title="More"> <div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-plus td-social-expand-tabs-icon"></i></div> </a></div></div></div> <div class="td-block-row td-post-next-prev"><div class="td-block-span6 td-post-prev-post"><div class="td-post-next-prev-content"><span>Önceki İçerik</span><a href="https://www.electricityturkey.com/gunes-enerji-sektorunun-devleri-surdurulebilir-bir-dunya-icin-solarex-istanbul-da-16-kez-bir-araya-geliyor/">Güneş Enerji Sektörünün Devleri Sürdürülebilir Bir Dünya İçin SOLAREX İstanbul’ da 16. 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