CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Arab Christians - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d1e8514f-f34b-44aa-a4d9-e650a0f6248a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Arab_Christians","wgTitle":"Arab Christians","wgCurRevisionId":1274951510,"wgRevisionId":1274951510,"wgArticleId":793911,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)","CS1: unfit URL","CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from May 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list", "CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar)","Articles with dead external links from August 2016","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Good articles","Use dmy dates from April 2023","\"Related ethnic groups\" needing confirmation","Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Arab Christians","Christian groups in the Middle East","Ethnic groups in the Middle East","Ethnic groups in Syria","Ethnic groups in Iraq","Ethnic groups in Israel","Ethnic groups in Jordan","Ethnic groups in Lebanon","Ethnic groups in Turkey","Ethnic groups in Morocco","Ethnic groups in Palestine","Semitic-speaking peoples","Middle Eastern Christians"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Arab_Christians","wgRelevantArticleId":793911,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q431164","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP" ,"ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Orthodox_Easter_celebrations_in_As-Suwayda.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Orthodox_Easter_celebrations_in_As-Suwayda.jpg/800px-Orthodox_Easter_celebrations_in_As-Suwayda.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Orthodox_Easter_celebrations_in_As-Suwayda.jpg/640px-Orthodox_Easter_celebrations_in_As-Suwayda.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Arab Christians - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Christians"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Christians"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Arab_Christians rootpage-Arab_Christians skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Arab+Christians" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arab+Christians" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Arab+Christians" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arab+Christians" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Islamic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Islamic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Pre-Islamic period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Islamic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Islamic era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Modern Era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Academia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_Al-Nahda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_Al-Nahda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 Role in Al-Nahda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_Al-Nahda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_Persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_Persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.5 Religious Persecution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_Persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_Conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_Conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.6 Regional Conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_Conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Arab Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_Al-Mahjar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_Al-Mahjar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Role in Al-Mahjar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_Al-Mahjar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Arab_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Arab_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Notable Arab Christians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Arab_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Identity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Identity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Denominations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Self-identification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Arab </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rūm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rūm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Rūm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rūm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chaldean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chaldean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Chaldean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chaldean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Algeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Bahrain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Jordan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuwait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuwait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Kuwait </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuwait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Lebanon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Morocco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Oman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Palestine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.13 Saudi Arabia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.14 Sudan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.15 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.16 Tunisia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.17 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.18 Yemen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Arab Christians</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="مسيحيون عرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسيحيون عرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr%C9%99b_%C3%B6lk%C9%99l%C9%99rind%C9%99_xristianl%C4%B1q" title="Ərəb ölkələrində xristianlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərəb ölkələrində xristianlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="عرب مسیحی‌لری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عرب مسیحی‌لری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আরব খ্রিষ্টান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরব খ্রিষ্টান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Араби християни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Араби християни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rabs_cristians" title="Àrabs cristians – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àrabs cristians" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C5%A1t%C3%AD_k%C5%99es%C5%A5an%C3%A9" title="Arabští křesťané – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arabští křesťané" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakristu_vechiArabhu" title="Vakristu vechiArabhu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vakristu vechiArabhu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiske_kristne" title="Arabiske kristne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arabiske kristne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Christen" title="Arabische Christen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arabische Christen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Άραβες Χριστιανοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άραβες Χριστιανοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabes_cristianos" title="Árabes cristianos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Árabes cristianos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabaj_Kristanoj" title="Arabaj Kristanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arabaj Kristanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiar_kristauak" title="Arabiar kristauak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arabiar kristauak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="مسیحیان عرب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسیحیان عرب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tiens_arabes" title="Chrétiens arabes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chrétiens arabes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="अरब ईसाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरब ईसाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umat_Kristen_Arab" title="Umat Kristen Arab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Umat Kristen Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi_cristiani" title="Arabi cristiani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arabi cristiani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ערבים נוצרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערבים נוצרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ereb%C3%AAn_mes%C3%AEh%C3%AE" title="Erebên mesîhî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Erebên mesîhî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BC%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%99" title="ອາຫຼັບຄິດສະຕຽນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາຫຼັບຄິດສະຕຽນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Арапски христијани – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арапски христијани" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiana_arabo" title="Kristiana arabo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kristiana arabo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="არაბი ქირსიანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არაბი ქირსიანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="مسيحيين عرب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مسيحيين عرب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Kristian" title="Arab Kristian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arab Kristian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E4%BA%BA%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" title="アラブ人キリスト教徒 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラブ人キリスト教徒" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xristian_arablar" title="Xristian arablar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xristian arablar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="مسیحی عرب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مسیحی عرب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabscy_chrze%C5%9Bcijanie" title="Arabscy chrześcijanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arabscy chrześcijanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%A3os_%C3%A1rabes" title="Cristãos árabes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cristãos árabes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi_cre%C8%99tini" title="Arabi creștini – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arabi creștini" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Арабы-христиане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арабы-христиане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arab Christians" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عەرەبە مەسیحییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عەرەبە مەسیحییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Арапи хришћани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арапи хришћани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabikristityt" title="Arabikristityt – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arabikristityt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="அரபு கிறிஸ்தவர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரபு கிறிஸ்தவர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="คริสต์ศาสนิกชนชาวอาหรับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ศาสนิกชนชาวอาหรับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_Hristiyanlar" title="Arap Hristiyanlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arap Hristiyanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Араби-християни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Араби-християни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="مسیحی عرب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مسیحی عرب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92" title="阿拉伯基督徒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拉伯基督徒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q431164#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Arab_Christians" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Arab_Christians" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Arab_Christians" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&oldid=1274951510" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Arab_Christians&id=1274951510&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArab_Christians">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArab_Christians">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Arab_Christians&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arab_Christians" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q431164" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Arabs of the Christian faith. For Christian communities and sects (including non-Arab Christians), see <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Christianity in the Middle East</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Arab Christians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="ar">ﺍﻟْﻤَﺴِﻴﺤِﻴُّﻮﻥ ﺍﻟْﻌَﺮَﺏ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthodox_Easter_celebrations_in_As-Suwayda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Orthodox_Easter_celebrations_in_As-Suwayda.jpg/220px-Orthodox_Easter_celebrations_in_As-Suwayda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Orthodox_Easter_celebrations_in_As-Suwayda.jpg/330px-Orthodox_Easter_celebrations_in_As-Suwayda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Orthodox_Easter_celebrations_in_As-Suwayda.jpg/440px-Orthodox_Easter_celebrations_in_As-Suwayda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Greek Orthodox Easter in <a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Suwayda">As-Suwayda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">10–15+ million<a href="#cite_note-Chapman2012-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,200,000<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,150,000–1,200,000<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-middleeast-4">[4]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">250,000–400,000<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">133,130<a href="#cite_note-cbs-6">[6]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000 excluding 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000<a href="#cite_note-middleeast-4">[4]</a> excluding 1,500,000 <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> excluding disputed territories</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">45,000–380,000<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40,000<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>–150,000<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23,500<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18,000<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-Who_are_Egypt's_Christians-15">[15]</a>–350,000<a href="#cite_note-middleeast-4">[4]</a> excluding 6–11  million <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a><a href="#cite_note-pewforum.org-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_–_Religions_–_Christianity:_Cop-17">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,500<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></th><td class="infobox-data">400<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></th><td class="infobox-data">259–400<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> Liturgical: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Antioch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Alexandria</a>)</li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li><li>Other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>)</li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox Church</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>)</li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Rūm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldean Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Middle_East" title="Armenians in the Middle East">Armenians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Latin-Levantines" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin-Levantines">Latin Levantines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-genetic-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Arab Christians (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ﺍﻟْﻤَﺴِﻴﺤِﻴُّﻮﻥ ﺍﻟْﻌَﺮَﺏ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Masīḥiyyūn al-ʿArab) are the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> who adhere to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. The number of Arab Christians who live in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> was estimated in 2012 to be between 10 and 15 million.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman2012-1">[1]</a> Arab Christian communities can be found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, but are concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, with smaller communities present throughout the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. The history of Arab Christians coincides with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">history of Eastern Christianity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabic#History" title="Arabic">history of the Arabic language</a>; Arab Christian communities either result from pre-existing Christian communities adopting the Arabic language, or from pre-existing Arabic-speaking communities adopting Christianity. The jurisdictions of three of the five <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">patriarchates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a> primarily became Arabic-speaking after the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Church of Alexandria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Church of Antioch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Church of Jerusalem</a> – and over time many of their adherents adopted the Arabic language and culture.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis_2018_p._34-24">[24]</a> Separately, a number of early Arab kingdoms and tribes adopted Christianity, including the <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakhmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhmids">Lakhmids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salihids" title="Salihids">Salihids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhids</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFIb%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿIbādī">ʿIbādī</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-%E1%B8%A4%C4%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ḥīra">al-Hira</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a>. In modern times, Arab Christians have played important roles in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nahda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nahda">Nahda</a> movement, and they have significantly influenced and contributed to the fields of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">literature</a>, politics,<a href="#cite_note-Pacini1998-25">[25]</a> business,<a href="#cite_note-Pacini1998-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Philosophers">philosophy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> music, theatre and cinema,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> medicine,<a href="#cite_note-Prioreschi2001-28">[28]</a> and science.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Today Arab Christians still play important roles in the Arab world, and are relatively wealthy, well educated, and politically moderate.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Emigrants from Arab Christian communities also make up a significant proportion of the Middle Eastern diaspora, with sizable population concentrations across the Americas, most notably in Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, Colombia, and the US. However those emigrants to the Americas, especially from the first wave of emigration, have often not passed the Arabic language to their descendants.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The concept of an Arab Christian identity remains contentious, with some Arabic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Christian groups in the Middle East</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Middle_East" title="Armenians in the Middle East">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptiotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptiotes">Greeks</a> and others, rejecting an <a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a>. Individuals from Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Coptic Christian</a> community and Lebanon's <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronite</a> community sometimes assume a non-Arab identity.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The history of Arab Christians coincides with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">history of Christianity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabic#History" title="Arabic">history of the Arabic language</a>; Arab Christian communities result either from pre-existing Christian communities adopting the Arabic language, or from pre-existing Arabic-speaking communities adopting Christianity. Arab Christians include the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> Christian communities of Western Asia who became majority Arabic-speaking after the consequent seventh-century Muslim conquests in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The Christian Arab presence predates the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a>, and there were many Arab tribes that converted to Christianity, beginning in the 1st century.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The interests of the Arabs before the 9th century <a href="/wiki/A.D." class="mw-redirect" title="A.D.">A.D.</a> were focused primarily on the recording and translating of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Islamic poetry">pre-Islamic poetry</a>. The early Arab Christians recorded <a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac hymns</a>, Arabic poetry, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">ecclesiastical</a> melodies, proverbs, and ḥikam (rules of governance).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> They did not otherwise record religion, which gave way to conflicting accounts and sparse evidence for specific practices over several centuries.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> From <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> to modern times, Arab Christians have played important roles contributing to the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a>, in particular those in the Levant, Egypt and Iraq. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Islamic_period">Pre-Islamic period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Islamic period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abgarwithimageofedessa10thcentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Abgarwithimageofedessa10thcentury.jpg/220px-Abgarwithimageofedessa10thcentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Abgarwithimageofedessa10thcentury.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>One of the first Christian kings in history, <a href="/wiki/Abgar_V" title="Abgar V">Abgar V</a> of <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a>, belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Nabataean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean">Nabataean</a> Arab <a href="/wiki/Abgarid_dynasty" title="Abgarid dynasty">Abgarid dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> has a biblical account of Arab conversion to Christianity recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> preaches to the people of Jerusalem, they ask,<blockquote>And how hear we every man in our own tongue, wherein we were born? [...] Arabians, we do hear them speak in our tongues the wonderful works of God. (Acts 2:8, 11 <a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a>)</blockquote>The first mention of Christianity in Arabia occurs in the New Testament as the Apostle Paul references his journey to Arabia following his conversion (Galatians 1: 15–17). Later, <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> discusses a bishop named Beryllus in the see of <a href="/wiki/Bostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostra">Bostra</a>, the site of a <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> c. 240 AD and two <a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Arabia" title="Councils of Arabia">Councils of Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parry_1999_37-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Testament">The New Testament</a> signals an early entry of Christianity among the Arabs; in addition to what was narrated by <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abulfeda" title="Abulfeda">Abu al-Fida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">al-Maqrizi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">al-Masoudi</a>, the disciples of Christ (including <a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Thaddeus</a>)<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> were the ones who went to Arabia as preachers of the religion. <a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a> said that the Arabs converted to Christianity through the efforts of priests and monks who spread to Arab regions, and the strength of Christianity increased with the conversion of the major tribes. The religion was organised in many <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> controlled by <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishops</a>. The Arab bishops were divided into types: urban bishops residing in cities, and “tent bishops” who resided in tents and moved with their tribes from one place to another. The number of Arab bishops among the <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a> alone reached forty according to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Duraid" title="Ibn Duraid">Ibn Durayd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The first Arab bishop of the Arabs, <a href="/wiki/Moses_(bishop_of_the_Arabs)" title="Moses (bishop of the Arabs)">Saint Moses</a>, spent many years in the 4th century as a <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> between Syria and Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Ball-42">[42]</a> His piety impressed <a href="/wiki/Mawiyya" title="Mawiyya">Mawiyya</a>, Arab warrior-<a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhids</a>, and she made his consecration as a bishop over her people a condition to any truce with Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Jensen-43">[43]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft" style="background-color:white"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px;background-color:white"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">The Ghassanid Kingdom (220–638 AD)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Ghassanid_Banner.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/New_Ghassanid_Banner.png/214px-New_Ghassanid_Banner.png" decoding="async" width="214" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/New_Ghassanid_Banner.png/321px-New_Ghassanid_Banner.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/New_Ghassanid_Banner.png/428px-New_Ghassanid_Banner.png 2x" data-file-width="2509" data-file-height="1473" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The war banner of the Ghassanids, bearing the picture of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sergius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sergius">Saint Sergius</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghassanid_Kingdom_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ghassanid_Kingdom_Map.svg/220px-Ghassanid_Kingdom_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ghassanid_Kingdom_Map.svg/330px-Ghassanid_Kingdom_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ghassanid_Kingdom_Map.svg/440px-Ghassanid_Kingdom_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="295" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map of the <a href="/wiki/Ghassanid_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghassanid Kingdom">Ghassanid Kingdom</a> under <a href="/wiki/Al-Mundhir_III_ibn_al-Harith" title="Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith">al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith</a></div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balqa_(region)" title="Balqa (region)">Balqa</a> was under Arab Christian rule by the second century AD. The <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a>, natives of the southern Levant, also converted to Christianity in the <a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Late Roman Period</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> and near <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaryatayn" title="Al-Qaryatayn">al-Qaryatayn</a> there are Christian monuments and the remains of churches and inscriptions that indicate the spread of the religion into <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> proper.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The administration of <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Jordan</a> under Roman rule was given to the <a href="/wiki/Quda%27a" title="Quda'a">Quda'a</a> tribe. This tribe had embraced Christianity according to <a href="/wiki/Ya%27qubi" title="Ya'qubi">Ya'qubi</a>, and were later succeeded by the Christian <a href="/wiki/Salihids" title="Salihids">Salihids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> There are poetic verses by the pre-Islamic poet <a href="/wiki/Al-Nabigha" title="Al-Nabigha">al-Nabigha</a> in which he praises the kings of Ghassan, congratulating them on <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>. Bordering Syria, the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> was administratively affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian church">Egyptian Church</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. There are documents from the late third century of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Pope of Alexandria</a>, in which he mentions his Arab Christian subjects in the Sinai and the <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">persecution they faced</a> during the days of the pagan Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-أول22-49">[49]</a> Later, forty martyrs fell in 309 in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> during a raid by pagan Arabs on their <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)" title="Hermitage (religious retreat)">hermitages</a>. The monks fortified their new monasteries, and the most fortified is still in use today, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>, built by the commission of Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a> in 565. It has hosted a number of Church bishops and theologians, Ghassanid and Lakhmid kings, and pre-Islamic poets.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arethas_(al-Haarith)_and_over_4,000_with_him_(Menologion_of_Basil_II).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arethas_%28al-Haarith%29_and_over_4%2C000_with_him_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg/275px-Arethas_%28al-Haarith%29_and_over_4%2C000_with_him_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arethas_%28al-Haarith%29_and_over_4%2C000_with_him_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg/413px-Arethas_%28al-Haarith%29_and_over_4%2C000_with_him_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arethas_%28al-Haarith%29_and_over_4%2C000_with_him_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg/550px-Arethas_%28al-Haarith%29_and_over_4%2C000_with_him_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Najran" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrs of Najran">Martyrs of Najran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menologion_of_Basil_II" title="Menologion of Basil II">Menologion of Basil II</a></figcaption></figure> The southern Arabian city of <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a> was made famous by the religious <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecution of Christians</a> by one of the kings of Yemen, <a href="/wiki/Dhu_Nuwas" title="Dhu Nuwas">Dhu Nuwas</a>, who was an enthusiastic convert to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. The leader of the Arabs of Najran during the period, al-Ḥārith, was canonized by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> as <a href="/wiki/Arethas_(martyr)" title="Arethas (martyr)">Arethas</a>. Aretas was the leader of the Christians of Najran in the early 6th century and was executed during the <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacre</a> of Christians by the king in 523.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a> mentioned that <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a> was entirely Christian when Dhu al-Nawas <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">converted to Judaism</a>, and that the people of Najran refused to convert to his faith, so he massacred them. The victims were mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a> and named in the Quran as the "<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Ditch" title="People of the Ditch">People of the Ditch</a>".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a> was enraged and encouraged <a href="/wiki/Kaleb_of_Axum" title="Kaleb of Axum">Kaleb of Axum</a> to occupy Yemen and eliminate the Jewish king. Dhu al-Nawas was later deposed and killed, prompting Kaleb to appoint a native Christian Himyarite, <a href="/wiki/Sumyafa_Ashwa" title="Sumyafa Ashwa">Sumyafa Ashwa</a>, as his viceroy.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The Aksumites thus conquered <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyar</a> and their rule lasted until 575. The <a href="/wiki/Abyssinia" title="Abyssinia">Abyssinians</a> spread Christianity and their rulers built an extravagant building in honor of the Martyrs of Najran. It was known by its contemporaries for its beauty, adorned with ornaments, jewels, and prominent archways. Arabs called it the “Kaaba of Najran”.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The Yemenis later rebelled against the Abyssinians and demanded independence.<a href="#cite_note-النصرانية_وآدابها،_مرجع_سابق،_ص.65-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> History records Christian influence from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> to Arab lands in pre-Islamic times, and some <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Christianity">Ethiopian Christians</a> may have lived in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian_icon,_Syria_(1778).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian_icon%2C_Syria_%281778%29.jpg/220px-Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian_icon%2C_Syria_%281778%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian_icon%2C_Syria_%281778%29.jpg/330px-Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian_icon%2C_Syria_%281778%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian_icon%2C_Syria_%281778%29.jpg/440px-Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian_icon%2C_Syria_%281778%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="3760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cosmas and Damian">Saints Cosmas and Damian</a> were born in Arabia c. 3rd-century AD</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">Yemen</a> had an important share in ancient Christianity. In the second century, the Greek theologian <a href="/wiki/Pantaenus" title="Pantaenus">Pantaenus</a> left Alexandria and headed towards Yemen as a missionary after his conversion.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Historians such as <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Rufinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a> mentioned that <a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew the Apostle</a> was the missionary of Yemen and Abyssinia.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> A special relationship developed between the people of Yemen and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Churches">Syrian Church</a>, as inferred by the works of <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a>, the biography of <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Stylites" title="Simeon Stylites">Simeon Stylites</a>, and the historian <a href="/wiki/Philostorgius" title="Philostorgius">Philostorgius</a>, who said that some villages and settlements established in Yemen were <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>-speaking. The famous <a href="/wiki/Al-Qalis_Church,_Sanaa" title="Al-Qalis Church, Sanaa">Al-Qalis Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sana'a</a> was built to serve aderents and to attract pilgrims travelling to the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba of Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghumdan_Palace" title="Ghumdan Palace">Ghamdan Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> On the organizational level, the Archbishop of Yemen held the title "<a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a>" which follows the "<a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a>" in rank.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The spread of Christianity amongst Arabs reached <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Banu_Bakr" title="Banu Bakr">Banu Bakr</a> and Banu Mudar lived, both famous for their staunch Christian beliefs and for honoring Sergius the <a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military Saint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan" title="Ibn Khallikan">Ibn Khallikan</a> mentioned that all the Yemeni Arabs in Iraq converted to Christianity, including <a href="/wiki/Taym_Allah" title="Taym Allah">Taym al-Lat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kalb" title="Banu Kalb">Kalb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakhmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhmids">Lakhm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanukhids">Tanukh</a>, and many had moved towards <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> by the fourth century.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> there was a Christian sect that was rejected by the official church and considered heretical. They deified the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin mary">Virgin Mary</a> and gave her offerings. This sect was mentioned by a number of historians, including <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a>, who called them "The Marians" (Al-Maryamiyyun). Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">al-Zamakhshari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">al-Baydawi</a> referred to this sect in their <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">interpretation of the Qur’an</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Another sect called "The Davidians" (Al-Dāwudiyyūn) were known for their exaggerations in honoring <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">King David</a>. Some contemporary historians classified it as a <a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judeo-Christian</a> heresy.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jurhum" title="Jurhum">Banu Jurhum</a> embraced Christianity at the hands of their sixth king, Abd al-Masih ibn Baqia, and supervised the service of <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">the Haram</a> for a period of time.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Azd" title="Azd">Banu Azd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khuza%27ah" title="Banu Khuza'ah">Banu Khuza’a</a> became Christians with them according to <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Faraj_al-Isfahani" title="Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani">Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The earliest indications of Christianity in Mecca is the Christian cemetery outside the Medina towards the well of 'Anbasa, confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqdisi" title="Al-Maqdisi">al-Maqdisi</a>, as well as the conversion to Christianity by some members of the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_era">Islamic era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Islamic era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunayn_ibn-Ishaq_al-%27Ibadi_Isagoge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hunayn_ibn-Ishaq_al-%27Ibadi_Isagoge.jpg/220px-Hunayn_ibn-Ishaq_al-%27Ibadi_Isagoge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hunayn_ibn-Ishaq_al-%27Ibadi_Isagoge.jpg/330px-Hunayn_ibn-Ishaq_al-%27Ibadi_Isagoge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Hunayn_ibn-Ishaq_al-%27Ibadi_Isagoge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq">Hunayn ibn Ishaq</a> (809–873 AD) was an influential <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a> translator, scholar, physician and scientist of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_San_Abo_de_Tiflis,_Tiflis,_Georgia,_2016-09-29,_DD_85_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Iglesia_de_San_Abo_de_Tiflis%2C_Tiflis%2C_Georgia%2C_2016-09-29%2C_DD_85_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Iglesia_de_San_Abo_de_Tiflis%2C_Tiflis%2C_Georgia%2C_2016-09-29%2C_DD_85_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Iglesia_de_San_Abo_de_Tiflis%2C_Tiflis%2C_Georgia%2C_2016-09-29%2C_DD_85_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Iglesia_de_San_Abo_de_Tiflis%2C_Tiflis%2C_Georgia%2C_2016-09-29%2C_DD_85_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Iglesia_de_San_Abo_de_Tiflis%2C_Tiflis%2C_Georgia%2C_2016-09-29%2C_DD_85_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Iglesia_de_San_Abo_de_Tiflis%2C_Tiflis%2C_Georgia%2C_2016-09-29%2C_DD_85_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2167" data-file-height="2140" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Abo" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Abo">Saint Abo</a> of Tiflis (756–786 AD), martyred for his faith in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></figcaption></figure> Following the fall of large portions of former Byzantine and Sasanian provinces to the Arab armies, a large indigenous Christian population of varying ethnicities came under Arab Muslim dominance. Historically, a number of minority Christian sects were persecuted as <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretic</a> under Byzantine rule (such as <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Chalcedonianism">non-Chalcedonians</a>). The Islamic conquests set forth two processes affecting these Christian communities: the process of Arabization, causing them gradually to adopt Arabic as a spoken, literary, and liturgical language (often alongside their ancestral tongues), and the much slower, yet persistent process of Islamization.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> As Muslim army commanders expanded their empire and attacked countries in Asia, North Africa and southern Europe, they would offer three conditions to their enemies: convert to Islam, pay <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> (tax) every year, or face war to death. Those who refused war and refused to convert were deemed to have agreed to pay jizya.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> As "<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>", Christians in the region were accorded certain rights under <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> to practice their religion (including having Christian law used for rulings, settlements or sentences in court). In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, who paid the <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a> tax, they paid the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a>, an obligatory tax. The jizya was not levied on slaves, women, children, monks, the old, the sick, <a href="/wiki/Hermits" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermits">hermits</a>, or the poor.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In return, non-Muslim citizens were permitted to practice their faith, to enjoy a measure of communal autonomy, to be entitled to Muslim state's protection from outside aggression, to be exempted from <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a>, and to be exempted from the <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Esposito-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Like <a href="/wiki/Arab_Muslims" title="Arab Muslims">Arab Muslims</a>, Arab Christians refer to God as "<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Georgep70-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> As with the Christians of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, this practice is distinguished from the Islamic use of the word "Allah" which refers to the personal name of God in that faith.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The use of the term Allah in Arab churches predates <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Georgep70-76">[76]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, Christians <a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">contributed to the Islamic civilization</a> in various fields,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and the institution known as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a> employed <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_scientists_and_scholars_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world">Christian scholars</a> to translate works into Arabic and to develop new knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Era">Modern Era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern Era">edit</a>]</div> Arab Christians have always been the go-between the Islamic world and the Christian West, mainly down to mutual religious affinity. The Greek Orthodox share <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> ties with Russia and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>; whilst <a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a> share <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> bonds with Italy, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a> and France.<a href="#cite_note-:0-82">[82]</a> Scholars and intellectuals agree Christians in the Arab world have made significant contributions to Arab civilization since the introduction of Islam, and they have had a notable impact contributing the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Radai20082-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-82">[82]</a> Many Arab Christians today are physicians, entertainers, philosophers, government officials and people of literature.<a href="#cite_note-Pacini1998-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academia">Academia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Academia">edit</a>]</div> Arab Christians throughout history have been noted for their impact on academia and literature.<a href="#cite_note-Pacini1998-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Arabic-speaking <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_scientists_and_scholars_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world">Christian scholars</a> wrote extensive <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">philosophical</a> works and treatises in Arabic in which they not only responded to the polemics of their Muslim adversaries,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> but also provided systematic apologetic discussions of the Christian faith and practice.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Notable Lebanese academics in the modern era include <a href="/wiki/Carmelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelite">Carmelite</a> linguist <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Al-Karmali" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastas Al-Karmali">Anastas al-Karmal</a>, novelist <a href="/wiki/Tawfiq_Yusuf_%27Awwad" title="Tawfiq Yusuf 'Awwad">Tawfiq Yusuf 'Awwad</a>, and philologist <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Yaziji" title="Ibrahim al-Yaziji">Ibrahim al-Yaziji</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> translations were among the first in the modern <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> language. There are many <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> translations or portions into regional colloquial forms of Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Noted Palestinian physician and <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Tawfiq_Canaan" title="Tawfiq Canaan">Tawfiq Canaan</a>'s academic work serves as valuable resources to researchers of Palestinian history.<a href="#cite_note-Nashefp13-88">[88]</a> Jordanian historian <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Mousa" title="Suleiman Mousa">Suleiman Mousa</a> was the only author to write about <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence of Arabia">Lawrence of Arabia</a> and show the Arab perspective. Mousa noted that there were many books written to praise Lawrence, and all of them exaggerated his part in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> and failed to do justice to the Arabs themselves.<a href="#cite_note-ysm-89">[89]</a> Syrian writers include scholar <a href="/wiki/Francis_Marrash" title="Francis Marrash">Francis Marrash</a> and writer <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Mina" title="Hanna Mina">Hanna Mina</a>, described in <a href="/wiki/Literature_from_the_%22Axis_of_Evil%22" title="Literature from the "Axis of Evil"">Literature from the "Axis of Evil"</a> as the country's most prominent.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Politics">Politics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michel_Aflaq_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Michel_Aflaq_1963.jpg/220px-Michel_Aflaq_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Michel_Aflaq_1963.jpg/330px-Michel_Aflaq_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Michel_Aflaq_1963.jpg/440px-Michel_Aflaq_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a>, Syrian philosopher, sociologist and founder of <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoun_Saadeh_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Antoun_Saadeh_2.jpg/220px-Antoun_Saadeh_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Antoun_Saadeh_2.jpg/330px-Antoun_Saadeh_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Antoun_Saadeh_2.jpg/440px-Antoun_Saadeh_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Antoun Saadeh</a> was a Lebanese philosopher, politician and founder of the <a href="/wiki/SSNP" class="mw-redirect" title="SSNP">SSNP</a>– the second biggest political party in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> today<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></figcaption></figure> Arab Christians were among the first Arab nationalists. As early as 1877, Maronite leader <a href="/wiki/Youssef_Bey_Karam" title="Youssef Bey Karam">Youssef Bey Karam</a> proposed to <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdelkader</a> the separation of the Arabic-speaking provinces from the Ottoman Empire using the terms al-gins al-'arabi ("Arab race") and gaba'il al-arabiya ("Arab tribes").<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In the early 20th century, many prominent <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalists</a> were Christians, like the <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a> intellectual <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zureiq" title="Constantin Zureiq">Constantin Zureiq</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a> proponent <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a>,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jurji_Zaydan" title="Jurji Zaydan">Jurji Zaydan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> who was reputed to be the first Arab nationalist. <a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Sakakini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalil al-Sakakini">Khalil al-Sakakini</a>, a prominent Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Jerusalemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalemite">Jerusalemite</a>, was Arab Orthodox, as was <a href="/wiki/George_Antonius" title="George Antonius">George Antonius</a>, Lebanese author of <a href="/wiki/The_Arab_Awakening" title="The Arab Awakening">The Arab Awakening</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_Haddad" title="Grégoire Haddad">Grégoire Haddad</a>, known as the "Red Bishop of Beirut", founded the "Lebanese Social Movement" with <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiite</a> <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Sadr" title="Musa al-Sadr">Musa al-Sadr</a> in 1960, and promoted in the following years Islamic-Christian dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian nationalists</a> were also Christian. Although both Lebanese, <a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Antoun Saadeh</a> was the founder behind the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butrus_al-Bustani" title="Butrus al-Bustani">Butrus al-Bustani</a> is considered to be the first Syrian nationalist. Sa'adeh rejected <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> and argued instead for the creation of a <a href="/wiki/United_Syrian_Nation_or_Natural_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="United Syrian Nation or Natural Syria">"United Syrian Nation" or "Natural Syria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Habash" title="George Habash">George Habash</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a> was Arab Orthodox, and so was <a href="/wiki/Wadie_Haddad" title="Wadie Haddad">Wadie Haddad</a>, the leader of the PFLP's armed wing. Influential Palestinian Christians such as <a href="/wiki/Tawfik_Toubi" title="Tawfik Toubi">Tawfik Toubi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daud_Turki" title="Daud Turki">Daud Turki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emile_Touma" title="Emile Touma">Emile Touma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emile_Habibi" title="Emile Habibi">Emile Habibi</a> became leaders of the Israeli and Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nayif_Hawatmeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayif Hawatmeh">Nayif Hawatmeh</a> is the founder and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Nasser" title="Kamal Nasser">Kamal Nasser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanan_Ashrawi" title="Hanan Ashrawi">Hanan Ashrawi</a> were members of the <a href="/wiki/PLO_Executive_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO Executive Committee">PLO Executive Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Media">Media</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> Christians developed Arabic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Christian_media" title="Christian media">Christian media</a>, including various newspapers, radio stations, and television networks such as <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Télé Lumière">Télé Lumière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aghapy_TV" title="Aghapy TV">Aghapy TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/CTV_(Egyptian_TV_channel)" title="CTV (Egyptian TV channel)">CTV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SAT-7" title="SAT-7">SAT-7</a>, which is a Christian broadcasting network that was founded in 1995; it targets primarily Arab Christians in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa_and_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="North Africa and the Middle East">North Africa and the Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Braude_2017_192-103">[103]</a> These media networks produce dozens of Arabic-language <a href="/wiki/Christian_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian films">Christian films</a>, musical works, as well as radio and television programmes.<a href="#cite_note-Braude_2017_192-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syro-Lebanese_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Lebanese in Egypt">Syro-Lebanese</a> Melkite <a href="/wiki/Saleem_Takla" title="Saleem Takla">Saleem Takla</a> and his brother Beshara founded the <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram" title="Al-Ahram">Al-Ahram</a> newspaper in 1875 in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>; now the most widely circulated Egyptian daily newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Similarly, Lebanese Protestant <a href="/wiki/Faris_Nimr" title="Faris Nimr">Faris Nimr</a> co-founded <a href="/wiki/Al_Muqattam" title="Al Muqattam">Al Muqattam</a> in 1888, a leading <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>-based newspaper in circulation until 1954. In Palestine, <a href="/wiki/Najib_Nassar" title="Najib Nassar">Najib Nassar</a>'s newspaper <a href="/wiki/Al-Karmil_(newspaper)" title="Al-Karmil (newspaper)">Al-Karmil</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Zionist">anti-Zionist</a> weekly newspaper. It appeared in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> in 1908 and was shut down by the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British</a> in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Likewise, the Arab Orthodox <a href="/wiki/El-Issa_family" title="El-Issa family">El-Issa family</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Filastin_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filastin (newspaper)">Falastin newspaper</a> in 1911. The paper was Palestine's most consistent critic of the early Zionist movement. In Lebanon, the influential Greek Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Tueni_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Tueni family">Tueni family</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/An-Nahar" title="An-Nahar">An-Nahar</a> newspaper in 1933, also one of the leading newspapers today.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shireen_Abu_Akleh" title="Shireen Abu Akleh">Shireen Abu Akleh</a> worked as a reporter for the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>-language channel <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a> for 25 years. Popular Lebanese singer <a href="/wiki/Fairuz" title="Fairuz">Fairuz</a> has over 150 million records sold worldwide, making her the highest selling Middle-Eastern artist of all time.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Other Lebanese singers include <a href="/wiki/Majida_El_Roumi" title="Majida El Roumi">Majida El Roumi</a>, legendary folk veteran <a href="/wiki/Wadih_El_Safi" title="Wadih El Safi">Wadih El Safi</a>, 'Queen of Arab pop' <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Ajram" title="Nancy Ajram">Nancy Ajram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Canaan" title="Lydia Canaan">Lydia Canaan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Syrian notables include <a href="/wiki/George_Wassouf" title="George Wassouf">George Wassouf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nassif_Zeytoun" title="Nassif Zeytoun">Nassif Zeytoun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Palestinians include <a href="/wiki/Lina_Makhul" class="mw-redirect" title="Lina Makhul">Lina Makhul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fadee_Andrawos" title="Fadee Andrawos">Fadee Andrawos</a>, and Israeli singer <a href="/wiki/Mira_Awad" title="Mira Awad">Mira Awad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_in_Al-Nahda">Role in Al-Nahda</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Role in Al-Nahda">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_literary_salons_and_societies_in_the_Arab_world" title="Women's literary salons and societies in the Arab world">Women's literary salons and societies in the Arab world</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Al-Nahda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nahda">The Nahda</a> (meaning "the Awakening" or "the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>") was a cultural renaissance that began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It began in the wake of the exit of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> in 1840.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> were the main centers of the renaissance and this led to the establishment of schools, universities, theater and printing presses. This awakening led to the emergence of a politically active movement known as the "association" that was accompanied by the birth of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> and the demand for reformation in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. This led to the calling of the establishment of modern states based on Europe.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> It was during this stage that the first compound of the Arabic language was introduced along with the printing of it in letters, and later the movement influenced the fields of music, sculpture, history, humanities, economics and human rights. This cultural renaissance during the late Ottoman rule was a quantum leap for Arabs in the post-industrial revolution, and is not limited to the individual fields of cultural renaissance in the nineteenth century, as the <a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">Nahda</a> only extended to include the spectrum of society and the fields as a whole. Christian colleges (accepting of all faiths) like <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph University">Saint Joseph University</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a> (Syrian Protestant College until 1920) and <a href="/wiki/Al-Hikma_University_(Baghdad)" title="Al-Hikma University (Baghdad)">Al-Hikma University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> amongst others played a prominent role in the development of Arab culture.<a href="#cite_note-Lattouf_p._70-117">[117]</a> It is agreed amongst historians the importance the roles played by the Arab Christians in this renaissance, and their role in the prosperity through participation in the diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-Teague2010-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pacini1998-25">[25]</a> Given this role in politics and culture, Ottoman ministers began to include them in their governments. In the economic sphere, a number of Christian families like the Greek Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Sursock_family" title="Sursock family">Sursock family</a> became prominent. Thus, the Nahda led the Muslims and Christians to a cultural renaissance and national general despotism. This solidified Arab Christians as one of the pillars of the region and not a minority on the fringes.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Notable Arab Christians of al-Nahda</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 165px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasif_al-Yaziji.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nasif al-Yaziji (1800–1871) was a Lebanese author, poet and key figure of the Nahda"><img alt="Nasif al-Yaziji (1800–1871) was a Lebanese author, poet and key figure of the Nahda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nasif_al-Yaziji.jpg/101px-Nasif_al-Yaziji.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nasif_al-Yaziji.jpg/152px-Nasif_al-Yaziji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nasif_al-Yaziji.jpg/203px-Nasif_al-Yaziji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="839" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nasif_al-Yaziji" title="Nasif al-Yaziji">Nasif al-Yaziji</a> (1800–1871) was a Lebanese author, poet and key figure of the Nahda</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 165px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Ajami.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Ajami (1888–1965) was a Syrian writer who launched the first women's newspaper in the Middle East[120]"><img alt="Mary Ajami (1888–1965) was a Syrian writer who launched the first women's newspaper in the Middle East[120]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mary_Ajami.jpg/87px-Mary_Ajami.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mary_Ajami.jpg/130px-Mary_Ajami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mary_Ajami.jpg/173px-Mary_Ajami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="827" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ajami" title="Mary Ajami">Mary Ajami</a> (1888–1965) was a Syrian writer who launched the first women's newspaper in the Middle East<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 165px;"><a href="/wiki/File:May_ziade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="May Ziadeh (1886–1941) was a Lebanese-Palestinian poet and pioneer of Oriental feminism"><img alt="May Ziadeh (1886–1941) was a Lebanese-Palestinian poet and pioneer of Oriental feminism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/May_ziade.jpg/78px-May_ziade.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/May_ziade.jpg/118px-May_ziade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/May_ziade.jpg/157px-May_ziade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="344" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/May_Ziadeh" title="May Ziadeh">May Ziadeh</a> (1886–1941) was a Lebanese-Palestinian poet and pioneer of Oriental feminism</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 165px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalil_Beidas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khalil Beidas (1874–1949) was a Palestinian scholar, translator, educator and novelist"><img alt="Khalil Beidas (1874–1949) was a Palestinian scholar, translator, educator and novelist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Khalil_Beidas.jpg/98px-Khalil_Beidas.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Khalil_Beidas.jpg/148px-Khalil_Beidas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Khalil_Beidas.jpg/197px-Khalil_Beidas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1310" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Beidas" title="Khalil Beidas">Khalil Beidas</a> (1874–1949) was a Palestinian scholar, translator, educator and novelist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 165px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Qestaki_al-Homsi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qustaki al-Himsi (1858–1941) was a Syrian intellectual who was the founder of modern Arabic literary criticism"><img alt="Qustaki al-Himsi (1858–1941) was a Syrian intellectual who was the founder of modern Arabic literary criticism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Qestaki_al-Homsi.jpg/95px-Qestaki_al-Homsi.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Qestaki_al-Homsi.jpg/143px-Qestaki_al-Homsi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Qestaki_al-Homsi.jpg/190px-Qestaki_al-Homsi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="404" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Qustaki_al-Himsi" title="Qustaki al-Himsi">Qustaki al-Himsi</a> (1858–1941) was a Syrian intellectual who was the founder of modern Arabic <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 165px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Maryana_Marrash2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maryana Marrash (1849–1919) was a writer, poet and the first Syrian woman to publish a collection of poetry"><img alt="Maryana Marrash (1849–1919) was a writer, poet and the first Syrian woman to publish a collection of poetry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Photograph_of_Maryana_Marrash2.jpg/109px-Photograph_of_Maryana_Marrash2.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Photograph_of_Maryana_Marrash2.jpg/164px-Photograph_of_Maryana_Marrash2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Photograph_of_Maryana_Marrash2.jpg/218px-Photograph_of_Maryana_Marrash2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="309" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maryana_Marrash" title="Maryana Marrash">Maryana Marrash</a> (1849–1919) was a writer, poet and the first Syrian woman to publish a collection of poetry</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_Persecution">Religious Persecution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religious Persecution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution of Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Orthodox_clash_in_Aleppo_(1818)" title="Catholic–Orthodox clash in Aleppo (1818)">Catholic–Orthodox clash in Aleppo (1818)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeddah_massacre_of_1858" title="Jeddah massacre of 1858">Jeddah massacre of 1858</a></div><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Aleppo_(1850)" title="Massacre of Aleppo (1850)">The Massacre of Aleppo of 1850</a> often referred to simply as The Events was a riot perpetrated by <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> residents of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, largely from the eastern quarters of the city, against <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> residents, largely located in the northern suburbs of the predominantly Christian neighbourhood <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Judayde</a> (Jdeideh) and Salibeh. The Events are considered by historians to be particularly important in Aleppian history, for they represent the first time disturbances pitted Muslims against Christians in the region. The patriarch of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_VII_Jarweh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter VII Jarweh">Peter VII Jarweh</a> was fatally wounded in the attacks and died a year later. 20–70 people died from rioting and 5,000 died as a result of bombardment.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Lebanon_Great_Famine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mount_Lebanon_Great_Famine.jpg/220px-Mount_Lebanon_Great_Famine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mount_Lebanon_Great_Famine.jpg/330px-Mount_Lebanon_Great_Famine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mount_Lebanon_Great_Famine.jpg/440px-Mount_Lebanon_Great_Famine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Starving man and children in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Great Famine</a>, 1915–18</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus</a> was a civil conflict and later <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacre</a> during <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule, started by skirmishes occurring between the <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>. Following decisive victories and massacres against Christians, the conflict spilled over into other parts of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a>, particularly the city <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, where over ten thousand Christian residents of various denominations were killed by Druze and Muslim militiamen. With the connivance of the military authorities and Turkish soldiers, Druze and allied paramilitary groups organised <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> in Damascus which lasted three days (9–11 July).<a href="#cite_note-M2-122">[122]</a> By the war's end, around 20,000 Christians had been killed, and many villages and churches were destroyed. The Christian quarter of old Damascus was destroyed and houses were plundered. Historian <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Mishaqa" title="Mikhail Mishaqa">Mikhail Mishaqas'</a> memoir of the massacre is valuable to historians, as it is the only account written by a survivor of a mob attack.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader_al-Jazairi" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi">Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi</a>, the exiled Algerian Muslim military leader, ordered his sons and soldiers to protect and shelter Damascene Christians from impending interpersonal violence that was spreading throughout the city, thereby saving thousands, preserving this ancient community from complete devastation.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkite Greek Catholic">Melkite Greek Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronite</a> Christians suffered negligence from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> authorities and a naval blockade from France and Britain, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Great Famine of Mount Lebanon</a> (1915–1918) during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, which ran in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a>. The Mount Lebanon famine caused the highest fatality rate by population during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TN-126">[126]</a> Around 200,000 people starved to death when the population of Mount Lebanon was estimated to be 400,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-127">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Egypt" title="Lebanese people in Egypt">Lebanese diaspora in Egypt</a> funded the shipping of food supplies to Mount Lebanon, sent via the Syrian Island town of <a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> On 26 May 1916, Lebanese-American writer <a href="/wiki/Gibran_Khalil" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibran Khalil">Khalil Gibran</a> wrote a letter<a href="#cite_note-TN-126">[126]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mary_Haskell_(educator)" title="Mary Haskell (educator)">Mary Haskell</a> that read:<blockquote> "The famine in Mount Lebanon has been planned and instigated by the Turkish government. Already 80,000 have succumbed to starvation and thousands are dying every single day. The same process happened with <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">the Christian Armenians</a> and applied to the Christians in Mount Lebanon." </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regional_Conflicts">Regional Conflicts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Regional Conflicts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_Near_East" title="List of conflicts in the Near East">List of conflicts in the Near East</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></div>During the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, a number of Palestinian Greek Orthodox and Melkite communities were ethnically cleansed and driven out of their towns, including <a href="/wiki/Al-Bassa" title="Al-Bassa">al-Bassa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Bir%27im" title="Kafr Bir'im">Kafr Bir'im</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iqrit" title="Iqrit">Iqrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarbikha" title="Tarbikha">Tarbikha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eilabun" title="Eilabun">Eilabun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>. Many Christian towns or neighborhoods were ethnically cleansed and destroyed during the period between 1948 and 1953. All the Christian residents of <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beisan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> were removed, and a big percentage displaced in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lydda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramleh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Arab Christian <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zureiq" title="Constantin Zureiq">Constantin Zureiq</a> was the first to coin the term <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian exodus">"Nakba" in reference to the 1948 Palestinian exodus.</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> occurred between two broad camps, the mainly Christian 'rightist' <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Front" title="Lebanese Front">Lebanese Front</a> consisting of Maronites and Melkites, and the mainly Muslim and Arab nationalist 'leftist' <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">National Movement</a>, supported by the Druze, Greek Orthodox and the Palestinian community. The war was characterized by the kidnap, rape and massacre of those caught in the wrong place as each side eliminated 'enemy' enclaves – mainly Christian or Muslim low-income areas.<a href="#cite_note-Refugees-131">[131]</a> In Lebanon, Maronites and Melkites looked to France and the Mediterranean world, whereas most Muslims and Greek Orthodox Christians looked to the Arab hinterland as their political lodestar.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In 1982 Israel invaded Lebanon with the aim of destroying the <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a>, which it besieged in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">West Beirut</a>. Israel was later obliged to withdraw as a result of multiple guerrilla attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front" title="Lebanese National Resistance Front">Lebanese National Resistance Front</a> and increasing hostility across all forces in Lebanon to their presence.<a href="#cite_note-Refugees-131">[131]</a> With the events of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, the Syrian Arab Christian community was heavily hit in line with other Christian communities of Syria, being victimized by the war and specifically targeted as a minority by Jihadist forces. Many Christians, including Arab Christians, were displaced or fled Syria over the course of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>. When the conflict in Syria began, it was reported that Christians were cautious and avoided taking sides, but that due to the increased violence and ISIL's growth, Arab Christians showed support for Assad, fearing that if Assad was overthrown, they would be targeted. Christians supported the Assad regime based on the fear that the end of the current government could lead to instability. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Middle_East_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Middle East Center">The Carnegie Middle East Center</a> stated that the majority of Christians were more in support of the regime because they feared a chaotic situation or to be under the control of the Islamist Western and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> backed armed groups.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_Diaspora">Arab Diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Arab Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_emigration" title="Christian emigration">Christian emigration</a></div> Millions of people are descended from Arab Christians and they live outside the Middle East, in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_diaspora" title="Arab diaspora">Arab diaspora</a>. They mainly reside in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, but many people of Arab Christian descent also reside in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. Among them, one million Palestinian Christians live in the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_diaspora" title="Palestinian diaspora">Palestinian diaspora</a> and 6–7 million <a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilians</a> are estimated to have Lebanese ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Mass Arab immigration started in the 1890s as Lebanese and Syrian people fled from the political and economic instability which was caused by the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">collapse of the Ottoman Empire</a>. These early immigrants were known as Syro-Lebanese, Lebanese and Palestinians, or <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">United States census</a>, there were at least 3.5 million Arabs living in the United States in the year 2000, with around 40% of them originating from <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AAI-139">[139]</a> The majority of them are members of the Christian faith, making up 63% of the overall <a href="/wiki/Arab_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab American">Arab American</a> population.<a href="#cite_note-AAI-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-aai-140">[140]</a> Historical events that caused the mass-emigration of Arab Christians include: <a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">1915–1918 Great Famine of Mount Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956%E2%80%9357_exodus_and_expulsions_from_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="1956–57 exodus and expulsions from Egypt">1956–57 exodus and expulsions from Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese civil war">Lebanese civil war</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq war">Iraq war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_in_Al-Mahjar">Role in Al-Mahjar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Role in Al-Mahjar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arab_American_literature" title="Arab American literature">Arab American literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algunos_miembros_de_Al-Rabita_al-Qalamiyya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Algunos_miembros_de_Al-Rabita_al-Qalamiyya.jpg/220px-Algunos_miembros_de_Al-Rabita_al-Qalamiyya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Algunos_miembros_de_Al-Rabita_al-Qalamiyya.jpg/330px-Algunos_miembros_de_Al-Rabita_al-Qalamiyya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Algunos_miembros_de_Al-Rabita_al-Qalamiyya.jpg/440px-Algunos_miembros_de_Al-Rabita_al-Qalamiyya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>A 1920 photograph of four prominent members of The Pen League (from left to right): <a href="/wiki/Nasib_Arida" title="Nasib Arida">Nasib Arida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran" title="Kahlil Gibran">Kahlil Gibran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Masih_Haddad" title="Abd al-Masih Haddad">Abd al-Masih Haddad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Naimy" title="Mikhail Naimy">Mikhail Naimy</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mahjar" title="Mahjar">The Mahjar</a> (one of its more literal meanings being "the Arab diaspora") was a literary movement that succeeded the Nahda movement. It was started by Christian Arabic-speaking writers who had emigrated to America from Lebanon, Syria and Palestine at the turn of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The writers of the Mahjar movement were stimulated by their personal encounter with the Western world and participated in the renewal of Arabic literature, hence their proponents referred to as writers of the "late Nahda".<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Pen_League" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pen League">The Pen League</a> was the first Arabic-language <a href="/wiki/Literary_society" title="Literary society">literary society</a> in North America, formed initially by Syrians <a href="/wiki/Nasib_Arida" title="Nasib Arida">Nasib Arida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Masih_Haddad" title="Abd al-Masih Haddad">Abd al-Masih Haddad</a>. Members of the Pen League included: <a href="/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran" title="Kahlil Gibran">Kahlil Gibran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elia_Abu_Madi" title="Elia Abu Madi">Elia Abu Madi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Naimy" title="Mikhail Naimy">Mikhail Naimy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ameen_Rihani" title="Ameen Rihani">Ameen Rihani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Eight out of the ten members were <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Greek Orthodox</a> and two were <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a> Christians.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The league dissolved following Gibran's death in 1931 and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Naimy" title="Mikhail Naimy">Mikhail Naimy</a>'s return to <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Naimy was made famous internationally for his spiritual writings, most notably <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mirdad" title="The Book of Mirdad">The Book of Mirdad</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_Arab_Christians">Notable Arab Christians</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable Arab Christians">edit</a>]</div> Notable <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> figures include <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a> businessman of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Greek_Orthodox_Christians" title="Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christians">Lebanese Greek Orthodox</a> descent <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Hayek" title="Nicolas Hayek">Nicolas Hayek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexican</a> business magnate of <a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronites in Lebanon">Maronite</a> descent, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Slim" title="Carlos Slim">Carlos Slim</a>. From 2010 to 2013, Slim was ranked as the <a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires#2013" title="The World's Billionaires">richest person in the world</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Figures in entertainment include actors <a href="/wiki/Omar_Sharif" title="Omar Sharif">Omar Sharif</a> (Melkite-born),<a href="/wiki/Jamie_Farr" title="Jamie Farr">Jamie Farr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salma_Hayek" title="Salma Hayek">Salma Hayek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Shalhoub" title="Tony Shalhoub">Tony Shalhoub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vince_Vaughn" title="Vince Vaughn">Vince Vaughn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Thomas" title="Danny Thomas">Danny Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_award" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar award">Oscar award</a> winner <a href="/wiki/F._Murray_Abraham" title="F. Murray Abraham">F. Murray Abraham</a> and film director <a href="/wiki/Youssef_Chahine" title="Youssef Chahine">Youssef Chahine</a>. Figures in academics include plant biologist <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Chory" title="Joanne Chory">Joanne Chory</a>, scholar <a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Nassim Nicholas Taleb</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GuardianInterview2-149">[149]</a> cardiac and vascular surgeon <a href="/wiki/Michael_DeBakey" title="Michael DeBakey">Michael DeBakey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DeBakeyAcademy2-150">[150]</a> inventor of the <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a> and co-inventor of the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Fadell" title="Tony Fadell">Tony Fadell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> mathematician <a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-whoswho2-152">[152]</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Elachi" title="Charles Elachi">Charles Elachi</a>, intellectual <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry</a> <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias James Corey</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize winner in Physiology or Medicine</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-new2-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Medawar,_Peter_Brian2-155">[155]</a> Other notables include legendary <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> reporter <a href="/wiki/Helen_Thomas" title="Helen Thomas">Helen Thomas</a>, activist and presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a>, judge <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Barkett" title="Rosemary Barkett">Rosemary Barkett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> and US governor and academic administrator <a href="/wiki/Mitch_Daniels" title="Mitch Daniels">Mitch Daniels</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity">Identity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Identity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">List of Christian denominations by number of members</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denominations">Denominations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Denominations">edit</a>]</div> Arab Christians mainly belong to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch</a>, Melkite Greek Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a>, though some are also members of other churches, including the Catholic Latin Church and <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church">Protestant Churches</a>, such as the Lutheran, Anglican, and Reformed traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Haiduc-Dale2013-157">[157]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of churches based in the Arab world, including self-identification of adherents </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Denomination </th> <th>Communion </th> <th>Members </th> <th>Membership primarily subscribes to Arab identity? </th> <th>Alternative identities claimed </th> <th>Headquarters </th> <th>Liturgical language </th> <th>Area </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/100px-Coptic_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/150px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/200px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="606" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a> </td> <td>Oriental Orthodox </td> <td>10 million<a href="#cite_note-161">[a]</a> </td> <td>Mixed<a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-162">[161]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Coptic</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-163">[162]</a> </td> <td>Ancient: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> Modern: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mark%27s_Coptic_Orthodox_Cathedral" title="Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral">Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral</a>, Cairo, Egypt<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> </td> <td>Coptic, Arabic<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-163">[162]</a> </td> <td>Egypt<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-163">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="615" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a> </td> <td>Catholic </td> <td>3.5 million<a href="#cite_note-Roberson-165">[164]</a> </td> <td>Mixed<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenician</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramean</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> </td> <td>Ancient: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Antioch</a> Modern: <a href="/wiki/Bkerk%C3%A9" title="Bkerké">Bkerké</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> </td> <td>Arabic, Syriac<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (approximately one third), <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, Israel, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East.svg/151px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East.svg/201px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1752" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch</a> </td> <td>Eastern Orthodox </td> <td>2.5 million<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-:2-173">[172]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-173">[172]</a> </td> <td>Ancient: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Antioch</a> Modern: <a href="/wiki/Mariamite_Cathedral_of_Damascus" title="Mariamite Cathedral of Damascus">Mariamite Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> </td> <td>Arabic, Greek<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestine</a>, Israel, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Patriarchal_Emblem_of_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Patriarchal_Emblem_of_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.svg/100px-Patriarchal_Emblem_of_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Patriarchal_Emblem_of_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.svg/150px-Patriarchal_Emblem_of_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Patriarchal_Emblem_of_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.svg/200px-Patriarchal_Emblem_of_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> </td> <td>Oriental Orthodox </td> <td>1.7 million<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> </td> <td>No <a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020Section_5-181">[180]</a> </td> <td>Jacobite, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramean</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> </td> <td>Ancient: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Antioch</a> Modern: <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_George,_Damascus" title="Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus">Cathedral of Saint George</a>, Damascus, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>;<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> (historically <a href="/wiki/Mor_Hananyo_Monastery" title="Mor Hananyo Monastery">Mor Hananyo Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a>) </td> <td>Syriac<a href="#cite_note-syriacpatriarchate.org-184">[183]</a> </td> <td>Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey<a href="#cite_note-syriacpatriarchate.org-184">[183]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Patriarch_Youssef_Absi_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Patriarch_Youssef_Absi_coat_of_arms.svg/100px-Patriarch_Youssef_Absi_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Patriarch_Youssef_Absi_coat_of_arms.svg/151px-Patriarch_Youssef_Absi_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Patriarch_Youssef_Absi_coat_of_arms.svg/200px-Patriarch_Youssef_Absi_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1271" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>Catholic </td> <td>1.6 million<a href="#cite_note-Roberson-165">[164]</a> </td> <td>Mixed<a href="#cite_note-:4-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> </td> <td>Ancient: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Antioch</a> Modern: <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Dormition" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition">Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> </td> <td>Arabic, Greek<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, Israel, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg/100px-Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg/150px-Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg/200px-Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1710" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>Catholic </td> <td>0.6 million<a href="#cite_note-Roberson-165">[164]</a> </td> <td>Mixed<a href="#cite_note-:6-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020Section_4-192">[191]</a> </td> <td>Chaldean, Assyrian, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-191">[190]</a> </td> <td>Ancient: <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> Modern: <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Mary_Mother_of_Sorrows" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Mary Mother of Sorrows">Cathedral of Mary Mother of Sorrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> </td> <td>Syriac,<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> Arabic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a> </td> <td>Eastern Orthodox </td> <td>0.5 – 2.9 million<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> </td> <td>Mixed<a href="#cite_note-:7-198">[197]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-198">[197]</a> </td> <td>Ancient: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> Modern: <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Evangelismos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Evangelismos">Cathedral of Evangelismos</a>, Alexandria, Egypt<a href="#cite_note-Greek_Orthodox2-199">[198]</a> </td> <td>Arabic, Greek<a href="#cite_note-Greek_Orthodox2-199">[198]</a> </td> <td>Africa<a href="#cite_note-oikoumene.org-200">[199]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> </td> <td>Church of the East </td> <td>0.5 million<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020Section_3-202">[201]</a> </td> <td>Nestorian, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramean</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020Section_3-202">[201]</a> </td> <td>Ancient: <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> Modern: <a href="/wiki/Ankawa" title="Ankawa">Ankawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><a href="#cite_note-assyrianchurch.org2-203">[202]</a> </td> <td>Syriac<a href="#cite_note-assyrianchurch.org2-203">[202]</a> </td> <td>Iraq, Iran, Syria<a href="#cite_note-assyrianchurch.org2-203">[202]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ignatius_Moses_I_Daoud.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Coat_of_arms_of_Ignatius_Moses_I_Daoud.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ignatius_Moses_I_Daoud.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Coat_of_arms_of_Ignatius_Moses_I_Daoud.svg/149px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ignatius_Moses_I_Daoud.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Coat_of_arms_of_Ignatius_Moses_I_Daoud.svg/199px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ignatius_Moses_I_Daoud.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1314" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>Catholic </td> <td>0.2 million<a href="#cite_note-Roberson-165">[164]</a> </td> <td>Mixed<a href="#cite_note-:8-204">[203]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-204">[203]</a> or Aramean </td> <td>Ancient: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Antioch</a> Modern: <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Paul" title="Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul">Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> </td> <td>Syriac </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sertoth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sertoth.jpg/100px-Sertoth.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sertoth.jpg/150px-Sertoth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sertoth.jpg/200px-Sertoth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="388" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>Catholic </td> <td>0.2 million<a href="#cite_note-Roberson-165">[164]</a> </td> <td>Mixed<a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-162">[161]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Coptic, including</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-163">[162]</a> </td> <td>Ancient: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> Modern: <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Egypt" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Egypt">Cathedral of Our Lady of Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><a href="#cite_note-Cathédrale_Notre-Dame_d'Egypte2-207">[206]</a> </td> <td>Coptic, Arabic </td> <td>Egypt<a href="#cite_note-Cathédrale_Notre-Dame_d'Egypte2-207">[206]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jeruzal%C3%A9msk%C3%BD_patriarch%C3%A1t.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jeruzal%C3%A9msk%C3%BD_patriarch%C3%A1t.jpg/100px-Jeruzal%C3%A9msk%C3%BD_patriarch%C3%A1t.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jeruzal%C3%A9msk%C3%BD_patriarch%C3%A1t.jpg/150px-Jeruzal%C3%A9msk%C3%BD_patriarch%C3%A1t.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jeruzal%C3%A9msk%C3%BD_patriarch%C3%A1t.jpg/200px-Jeruzal%C3%A9msk%C3%BD_patriarch%C3%A1t.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1609" data-file-height="1959" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem</a> </td> <td>Eastern Orthodox </td> <td>0.2 million<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-:9-209">[208]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-209">[208]</a> </td> <td>Ancient: Jerusalem Modern: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>, Jerusalem<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> </td> <td>Arabic, Greek<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> </td> <td>Palestine, Israel, Jordan<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Assyrians.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Assyrians.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Assyrians.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Assyrians.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> </td> <td>Church of the East </td> <td>0.1 million<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020143–170-214">[213]</a> </td> <td>Nestorian, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020143–170-214">[213]</a> </td> <td>Ancient: <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> Modern: <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td>Syriac </td> <td>Iraq </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-identification">Self-identification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Self-identification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriac_Christian_Denominations_in_Middle_East.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Syriac_Christian_Denominations_in_Middle_East.svg/220px-Syriac_Christian_Denominations_in_Middle_East.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Syriac_Christian_Denominations_in_Middle_East.svg/330px-Syriac_Christian_Denominations_in_Middle_East.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Syriac_Christian_Denominations_in_Middle_East.svg/440px-Syriac_Christian_Denominations_in_Middle_East.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Key schisms in Middle Eastern Christian denominations</figcaption></figure>The issue of self-identification arises regarding specific Christian communities across the Arab world. A significant proportion of Maronites <a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">claim descent from the Phoenicians</a>, whilst a significant proportion of Copts claim that they <a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">descend from the Ancient Egyptians.</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab">Arab</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Arab">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Orthodox_Movement" title="Arab Orthodox Movement">Arab Orthodox Movement</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(Lebanon_and_Syria)" title="Martyrs' Day (Lebanon and Syria)">Martyrs' Day (Lebanon and Syria)</a></div>The designation "Greek" in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> and Melkite Greek Catholic Church refers to the use of <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>, used today alongside Arabic. As a result, the Greek dominated clergy was commonplace serving the Arabic speaking Christians, the majority who couldn't speak Greek. Some viewed Greek rule as cultural imperialism and demanded emancipation from Greek control, as well as the abolishment of the centralized structure of the institution via Arab inclusion in decision-making processes.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:May_6,_1916_Public_executions_of_Syrian_nationalists_in_Marjeh_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/May_6%2C_1916_Public_executions_of_Syrian_nationalists_in_Marjeh_Square.jpg/220px-May_6%2C_1916_Public_executions_of_Syrian_nationalists_in_Marjeh_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/May_6%2C_1916_Public_executions_of_Syrian_nationalists_in_Marjeh_Square.jpg/330px-May_6%2C_1916_Public_executions_of_Syrian_nationalists_in_Marjeh_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/May_6%2C_1916_Public_executions_of_Syrian_nationalists_in_Marjeh_Square.jpg/440px-May_6%2C_1916_Public_executions_of_Syrian_nationalists_in_Marjeh_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha">Djemal Pasha</a> publicly executed Arab nationalists–many Christian–who espoused anti-Ottoman views in Syria and Lebanon (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a>)</figcaption></figure>The struggle for the Arabization of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> against the Greek clerical hegemony in Palestine led Orthodox Christian intellectuals to rebel against the Church's Greek dominated hierarchy. The rebellion was divided between those who sought a common Ottoman cause against European intrusions and those who identified with Arab nationalism against pan-Turkic (Ottoman) nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> Its main advocates were well known community leaders and writers in Palestine, such as Ya'qub Farraj, <a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Sakakini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalil al-Sakakini">Khalil al-Sakakini</a>, Yusuf al-Bandak (publisher of Sawtal-Sha'b) and cousins <a href="/wiki/Yousef_El-Issa" title="Yousef El-Issa">Yousef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Issa_El-Issa" title="Issa El-Issa">Issa El-Issa</a> (founders of Falastin). The cousins were among the first to elucidate the Arab struggle against the Greek clerical hegemony of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Church of Jerusalem</a>. Both Sakakini and El-Issa argued that the Palestinian and the Syrian (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Antiochian</a>) community constituted an oppressed majority, controlled and manipulated by a minority Greek clergy.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> There have been numerous disputes between the Arab and the Greek leadership of the church in Jerusalem from the Mandate onwards.<a href="#cite_note-:3-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> Jordan encouraged the Greeks to open the Brotherhood to Arab members of the community between 1948 and 1967 when the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">West Bank was under Jordanian rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-220">[219]</a> Land and political disputes have been common since 1967, with the Greek priests portrayed as collaborators with Israel. Land disputes include the sale of St. John's property in the Christian quarter, the transfer of fifty <a href="/wiki/Dunam" title="Dunam">dunams</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mar_Elias_Monastery" title="Mar Elias Monastery">Mar Elias Monastery</a>, and the sale of two hotels and twenty-seven stores on <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bin_Al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Bin Al-Khattab">Omar Bin Al-Khattab</a> square near the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-220">[219]</a> A dispute between the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> and the Greek <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Irenaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Irenaios">Patriarch Irenaios</a> led to the Patriarch being dismissed and demoted because of accusations of a real estate deal with Israel. It was later ruled uncanonical by <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Bartholomew" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Bartholomew">Patriarch Bartholomew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rūm">Rūm</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rūm">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rum Millet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioecesis_Orientis_400_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dioecesis_Orientis_400_AD.png/220px-Dioecesis_Orientis_400_AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dioecesis_Orientis_400_AD.png/330px-Dioecesis_Orientis_400_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dioecesis_Orientis_400_AD.png/440px-Dioecesis_Orientis_400_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a> 400 AD, homeland of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Rūm</a>; showing modern day Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Israel, Palestine and Jordan</figcaption></figure> The homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a>, was one of the major commercial, agricultural, religious, and intellectual areas of the Roman Empire, and its strategic location facing the Persian Sassanid Empire gave it exceptional military importance.<a href="#cite_note-ODB-223">[222]</a> They are either members of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch</a> or the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, and they have ancient roots in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>; more specifically, the territories of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a>, which includes the city of <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a> (ancient <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>). Antiochian Greeks constitute a multi-national group of people and thus construct their identity in relation to specific historical moments. Analyzing cultural identity as a conscious construction is more helpful than a simple labelling of ethnicity, thus the identity is assumed to accentuate the separate origin unique to the Christian <a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Rūm</a> (literally "Eastern Romans") of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> Some members of the community also call themselves <a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a>, which means "monarchists" or "supporters of the emperor" (a reference to their past allegiance to Macedonian and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> imperial rule) although in the modern era, that term tends to be more commonly used by followers of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> The Orthodox Christian congregation was included in an ethno-religious community, <a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rum Millet</a> ("Roman nation"), during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Its name was derived from the former Eastern Roman (Byzantine) subjects of the Ottoman Empire, but all Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern Christians">Middle Eastern Christians</a>, were considered part of the same <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet</a> in spite of their differences in ethnicity and language. Belonging to this Orthodox commonwealth became more important to the common people than their ethnic origins.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chaldean">Chaldean</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Chaldean">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1910_map_showing_%22Nestorians%22_(6),_%22Chaldeans%22_(7)_and_%22Jacobites%22_(8),_in_Maunsell%27s_map,_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia,_Syria_and_western_Persia_01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1910_map_showing_%22Nestorians%22_%286%29%2C_%22Chaldeans%22_%287%29_and_%22Jacobites%22_%288%29%2C_in_Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1910_map_showing_%22Nestorians%22_%286%29%2C_%22Chaldeans%22_%287%29_and_%22Jacobites%22_%288%29%2C_in_Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/420px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1910_map_showing_%22Nestorians%22_%286%29%2C_%22Chaldeans%22_%287%29_and_%22Jacobites%22_%288%29%2C_in_Maunsell%27s_map%2C_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia%2C_Syria_and_western_Persia_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/560px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3774" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>Maunsell's map, a Pre-World War I British Ethnographical Map of the Middle East showing "Nestorians" (6), "Chaldeans" (7) and "Jacobites" (8).</figcaption></figure> The former Patriarch of the Chaldean Church, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_III_Delly" title="Emmanuel III Delly">Emmanuel III Delly</a>, made the following comment in a 2006 interview:<blockquote>"Any Chaldean who calls himself an Assyrian is a traitor and any Assyrian who calls himself Chaldean is a traitor."<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a></blockquote>The Chaldean Church, which had been part of the Nestorian Church, or Church of the East, until 1552–3, began in earnest to distance itself from the Nestorians who were now seen as the 'uncouth Assyrians'. During this period, many Chaldeans began identifying themselves solely by their religious community, and later as Iraqis, Iraqi Christians, or Arab Christians, rather than with the Assyrian community as a whole. The first split for the two groups came in 431, when they broke away from what was to become the Catholic Church over a theological dispute.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> The reverberation of religious animosity between these communities still continues today, a testament to the machinations of power politics in the nation-building of the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-Donabed_407–431-229">[228]</a> The Iraqi Chaldeans positioned themselves deliberately as a religious group within the Arab Iraqi nation. The Arab identity of the state was not only acceptable to them, but was even staunchly endorsed. The Arab nationalism they supported did not discriminate according to religion and was therefore also acceptable to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020143–170-214">[213]</a> Today, due to both forced and accepted Arabization, many Chaldeans identify themselves situationally as Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-Donabed_407–431-229">[228]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> form the majority of Christians in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, northeast <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, south-east <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and north-west <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. They are specifically defined as non-Arab <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> ethnic group, including by the governments of Iraq, Lebanon, Iran, Syria, Israel, and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Christian influences on the Islamic world</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_A_bag_pipe_orchestra_from_Bethlehem_playing_in_the_streets_of_the_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_A_bag_pipe_orchestra_from_Bethlehem_playing_in_the_streets_of_the_city.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_A_bag_pipe_orchestra_from_Bethlehem_playing_in_the_streets_of_the_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_A_bag_pipe_orchestra_from_Bethlehem_playing_in_the_streets_of_the_city.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_A_bag_pipe_orchestra_from_Bethlehem_playing_in_the_streets_of_the_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_A_bag_pipe_orchestra_from_Bethlehem_playing_in_the_streets_of_the_city.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_A_bag_pipe_orchestra_from_Bethlehem_playing_in_the_streets_of_the_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption> Greek Orthodox Christmas procession in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Christianity in the Middle East</a> represents a large part of the region's diverse culture mosaic.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> The region includes the oldest Christian monuments in addition to the liturgy and <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> that have spread since the second century AD throughout the region.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Arabic" title="Bible translations into Arabic">Translations of the Bible into Arabic</a> are known from the early Christian churches in the Levant, Egypt, Mesopotamia, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>. Christians produced hundreds of manuscripts containing portions of the Bible in Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> Christian Arabs celebrate various holy days, including the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Feast of the Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_il-Burbara" title="Eid il-Burbara">Eid il-Burbara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of St. George">Feast of St. George</a>, and the Feast of the <a href="/wiki/Prophet_Elijah" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet Elijah">Prophet Elijah</a>. In Christian traditions, <a href="/wiki/Sergius_and_Bacchus" title="Sergius and Bacchus">Sergius and Bacchus</a> are considered the patron saints of Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> There are no major cultural differences between Christian Arabs and the general Arab environment.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> Some differences arise from religious differences, for example, customs and traditions related to <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in Christianity">marriage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Christian_burial" title="Christian burial">burial</a>. Also, in social events in which the participants are Christians, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Christianity">alcoholic beverages</a> are often served (apart from those denominations that encourage <a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">teetotalism</a>), unlike what is prevalent in most Arab societies because <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> law forbids strong drink.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian cuisine">Christian cuisine</a> is similar to other <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Middle East">Middle Eastern cuisines</a>; unlike in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic cuisine">Islamic cuisines</a> in the region, <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> is allowed among Arab Christians, though it is not widely consumed. <a href="/wiki/Male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Male circumcision">Male circumcision</a> is near-universal among Christian Arabs,<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> and they practice it shortly after birth as part of a <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a>,<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> though the practice of <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">circumcision was dropped in the New Testament</a>, meaning that the mainstream Churches do not oblige their followers to do so.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> In some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> denominations, such as <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Christianity">Coptic Christianity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-N._Stearns_2008_179-241">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Male circumcision">male circumcision</a> is an established practice, and require that their male members undergo circumcision shortly after birth as part of a <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arab_Christians.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Arab_Christians.png/220px-Arab_Christians.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Arab_Christians.png/330px-Arab_Christians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Arab_Christians.png/440px-Arab_Christians.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption>Arab Christian majority areas</figcaption></figure> Arab Christian communities can be found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algeria">Algeria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Algeria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Algeria" title="Christianity in Algeria">Christianity in Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabyle_Christians_from_Algeria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kabyle_Christians_from_Algeria.jpg/220px-Kabyle_Christians_from_Algeria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kabyle_Christians_from_Algeria.jpg/330px-Kabyle_Christians_from_Algeria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kabyle_Christians_from_Algeria.jpg/440px-Kabyle_Christians_from_Algeria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyle</a> Christians from Algeria</figcaption></figure> Christianity came to Algeria in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> era, and declined after the arrival of Islam in the 7th century. A notable <a href="/wiki/Berber_Christians" title="Berber Christians">Berber Christian</a> of Algeria was <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> and his mother <a href="/wiki/Saint_Monica" title="Saint Monica">Saint Monica</a>, important saints in Christianity. Prior to <a href="/wiki/Algerian_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian independence">independence</a> from France in 1962, Algeria was home to 1.4 million <a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">pieds-noirs</a> (ethnic Europeans who were mostly Catholic).<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> Arguably, many more Maghrebi Christians live in France than in North Africa, due to the exodus of the <a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">pieds-noirs</a> in the 1960s. In 2009, the percentage of Christians in Algeria was less than 2%. In this same survey, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> counted 100,000 Catholics and 45,000 Protestants in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background2-245">[244]</a> A 2015 study estimates 380,000 Muslims converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Algeria" title="Christianity in Algeria">Christianity in Algeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background-246">[245]</a> Conversions have been most common in the region of <a href="/wiki/Kabylie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabylie">Kabylie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a> was renowned for his missions in Algeria among Muslims, including Arabs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahrain">Bahrain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bahrain">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bahrain" title="Christianity in Bahrain">Christianity in Bahrain</a></div> Native Christians who hold Bahraini citizenship number approximately 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-2010Census-248">[247]</a> The majority of Christians are originally from <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, with a small minority having lived in Bahrain for many centuries; the majority have been living as Bahraini citizens for less than a century. There are also smaller numbers of native Christians who originally hail from <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and India. The majority of Christian Bahraini citizens tend to be <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Orthodox Christians</a>, with the largest church by membership being the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a>. They enjoy many equal religious and social freedoms. Bahrain has Christian members in the Bahraini government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity in Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copts_praying_in_Tahrir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Copts_praying_in_Tahrir.jpg/220px-Copts_praying_in_Tahrir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Copts_praying_in_Tahrir.jpg/330px-Copts_praying_in_Tahrir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Copts_praying_in_Tahrir.jpg/440px-Copts_praying_in_Tahrir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Copts praying in <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir</a></figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a> in Egypt constitute the largest <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Christian community in the Middle East</a>, as well as the largest religious minority in the region, accounting for an estimated 10% of Egyptian population.<a href="#cite_note-Christian-Muslim_Gap-249">[248]</a> Since antiquity, there has always been a Levantine presence in Egypt, however they started becoming a distinctive minority in Egypt around the early 18th century. The <a href="/wiki/Syro-Lebanese_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Lebanese in Egypt">Syro-Lebanese Christians of Egypt</a> were highly influenced by <a href="/wiki/European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European culture">European culture</a> and established churches, printing houses and businesses across Egypt. Their aggregate wealth was reckoned at one and a half billion francs, 10% of the Egyptian GDP at the end of the 20th century. They took advantage of the Egyptian constitution that established the juridical equality of all citizens and granted the Syro-Lebanese Christians the fullness of civil rights, prior to the <a href="/wiki/Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser">Nasser</a> reforms.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-251">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Iraq">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_Christians_from_Baghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Assyrian_Christians_from_Baghdad.jpg/220px-Assyrian_Christians_from_Baghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Assyrian_Christians_from_Baghdad.jpg/330px-Assyrian_Christians_from_Baghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Assyrian_Christians_from_Baghdad.jpg/440px-Assyrian_Christians_from_Baghdad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><bdi>Assyrian Christians from <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></bdi></figcaption></figure> The Arab Christian community in Iraq is relatively small, and further dwindled due to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> to just several hundred thousand. Most Arab Christians in Iraq belong traditionally to Greek Orthodox and Catholic Churches and are concentrated in major cities such as <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>. The vast majority of the remaining 450,000 to 900,000 Christians in Iraq are <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> Significant persecution of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Christians">Iraqi Christians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> and other areas held by <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> occurred from 2014 onwards, with Christian houses identified as <a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">"N"</a> for "<a href="/wiki/Nasrani_(Arabic_term_for_Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasrani (Arabic term for Christian)">Nasrani</a>" (Christian).<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity in Israel</a></div> In December 2009, 122,000 Arab Christians lived in Israel, as <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab citizens of Israel</a>, out of a total of 151,700 Christian citizens.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, on the eve of Christmas 2013, there were approximately 161,000 Christians in Israel, about 2 percent of the general population in Israel. 80% of the Christians are Arab<a href="#cite_note-jpost25122012-255">[254]</a> with smaller Christian communities of ethnic Russians, Ukrainians, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Israel" title="Greeks in Israel">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Israel">Armenians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Israel" title="Assyrians in Israel">Assyrians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adelman_2015-256">[255]</a> As of 2014 the Melkite Greek Catholic Church was the largest Christian community in Israel, where about 60% of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Christians">Israeli Christians</a> belonged to the Melkite Greek Catholic Church,<a href="#cite_note-MFA2014-257">[256]</a> while around 30% of Israeli Christians belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MFA2014-257">[256]</a> The Christian communities in Israel run numerous <a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">schools</a>, colleges, hospitals, clinics, orphanages, homes for the elderly, <a href="/wiki/Dormitories" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormitories">dormitories</a>, family and youth centers, <a href="/wiki/Hotels" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotels">hotels</a>, and guesthouses.<a href="#cite_note-McGahern_2011_51-258">[257]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_67507_st._georgs_church_in_lod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/PikiWiki_Israel_67507_st._georgs_church_in_lod.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_67507_st._georgs_church_in_lod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/PikiWiki_Israel_67507_st._georgs_church_in_lod.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_67507_st._georgs_church_in_lod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/PikiWiki_Israel_67507_st._georgs_church_in_lod.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_67507_st._georgs_church_in_lod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Christians worshipping the Divine Liturgy <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_George_and_Mosque_of_Al-Khadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr">St George Church</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a></figcaption></figure>The city of <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> has the largest Arab Christian community in Israel, followed by the cities of <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shefa-Amr" title="Shefa-Amr">Shefa-Amr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Christian2020-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-Christian2021-260">[259]</a> The Christian Arab communities in Nazareth and Haifa tend to be wealthier and better educated than Arabs elsewhere in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> Christians live in a number of other towns in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> either singly or mixed with <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Abu_Snan" title="Abu Snan">Abu Snan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arraba,_Israel" title="Arraba, Israel">Arraba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bi%27ina" title="Bi'ina">Bi'ina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daliyat_al-Karmel" title="Daliyat al-Karmel">Daliyat al-Karmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deir_Hanna" title="Deir Hanna">Deir Hanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eilabun" title="Eilabun">Eilabun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurfeish" title="Hurfeish">Hurfeish</a>, <a href="/wiki/I%27billin" title="I'billin">I'billin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfiya" title="Isfiya">Isfiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jadeidi-Makr" title="Jadeidi-Makr">Jadeidi-Makr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jish" title="Jish">Jish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Kanna" title="Kafr Kanna">Kafr Kanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Yasif" title="Kafr Yasif">Kafr Yasif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kisra-Sumei" title="Kisra-Sumei">Kisra-Sumei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maghar,_Israel" title="Maghar, Israel">Maghar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazra%27a" title="Mazra'a">Mazra'a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muqeible" title="Muqeible">Muqeible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peki%27in" title="Peki'in">Peki'in</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rameh" title="Rameh">Rameh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ein" title="Ras al-Ein">Ras al-Ein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reineh" title="Reineh">Reineh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakhnin" title="Sakhnin">Sakhnin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shefa-Amr" title="Shefa-Amr">Shefa-Amr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tur%27an" title="Tur'an">Tur'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yafa_an-Naseriyye" title="Yafa an-Naseriyye">Yafa an-Naseriyye</a> and others have a presence of Arab Christian communities too as do other mixed cities, especially <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramleh">Ramleh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nof_HaGalil" title="Nof HaGalil">Nof HaGalil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_Tarshiha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'alot Tarshiha">Ma'alot Tarshiha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> It is reported that all the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Fassuta" title="Fassuta">Fassuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mi%27ilya" title="Mi'ilya">Mi'ilya</a> are <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChristianYnet-264">[263]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arab-Christian_wedding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Arab-Christian_wedding.jpg/220px-Arab-Christian_wedding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Arab-Christian_wedding.jpg/330px-Arab-Christian_wedding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Arab-Christian_wedding.jpg/440px-Arab-Christian_wedding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Arab Christian wedding in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></figcaption></figure> Arab Christians are one of the most educated groups in Israel. <a href="/wiki/Maariv_(newspaper)" title="Maariv (newspaper)">Maariv</a> has described the Christian Arab sectors as "the most successful in the education system".<a href="#cite_note-המגזר_הערבי_נוצרי_הכי_מצליח_במערכת_החינוך-265">[264]</a> Statistically, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Arabs">Christian Arabs</a> in Israel have the highest rates of <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment" title="Educational attainment">educational attainment</a> among all religious communities. According to a data by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a> in 2010, 63% of Israeli <a href="/wiki/Christian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Arabs">Christian Arabs</a> have had college or <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">postgraduate education</a>, the highest of any religious and <a href="/wiki/Ethno-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-religious">ethno-religious</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> Christian Arabs also have one of the highest rates of success in the matriculation examinations per capita, (73.9%) in 2016 both in comparison to <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and all students in the Israeli education system as a group. Arab Christians were also the vanguard in terms of eligibility for higher education.<a href="#cite_note-Christians_in_Israel:_Strong_in_education-267">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aruz7-268">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-TOI2013-269">[268]</a> They have attained a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degree</a> more than Jewish, Muslims and Druze per capita.<a href="#cite_note-Christians_in_Israel:_Strong_in_education-267">[266]</a> The rate of students studying in the field of medicine was also higher among the Christian Arab students, compared with all the students from other sectors.<a href="#cite_note-Christians_in_Israel:_Strong_in_education-267">[266]</a> Despite the fact that Arab Christians only represent 2.1% of the total Israeli population,<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> in 2014 they accounted for 17.0% of the country's university students, and for 14.4% of its college students.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> Socio-economically, Arab Christians are closer to the Jewish population than to the Muslim population.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> They have the lowest incidence of poverty and the lowest percentage of unemployment which is 4.9% compared to 6.5% among Jewish men and women.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> They have also the highest <a href="/wiki/Median_household_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Median household income">median household income</a> among <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab citizens of Israel</a> and second highest median household income among the Israeli ethno-religious groups.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a> According to study the majority of Christians in Israel (68.2 per cent) are employed in the service sector, i.e. banks, insurance companies, schools, tourism, hospitals etc.<a href="#cite_note-McGahern_2011_51-258">[257]</a> Among Arab Christians in Israel, some emphasize <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabism</a>, whilst a small minority enlists in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Jordan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jordan" title="Christianity in Jordan">Christianity in Jordan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_tribalists.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Christian_tribalists.png/220px-Christian_tribalists.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Christian_tribalists.png/330px-Christian_tribalists.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Christian_tribalists.png/440px-Christian_tribalists.png 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>A small percentage of Jordanian Christians are ethnically Bedouin. This picture shows Arab Christian tribalists from the city of <a href="/wiki/Madaba" title="Madaba">Madaba</a></figcaption></figure> Jordan contains some of the oldest Christian communities in the world, their presence dating back to the first century AD. Today, Christians make up about 4% of the population, down from 20% in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-thenational.ae-277">[276]</a> This is due to high immigration rates of Muslims into Jordan, higher emigration rates of Christians to the west and higher birth rates for Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-lat-278">[277]</a> Christians in Jordan are exceptionally well integrated in the Jordanian society and enjoy a high level of freedom.<a href="#cite_note-angilican-279">[278]</a> Christians are allotted nine out of a total of 130 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jordan" title="Parliament of Jordan">Parliament of Jordan</a>, and also hold important ministerial portfolios, ambassadorial appointments, and positions of high military rank. All Christian religious ceremonies are publicly celebrated in Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-minority-280">[279]</a> Jordanian Arab Christians (some have Palestinian roots since 1948) number around 221,000, according to a 2014 estimate by the Orthodox Church. The study excluded minority Christian groups and the thousands of western, Iraqi and Syrian Christians residing in Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-Abouna2015-281">[280]</a> Another estimate suggests the Orthodox number 125–300,000, Catholics at 114,000 and Protestants at 30,000 for a total 270–450,000. Most native Christians in Jordan identify themselves as Arab, though there are also significant Assyrian and Armenian populations in the country. There has also been an influx of Christian refugees escaping <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Daesh</a>, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, numbering about 7000<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> and 20,000 from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II of Jordan</a> has made firm statements<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> about Arab Christians:<blockquote>"Let me say once again: Arab Christians are an integral part of my region's past, present, and future."</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuwait">Kuwait</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Kuwait">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kuwait" title="Christianity in Kuwait">Christianity in Kuwait</a></div> Kuwait's native Christian population exists, though is essentially small. There are between 259 and 400 Christian Kuwaiti citizens.<a href="#cite_note-rel-285">[284]</a> Christian Kuwaitis can be divided into two groups. The first group includes the earliest Kuwaiti Christians, who originated from <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-num-286">[285]</a> They have assimilated into Kuwaiti society, like their Muslim counterparts, and tend to speak Arabic with a <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti dialect</a>; their <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kuwait" title="Culture of Kuwait">culture</a> are also predominantly Kuwaiti. They makeup roughly a quarter of Kuwait's Christian population. The rest (roughly three-quarters) of Christian Kuwaitis make up the second group. They are more recent arrivals in the 1950s and 1960s, mostly Kuwaitis of Palestinian ancestry who were forced out of <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> after 1948.<a href="#cite_note-num-286">[285]</a> There are also smaller numbers who originally hail from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-num-286">[285]</a> This second group is not as assimilated as the first group, as their <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levant#Culture" title="Levant">culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Arabic dialect</a> still retain a <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> feel. However, they are just as patriotic as the former group, and tend to be proud of their adopted homeland, with many serving in the army, police, civil, and foreign service. Most of Kuwait's citizen Christians belong to 12 large families, with the Shammas (from Turkey) and the Shuhaibar (from Palestine) families being some of the more prominent ones.<a href="#cite_note-num-286">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Lebanon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christianity in Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian20fashions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Syrian20fashions.jpg/220px-Syrian20fashions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Syrian20fashions.jpg/330px-Syrian20fashions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Syrian20fashions.jpg/440px-Syrian20fashions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="2038" /></a><figcaption>Left to right: Christian mountain dweller from <a href="/wiki/Zahl%C3%A9" title="Zahlé">Zahlé</a>, Christian mountain dweller of <a href="/wiki/Zgharta_District" title="Zgharta District">Zgharta</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> (1873)</figcaption></figure> Lebanon holds the largest number of Christians in the Arab world proportionally and falls just behind Egypt in absolute numbers. About 350,000-450,000 of Christians in Lebanon are <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Orthodox</a> and Melkites, while the most dominant group are <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a> with about 1 million population, whose Arab identity is contentiously disputed.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> Lebanese Christians are the only Christians in the Middle East with a sizable political role in the country. In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/National_Pact" title="National Pact">National Pact</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President of Lebanon</a> must be a Maronite Christian, the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Deputy Speaker of the Parliament of Lebanon">Deputy Speaker of the Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Lebanon">Deputy Prime Minister</a> a Greek Orthodox Christian and Melkites and Protestants have nine reserved seats in the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon#Legislative_branch" title="Politics of Lebanon">Parliament of Lebanon.</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> founded modern <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "<a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Maronite-Druze dualism</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> Christians constituted 60% of the population of Lebanon in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-web.macam.ac.il-290">[289]</a> The exact number of Christians in modern Lebanon is uncertain because no official census has been made in Lebanon since 1932. Lebanese Christians belong mostly to the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Christianity in Lebanon">Greek Orthodox</a> Churches, with sizable minorities belonging to the Melkite Greek Catholic Church and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>. The community of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon" title="Armenians in Lebanon">Armenians in Lebanon</a> is politically and demographically significant. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libya">Libya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Libya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Christianity in Libya</a></div>Christianity had a presence in <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Libya_in_the_Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya in the Roman era">Roman times</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Libya" title="Copts in Libya">Coptic population in Libya</a> is estimated to number 60,000.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> A 2015 estimates some 1,500 Christian believers from a Muslim background residing in the country.<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morocco">Morocco</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Morocco">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Morocco" title="Christianity in Morocco">Christianity in Morocco</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman</a> times, when it was practiced by Christian Berbers in Roman <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a>, although it disappeared after the Islamic conquests.<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> Morocco was home to half a million Christian <a href="/wiki/European_Moroccans" title="European Moroccans">Europeans</a> (mostly of Spanish and French ancestry) prior to <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan independence">Moroccan independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> estimates the number of Arab and Berber Christians in Morocco as more than 40,000.<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> Pew-Templeton estimates the number of Moroccan Christians at 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> The number of the Moroccans who <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">converted to Christianity</a> (most of them secret worshippers)<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> are estimated between 8,000 and 50,000.<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oman">Oman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Oman">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Oman" title="Christianity in Oman">Christianity in Oman</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestine">Palestine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Palestine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Palestine">Christianity in Palestine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthodox_priest_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Orthodox_priest_family.jpg/220px-Orthodox_priest_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Orthodox_priest_family.jpg/330px-Orthodox_priest_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Orthodox_priest_family.jpg/440px-Orthodox_priest_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">Married Eastern Orthodox priest</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> with his family (three generations), circa 1893</figcaption></figure> Most of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Palestinian Christians</a> claim descent from the first Christian converts, <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghassanid">Ghassanid</a> Arabs and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> who settled in the region. Between 36,000 and 50,000 Christians live in Palestine, most of whom belong to the Orthodox (Including Greek, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a> and Armenian Orthodox), Catholic (Roman and Melchite) churches and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> communities. The majority of Palestinian Christians live in the <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a> areas with a less number in other places.<a href="#cite_note-box-300">[299]</a> In 2007, just before the Hamas takeover of Gaza, there were 3,200 Christians living in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> Half the Christian community in Gaza fled to the West Bank and abroad after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)" title="Battle of Gaza (2007)">Hamas take-over in 2007</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> However, Palestinian Christians in Gaza face restrictions on their freedom of movement by the Israeli blockade, which has been cited as one of the reasons contributing to their dwindling numbers.<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christians_from_Gaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Christians_from_Gaza.jpg/220px-Christians_from_Gaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Christians_from_Gaza.jpg/330px-Christians_from_Gaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Christians_from_Gaza.jpg/440px-Christians_from_Gaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Christians from <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a></figcaption></figure> Many Palestinian Christians hold high-ranking positions in Palestinian society, particularly at the political and social levels. They manage the high ranking schools, universities, cultural centers and hospitals, however, Christian communities in the Palestinian Authority and the Gaza Strip have greatly dwindled over the last two decades. The causes of the Palestinian Christian exodus are widely debated and it started since the Ottoman times.<a href="#cite_note-larry-304">[303]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reports that many Palestinian Christians emigrate in pursuit of better living standards.<a href="#cite_note-box-300">[299]</a> The Vatican saw the Israeli occupation and the general conflict in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> as the principal reasons for the Christian exodus from the territories.<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> The decline of the Christian community in Palestine follows the trend of Christian emigration from the Muslim-dominated Middle East. Some churches have attempted to ameliorate the rate of emigration of young Christians by building subsidized housing for them and expanding efforts at job training.<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Christianity in Saudi Arabia">Christianity in Saudi Arabia</a></div><a href="/wiki/Jubail_Church" title="Jubail Church">Jubail Church</a> is a 4th-century church building near <a href="/wiki/Jubail" title="Jubail">Jubail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> Some parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a>, were predominantly Christian until the 7th to 10th century, when most Christians were expelled, <a href="/wiki/Converted_to_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Converted to Islam">converted to Islam</a> or left the region via the Sea route to Asia, with which merchant trade already existed, others migrated north to Jordan and Syria.<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> Some Arab Christians who remained living as <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Christianity" title="Crypto-Christianity">crypto-Christians</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Arabian_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian tribes">Arabian tribes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Banu_Taghlib" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Taghlib">Banu Taghlib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Tamim" title="Banu Tamim">Banu Tamim</a>, followed Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a> Today, Saudi Arabia's Arab Christian population consists mostly of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Lebanese people in Saudi Arabia">Lebanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrians_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Syrians in Saudi Arabia">Syrians</a> living in <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudan">Sudan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sudan">edit</a>]</div> There were approximately 1.1 million Catholics in Sudan, about 3.2 percent of the total population. Sudan forms one ecclesiastical province, consisting of one archdiocese (the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Khartoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Khartoum">Archdiocese of Khartoum</a>) and one suffragan diocese (the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_El_Obeid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of El Obeid">Diocese of El Obeid</a>). The vast majority of Sudan's Catholics ended up in South Sudan after the partition.<a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Syria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Christianity in Syria</a></div> The Arab Christians of Syria are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Rūm-Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite-Catholic</a>, with some <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman-Catholics</a>. Non-Arab Syrian Christians include <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldeans</a> or Syriacs), <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>. Assyrian refugees fled to Syria after the massacres in Turkey and Iraq during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac-Aramaic</a>, and later after the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">events</a> in Iraq in 2003. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian civil war</a>, a large number of Christians <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">fled</a> the country to Lebanon, Jordan, and Europe. However, a significant portion of the population still resides in Syria, with some being internally displaced. Many <a href="/wiki/Christian_militias_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="Christian militias in Iraq and Syria">Arab Christian militias</a> fought in the Syrian civil war, including the Khabur Guards and the pro-Assad Guardians of the Dawn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOehring2017-311">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Western Aramaic</a> is spoken by Christian and Muslim <a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians#Aramean_identity" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Arameans</a> (or Syriacs) alike in remote villages in the <a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_Mountains" title="Qalamoun Mountains">Qalamoun mountains</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Maaloula" title="Maaloula">Maaloula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jubb%27adin" title="Jubb'adin">Jubb'adin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Sarkha_(Bakhah)" title="Al-Sarkha (Bakhah)">Bakh'a</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christians_In_Syria_(141836329).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Christians_In_Syria_%28141836329%29.jpeg/220px-Christians_In_Syria_%28141836329%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Christians_In_Syria_%28141836329%29.jpeg/330px-Christians_In_Syria_%28141836329%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Christians_In_Syria_%28141836329%29.jpeg/440px-Christians_In_Syria_%28141836329%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> of a baby in Syria </figcaption></figure> The largest Christian denomination in Syria is the Greek-Orthodox Church, primarily consisting of Arab Christians, followed by the Syriac-Orthodox Church, whose followers often identify as <a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians#Assyrian_identity" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Assyrian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians#Syriac_identity" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Syriac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USDS-323">[322]</a> The combined population of Syria and Lebanon in 1910 was estimated at 30% in a population of 3.5 million. According to the 1960 census in Syria which recorded just over 4.5 million inhabitants, Christians formed just under 15% of the population (or 675,000).<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a> Since 1960 the population of Syria has increased five-fold, but the Christian population only 3.5 times. Due to political reasons, no newer census has been taken since. Most recent estimates prior to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> suggested that overall Christians were about 10% of the overall population of Syrian 23 million citizens, due to having lower birth rates and higher emigration rates than their Muslim compatriots.<a href="#cite_note-cia-325">[324]</a> Although religious freedom is allowed in the Syrian Arab Republic, all citizens of Syria including Christians, are subject to the Shari'a-based personal status laws regulating child custody, inheritance, and adoption.<a href="#cite_note-USDS-323">[322]</a> For example, in the case of divorce, a woman loses the right to custody of her sons when they reach the age of thirteen and her daughters when they reach the age of fifteen, regardless of religion.<a href="#cite_note-USDS-323">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Tunisia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Tunisia">Christianity in Tunisia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assomption_de_la_Vierge_de_Trapani_%C3%A0_La_Goulette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Assomption_de_la_Vierge_de_Trapani_%C3%A0_La_Goulette.jpg/220px-Assomption_de_la_Vierge_de_Trapani_%C3%A0_La_Goulette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Assomption_de_la_Vierge_de_Trapani_%C3%A0_La_Goulette.jpg/330px-Assomption_de_la_Vierge_de_Trapani_%C3%A0_La_Goulette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Assomption_de_la_Vierge_de_Trapani_%C3%A0_La_Goulette.jpg/440px-Assomption_de_la_Vierge_de_Trapani_%C3%A0_La_Goulette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Trapani_procession_(Tunis)" title="Our Lady of Trapani procession (Tunis)">Our Lady of Trapani procession</a> in <a href="/wiki/La_Goulette" title="La Goulette">La Goulette</a></figcaption></figure> Christianity came in Tunisia during Roman rule. However, after the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the population of Christians decreased in the country.<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a> Prior to <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_independence" title="Tunisian independence">Tunisian independence</a>, Tunisia was home to 255,000 Christian <a href="/wiki/European_Tunisians" title="European Tunisians">Europeans</a> (mostly of Italian and Maltese ancestry).<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> The International Religious Freedom Report of 2007 reported that the Christian community numbered 50,000 people, 20,000 of whom were Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-:1-328">[327]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a> of 2018, the number of Catholics is estimated to have risen to 30,700.<a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> However, the number of Tunisian Christians is estimated to be around 23,500.<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tunisia" title="Catholic Church in Tunisia">Catholic Church in Tunisia</a> operates 12 churches, nine schools and several libraries throughout the country. In addition to holding religious services, the Catholic Church opened a monastery, freely organized cultural activities, and performed charitable work throughout Tunisia. According to church leaders, there are 2,000 practicing <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant Christians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-328">[327]</a> most of them are Tunisians who converted to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> There is also a small community of <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> numbering around 50, only half of which identify as Arab.<a href="#cite_note-:1-328">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Christianity in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_Christians_from_Antakya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Turkish_Christians_from_Antakya.jpg/220px-Turkish_Christians_from_Antakya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Turkish_Christians_from_Antakya.jpg/330px-Turkish_Christians_from_Antakya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Turkish_Christians_from_Antakya.jpg/440px-Turkish_Christians_from_Antakya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></figcaption></figure> Today, there are between 120,000 and 320,000 people of various <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Pew-332">[331]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkites</a>) who mostly live in <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay Province</a>, are one of the Arabic-speaking communities in Turkey and number approximately 18,000.<a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a> They are often <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Rūm-Orthodox</a>, but are sometimes known as "Arab Christians" due to their <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">culture</a> and heritage. <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, the capital of Hatay Province, is also the historical center of both the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>. Turkey is also home to several non-Arab native minorities, such as <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey" title="Armenians in Turkey">Armenians</a> (around 70,000),<a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Greeks</a> (or Hellenes) (around 5,000) and <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Turkey" title="Assyrians in Turkey">Assyrians</a> in the southeast (around 25,000).<a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a> The village of Tokaçlı in <a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1n%C3%B6z%C3%BC" title="Altınözü">Altınözü</a> District has an entirely Arab Christian population and is one of the few Christian villages in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yemen">Yemen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Yemen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Yemen" title="Christianity in Yemen">Christianity in Yemen</a></div>Christianity was a widespread religion on the territory of contemporary Yemen as early as the sixth century, before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Yemen" title="Islam in Yemen">Islam in Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> Today it is a minority religion in Yemen with only a few thousand followers which has greatly been reduced amid the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-pewforum.org-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_–_Religions_–_Christianity:_Cop-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Christianity in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Christian influences on the Islamic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_terms_in_Arabic" title="List of Christian terms in Arabic">List of Christian terms in Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_(Arabic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible translations (Arabic)">Bible translations (Arabic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Orthodox_Society" title="Arab Orthodox Society">Arab Orthodox Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Orthodox_Movement" title="Arab Orthodox Movement">Arab Orthodox Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chapman2012-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman2012_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman2012_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChapman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chapman, Colin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265378812439955">"Christians in the Middle East – Past, Present and Future"</a>. Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies. 29 (2): 91–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265378812439955">10.1177/0265378812439955</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145722860">145722860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transformation%3A+An+International+Journal+of+Holistic+Mission+Studies&rft.atitle=Christians+in+the+Middle+East+%E2%80%93+Past%2C+Present+and+Future&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0265378812439955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145722860%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0265378812439955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22270455">"Syria's beleaguered Christians"</a>. BBC News. 23 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+beleaguered+Christians&rft.date=2013-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-22270455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222064559/http://www.minorityrights.org/5058/lebanon/lebanon-overview.html">"Minority Rights Group International : Lebanon : Lebanon Overview"</a>. www.minorityrights.org. 22 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorityrights.org/5058/lebanon/lebanon-overview.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.minorityrights.org&rft.atitle=Minority+Rights+Group+International+%3A+Lebanon+%3A+Lebanon+Overview&rft.date=2014-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorityrights.org%2F5058%2Flebanon%2Flebanon-overview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-middleeast-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-middleeast_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-middleeast_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-middleeast_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://middleeast.about.com/od/middleeast101/a/christians-middleeast.htm">"Christians of the Middle East – Country by Country Facts and Figures on Christians of the Middle East"</a>. Middleeast.about.com. 9 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118160800/http://middleeast.about.com/od/middleeast101/a/christians-middleeast.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christians+of+the+Middle+East+%E2%80%93+Country+by+Country+Facts+and+Figures+on+Christians+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Middleeast.about.com&rft.date=2009-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiddleeast.about.com%2Fod%2Fmiddleeast101%2Fa%2Fchristians-middleeast.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005230434/http://www.abouna.org/holylands/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8-%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-368-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83">"Abouna.org : الأب د. حنا كلداني: نسبة الأردنيين المسيحيين المقيمين 3.68% - انفوجرافيك"</a>. www.abouna.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abouna.org/holylands/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8-%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-368-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83">the original</a> on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abouna.org&rft.atitle=Abouna.org+%3A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8+%D8%AF.+%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7+%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%3A+%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86+3.68%25+-+%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abouna.org%2Fholylands%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25AD%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2583%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A-%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25AD%25D9%258A%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-368-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2581%25D9%2588%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D9%2583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbs-6"><a href="#cite_ref-cbs_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/newhodaot/hodaa_template.html?hodaa=201611394">"CBS data on Christian population in Israel (2016)"</a> (in Hebrew). Cbs.gov.il. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115171713/http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/newhodaot/hodaa_template.html?hodaa=201611394">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBS+data+on+Christian+population+in+Israel+%282016%29&rft.pub=Cbs.gov.il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Freader%2Fnewhodaot%2Fhodaa_template.html%3Fhodaa%3D201611394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_sudans-copts-see-hope-appointment-first-christian/6177321.html">"Sudan's Copts See Hope in Appointment of First Christian"</a>. 9 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudan%27s+Copts+See+Hope+in+Appointment+of+First+Christian&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fafrica_sudans-copts-see-hope-appointment-first-christian%2F6177321.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> see #Chaldeans, #Assyrians below </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChehata2016" class="citation web cs1">Chehata, Hanan (22 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608160504/http://www.middleeastmonitor.org.uk/downloads/commentary_and_analysis/the-plight-and-flight-of-palestinian-christians.pdf">"The plight and flight of Palestinian Christians"</a> (PDF). Middle East Monitor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeastmonitor.org.uk/downloads/commentary_and_analysis/the-plight-and-flight-of-palestinian-christians.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+plight+and+flight+of+Palestinian+Christians&rft.pub=Middle+East+Monitor&rft.date=2016-03-22&rft.aulast=Chehata&rft.aufirst=Hanan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.org.uk%2Fdownloads%2Fcommentary_and_analysis%2Fthe-plight-and-flight-of-palestinian-christians.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuane_Alexander_MillerPatrick_Johnstone2015" class="citation journal cs1">Duane Alexander Miller; Patrick Johnstone (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.religjournal.com/articles/article_view.php?id=101">"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census"</a>. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Journal+of+Research+on+Religion&rft.atitle=Believers+in+Christ+from+a+Muslim+Background%3A+A+Global+Census&rft.volume=11&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Duane+Alexander+Miller&rft.au=Patrick+Johnstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.religjournal.com%2Farticles%2Farticle_view.php%3Fid%3D101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.vice.com/article/house-churches-and-silent-masses-the-converted-christians-of-morocco-are-praying-in-secret">"'House-Churches' and Silent Masses —The Converted Christians of Morocco Are Praying in Secret"</a>. Vice. 23 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707180007/https://news.vice.com/article/house-churches-and-silent-masses-the-converted-christians-of-morocco-are-praying-in-secret">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=%27House-Churches%27+and+Silent+Masses+%E2%80%94The+Converted+Christians+of+Morocco+Are+Praying+in+Secret&rft.date=2015-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.vice.com%2Farticle%2Fhouse-churches-and-silent-masses-the-converted-christians-of-morocco-are-praying-in-secret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evangelicalfocus.com/world/2370/morocco-no-more-hiding-for-christians-interview">"Morocco: No more hiding for Christians"</a>. Evangelical Focus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evangelical+Focus&rft.atitle=Morocco%3A+No+more+hiding+for+Christians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevangelicalfocus.com%2Fworld%2F2370%2Fmorocco-no-more-hiding-for-christians-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419204000/https://www.opendoorsusa.org/christian-persecution/world-watch-list/tunisia/">"Tunisia – Open Doors USA – Open Doors USA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendoorsusa.org/christian-persecution/world-watch-list/tunisia/">the original</a> on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tunisia+%E2%80%93+Open+Doors+USA+%E2%80%93+Open+Doors+USA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendoorsusa.org%2Fchristian-persecution%2Fworld-watch-list%2Ftunisia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBundeszentrale_für_politische_Bildung2008" class="citation web cs1">Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (12 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpb.de/publikationen/R1HJSB,2,0,Christen_in_der_islamischen_Welt.html">"Christen in der islamischen Welt"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026090338/http://www.bpb.de/publikationen/R1HJSB,2,0,Christen_in_der_islamischen_Welt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christen+in+der+islamischen+Welt&rft.date=2008-06-12&rft.au=Bundeszentrale+f%C3%BCr+politische+Bildung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fpublikationen%2FR1HJSB%2C2%2C0%2CChristen_in_der_islamischen_Welt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who_are_Egypt's_Christians-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Who_are_Egypt's_Christians_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/653574.stm">"Who are Egypt's Christians?"</a>. BBC News. 26 February 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106143347/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/653574.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Who+are+Egypt%27s+Christians%3F&rft.date=2000-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F653574.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pewforum.org-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum.org_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum.org_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/">"Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 8 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125010533/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021. <q>Egypt has the Middle East's largest Orthodox population (an estimated 4 million Egyptians, or 5% of the population), mainly members of the Coptic Orthodox Church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Christianity+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F11%2F08%2Forthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_–_Religions_–_Christianity:_Cop-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_–_Religions_–_Christianity:_Cop_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_–_Religions_–_Christianity:_Cop_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/coptic_1.shtml">"BBC – Religions – Christianity: Coptic Orthodox Church"</a>. bbc.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503231721/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/coptic_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021. <q>The Coptic Orthodox Church is the main Christian Church in Egypt, where it has between 6 and 11 million members.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions+%E2%80%93+Christianity%3A+Coptic+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fsubdivisions%2Fcoptic_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Duane A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16338087">"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Believers+in+Christ+from+a+Muslim+Background%3A+A+Global+Census&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Duane+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16338087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320104234/http://www.census2010.gov.bh/results_en.php">"Bahraini Census 2010 - تعداد السكــان العام للبحريــن 2010"</a>. www.census2010.gov.bh. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census2010.gov.bh/results_en.php">the original</a> on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.census2010.gov.bh&rft.atitle=Bahraini+Census+2010+-+%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%80%D9%80%D9%86+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census2010.gov.bh%2Fresults_en.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstoneMiller2015" class="citation journal cs1">Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane A (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16338087">"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: a global census"</a>. IJRR. 11: 17. Retrieved 18 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IJRR&rft.atitle=Believers+in+Christ+from+a+Muslim+Background%3A+a+global+census&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Miller%2C+Duane+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16338087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814154256/http://stat.paci.gov.kw/arabicreports/#DataTabPlace:ColumnChartEduAge">"التقارير الإحصائية"</a>. stat.paci.gov.kw. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.paci.gov.kw/arabicreports/#DataTabPlace:ColumnChartEduAge">the original</a> on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.paci.gov.kw&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.paci.gov.kw%2Farabicreports%2F%23DataTabPlace%3AColumnChartEduAge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-genetic-22"><a href="#cite_ref-genetic_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaberPlattBadro2011" class="citation journal cs1">Haber, M; Platt, DE; Badro, DA; et al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3062011">"Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon"</a>. European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (3): 334–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2010.177">10.1038/ejhg.2010.177</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3062011">3062011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21119711">21119711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Influences+of+history%2C+geography%2C+and+religion+on+genetic+structure%3A+the+Maronites+in+Lebanon&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E334-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3062011%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21119711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2010.177&rft.aulast=Haber&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Platt%2C+DE&rft.au=Badro%2C+DA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3062011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrians#CITEREFHaberGauguierYouhannaPatterson2013" title="Syrians">Haber et al. 2013</a>. Quote:1-"We show that religious affiliation had a strong impact on the genomes of the Levantines. In particular, conversion of the region's populations to Islam appears to have introduced major rearrangements in populations' relations through admixture with culturally similar but geographically remote populations, leading to genetic similarities between remarkably distant populations like Jordanians, Moroccans, and Yemenis. Conversely, other populations, like Christians and Druze, became genetically isolated in the new cultural environment. We reconstructed the genetic structure of the Levantines and found that a pre-Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners." 2-"The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen." 3-Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians, which are close to Saudis and Bedouins." </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis_2018_p._34-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_2018_p._34_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2018" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, K.C. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e7RGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34">Secular Nationalism and Citizenship in Muslim Countries: Arab Christians in the Levant</a>. Minorities in West Asia and North Africa. Springer International Publishing. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-71204-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-71204-8"><bdi>978-3-319-71204-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secular+Nationalism+and+Citizenship+in+Muslim+Countries%3A+Arab+Christians+in+the+Levant&rft.series=Minorities+in+West+Asia+and+North+Africa&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-71204-8&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=K.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De7RGDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pacini1998-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pacini1998_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pacini1998_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pacini1998_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pacini1998_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pacini1998_25-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacini1998" class="citation book cs1">Pacini, Andrea (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMfYAAAAMAAJ">Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future</a>. Clarendon Press. pp. 38, 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829388-0"><bdi>978-0-19-829388-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310101859/https://books.google.com/books?id=KMfYAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Communities+in+the+Arab+Middle+East%3A+The+Challenge+of+the+Future&rft.pages=38%2C+55&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829388-0&rft.aulast=Pacini&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMfYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Ellis2004" class="citation book cs1">C. Ellis, Kail (2004). Nostra Aetate, Non-Christian Religions, and Interfaith Relations. Springer Nature. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-54008-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-54008-1"><bdi>978-3-030-54008-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nostra+Aetate%2C+Non-Christian+Religions%2C+and+Interfaith+Relations&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-030-54008-1&rft.aulast=C.+Ellis&rft.aufirst=Kail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourani1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hourani" title="Albert Hourani">Hourani, Albert</a> (1983) [First published 1962]. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27423-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27423-4"><bdi>978-0-521-27423-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+Thought+in+the+Liberal+Age%2C+1798%E2%80%931939&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27423-4&rft.aulast=Hourani&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prioreschi2001-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Prioreschi2001_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrioreschi2001" class="citation book cs1">Prioreschi, Plinio (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q0IIpnov0BsC&pg=PA223">A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine</a>. Horatius Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888456-04-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888456-04-2"><bdi>978-1-888456-04-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200106165336/https://books.google.com/books?id=q0IIpnov0BsC&pg=PA223">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Medicine%3A+Byzantine+and+Islamic+medicine&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Horatius+Press&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-888456-04-2&rft.aulast=Prioreschi&rft.aufirst=Plinio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq0IIpnov0BsC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Ira M. Lapidus, Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History, (Cambridge University Press, 2012), 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2017" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Michael (2017). Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East. Routledge. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351510721" title="Special:BookSources/9781351510721"><bdi>9781351510721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+Antisemitism%2C+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351510721&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023235625/http://www.aaiusa.org/demographics">"Demographics"</a>. Arab American Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaiusa.org/demographics">the original</a> on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+American+Institute&rft.atitle=Demographics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaiusa.org%2Fdemographics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714155247/http://nationalcopticassembly.com/showart.php?main_id=1724">"Coptic assembly of America – Reactions in the Egyptian Press To a Lecture Delivered by a Coptic Bishop in Hudson Institute"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalcopticassembly.com/showart.php?main_id=1724">the original</a> on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coptic+assembly+of+America+%E2%80%93+Reactions+in+the+Egyptian+Press+To+a+Lecture+Delivered+by+a+Coptic+Bishop+in+Hudson+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalcopticassembly.com%2Fshowart.php%3Fmain_id%3D1724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/property/house-and-home/phoenician-or-arab-a-neverending-debate-in-lebanon-5547901.html">"Phoenician or Arab? A never-ending debate in Lebanon"</a>. independent.co.uk. Independent. 12 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428074139/https://www.independent.co.uk/property/house-and-home/phoenician-or-arab-never-ending-debate-lebanon-5547901.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Phoenician+or+Arab%3F+A+never-ending+debate+in+Lebanon&rft.date=2010-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fproperty%2Fhouse-and-home%2Fphoenician-or-arab-a-neverending-debate-in-lebanon-5547901.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Cambridge history of Christianity, pp.197 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoury1997" class="citation web cs1">Khoury, George (22 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010222111643/http://www.melkite.com/origins.html">"The Origins of Middle Eastern Arab Christianity"</a>. melkite.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melkite.com/origins.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Middle+Eastern+Arab+Christianity&rft.pub=melkite.com&rft.date=1997-01-22&rft.aulast=Khoury&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melkite.com%2Forigins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.161 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها بين عرب الجاهلية، الأب لويس شيخو، المطبعة الكاثوليكية، بيروت 1922، ص.332 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parry_1999_37-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Parry_1999_37_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1999" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken (1999). Melling, David (ed.). The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23203-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23203-2"><bdi>978-0-631-23203-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23203-2&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.24 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.41 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.26 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ball-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Ball_42-0">^</a> Ball, 2001, pp. 100-101. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jensen-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen_43-0">^</a> Jensen, 1996, pp. 73-75. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.104 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.105 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Al-Masudi “<a href="/wiki/Mur%C5%ABj_al-dhahab_wa-ma%CA%BB%C4%81din_al-jawhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Murūj al-dhahab wa-maʻādin al-jawhar">Murūj al-dhahab</a>” </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.30 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahîd1989" class="citation book cs1">Shahîd, Irfan (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6oYCfWor5AIC&pg=PA245">Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century</a>. Dumbarton Oaks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-152-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-152-0"><bdi>978-0-88402-152-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Arabs+in+the+Fifth+Century&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-152-0&rft.aulast=Shah%C3%AEd&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6oYCfWor5AIC%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-أول22-49"><a href="#cite_ref-أول22_49-0">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.40 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.49 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qkwsAAAAIAAJ&q=najran+arethas">The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church</a>. Catholic Encyclopedia Incorporated. 1913. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505140832/https://books.google.com/books?id=qkwsAAAAIAAJ&q=najran+arethas">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+An+International+Work+of+Reference+on+the+Constitution%2C+Doctrine%2C+Discipline%2C+and+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Catholic+Encyclopedia+Incorporated&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqkwsAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dnajran%2Barethas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.60 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-ʻAsalī1968" class="citation thesis cs1">Al-ʻAsalī, Khālid Sālih (July 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/15321">South Arabia in the 5th and 6th centuries C.E. with reference to relations with Central Arabia</a> (Thesis thesis). University of St Andrews. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F15321">10023/15321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=South+Arabia+in+the+5th+and+6th+centuries+C.E.+with+reference+to+relations+with+Central+Arabia&rft.degree=Thesis&rft.inst=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.date=1968-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F15321&rft.aulast=Al-%CA%BBAsal%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Kh%C4%81lid+S%C4%81lih&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F10023%2F15321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.64 </li> <li id="cite_note-النصرانية_وآدابها،_مرجع_سابق،_ص.65-55"><a href="#cite_ref-النصرانية_وآدابها،_مرجع_سابق،_ص.65_55-0">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.65 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Stated in the book “The Genealogy of the Arabs” by Salama bin Muslim </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Philip K. Hitti, History of the Arabs, 6th ed. (Macmillan and St. Martin's Press, 1967), pp. 78–84 (on the Ghassanids and Lakhmids) and pp. 87–108 (on Yemen and the Hijaz). </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Tarikh_al-Kabir" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tarikh al-Kabir">the History</a> of Al-Masoudi and the biography of the Messenger by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.53 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.56 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.59 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.78 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.98 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> سيّما ما ورد في <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27idah" title="Al-Ma'idah">سورة المائدة</a>: ﴿وَاتخِذُونِي وَأمِي إلَهَيْنْ﴾ ، النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.113 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> المسيحية العربية وتطوراتها، مرجع سابق، ص.85 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.116 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.117 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> النصرانية وآدابها، مرجع سابق، ص.120 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Grmek, Mirko D.; Fantini, Bernardino (1998). Western Medical Thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Harvard University Press. p. 145.:"Hunayn ibn Ishaq was able to satisfy their needs. Of Christian Arab descent, he had spent many years of his life in Byzantine territory, in pursuit of his studies, most probably in Constantinople." </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobleTreiger2014" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Samuel; Treiger, Alexander (15 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q6rMDwAAQBAJ">The Orthodox Church in the Arab World, 700–1700: An Anthology of Sources</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-5130-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-5130-1"><bdi>978-1-5017-5130-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020144018/https://books.google.com/books?id=q6rMDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church+in+the+Arab+World%2C+700%E2%80%931700%3A+An+Anthology+of+Sources&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-5130-1&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Treiger%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq6rMDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Sabet, Amr (2006), The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 24:4, Oxford; page 99–100 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Khadduri, Majid (2010). War and Peace in the Law of Islam, Johns Hopkins University Press; pages 162–224; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-695-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-695-6">978-1-58477-695-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (1991). The Holy Quran. Medina: King Fahd Holy Qur-an Printing Complex. </li> <li id="cite_note-Esposito-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Esposito_74-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">John Louis Esposito</a>, Islam the Straight Path, Oxford University Press, 15 January 1998, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Lewis (1984), pp. 10, 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgep70-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Georgep70_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georgep70_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2002" class="citation book cs1">George, Timothy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1L7sx_pR3_EC&q=allah+god+christians+arabic&pg=PA70">Is the Father of Jesus the God of Muhammad?: understanding the differences between Christianity and Islam</a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-24748-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-24748-7"><bdi>978-0-310-24748-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020133945/https://books.google.com/books?id=1L7sx_pR3_EC&q=allah+god+christians+arabic&pg=PA70">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+the+Father+of+Jesus+the+God+of+Muhammad%3F%3A+understanding+the+differences+between+Christianity+and+Islam&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-310-24748-7&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1L7sx_pR3_EC%26q%3Dallah%2Bgod%2Bchristians%2Barabic%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_BernardHolt,_P._M.Holt,_Peter_R.Lambton,_Ann_Katherine_Swynford1977" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard; Holt, P. M.; Holt, Peter R.; Lambton, Ann Katherine Swynford (1977). The Cambridge history of Islam. Cambridge, Eng: University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29135-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29135-4"><bdi>978-0-521-29135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Islam&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Eng&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29135-4&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Holt%2C+P.+M.&rft.au=Holt%2C+Peter+R.&rft.au=Lambton%2C+Ann+Katherine+Swynford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition Shambhala Publications 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-2414-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-2414-0">978-0-8348-2414-0</a> page 531 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Hill, Donald. Islamic Science and Engineering. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0455-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0455-3">0-7486-0455-3</a>, p.4 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Rémi Brague, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm">Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927015958/http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm">Archived</a> 2013-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrague2009" class="citation book cs1">Brague, Rémi (2009). The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. University of Chicago Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226070803" title="Special:BookSources/9780226070803"><bdi>9780226070803</bdi></a>. <q>Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Amost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Philosophical+Explorations+of+Medieval+Christianity%2C+Judaism%2C+and+Islam&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780226070803&rft.aulast=Brague&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9mi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelt2009" class="citation news cs1">Belt, Don (15 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/pope-to-arab-christians-k_b_203943">"Pope to Arab Christians: Keep the Faith"</a>. HuffPost. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018183357/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/don-belt/pope-to-arab-christians-k_b_203943.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Pope+to+Arab+Christians%3A+Keep+the+Faith&rft.date=2009-06-15&rft.aulast=Belt&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fpope-to-arab-christians-k_b_203943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radai20082-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Radai20082_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadai2008" class="citation journal cs1">Radai, Itamar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblaw.haifa.ac.il/he/faculty/kedar/lecdb/general/421.pdf">"The collapse of the Palestinian-Arab middle class in 1948: The case of Qatamon"</a> (PDF). Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (6): 961–982. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263200701568352">10.1080/00263200701568352</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143649224">143649224</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134857/http://weblaw.haifa.ac.il/he/faculty/kedar/lecdb/general/421.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+collapse+of+the+Palestinian-Arab+middle+class+in+1948%3A+The+case+of+Qatamon&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E961-%3C%2Fspan%3E982&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143649224%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263200701568352&rft.aulast=Radai&rft.aufirst=Itamar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweblaw.haifa.ac.il%2Fhe%2Ffaculty%2Fkedar%2Flecdb%2Fgeneral%2F421.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngold2006" class="citation book cs1">Angold, Michael (2006). The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity. Cambridge University Press. p. 389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521811132" title="Special:BookSources/9780521811132"><bdi>9780521811132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%3A+Volume+5%2C+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pages=389&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521811132&rft.aulast=Angold&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHugo2013" class="citation book cs1">McHugo, John (2013). A Concise History of the Arabs. New Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781595589460" title="Special:BookSources/9781595589460"><bdi>9781595589460</bdi></a>. <q>there had been a rich tradition of Arabic Christian literature aimed at defending Christianity against Muslim preaching and polemic</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Arabs&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781595589460&rft.aulast=McHugo&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Ellis2004" class="citation book cs1">C. Ellis, Kail (2004). Nostra Aetate, Non-Christian Religions, and Interfaith Relations. Springer Nature. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030540081" title="Special:BookSources/9783030540081"><bdi>9783030540081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nostra+Aetate%2C+Non-Christian+Religions%2C+and+Interfaith+Relations&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9783030540081&rft.aulast=C.+Ellis&rft.aufirst=Kail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Jallad_&_Martin_F._J._Baasten2017" class="citation book cs1">al-Jallad & Martin F. J. Baasten (2017). Arabic in Context: Celebrating 400 Years of Arabic in Leiden University. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics, Volume: 89. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34304-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34304-7"><bdi>978-90-04-34304-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+in+Context%3A+Celebrating+400+Years+of+Arabic+in+Leiden+University&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Studies+in+Semitic+Languages+and+Linguistics%2C+Volume%3A+89&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-34304-7&rft.au=al-Jallad+%26+Martin+F.+J.+Baasten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nashefp13-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Nashefp13_88-0">^</a> Nashef, 2002, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-ysm-89"><a href="#cite_ref-ysm_89-0">^</a> Suleiman Mousa: Simplified Biography in English, by Yazan Suheil Mousa </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/1369626/renowned-syrian-novelist-hanna-mina-dies-94">"Renowned Syrian Novelist Hanna Mina Dies at 94"</a>. Asharq AL-awsat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813215915/https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/1369626/renowned-syrian-novelist-hanna-mina-dies-94">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asharq+AL-awsat&rft.atitle=Renowned+Syrian+Novelist+Hanna+Mina+Dies+at+94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aawsat.com%2Fhome%2Farticle%2F1369626%2Frenowned-syrian-novelist-hanna-mina-dies-94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joshualandis.com/blog/the-syrian-social-nationalist-partys-ssnp-expansion-in-syria-by-jesse-mcdonald-jjmcdonald10/">"The Syrian Social Nationalist Party's (SSNP) Expansion in Syria – By Jesse McDonald"</a>. 22 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020133124/https://www.joshualandis.com/blog/the-syrian-social-nationalist-partys-ssnp-expansion-in-syria-by-jesse-mcdonald-jjmcdonald10/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Syrian+Social+Nationalist+Party%27s+%28SSNP%29+Expansion+in+Syria+%E2%80%93+By+Jesse+McDonald&rft.date=2018-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joshualandis.com%2Fblog%2Fthe-syrian-social-nationalist-partys-ssnp-expansion-in-syria-by-jesse-mcdonald-jjmcdonald10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzpinar1996" class="citation journal cs1">Buzpinar, Ş. Tufan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3693438">"Opposition to the Ottoman Caliphate in the Early Years of Abdülhamid II: 1877-1882"</a>. Die Welt des Islams. 36 (1). Brill: 59–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1570060962597553">10.1163/1570060962597553</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-2539">0043-2539</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3693438">3693438</a>. Retrieved 6 December 2022. <q>The first signs of Arab dissent from the Ottoman caliphate came in the winter of 1877 - 1878 and coincided with the Ottoman Empire's decisive military defeat at the hands of Russia. Frightened by the prospect of a total Ottoman collapse, a group of Syrian notables headed by Ahmad al-Sulh of Beirut held secret meetings towards the end of 1877 to discuss the future of Syria and the possible threat of foreign annexation. The notables agreed that if the Russo-Ottoman war were to lead to the end of the Ottoman presence in Syria, they would work for the full independence of the vilayet and proclaim Amir 'Abdulqädir, a distinguished Algerian exile in Damascus, its ruler... From 1877 to 1878 Amir Abdulgadir was also in communication with Yüsuf Bek Karam, a Maronite notable from Lebanon, concerning a similar but not identical plan for the independence of the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire. According to Fritz Steppat, who has examined the Karam-'Abdulqädir correspondence, Karam proposed the separation of the Arab provinces from the Ottoman Empire and the appointment of Abdulgädir as their ruler. Steppat is convinced that "Abdulgädir accepted Karam's proposals in principle and that the conversation on the matter with him lasted a long time".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Opposition+to+the+Ottoman+Caliphate+in+the+Early+Years+of+Abd%C3%BClhamid+II%3A+1877-1882&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0043-2539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3693438%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1570060962597553&rft.aulast=Buzpinar&rft.aufirst=%C5%9E.+Tufan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3693438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteppat1969" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steppat, Fritz (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/download/pdf/94353">"Eine Bewegung unter den Notabeln Syriens 1877-1878: Neues Licht auf die Entstehung des Arabischen Nationalismus"</a>. Zeitschrift: Supplementa (in German) (1). Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft; F. Steiner Verlag. Retrieved 6 December 2022. <q>Aus den Dokumenten geht klar hervor, daß Karam sich bemühte, den Emir für eine Aktion zu gewinnen, die den Arabern - Karam spricht gewöhnlich von al-gins al-'arabi, der „arabischen Rasse", oder von al-gaba'il al-arabiya, den „arabischen Stämmen" - wenigstens die „Wahrung ihrer Rechte" im Osmanischen Reich verschaffen sollte, worunter er offenbar eine Art Autonomie verstand. Da aber die Türken sich als ungerecht erwiesen hätten und die islamische Saria vernachlässigten, stellt er als das erstrebenswertere Ziel eine Lösung der arabischen Länder vom Osmanischen Reich hin. Weil die Araber nur durch Einigkeit zu ihren Rechten kommen können, und weil die „islamischen Stämme" unter ihnen zahlenmäßig überwiegen, akzeptiert Karam ausdrücklich eine islamische Regierung</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift%3A+Supplementa&rft.atitle=Eine+Bewegung+unter+den+Notabeln+Syriens+1877-1878%3A+Neues+Licht+auf+die+Entstehung+des+Arabischen+Nationalismus&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Steppat&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmenadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F94353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalid2003" class="citation book cs1">Khalid (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=22GNugHxmIEC&q=Constantin+Zureiq&pg=PA321">War and Peace in Sudan: A Tale of Two Countries</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0663-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0663-0"><bdi>978-0-7103-0663-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020133917/https://books.google.com/books?id=22GNugHxmIEC&q=Constantin+Zureiq&pg=PA321">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace+in+Sudan%3A+A+Tale+of+Two+Countries&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0663-0&rft.au=Khalid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D22GNugHxmIEC%26q%3DConstantin%2BZureiq%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAflaq1977" class="citation book cs1">Aflaq, Michel (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ea8eNQAACAAJ">Choice of Texts from the Baʻth Party Founder's Thought</a>. Unity Freedom Socialism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506201912/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ea8eNQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choice+of+Texts+from+the+Ba%CA%BBth+Party+Founder%27s+Thought&rft.pub=Unity+Freedom+Socialism&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Aflaq&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEa8eNQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyBbAAAAIAAJ&q=Jurji+Zaydan">Asian and African Studies</a>. Jerusalem Academic Press. 1973. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503022437/https://books.google.com/books?id=oyBbAAAAIAAJ&q=Jurji+Zaydan">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+and+African+Studies&rft.pub=Jerusalem+Academic+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoyBbAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DJurji%2BZaydan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegev2000" class="citation book cs1">Segev, Tom (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onepalestinecomp00sege">One Palestine, complete : Jews and Arabs under the Mandate</a>. Internet Archive. New York : Metropolitan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4848-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4848-3"><bdi>978-0-8050-4848-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Palestine%2C+complete+%3A+Jews+and+Arabs+under+the+Mandate&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-4848-3&rft.aulast=Segev&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonepalestinecomp00sege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonius1939" class="citation book cs1">Antonius, George (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-rbsc_isl_arab-awakening_DS636A461939-16015">The Arab awakening : the story of the Arab national movement</a>. McGill University Library. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+awakening+%3A+the+story+of+the+Arab+national+movement&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=J.B.+Lippincott&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Antonius&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMcGillLibrary-rbsc_isl_arab-awakening_DS636A461939-16015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.religion.info/2007/05/17/lebanon-hizbullah-a-progressive-islamic-party-interview-with-joseph-alagha/">"Lebanon: Hizbullah, a progressive Islamic party? – Interview with Joseph Alagha"</a>. english.religion.info. Retrieved 8 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.religion.info&rft.atitle=Lebanon%3A+Hizbullah%2C+a+progressive+Islamic+party%3F+%E2%80%93+Interview+with+Joseph+Alagha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.religion.info%2F2007%2F05%2F17%2Flebanon-hizbullah-a-progressive-islamic-party-interview-with-joseph-alagha%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnsAspeslagh2014" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Robin J.; Aspeslagh, Robert (14 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u6ymAgAAQBAJ&dq=gregoire+haddad&pg=PT257">Three Decades of Peace Education around the World: An Anthology</a>. Routledge. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78302-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78302-0"><bdi>978-1-135-78302-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Decades+of+Peace+Education+around+the+World%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.isbn=978-1-135-78302-0&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Robin+J.&rft.au=Aspeslagh%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du6ymAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dgregoire%2Bhaddad%26pg%3DPT257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517183153/http://www.ssnp.com/new/about.htm">"About"</a>. 17 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssnp.com/new/about.htm">the original</a> on 17 May 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.date=2006-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssnp.com%2Fnew%2Fabout.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aI9aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TkoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6060,1785224&dq=kamal+nasser&hl=en">"Ludington Daily News – Google News Archive Search"</a>. news.google.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606165352/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aI9aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TkoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6060,1785224&dq=kamal+nasser&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.google.com&rft.atitle=Ludington+Daily+News+%E2%80%93+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DaI9aAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DTkoDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6060%2C1785224%26dq%3Dkamal%2Bnasser%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braude_2017_192-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Braude_2017_192_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braude_2017_192_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraude2017" class="citation book cs1">Braude, Joseph (2017). Broadcasting Change: Arabic Media as a Catalyst for Liberalism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538101292" title="Special:BookSources/9781538101292"><bdi>9781538101292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadcasting+Change%3A+Arabic+Media+as+a+Catalyst+for+Liberalism&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781538101292&rft.aulast=Braude&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrill,_A._Fisher" class="citation book cs1">Merrill, A. Fisher, John Calhoun, Harold. The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers. la University of Michigan. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world%27s+great+dailies%3A+profiles+of+fifty+newspapers&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=la+University+of+Michigan&rft.aulast=Merrill%2C+A.+Fisher&rft.aufirst=John+Calhoun%2C+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegan2018" class="citation book cs1">Regan, Bernard (30 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K595DwAAQBAJ&q=Najib+Nassar&pg=PA133">The Balfour Declaration: Empire, the Mandate and Resistance in Palestine</a>. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78663-248-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78663-248-7"><bdi>978-1-78663-248-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430113048/https://books.google.com/books?id=K595DwAAQBAJ&q=Najib+Nassar&pg=PA133">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balfour+Declaration%3A+Empire%2C+the+Mandate+and+Resistance+in+Palestine&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2018-10-30&rft.isbn=978-1-78663-248-7&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK595DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DNajib%2BNassar%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18364105">"Veteran Lebanese journalist Ghassan Tueni dies"</a>. BBC News. 8 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411153228/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18364105">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Veteran+Lebanese+journalist+Ghassan+Tueni+dies&rft.date=2012-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-18364105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/uploads/94b12bbe-399d-4aa8-8890-62494a986de8/mapping-digital-media-lebanon-20120506.pdf">"Mapping Digital Media: Lebanon"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095625/https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/mapping-digital-media-lebanon-20120506.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapping+Digital+Media%3A+Lebanon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opensocietyfoundations.org%2Fuploads%2F94b12bbe-399d-4aa8-8890-62494a986de8%2Fmapping-digital-media-lebanon-20120506.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts/eight-reasons-why-fairouz-is-the-greatest-arab-diva-of-all-time-1.186719">"Eight reasons why Fairouz is the greatest Arab diva of all time"</a>. The National. 21 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906110048/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts/eight-reasons-why-fairouz-is-the-greatest-arab-diva-of-all-time-1.186719">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Eight+reasons+why+Fairouz+is+the+greatest+Arab+diva+of+all+time&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Farts%2Feight-reasons-why-fairouz-is-the-greatest-arab-diva-of-all-time-1.186719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/arab-christian-celebrities-attacked-celebrating-easter-extremist-trolls-678230">"Arab Christian celebrities attacked for celebrating Easter by extremist trolls!"</a>. www.albawaba.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420001049/https://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/arab-christian-celebrities-attacked-celebrating-easter-extremist-trolls-678230">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.albawaba.com&rft.atitle=Arab+Christian+celebrities+attacked+for+celebrating+Easter+by+extremist+trolls%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.albawaba.com%2Fentertainment%2Farab-christian-celebrities-attacked-celebrating-easter-extremist-trolls-678230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/tuesdays-at-starbucks/canaanite-angel-5dbf87a1b518">"Canaanite Lydia"</a>. 14 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420001049/https://medium.com/tuesdays-at-starbucks/canaanite-angel-5dbf87a1b518">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canaanite+Lydia&rft.date=2020-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Ftuesdays-at-starbucks%2Fcanaanite-angel-5dbf87a1b518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2012" class="citation book cs1">Starr, Stephen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tQSZ2CrU9EMC&q=George+Wassouf+christian&pg=PA87">Revolt in Syria: Eye-witness to the Uprising</a>. Hurst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-197-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-197-3"><bdi>978-1-84904-197-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020135119/https://books.google.com/books?id=tQSZ2CrU9EMC&q=George+Wassouf+christian&pg=PA87">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolt+in+Syria%3A+Eye-witness+to+the+Uprising&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-197-3&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtQSZ2CrU9EMC%26q%3DGeorge%2BWassouf%2Bchristian%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFالجهنى2020" class="citation journal cs1">الجهنى, على بن مناور بن ردة (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.55625/0535-015-033-003">"الخطاب الدينى الواجب اليوم"</a>. مجلة البحث العلمي الاسلامي: 47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.55625%2F0535-015-033-003">10.55625/0535-015-033-003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247490388">247490388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.55625%2F0535-015-033-003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247490388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%86%D9%89&rft.aufirst=%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.55625%2F0535-015-033-003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.last.fm/music/Fadi+Andraos/+wiki">"Fadi Andraos biography"</a>. Last.fm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020143149/https://www.last.fm/music/Fadi+Andraos/+wiki">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Last.fm&rft.atitle=Fadi+Andraos+biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.last.fm%2Fmusic%2FFadi%2BAndraos%2F%2Bwiki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFeliefares2013" class="citation web cs1">eliefares (24 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stateofmind13.com/2013/03/24/lebanese-lina-makhoul-wins-the-voice-israel/">"Lebanese Lina Makhoul Wins The Voice Israel"</a>. A Separate State of Mind | A Blog by Elie Fares. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420001047/https://stateofmind13.com/2013/03/24/lebanese-lina-makhoul-wins-the-voice-israel/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Separate+State+of+Mind+%7C+A+Blog+by+Elie+Fares&rft.atitle=Lebanese+Lina+Makhoul+Wins+The+Voice+Israel&rft.date=2013-03-24&rft.au=eliefares&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstateofmind13.com%2F2013%2F03%2F24%2Flebanese-lina-makhoul-wins-the-voice-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGran2002" class="citation journal cs1">Gran, Peter (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030624173715/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/568/cu1.htm">"Tahtawi in Paris"</a>. Al-Ahram Weekly Online (568). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/568/cu1.htm">the original</a> on 24 June 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Ahram+Weekly+Online&rft.atitle=Tahtawi+in+Paris&rft.issue=568&rft.date=2002-01&rft.aulast=Gran&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekly.ahram.org.eg%2F2002%2F568%2Fcu1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoueiz_Kanaan" class="citation book cs1">Boueiz Kanaan, Claude. Lebanon 1860–1960: A Century of Myth and Politics. la University of Michigan. p. 127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon+1860%E2%80%931960%3A+A+Century+of+Myth+and+Politics&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=la+University+of+Michigan&rft.aulast=Boueiz+Kanaan&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lattouf_p._70-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Lattouf_p._70_117-0">^</a> Lattouf, 2004, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-Teague2010-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Teague2010_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeague2010" class="citation journal cs1">Teague, Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljadid.com/content/new-christian-question">"The New Christian Question"</a>. Al Jadid Magazine. 16 (62). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227122331/https://www.aljadid.com/content/new-christian-question">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jadid+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+New+Christian+Question&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=62&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Teague&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljadid.com%2Fcontent%2Fnew-christian-question&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> محطات مارونية من تاريخ لبنان، مرجع سابق، ص.185 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoubayed2006" class="citation book cs1">Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GF51Sml5WpcC&q=Mary+Ajamy&pg=PA401">Steel & Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria 1900–2000</a>. Cune Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885942-41-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885942-41-8"><bdi>978-1-885942-41-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210913173840/https://books.google.com/books?id=GF51Sml5WpcC&q=Mary+Ajamy&pg=PA401">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steel+%26+Silk%3A+Men+and+Women+who+Shaped+Syria+1900%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Cune+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-885942-41-8&rft.aulast=Moubayed&rft.aufirst=Sami+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGF51Sml5WpcC%26q%3DMary%2BAjamy%26pg%3DPA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BXw0AQAAMAAJ&q=Massacre+of+Aleppo&pg=PA352">The Reformed Presbyterian and Covenanter</a>. 1851. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508174032/https://books.google.com/books?id=BXw0AQAAMAAJ&q=Massacre+of+Aleppo&pg=PA352">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformed+Presbyterian+and+Covenanter&rft.date=1851&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBXw0AQAAMAAJ%26q%3DMassacre%2Bof%2BAleppo%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-M2-122"><a href="#cite_ref-M2_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutsky1969" class="citation web cs1">Lutsky, Vladimir Borisovich (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/arab-world/lutsky/ch09.htm">"Modern History of the Arab Countries"</a>. Progress Publishers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112172242/https://www.marxists.org/subject/arab-world/lutsky/ch09.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+History+of+the+Arab+Countries&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Lutsky&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+Borisovich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fsubject%2Farab-world%2Flutsky%2Fch09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Maalouf (2003).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriestley1938" class="citation book cs1">Priestley, Herbert Ingram (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BOopmtvrsOAC&pg=PA40">France Overseas: A Study Of Modern Imperialism, 1938</a>. Octagon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1024-5"><bdi>978-0-7146-1024-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+Overseas%3A+A+Study+Of+Modern+Imperialism%2C+1938&rft.pub=Octagon+Books&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-1024-5&rft.aulast=Priestley&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Ingram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBOopmtvrsOAC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207135929/http://www.mepc.org/commander-faithful-life-and-times-emir-abd-el-kader-story-true-jihad">"Commander of the Faithful: The Life and Times of Emir Abd el-Kader, A Story of True Jihad | Middle East Policy Council"</a>. www.mepc.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mepc.org/commander-faithful-life-and-times-emir-abd-el-kader-story-true-jihad">the original</a> on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mepc.org&rft.atitle=Commander+of+the+Faithful%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Emir+Abd+el-Kader%2C+A+Story+of+True+Jihad+%7C+Middle+East+Policy+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mepc.org%2Fcommander-faithful-life-and-times-emir-abd-el-kader-story-true-jihad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TN-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TN_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TN_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhazal2015" class="citation news cs1">Ghazal, Rym (14 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/lebanons-dark-days-of-hunger-the-great-famine-of-1915-18">"Lebanon's dark days of hunger: The Great Famine of 1915–18"</a>. The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170604051924/http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/lebanons-dark-days-of-hunger-the-great-famine-of-1915-18">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Lebanon%27s+dark+days+of+hunger%3A+The+Great+Famine+of+1915%E2%80%9318&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft.aulast=Ghazal&rft.aufirst=Rym&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Flebanons-dark-days-of-hunger-the-great-famine-of-1915-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-127"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30098000">"Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds"</a>. BBC News. BBC. BBC News Services. 26 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803005322/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30098000">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Six+unexpected+WW1+battlegrounds&rft.date=2014-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-30098000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/921155/le-centenaire-de-la-grande-famine-au-liban-pour-ne-jamais-oublier.html">"Le centenaire de la Grande famine au Liban : pour ne jamais oublier"</a>. L'Orient-Le Jour. 18 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227112905/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/921155/le-centenaire-de-la-grande-famine-au-liban-pour-ne-jamais-oublier.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Orient-Le+Jour&rft.atitle=Le+centenaire+de+la+Grande+famine+au+Liban+%3A+pour+ne+jamais+oublier&rft.date=2015-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lorientlejour.com%2Farticle%2F921155%2Fle-centenaire-de-la-grande-famine-au-liban-pour-ne-jamais-oublier.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bardi, Ariel Sophia (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/aman.12520">"The "Architectural Cleansing" of Palestine"</a>. American Anthropologist. 118 (1): 165–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Faman.12520">10.1111/aman.12520</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1548-1433">1548-1433</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430041924/https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/aman.12520">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+%22Architectural+Cleansing%22+of+Palestine&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Faman.12520&rft.issn=1548-1433&rft.aulast=Bardi&rft.aufirst=Ariel+Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Faman.12520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalid2003" class="citation book cs1">Khalid (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=22GNugHxmIEC&q=nakba+zureiq&pg=PA321">War and Peace in Sudan: A Tale of Two Countries</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0663-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0663-0"><bdi>978-0-7103-0663-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506201925/https://books.google.com/books?id=22GNugHxmIEC&q=nakba+zureiq&pg=PA321">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace+in+Sudan%3A+A+Tale+of+Two+Countries&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0663-0&rft.au=Khalid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D22GNugHxmIEC%26q%3Dnakba%2Bzureiq%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Refugees-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Refugees_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Refugees_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/4954ce52c.html">"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Lebanon"</a>. Refworld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130205524/https://www.refworld.org/docid/4954ce52c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+%E2%80%93+Lebanon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F4954ce52c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://providencemag.com/2019/09/a-church-at-war-clergy-politics-in-wartime-lebanon-1975-82/">"A Church at War: Clergy & Politics in Wartime Lebanon (1975–82)"</a>. Providence. 25 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128122207/https://providencemag.com/2019/09/a-church-at-war-clergy-politics-in-wartime-lebanon-1975-82/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Providence&rft.atitle=A+Church+at+War%3A+Clergy+%26+Politics+in+Wartime+Lebanon+%281975%E2%80%9382%29&rft.date=2019-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprovidencemag.com%2F2019%2F09%2Fa-church-at-war-clergy-politics-in-wartime-lebanon-1975-82%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/4954ce52c.html">"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Lebanon"</a>. Refworld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130205524/https://www.refworld.org/docid/4954ce52c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+%E2%80%93+Lebanon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F4954ce52c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/55deba764.html">"Syria: The situation of Christians, including whether Christians are perceived to be loyal to President Assad; treatment of Christians by the regime and the opposition forces, including incidents of violence against them; state protection (2013 – July 2015)"</a>. Refworld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126210456/https://www.refworld.org/docid/55deba764.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+The+situation+of+Christians%2C+including+whether+Christians+are+perceived+to+be+loyal+to+President+Assad%3B+treatment+of+Christians+by+the+regime+and+the+opposition+forces%2C+including+incidents+of+violence+against+them%3B+state+protection+%282013+%E2%80%93+July+2015%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F55deba764.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherlock" class="citation web cs1">Sherlock, Ruth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-the-free-syrian-army-became-a-largely-criminal-enterprise-2013-11">"How The Free Syrian Army Became A Largely Criminal Enterprise"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130203811/https://www.businessinsider.com/how-the-free-syrian-army-became-a-largely-criminal-enterprise-2013-11">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=How+The+Free+Syrian+Army+Became+A+Largely+Criminal+Enterprise&rft.aulast=Sherlock&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fhow-the-free-syrian-army-became-a-largely-criminal-enterprise-2013-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/world/1296307">"British intelligence suggests al-Nusra start cooperating with West – diplomatic source"</a>. TASS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210531170506/https://tass.com/world/1296307">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TASS&rft.atitle=British+intelligence+suggests+al-Nusra+start+cooperating+with+West+%E2%80%93+diplomatic+source&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fworld%2F1296307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923004630/http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7223:lebanese-republic&catid=155&lang=en&Itemid=478">"Lebanese Republic"</a>. 23 September 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7223:lebanese-republic&catid=155&lang=en&Itemid=478">the original</a> on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lebanese+Republic&rft.date=2015-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itamaraty.gov.br%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D7223%3Alebanese-republic%26catid%3D155%26lang%3Den%26Itemid%3D478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOualalou2017" class="citation web cs1">Oualalou, Lamia (1 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondediplo.com/2017/07/12LatinAmerica">"Being Arab in Latin America"</a>. Le Monde diplomatique. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428074141/https://mondediplo.com/2017/07/12LatinAmerica">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+diplomatique&rft.atitle=Being+Arab+in+Latin+America&rft.date=2017-07-01&rft.aulast=Oualalou&rft.aufirst=Lamia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F2017%2F07%2F12LatinAmerica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAI-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAI_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAI_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltaf" class="citation web cs1">Altaf, Sabeen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060601221810/http://www.aaiusa.org/arab-americans/22/demographics">"Arab Americans - Demographics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arab_American_Institute" title="Arab American Institute">Arab American Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaiusa.org/arab-americans/22/demographics">the original</a> on 1 June 2006. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+Americans+-+Demographics&rft.pub=Arab+American+Institute&rft.aulast=Altaf&rft.aufirst=Sabeen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaiusa.org%2Farab-americans%2F22%2Fdemographics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aai-140"><a href="#cite_ref-aai_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060601221810/http://www.aaiusa.org/arab-americans/22/demographics">"Arab Americans: Demographics"</a>. Arab American Institute. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaiusa.org/arab-americans/22/demographics">the original</a> on 1 June 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+Americans%3A+Demographics&rft.pub=Arab+American+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaiusa.org%2Farab-americans%2F22%2Fdemographics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/syro-lebanese-migration-1880-present-push-and-pull-factors">"Syro-Lebanese Migration (1880–Present): "Push" and "Pull" Factors"</a>. Middle East Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028180824/https://www.mei.edu/publications/syro-lebanese-migration-1880-present-push-and-pull-factors">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=Syro-Lebanese+Migration+%281880%E2%80%93Present%29%3A+%22Push%22+and+%22Pull%22+Factors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Fsyro-lebanese-migration-1880-present-push-and-pull-factors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258174806">"Emigration and Power A Study of Sects in Lebanon, 1860–2010"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029224302/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258174806_Emigration_and_Power_A_Study_of_Sects_in_Lebanon_1860-2010">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emigration+and+Power+A+Study+of+Sects+in+Lebanon%2C+1860%E2%80%932010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F258174806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahrenthold2014" class="citation book cs1">Fahrenthold, Stacy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1IcCrgEACAAJ&q=the+mahjar">Making Nations, in the Mahjar: Syrian and Lebanese Long-distance Nationalisms in New York City, São Paulo, and Buenos Aires, 1913–1929</a>. Northeastern University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508174031/https://books.google.com/books?id=1IcCrgEACAAJ&q=the+mahjar">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Nations%2C+in+the+Mahjar%3A+Syrian+and+Lebanese+Long-distance+Nationalisms+in+New+York+City%2C+S%C3%A3o+Paulo%2C+and+Buenos+Aires%2C+1913%E2%80%931929&rft.pub=Northeastern+University&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Fahrenthold&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1IcCrgEACAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bmahjar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanssenWeiss2016" class="citation book cs1">Hanssen, Jens; Weiss, Max (22 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dPF7DQAAQBAJ&q=late+nahda&pg=PA179">Arabic Thought beyond the Liberal Age: Towards an Intellectual History of the Nahda</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13633-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13633-5"><bdi>978-1-107-13633-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507064453/https://books.google.com/books?id=dPF7DQAAQBAJ&q=late+nahda&pg=PA179">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+Thought+beyond+the+Liberal+Age%3A+Towards+an+Intellectual+History+of+the+Nahda&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-12-22&rft.isbn=978-1-107-13633-5&rft.aulast=Hanssen&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdPF7DQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlate%2Bnahda%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensonKayal2002" class="citation book cs1">Benson, Kathleen; Kayal, Philip M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communityofmanyw00bens">A community of many worlds : Arab Americans in New York City</a>. Internet Archive. New York : Museum of the City of New York; Syracuse : Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0739-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0739-7"><bdi>978-0-8156-0739-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+community+of+many+worlds+%3A+Arab+Americans+in+New+York+City&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Museum+of+the+City+of+New+York%3B+Syracuse+%3A+Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0739-7&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft.au=Kayal%2C+Philip+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommunityofmanyw00bens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreh1976" class="citation book cs1">Moreh, Shmuel (1 January 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G7Q3AAAAIAAJ&q=mahjar+orthodox&pg=PA85">Modern Arabic Poetry: 1800–1970; the Development of Its Forms and Themes Under the Influence of Western Literature</a>. Brill Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04795-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04795-2"><bdi>978-90-04-04795-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020143130/https://books.google.com/books?id=G7Q3AAAAIAAJ&q=mahjar+orthodox&pg=PA85">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Arabic+Poetry%3A+1800%E2%80%931970%3B+the+Development+of+Its+Forms+and+Themes+Under+the+Influence+of+Western+Literature&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1976-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04795-2&rft.aulast=Moreh&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG7Q3AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmahjar%2Borthodox%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey2006" class="citation book cs1">Starkey, Paul (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernarabiclite00star">Modern Arabic literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernarabiclite00star/page/n72">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1290-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1290-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-1290-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Arabic+literature&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1290-1&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernarabiclite00star&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstevez2013" class="citation news cs1">Estevez, Dolia (19 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/doliaestevez/2013/11/19/mexican-billionaire-carlos-slim-is-quietly-transferring-assets-to-his-children/#58ce45712ccd">"Mexican Billionaire Carlos Slim Is Quietly Transferring Assets To His Children"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028160129/https://www.forbes.com/sites/doliaestevez/2013/11/19/mexican-billionaire-carlos-slim-is-quietly-transferring-assets-to-his-children/#58ce45712ccd">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Mexican+Billionaire+Carlos+Slim+Is+Quietly+Transferring+Assets+To+His+Children&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft.aulast=Estevez&rft.aufirst=Dolia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdoliaestevez%2F2013%2F11%2F19%2Fmexican-billionaire-carlos-slim-is-quietly-transferring-assets-to-his-children%2F%2358ce45712ccd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuardianInterview2-149"><a href="#cite_ref-GuardianInterview2_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadwalladr2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carole_Cadwalladr" title="Carole Cadwalladr">Cadwalladr, Carole</a> (24 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/nov/24/nassim-taleb-antifragile-finance-interview">"Nassim Taleb: my rules for life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306005243/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/nov/24/nassim-taleb-antifragile-finance-interview">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nassim+Taleb%3A+my+rules+for+life&rft.date=2012-11-24&rft.aulast=Cadwalladr&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2012%2Fnov%2F24%2Fnassim-taleb-antifragile-finance-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeBakeyAcademy2-150"><a href="#cite_ref-DeBakeyAcademy2_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achievement.org/achiever/michael-e-debakey-m-d/">"Michael E. DeBakey, M.D."</a> Academy of Achievement. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027112853/https://achievement.org/achiever/michael-e-debakey-m-d/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Achievement&rft.atitle=Michael+E.+DeBakey%2C+M.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.achievement.org%2Fachiever%2Fmichael-e-debakey-m-d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilger2017" class="citation web cs1">Dilger, Daniel Eran (11 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://appleinsider.com/articles/17/05/11/ipod-father-tony-fadell-speaks-at-computer-history-museums-iphone-360">"iPod-Father Tony Fadell speaks at Computer History Museum's iPhone 360"</a>. AppleInsider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603052427/https://appleinsider.com/articles/17/05/11/ipod-father-tony-fadell-speaks-at-computer-history-museums-iphone-360">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AppleInsider&rft.atitle=iPod-Father+Tony+Fadell+speaks+at+Computer+History+Museum%27s+iPhone+360&rft.date=2017-05-11&rft.aulast=Dilger&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Eran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fappleinsider.com%2Farticles%2F17%2F05%2F11%2Fipod-father-tony-fadell-speaks-at-computer-history-museums-iphone-360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-whoswho2-152"><a href="#cite_ref-whoswho2_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U5927">"ATIYAH, Sir Michael (Francis)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)" title="Who's Who (UK)">Who's Who</a>. Vol. 2014 (online edition via <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> ed.). A & C Black.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ATIYAH%2C+Sir+Michael+%28Francis%29&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who&rft.edition=online+edition+via+Oxford+University+Press&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukwhoswho.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2Foupww%2Fwhoswho%2FU5927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1990/corey-autobio.html">Elias James Corey – Autobiography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706111206/http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1990/corey-autobio.html">Archived</a> 6 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. nobelprize.org </li> <li id="cite_note-new2-154"><a href="#cite_ref-new2_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd_RDty8ft0C&q=peter+medawar+maronite&pg=PA14">"Sir Peter Medawar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>. 12 April 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428074144/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd_RDty8ft0C&q=peter+medawar+maronite&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Sir+Peter+Medawar&rft.date=1984-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKd_RDty8ft0C%26q%3Dpeter%2Bmedawar%2Bmaronite%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Medawar,_Peter_Brian2-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Medawar,_Peter_Brian2_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel,_Diana_E.2002" class="citation book cs1">Manuel, Diana E. (2002). "Medawar, Peter Brian (1915–1987)". <a href="/wiki/Van_Nostrand%27s_Scientific_Encyclopedia" title="Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia">Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780471743989.vse10031">10.1002/9780471743989.vse10031</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-74398-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-74398-9"><bdi>978-0-471-74398-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Medawar%2C+Peter+Brian+%281915%E2%80%931987%29&rft.btitle=Van+Nostrand%27s+Scientific+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780471743989.vse10031&rft.isbn=978-0-471-74398-9&rft.au=Manuel%2C+Diana+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flcourthistory.org/Barkett-2014/">"Florida Supreme Court Historical Society – 2014 – Judge Rosemary Barkett"</a>. flcourthistory.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722125528/https://www.flcourthistory.org/Barkett-2014/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flcourthistory.org&rft.atitle=Florida+Supreme+Court+Historical+Society+%E2%80%93+2014+%E2%80%93+Judge+Rosemary+Barkett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flcourthistory.org%2FBarkett-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haiduc-Dale2013-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Haiduc-Dale2013_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaiduc-Dale2013" class="citation book cs1">Haiduc-Dale, Noah (18 March 2013). Arab Christians in British Mandate Palestine: Communalism and Nationalism, 1917-1948. Edinburgh University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-7604-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-7604-0"><bdi>978-0-7486-7604-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Christians+in+British+Mandate+Palestine%3A+Communalism+and+Nationalism%2C+1917-1948&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2013-03-18&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-7604-0&rft.aulast=Haiduc-Dale&rft.aufirst=Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728205821/https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/coptic-christianity-egypt">"Coptic Christianity in Egypt"</a>. rlp.hds.harvard.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/coptic-christianity-egypt">the original</a> on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2021. <q>The Coptic Church experienced a religious revival beginning in the 1950s, and currently claims some seven million members inside of Egypt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rlp.hds.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Coptic+Christianity+in+Egypt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frlp.hds.harvard.edu%2Ffaq%2Fcoptic-christianity-egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Rehbein2017" class="citation web cs1">Matt Rehbein (10 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/09/middleeast/egypt-coptic-christians/index.html">"Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians?"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819141842/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/09/middleeast/egypt-coptic-christians/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Who+are+Egypt%27s+Coptic+Christians%3F&rft.date=2017-04-10&rft.au=Matt+Rehbein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2017%2F04%2F09%2Fmiddleeast%2Fegypt-coptic-christians%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabra2009" class="citation book cs1">Gabra, Gawdat (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UaYdpfAZDBMC&q=number+of+christians+christianity+in+the+middle+east+million&pg=PA1">The A to Z of the Coptic Church</a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 1, 10, 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7057-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7057-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-7057-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132745/https://books.google.com/books?id=UaYdpfAZDBMC&q=number+of+christians+christianity+in+the+middle+east+million&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Coptic+Church&rft.pages=1%2C+10%2C+11&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7057-4&rft.aulast=Gabra&rft.aufirst=Gawdat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUaYdpfAZDBMC%26q%3Dnumber%2Bof%2Bchristians%2Bchristianity%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bmiddle%2Beast%2Bmillion%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc.net.au-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abc.net.au_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc.net.au_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-10/who-are-egypts-copts/8429634">"Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians and why are they persecuted?"</a>. abc.net.au. 9 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210701045014/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-10/who-are-egypts-copts/8429634">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abc.net.au&rft.atitle=Who+are+Egypt%27s+Coptic+Christians+and+why+are+they+persecuted%3F&rft.date=2017-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2017-04-10%2Fwho-are-egypts-copts%2F8429634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.co.uk-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_163-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_163-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/coptic_1.shtml">"BBC – Religions – Christianity: Coptic Orthodox Church"</a>. www.bbc.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228230208/https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/coptic_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions+%E2%80%93+Christianity%3A+Coptic+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fsubdivisions%2Fcoptic_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabraTakla2017" class="citation book cs1">Gabra, Gawdat; Takla, Hany N. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GrRSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">Christianity and Monasticism in Northern Egypt: Beni Suef, Giza, Cairo, and the Nile Delta</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-777-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-777-5"><bdi>978-977-416-777-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029224304/https://books.google.com/books?id=GrRSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Monasticism+in+Northern+Egypt%3A+Beni+Suef%2C+Giza%2C+Cairo%2C+and+the+Nile+Delta&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-977-416-777-5&rft.aulast=Gabra&rft.aufirst=Gawdat&rft.au=Takla%2C+Hany+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGrRSDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberson-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberson_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberson_165-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberson_165-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberson_165-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberson_165-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberson" class="citation web cs1">Roberson, Ronald G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024215818/http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat17.pdf">"The Eastern Catholic Churches 2017"</a> (PDF). Eastern Catholic Churches Statistics. Catholic Near East Welfare Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat17.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Catholic+Churches+Statistics&rft.atitle=The+Eastern+Catholic+Churches+2017&rft.aulast=Roberson&rft.aufirst=Ronald+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnewa.org%2Fsource-images%2FRoberson-eastcath-statistics%2Feastcatholic-stat17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hartsem.edu/wp-content/uploads/hajjar.pdf">"Aspects of Christian-Muslim Relations in Contemporary Lebanon"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728123124/https://www.hartsem.edu/wp-content/uploads/hajjar.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Christian-Muslim+Relations+in+Contemporary+Lebanon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartsem.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fhajjar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219001803/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/canaanite-bible-ancient-dna-lebanon-genetics-archaeology">"Living Descendants of Biblical Canaanites Identified Via DNA"</a>. History. 27 July 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/canaanite-bible-ancient-dna-lebanon-genetics-archaeology">the original</a> on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Living+Descendants+of+Biblical+Canaanites+Identified+Via+DNA&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle%2Fcanaanite-bible-ancient-dna-lebanon-genetics-archaeology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvetlova2012" class="citation web cs1">Svetlova, Ksenia (12 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/israel/164127/maronite-christians-seek-to-revive-aramaic-languag/">"Maronite Christians Seek To Revive Aramaic Language"</a>. forward.com. The Forward.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forward.com&rft.atitle=Maronite+Christians+Seek+To+Revive+Aramaic+Language&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.aulast=Svetlova&rft.aufirst=Ksenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fisrael%2F164127%2Fmaronite-christians-seek-to-revive-aramaic-languag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bkerke.org.lb/home.php">"البطريركية المارونية – بكركي"</a>. www.bkerke.org.lb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411005119/http://bkerke.org.lb/home.php">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bkerke.org.lb&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%E2%80%93+%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bkerke.org.lb%2Fhome.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/eastern-catholic-churches/maronite-church/maronite-worship">"Maronite liturgy draws from Eastern and Western traditions"</a>. Catholics & Cultures. 12 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308125822/https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/eastern-catholic-churches/maronite-church/maronite-worship">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholics+%26+Cultures&rft.atitle=Maronite+liturgy+draws+from+Eastern+and+Western+traditions&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicsandcultures.org%2Feastern-catholic-churches%2Fmaronite-church%2Fmaronite-worship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/eastern-catholic-churches/maronite-church">"Maronite Church"</a>. Catholics & Cultures. 15 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042256/https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/eastern-catholic-churches/maronite-church">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholics+%26+Cultures&rft.atitle=Maronite+Church&rft.date=2010-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicsandcultures.org%2Feastern-catholic-churches%2Fmaronite-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.magyarkurir.hu/hirek/x-janos-lett-az-uj-ortodox-antiokiai-patriarka">"X. János lett az új, ortodox antiókiai pátriárka"</a>. Magyar Kurír (in Hungarian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045454/http://www.magyarkurir.hu/hirek/x-janos-lett-az-uj-ortodox-antiokiai-patriarka">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Magyar+Kur%C3%ADr&rft.atitle=X.+J%C3%A1nos+lett+az+%C3%BAj%2C+ortodox+anti%C3%B3kiai+p%C3%A1tri%C3%A1rka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.magyarkurir.hu%2Fhirek%2Fx-janos-lett-az-uj-ortodox-antiokiai-patriarka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiffler2010" class="citation book cs1">Stiffler, Matthew W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/77904/mattws_1.pdf?sequence=1">AUTHENTIC ARABS, AUTHENTIC CHRISTIANS: ANTIOCHIAN ORTHODOX AND THE MOBILIZATION OF CULTURAL IDENTITY</a> (PDF). The University of Michigan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428074140/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/77904/mattws_1.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AUTHENTIC+ARABS%2C+AUTHENTIC+CHRISTIANS%3A+ANTIOCHIAN+ORTHODOX+AND+THE+MOBILIZATION+OF+CULTURAL+IDENTITY&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Stiffler&rft.aufirst=Matthew+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2027.42%2F77904%2Fmattws_1.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemeter2014" class="citation web cs1">Demeter, Daniel (16 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syriaphotoguide.com/damascus-al-mariyamiyeh-church-%d8%af%d9%85%d8%b4%d9%82-%d9%83%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9/">"Damascus – al-Mariyamiyeh Church دمشق – كنيسة المريمية"</a>. Syria Photo Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428074141/https://syriaphotoguide.com/damascus-al-mariyamiyeh-church-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82-%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syria+Photo+Guide&rft.atitle=Damascus+%E2%80%93+al-Mariyamiyeh+Church+%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82+%E2%80%93+%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft.aulast=Demeter&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyriaphotoguide.com%2Fdamascus-al-mariyamiyeh-church-%25d8%25af%25d9%2585%25d8%25b4%25d9%2582-%25d9%2583%25d9%2586%25d9%258a%25d8%25b3%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%2585%25d8%25b1%25d9%258a%25d9%2585%25d9%258a%25d8%25a9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiochpatriarchate.org/">"Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East"</a>. www.antiochpatriarchate.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304154851/https://www.antiochpatriarchate.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.antiochpatriarchate.org&rft.atitle=Greek+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Antioch+and+All+the+East&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiochpatriarchate.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Abou Ackl, Rand. "The Construction of the Architectural Background in Melkite Annunciation Icons." Chronos 38 (2018): 147-170 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=8&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=3">"CNEWA – The Syrian Orthodox Church"</a>. cnewa.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319235109/http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=8&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=3">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cnewa.org&rft.atitle=CNEWA+%E2%80%93+The+Syrian+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnewa.org%2Fdefault.aspx%3FID%3D8%26pagetypeID%3D9%26sitecode%3DHQ%26pageno%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/syrian-orthodox-patriarchate-of-antioch-and-all-the-east">"Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East – World Council of Churches"</a>. oikoumene.org. January 1961. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308122540/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/syrian-orthodox-patriarchate-of-antioch-and-all-the-east">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=oikoumene.org&rft.atitle=Syrian+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Antioch+and+All+the+East+%E2%80%93+World+Council+of+Churches&rft.date=1961-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fmember-churches%2Fsyrian-orthodox-patriarchate-of-antioch-and-all-the-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815143058/http://www.syriacchristianity.info/MorBaseliosPauloseII/Church_History_Universal.htm">"The SYRIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH OF ANTIOCH"</a>. www.syriacchristianity.info. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.syriacchristianity.info&rft.atitle=The+SYRIAN+ORTHODOX+CHURCH+OF+ANTIOCH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriacchristianity.info%2FMorBaseliosPauloseII%2FChurch_History_Universal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/syriac-orthodox-church-antioch">"Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. www.encyclopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614144227/https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/syriac-orthodox-church-antioch">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Syriac+Orthodox+Church+of+Antioch+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fenvironment%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fsyriac-orthodox-church-antioch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020Section_5-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020Section_5_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaarda2020">Baarda 2020</a>, pp. Section 5"The Syriac Orthodox and Paul Bihnām's al-Mashriq: Holders of a Middle Position... The Arab nationalism they supported did not discriminate according to religion and was therefore also acceptable to them, even if it recognized the special relationship between the Arabic language and Islam." </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56704913.pdf">Donabed & Mako 2009</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syriacpatriarchate.org/2017/08/holy-qurobo-st-george-patriarchal-cathedral-damascus/">"Holy Qurobo – St. George Patriarchal Cathedral – Damascus"</a>. Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch. 27 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428074140/https://syriacpatriarchate.org/2017/08/holy-qurobo-st-george-patriarchal-cathedral-damascus/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Antioch&rft.atitle=Holy+Qurobo+%E2%80%93+St.+George+Patriarchal+Cathedral+%E2%80%93+Damascus&rft.date=2017-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyriacpatriarchate.org%2F2017%2F08%2Fholy-qurobo-st-george-patriarchal-cathedral-damascus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-syriacpatriarchate.org-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-syriacpatriarchate.org_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syriacpatriarchate.org_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syriacpatriarchate.org/">"Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch"</a>. Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411130028/https://syriacpatriarchate.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Antioch&rft.atitle=Syrian+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Antioch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyriacpatriarchate.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-185"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Tamimi2012" class="citation web cs1">Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (5 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meforum.org/3145/middle-east-christians-identity">"Identity Among Middle East Christians"</a>. Middle East Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227161011/https://www.meforum.org/3145/middle-east-christians-identity">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Forum&rft.atitle=Identity+Among+Middle+East+Christians&rft.date=2012-01-05&rft.aulast=Al-Tamimi&rft.aufirst=Aymenn+Jawad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F3145%2Fmiddle-east-christians-identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hartsem.edu/wp-content/uploads/hajjar.pdf">"Aspects of Christian-Muslim Relations in Contemporary Lebanon"</a> (PDF). p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728123124/https://www.hartsem.edu/wp-content/uploads/hajjar.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021. <q>In recent years, the Melkites, like the Maronites, have denied affiliation with Arab ethnicity, race and culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Christian-Muslim+Relations+in+Contemporary+Lebanon&rft.pages=4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartsem.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fhajjar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOueis2022" class="citation web cs1">Oueis, Hadeel (3 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hellasjournal.com/2022/04/the-levantine-greeks-the-hellenic-republic-should-recognize-its-forgotten-greeks-in-syria-and-other-countries/">"The Levantine Greeks: The Hellenic Republic should Recognize its Forgotten Greeks in Syria and other countries"</a>. HellasJournal. Hellas Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HellasJournal&rft.atitle=The+Levantine+Greeks%3A+The+Hellenic+Republic+should+Recognize+its+Forgotten+Greeks+in+Syria+and+other+countries&rft.date=2022-04-03&rft.aulast=Oueis&rft.aufirst=Hadeel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhellasjournal.com%2F2022%2F04%2Fthe-levantine-greeks-the-hellenic-republic-should-recognize-its-forgotten-greeks-in-syria-and-other-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/2824.htm">"Cathédrale patriarchale Notre-Dame de la Dormition"</a>. GCatholic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008031834/http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/2824.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GCatholic&rft.atitle=Cath%C3%A9drale+patriarchale+Notre-Dame+de+la+Dormition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fchurches%2Fasia%2F2824.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.melkite.uk/melkite-parish/">"Melkite Parish – Melkite UK"</a>. www.melkite.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428074142/https://www.melkite.uk/melkite-parish/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.melkite.uk&rft.atitle=Melkite+Parish+%E2%80%93+Melkite+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.melkite.uk%2Fmelkite-parish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melkitepat.org/">"Melkite :: Splash"</a>. www.melkitepat.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411104509/http://melkitepat.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.melkitepat.org&rft.atitle=Melkite+%3A%3A+Splash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melkitepat.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_191-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/minorities/chaldeans/">"Chaldeans"</a>. Minority Rights Group. 19 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502105409/https://minorityrights.org/minorities/chaldeans/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minority+Rights+Group&rft.atitle=Chaldeans&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fminorities%2Fchaldeans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020Section_4-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020Section_4_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaarda2020">Baarda 2020</a>, pp. Section 4"The Chaldean Patriarchate and Sulaymān Ṣāʾigh's al-Najm: Strong Commitment to the State and its Arab Identity... The Arab nationalism they supported did not discriminate according to religion and was therefore also acceptable to them, even if it recognized the special relationship between the Arabic language and Islam." </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/3393.htm">"Chaldean Church of Mary Mother of Sorrows"</a>. GCatholic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625120047/http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/3393.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GCatholic&rft.atitle=Chaldean+Church+of+Mary+Mother+of+Sorrows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fchurches%2Fasia%2F3393.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/eastern-catholic-churches/chaldean-catholic-church">"Chaldean Catholic Church"</a>. Catholics & Cultures. 15 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416193032/https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/eastern-catholic-churches/chaldean-catholic-church">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholics+%26+Cultures&rft.atitle=Chaldean+Catholic+Church&rft.date=2010-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicsandcultures.org%2Feastern-catholic-churches%2Fchaldean-catholic-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saint-adday.com/">"البطريركية الكلدانية"</a>. البطريركية الكلدانية (in Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311133552/http://saint-adday.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaint-adday.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/greek-orthodox-patriarchate-of-alexandria-and-all-africa">"Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa — World Council of Churches"</a>. oikoumene.org. January 1948. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191006202627/https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/greek-orthodox-patriarchate-of-alexandria-and-all-africa">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oikoumene.org&rft.atitle=Greek+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Alexandria+and+All+Africa+%E2%80%94+World+Council+of+Churches&rft.date=1948-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fmember-churches%2Fgreek-orthodox-patriarchate-of-alexandria-and-all-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediacentre.go.ug/media/president-lauds-orthodox-faith-100-years">"President Lauds Orthodox faith on 100 Years | Uganda Media Centre"</a>. mediacentre.go.ug. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414115006/https://mediacentre.go.ug/media/president-lauds-orthodox-faith-100-years">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mediacentre.go.ug&rft.atitle=President+Lauds+Orthodox+faith+on+100+Years+%7C+Uganda+Media+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmediacentre.go.ug%2Fmedia%2Fpresident-lauds-orthodox-faith-100-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKårtveit2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kårtveit, Bård (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/ema/3810">"Social relations between the Christian communities of Alexandria: Re-examining social boundaries in times of decline"</a>. Égypte/Monde arabe. 17 (17): 97–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fema.3810">10.4000/ema.3810</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F72712">10852/72712</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158605674">158605674</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428074139/https://journals.openedition.org/ema/3810">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89gypte%2FMonde+arabe&rft.atitle=Social+relations+between+the+Christian+communities+of+Alexandria%3A+Re-examining+social+boundaries+in+times+of+decline&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F72712&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158605674%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fema.3810&rft.aulast=K%C3%A5rtveit&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A5rd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fema%2F3810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greek_Orthodox2-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greek_Orthodox2_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greek_Orthodox2_199-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com//index.php?lang=en">"-- [ Greek Orthodox ] --"</a>. www.patriarchateofalexandria.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805010310/http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com/index.php?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.patriarchateofalexandria.com&rft.atitle=--+%5B+Greek+Orthodox+%5D+--&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriarchateofalexandria.com%2F%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oikoumene.org-200"><a href="#cite_ref-oikoumene.org_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/greek-orthodox-patriarchate-of-alexandria-and-all-africa">"Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa"</a>. World Council of Churches. January 1948. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210403200502/https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/greek-orthodox-patriarchate-of-alexandria-and-all-africa">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Council+of+Churches&rft.atitle=Greek+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Alexandria+and+All+Africa&rft.date=1948-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fmember-churches%2Fgreek-orthodox-patriarchate-of-alexandria-and-all-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat17.pdf">The Eastern Catholic Churches 2017</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024215818/http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat17.pdf">Archived</a> 24 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved December 2010. Information sourced from 'Annuario Pontificio' 2017 edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020Section_3-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020Section_3_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020Section_3_202-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaarda2020">Baarda 2020</a>, pp. Section 3"The Assyrians around Joseph de Kelaita: Arabic for Practical Purposes... I will start my discussion with the Syriac Christian group that shows the least enthusiasm in using the Arabic language and assimilating to an Arab identity." </li> <li id="cite_note-assyrianchurch.org2-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-assyrianchurch.org2_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-assyrianchurch.org2_203-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-assyrianchurch.org2_203-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.assyrianchurch.org/">"Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East"</a>. Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411133613/https://www.assyrianchurch.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holy+Apostolic+Catholic+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft.atitle=Holy+Apostolic+Catholic+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.assyrianchurch.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_204-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Syriac+Catholic+Church+identity">"Syriac Catholic Church identity – Chwiliwch Google"</a>. www.google.com. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=Syriac+Catholic+Church+identity+%E2%80%93+Chwiliwch+Google&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DSyriac%2BCatholic%2BChurch%2Bidentity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Diana Darke, Syria. Bradt Travel Guides, 2006. S. 91. The Christian quarter: Syrian Catholic Cathedral of Mar Paulus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diana+Darke%2C+Syria.+Bradt+Travel+Guides%2C+2006.+S.+91.+The+Christian+quarter%3A+Syrian+Catholic+Cathedral+of+Mar+Paulus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syr-cath.org/">"Syriac Catholic Patriarchate Official Website"</a>. syr-cath.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310040926/http://www.syr-cath.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=syr-cath.org&rft.atitle=Syriac+Catholic+Patriarchate+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyr-cath.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cathédrale_Notre-Dame_d'Egypte2-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cathédrale_Notre-Dame_d'Egypte2_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathédrale_Notre-Dame_d'Egypte2_207-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/africa/1961.htm">"Cathédrale Notre-Dame d'Egypte"</a>. GCatholic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428074139/http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/africa/1961.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GCatholic&rft.atitle=Cath%C3%A9drale+Notre-Dame+d%27Egypte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fchurches%2Fafrica%2F1961.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imeu.org/article/palestinian-christians-in-the-holy-land">"Palestinian Christians in the Holy Land"</a>. imeu.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619110904/https://imeu.org/article/palestinian-christians-in-the-holy-land">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imeu.org&rft.atitle=Palestinian+Christians+in+the+Holy+Land&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimeu.org%2Farticle%2Fpalestinian-christians-in-the-holy-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_209-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatikiotis1994" class="citation journal cs1">Vatikiotis, P. J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283681">"The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem between Hellenism and Arabism"</a>. Middle Eastern Studies. 30 (4): 916–929. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263209408701029">10.1080/00263209408701029</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283681">4283681</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428074139/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283681">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Jerusalem+between+Hellenism+and+Arabism&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E916-%3C%2Fspan%3E929&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4283681%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263209408701029&rft.aulast=Vatikiotis&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4283681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/church_of_the_holy_sepulchre">"Church of the Holy Sepulchre"</a>. madainproject.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220102161103/https://madainproject.com/church_of_the_holy_sepulchre">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=madainproject.com&rft.atitle=Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fchurch_of_the_holy_sepulchre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07425a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Holy Sepulchre"</a>. www.newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417172324/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07425a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Holy+Sepulchre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F07425a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jerusalem-patriarchate.info/">"Αρχική"</a>. Πατριαρχείοv Ιεροσολύμων – Επίσημη Πύλη Ειδησεογραφίας. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111061737/http://jerusalem-patriarchate.info/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BFv+%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%89%CE%BD+%E2%80%93+%CE%95%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B7+%CE%A0%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7+%CE%95%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.atitle=%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjerusalem-patriarchate.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2006" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (28 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ7ZAAAAMAAJ">The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-115-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-115-1"><bdi>978-1-84511-115-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817193902/https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ7ZAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+Assyrian+Christianity&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2006-04-28&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-115-1&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQ7ZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020143–170-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020143–170_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020143–170_214-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaarda2020143–170_214-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaarda2020">Baarda 2020</a>, pp. 143–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714155247/http://nationalcopticassembly.com/showart.php?main_id=1724">"COPTIC ASSEMBLY OF AMERICA – Reactions in the Egyptian Press To a Lecture Delivered by a Coptic Bishop In Hudson Institute"</a>. 14 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalcopticassembly.com/showart.php?main_id=1724">the original</a> on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COPTIC+ASSEMBLY+OF+AMERICA+%E2%80%93+Reactions+in+the+Egyptian+Press+To+a+Lecture+Delivered+by+a+Coptic+Bishop+In+Hudson+Institute&rft.date=2011-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalcopticassembly.com%2Fshowart.php%3Fmain_id%3D1724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/property/house-and-home/phoenician-or-arab-never-ending-debate-lebanon-5547901.html">"Phoenician or Arab? A never-ending debate in Lebanon"</a>. The Independent. 18 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428074139/https://www.independent.co.uk/property/house-and-home/phoenician-or-arab-never-ending-debate-lebanon-5547901.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Phoenician+or+Arab%3F+A+never-ending+debate+in+Lebanon&rft.date=2011-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fproperty%2Fhouse-and-home%2Fphoenician-or-arab-never-ending-debate-lebanon-5547901.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapastathis2020" class="citation book cs1">Papastathis, Konstantinos (26 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004423220/BP000019.xml">Arabic vs. Greek: the Linguistic Aspect of the Jerusalem Orthodox Church Controversy in Late Ottoman Times and the British Mandate</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42322-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42322-0"><bdi>978-90-04-42322-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029224304/https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004423220/BP000019.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+vs.+Greek%3A+the+Linguistic+Aspect+of+the+Jerusalem+Orthodox+Church+Controversy+in+Late+Ottoman+Times+and+the+British+Mandate&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft.isbn=978-90-04-42322-0&rft.aulast=Papastathis&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004423220%2FBP000019.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/Issa_al_Issa_JQ_59_0.pdf">"Issa al Issa's Unorthodox Orthodoxy:Banned in Jerusalem, Permitted in Jaffa"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020134346/https://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/Issa_al_Issa_JQ_59_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Issa+al+Issa%27s+Unorthodox+Orthodoxy%3ABanned+in+Jerusalem%2C+Permitted+in+Jaffa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestine-studies.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjq-articles%2FIssa_al_Issa_JQ_59_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/Issa_al_Issa_JQ_59_0.pdf">"Issa al Issa's Unorthodox Orthodoxy: Banned in Jerusalem, Permitted in Jaffa"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020134346/https://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/Issa_al_Issa_JQ_59_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Issa+al+Issa%27s+Unorthodox+Orthodoxy%3A+Banned+in+Jerusalem%2C+Permitted+in+Jaffa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestine-studies.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjq-articles%2FIssa_al_Issa_JQ_59_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_220-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_220-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzKark2005" class="citation journal cs1">Katz, Itamar; Kark, Ruth (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879643">"The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and Its Congregation: Dissent over Real Estate"</a>. International Journal of Middle East Studies. 37 (4): 509–534. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743805052189">10.1017/S0020743805052189</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438">0020-7438</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879643">3879643</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159569868">159569868</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020135750/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879643">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Jerusalem+and+Its+Congregation%3A+Dissent+over+Real+Estate&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E509-%3C%2Fspan%3E534&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0020-7438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159569868%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3879643%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743805052189&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Itamar&rft.au=Kark%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3879643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2007/1-june/news/uk/greek-patriarch-rift-no-end-in-sight-yet">"Greek Patriarch rift: no end in sight yet"</a>. www.churchtimes.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428074139/https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2007/1-june/news/uk/greek-patriarch-rift-no-end-in-sight-yet">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchtimes.co.uk&rft.atitle=Greek+Patriarch+rift%3A+no+end+in+sight+yet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchtimes.co.uk%2Farticles%2F2007%2F1-june%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fgreek-patriarch-rift-no-end-in-sight-yet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4101886.stm">"Orthodox leader demoted to monk"</a>. 16 June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116001421/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4101886.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Orthodox+leader+demoted+to+monk&rft.date=2005-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F4101886.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODB-223"><a href="#cite_ref-ODB_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation book cs1">Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 1533–1534. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1533-%3C%2Fspan%3E1534&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"(Appadurai 1996, 13)". (Appadurai 1996, 13).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%28Appadurai+1996%2C+13%29&rft.atitle=%28Appadurai+1996%2C+13%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1989" class="citation book cs1">Meyendorff, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ">Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church, 450–680 AD</a>. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-056-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-056-3"><bdi>978-0-88141-056-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514173946/https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Unity+and+Christian+Divisions%3A+The+Church%2C+450%E2%80%93680+AD&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88141-056-3&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6J_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Segaert 2008, p. 36.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanoosh2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hanoosh, Yasmeen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44742878">"Minority Identities Before and After Iraq: The Making of the Modern Assyrian and Chaldean Appellations"</a>. The Arab Studies Journal. 24 (2): 8–40. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1083-4753">1083-4753</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44742878">44742878</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424203532/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44742878">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arab+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=Minority+Identities+Before+and+After+Iraq%3A+The+Making+of+the+Modern+Assyrian+and+Chaldean+Appellations&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44742878%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1083-4753&rft.aulast=Hanoosh&rft.aufirst=Yasmeen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44742878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulish2001" class="citation news cs1">Kulish, Nicholas (13 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB984352087849000961">"Ancient Split of Assyrians and Chaldeans Leads to Modern-Day Battle Over Census"</a>. Wall Street Journal. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428074139/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB984352087849000961">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Ancient+Split+of+Assyrians+and+Chaldeans+Leads+to+Modern-Day+Battle+Over+Census&rft.date=2001-03-13&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Kulish&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB984352087849000961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donabed_407–431-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donabed_407–431_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donabed_407–431_229-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonabed2012" class="citation journal cs1">Donabed, Sargon (1 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14608944.2012.733208">"Rethinking Nationalism and an Appellative Conundrum: Historiography and Politics in Iraq"</a>. National Identities. 14 (4): 407–431. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NatId..14..407D">2012NatId..14..407D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14608944.2012.733208">10.1080/14608944.2012.733208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1460-8944">1460-8944</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145265726">145265726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Identities&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Nationalism+and+an+Appellative+Conundrum%3A+Historiography+and+Politics+in+Iraq&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E431&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14608944.2012.733208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145265726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1460-8944&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012NatId..14..407D&rft.aulast=Donabed&rft.aufirst=Sargon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14608944.2012.733208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conference.osu.eu/globalization/publ/08-bohac.pdf">"Assyrians are an ethnically, linguistically and religiously distinct minority in the Middle Eastern region."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813223210/http://conference.osu.eu/globalization/publ/08-bohac.pdf">Archived</a> 13 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF) </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2020" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Philip (2020). Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East. Rowman & Littlefield. p. XLVIII. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538124185" title="Special:BookSources/9781538124185"><bdi>9781538124185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Christianity+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=XLVIII&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781538124185&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2011" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Douglas (2011). The World's Christians: Who they are, Where they are, and How they got there. John Wiley & Sons. p. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444397291" title="Special:BookSources/9781444397291"><bdi>9781444397291</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Christians%3A+Who+they+are%2C+Where+they+are%2C+and+How+they+got+there&rft.pages=423&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781444397291&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2015" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Sidney H. (2015). The Bible in Arabic: The Scriptures of the "People of the Book" in the Language of Islam. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691168081" title="Special:BookSources/9780691168081"><bdi>9780691168081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+in+Arabic%3A+The+Scriptures+of+the+%22People+of+the+Book%22+in+the+Language+of+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780691168081&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahîd1995" class="citation book cs1">Shahîd, Irfan (1995). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884022848" title="Special:BookSources/9780884022848"><bdi>9780884022848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Arabs+in+the+Sixth+Century&rft.pages=2002&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780884022848&rft.aulast=Shah%C3%AEd&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Khatib2016" class="citation book cs1">Al Khatib, Jamal M. (2016). Arab American Children with Disabilities: Considerations for Teachers and Service Providers. Routledge. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315463285" title="Special:BookSources/9781315463285"><bdi>9781315463285</bdi></a>. <q>nonetheless, similar cultural traditions and practices are shared by Christian and Muslim Arabs</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+American+Children+with+Disabilities%3A+Considerations+for+Teachers+and+Service+Providers&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781315463285&rft.aulast=Al+Khatib&rft.aufirst=Jamal+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenklD._Purnell2012" class="citation book cs1">Fenkl, Eric A; D. Purnell, Larry (2012). Textbook for Transcultural Health Care: A Population Approach: Cultural Competence Concepts in Nursing Care. Springer Nature. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030513993" title="Special:BookSources/9783030513993"><bdi>9783030513993</bdi></a>. <q>Arab Christians may eat pork, but few of them do.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+for+Transcultural+Health+Care%3A+A+Population+Approach%3A+Cultural+Competence+Concepts+in+Nursing+Care&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783030513993&rft.aulast=Fenkl&rft.aufirst=Eric+A&rft.au=D.+Purnell%2C+Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakos2011" class="citation book cs1">Bakos, Gergely Tibor (2011). On Faith, Rationality, and the Other in the Late Middle Ages:: A Study of Nicholas of Cusa's Manuductive Approach to Islam. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606083420" title="Special:BookSources/9781606083420"><bdi>9781606083420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Faith%2C+Rationality%2C+and+the+Other+in+the+Late+Middle+Ages%3A%3A+A+Study+of+Nicholas+of+Cusa%27s+Manuductive+Approach+to+Islam&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781606083420&rft.aulast=Bakos&rft.aufirst=Gergely+Tibor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Sharkey2017" class="citation book cs1">J. Sharkey, Heather (2017). A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521769372" title="Special:BookSources/9780521769372"><bdi>9780521769372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Muslims%2C+Christians%2C+and+Jews+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780521769372&rft.aulast=J.+Sharkey&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitts-Taylor2008" class="citation book cs1">Pitts-Taylor, Victoria (2008). Cultural Encyclopedia of the Body [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781567206913" title="Special:BookSources/9781567206913"><bdi>9781567206913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Encyclopedia+of+the+Body+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781567206913&rft.aulast=Pitts-Taylor&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruenbaum2015" class="citation book cs1">Gruenbaum, Ellen (2015). The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812292510" title="Special:BookSources/9780812292510"><bdi>9780812292510</bdi></a>. <q>Christian theology generally interprets male circumcision to be an Old Testament rule that is no longer an obligation ... though in many countries (especially the United States and Sub-Saharan Africa, but not so much in Europe) it is widely practiced among Christians</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Female+Circumcision+Controversy%3A+An+Anthropological+Perspective&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780812292510&rft.aulast=Gruenbaum&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N._Stearns_2008_179-241"><a href="#cite_ref-N._Stearns_2008_179_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Stearns2008" class="citation book cs1">N. Stearns, Peter (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195176322" title="Special:BookSources/9780195176322"><bdi>9780195176322</bdi></a>. <q>Uniformly practiced by Jews, Muslims, and the members of Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, male circumcision remains prevalent in many regions of the world, particularly Africa, South and East Asia, Oceania, and Anglosphere countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780195176322&rft.aulast=N.+Stearns&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitts-Taylor2008" class="citation book cs1">Pitts-Taylor, Victoria (2008). Cultural Encyclopedia of the Body [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781567206913" title="Special:BookSources/9781567206913"><bdi>9781567206913</bdi></a>. <q>For most part, Christianity does not require circumcision of its followers. Yet, some Orthodox and African Christian groups do require circumcision. These circumcisions take place at any point between birth and puberty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Encyclopedia+of+the+Body+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781567206913&rft.aulast=Pitts-Taylor&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Ellwood2008" class="citation book cs1">S. Ellwood, Robert (2008). The Encyclopedia of World Religions. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438110387" title="Special:BookSources/9781438110387"><bdi>9781438110387</bdi></a>. <q>It is obligatory among Jews, Muslims, and Coptic Christians. Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Christians do not require circumcision. Starting in the last half of the 19th century, however, circumcision also became common among Christians in Europe and especially in North America.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781438110387&rft.aulast=S.+Ellwood&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook,_Bernard_A.2001" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Bernard A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeuro01acoo">Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia</a>. New York: Garland. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeuro01acoo/page/n461">398</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4057-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4057-7"><bdi>978-0-8153-4057-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+since+1945%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-4057-7&rft.au=Cook%2C+Bernard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaeuro01acoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background2-245"><a href="#cite_ref-Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background2_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Duane A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16338087">"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census | Duane A Miller Botero - Academia.edu"</a>. academia.edu. Retrieved 27 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Believers+in+Christ+from+a+Muslim+Background%3A+A+Global+Census+%26%23124%3B+Duane+A+Miller+Botero+-+Academia.edu&rft.pub=academia.edu&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Duane+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16338087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background-246"><a href="#cite_ref-Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerJohnstone2015" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Duane Alexander; Johnstone, Patrick (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religjournal.com/pdf/ijrr11010.pdf">"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census"</a> (PDF). Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 11: 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116200456/http://www.religjournal.com/pdf/ijrr11010.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Journal+of+Research+on+Religion&rft.atitle=Believers+in+Christ+from+a+Muslim+Background%3A+A+Global+Census&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Duane+Alexander&rft.au=Johnstone%2C+Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religjournal.com%2Fpdf%2Fijrr11010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> *(in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174">Sadek Lekdja, Christianity in Kabylie, Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134716/http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174">Archived</a> 18 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010Census-248"><a href="#cite_ref-2010Census_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320104234/http://www.census2010.gov.bh/results_en.php">"2010 Census Results"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census2010.gov.bh/results_en.php">the original</a> on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Census+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census2010.gov.bh%2Fresults_en.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christian-Muslim_Gap-249"><a href="#cite_ref-Christian-Muslim_Gap_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2008" class="citation web cs1">Cole, Ethan (8 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianpost.com/article/20080708/egypt-s-christian-muslim-gap-growing-bigger.htm">"Egypt's Christian-Muslim Gap Growing Bigger"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Post" title="The Christian Post">The Christian Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110201053320/http://www.christianpost.com/article/20080708/egypt-s-christian-muslim-gap-growing-bigger/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Post&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Christian-Muslim+Gap+Growing+Bigger&rft.date=2008-07-08&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianpost.com%2Farticle%2F20080708%2Fegypt-s-christian-muslim-gap-growing-bigger.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemed.univ-lemans.fr/cours2010/en/co/module_5.html">"Migratory flows (16th–19th century) – Syro-Lebanese migration towards Egypt (18th to early 20th century) – Marwan Abi Fadel"</a>. hemed.univ-lemans.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306061741/http://hemed.univ-lemans.fr/cours2010/en/co/module_5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hemed.univ-lemans.fr&rft.atitle=Migratory+flows+%2816th%E2%80%9319th+century%29+%E2%80%93+Syro-Lebanese+migration+towards+Egypt+%2818th+to+early+20th+century%29+%E2%80%93+Marwan+Abi+Fadel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemed.univ-lemans.fr%2Fcours2010%2Fen%2Fco%2Fmodule_5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-251"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed, Hussam Eldin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/6q182q333">"From Nahda to exile: a story of the Shawam in Egypt in the early twentieth century"</a>. escholarship.mcgill.ca. Laila Parsons (Internal/Supervisor). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417230803/https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/6q182q333">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=escholarship.mcgill.ca&rft.atitle=From+Nahda+to+exile%3A+a+story+of+the+Shawam+in+Egypt+in+the+early+twentieth+century&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Hussam+Eldin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.mcgill.ca%2Fconcern%2Ftheses%2F6q182q333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq/">"The World Factbook"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/for-christians-symbol-of-mideast-oppression-becomes-source-of-solidarity/">"Symbol of ISIS hate becomes rallying cry for Christians"</a>. www.cbsnews.com. 20 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428074139/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/for-christians-symbol-of-mideast-oppression-becomes-source-of-solidarity/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=Symbol+of+ISIS+hate+becomes+rallying+cry+for+Christians&rft.date=2014-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Ffor-christians-symbol-of-mideast-oppression-becomes-source-of-solidarity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/shnatone_new.htm?CYear=2010&Vol=61&CSubject=2">"Statistical Abstract of Israel 2010"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519015023/http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/shnatone_new.htm?CYear=2010&Vol=61&CSubject=2">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+Abstract+of+Israel+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Freader%2Fshnaton%2Fshnatone_new.htm%3FCYear%3D2010%26Vol%3D61%26CSubject%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpost25122012-255"><a href="#cite_ref-jpost25122012_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/National-News/CBS-report-Christian-population-in-Israel-growing">"CBS report: Christian population in Israel growing"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 25 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818134550/http://www.jpost.com/National-News/CBS-report-Christian-population-in-Israel-growing">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=CBS+report%3A+Christian+population+in+Israel+growing&rft.date=2012-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FNational-News%2FCBS-report-Christian-population-in-Israel-growing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adelman_2015-256"><a href="#cite_ref-Adelman_2015_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelman2015" class="citation web cs1">Adelman, Jonathan (28 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-adelman/the-christians-of-israel_b_8055770.html">"The Christians of Israel: A Remarkable Group"</a>. The Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018183832/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-adelman/the-christians-of-israel_b_8055770.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Christians+of+Israel%3A+A+Remarkable+Group&rft.date=2015-08-28&rft.aulast=Adelman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fjonathan-adelman%2Fthe-christians-of-israel_b_8055770.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MFA2014-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MFA2014_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MFA2014_257-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017004653/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Spotlight/Pages/The-Christian-communities-in-Israel-May-2014.aspx">"The Christian communities in Israel"</a>. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Spotlight/Pages/The-Christian-communities-in-Israel-May-2014.aspx">the original</a> on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Christian+communities+in+Israel&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FAboutIsrael%2FSpotlight%2FPages%2FThe-Christian-communities-in-Israel-May-2014.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGahern_2011_51-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGahern_2011_51_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGahern_2011_51_258-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGahern2011" class="citation book cs1">McGahern, Una (2011). Palestinian Christians in Israel: State Attitudes Towards Non-Muslims in a Jewish State. Routledge. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415605717" title="Special:BookSources/9780415605717"><bdi>9780415605717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Christians+in+Israel%3A+State+Attitudes+Towards+Non-Muslims+in+a+Jewish+State&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780415605717&rft.aulast=McGahern&rft.aufirst=Una&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christian2020-259"><a href="#cite_ref-Christian2020_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/400/11_19_400e.pdf">"Christmas 2019 - Christians in Israel"</a> (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 29 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christmas+2019+-+Christians+in+Israel&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28Israel%29&rft.date=2019-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2019%2F400%2F11_19_400e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christian2021-260"><a href="#cite_ref-Christian2021_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2020/419/11_20_419e.pdf">"Christmas 2020 - Christians in Israel"</a> (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 29 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christmas+2020+-+Christians+in+Israel&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28Israel%29&rft.date=2019-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2020%2F419%2F11_20_419e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBligh2004" class="citation book cs1">Bligh, Alexander (2004). The Israeli Palestinians: An Arab Minority in the Jewish State. Routledge. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135760779" title="Special:BookSources/9781135760779"><bdi>9781135760779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israeli+Palestinians%3A+An+Arab+Minority+in+the+Jewish+State&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781135760779&rft.aulast=Bligh&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansour2004" class="citation book cs1">Mansour, Atallah (2004). Narrow Gate Churches: The Christian Presence in the Holy Land Under Muslim and Jewish Rule. Hope Publishing House. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781932717020" title="Special:BookSources/9781932717020"><bdi>9781932717020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrow+Gate+Churches%3A+The+Christian+Presence+in+the+Holy+Land+Under+Muslim+and+Jewish+Rule&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Hope+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781932717020&rft.aulast=Mansour&rft.aufirst=Atallah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeedan2019" class="citation book cs1">Zeedan, Rami (2019). Arab-Palestinian Society in the Israeli Political System: Integration versus Segregation in the Twenty-First Century. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498553155" title="Special:BookSources/9781498553155"><bdi>9781498553155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab-Palestinian+Society+in+the+Israeli+Political+System%3A+Integration+versus+Segregation+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781498553155&rft.aulast=Zeedan&rft.aufirst=Rami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChristianYnet-264"><a href="#cite_ref-ChristianYnet_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5431903,00.html">"Celebrating Christmas in Israel's ancient Greek Catholic villages"</a>. Ynetnews. Ynet. 23 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Celebrating+Christmas+in+Israel%27s+ancient+Greek+Catholic+villages&rft.date=2018-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-5431903%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-המגזר_הערבי_נוצרי_הכי_מצליח_במערכת_החינוך-265"><a href="#cite_ref-המגזר_הערבי_נוצרי_הכי_מצליח_במערכת_החינוך_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/319/566.html">"חדשות – בארץ nrg – ...המגזר הערבי נוצרי הכי מצליח במערכת"</a>. Nrg.co.il. 25 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181211194020/https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ART2/319/566.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA+%E2%80%93+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5+nrg+%E2%80%93+...%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%96%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99+%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99+%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%97+%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA&rft.pub=Nrg.co.il&rft.date=2011-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrg.co.il%2Fonline%2F1%2FART2%2F319%2F566.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bokra.net/Article-1155836">"المسيحيون العرب يتفوقون على يهود إسرائيل في التعليم"</a>. Bokra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313022451/http://www.bokra.net/Article-1155836">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bokra&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF+%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bokra.net%2FArticle-1155836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christians_in_Israel:_Strong_in_education-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christians_in_Israel:_Strong_in_education_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christians_in_Israel:_Strong_in_education_267-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christians_in_Israel:_Strong_in_education_267-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDruckman1995" class="citation news cs1">Druckman, Yaron (20 June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4323529,00.html">"Christians in Israel: Strong in education – Israel News, Ynetnews"</a>. Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001161803/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4323529,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Christians+in+Israel%3A+Strong+in+education+%E2%80%93+Israel+News%2C+Ynetnews&rft.date=1995-06-20&rft.aulast=Druckman&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4323529%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aruz7-268"><a href="#cite_ref-Aruz7_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/239745">"An inside look at Israel's Christian minority"</a>. Arutz Sheva. 24 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418144940/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/239745">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+inside+look+at+Israel%27s+Christian+minority&rft.pub=Arutz+Sheva&rft.date=2017-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F239745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TOI2013-269"><a href="#cite_ref-TOI2013_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/christian-arabs-top-countrys-matriculation-charts/">"Christian Arabs top country's matriculation charts"</a>. The Times of Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121032857/http://www.timesofisrael.com/christian-arabs-top-countrys-matriculation-charts/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Christian+Arabs+top+country%27s+matriculation+charts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fchristian-arabs-top-countrys-matriculation-charts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/663/447.html">http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/663/447.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134543/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/663/447.html">Archived</a> 18 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2% מהישראלים יחגגו מחר עם סנטה קלאוס </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.walla.co.il/item/29897">"הלמ"ס: עלייה בשיעור הערבים הנרשמים למוסדות האקדמיים"</a>. Retrieved 23 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9E%22%D7%A1%3A+%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.walla.co.il%2Fitem%2F29897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107232958/http://www.terrasanta.net/tsx/articolo.jsp?wi_number=3483&wi_codseq=&language=en">"Israeli Christians Flourishing in Education but Falling in Number"</a>. Terrasanta.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrasanta.net/tsx/articolo.jsp?wi_number=3483&wi_codseq=&language=en">the original</a> on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrasanta.net&rft.atitle=Israeli+Christians+Flourishing+in+Education+but+Falling+in+Number&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terrasanta.net%2Ftsx%2Farticolo.jsp%3Fwi_number%3D3483%26wi_codseq%3D%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/163468">"Christians in Israel Well-Off, Statistics Show: Christians in Israel are prosperous and well-educated – but some fear that Muslim intimidation will cause a mass escape to the West"</a>. Arutz Sheva. 24 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724212326/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/163468">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arutz+Sheva&rft.atitle=Christians+in+Israel+Well-Off%2C+Statistics+Show%3A+Christians+in+Israel+are+prosperous+and+well-educated+%E2%80%93+but+some+fear+that+Muslim+intimidation+will+cause+a+mass+escape+to+the+West&rft.date=2012-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F163468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019125243/http://www.abrahamfund.org/webfiles/fck/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7%204%20-%20%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D%20%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D%20%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D.pdf">"פרק 4 פערים חברתיים-כלכליים בין ערבים לבין יהודים"</a> (PDF). Abrahamfund.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abrahamfund.org/webfiles/fck/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7%204%20-%20%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D%20%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D%20%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abrahamfund.org&rft.atitle=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7+4+%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abrahamfund.org%2Fwebfiles%2Ffck%2F%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A7%25204%2520-%2520%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%259D%2520%25D7%2597%25D7%2591%25D7%25A8%25D7%25AA%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%259D%2520%25D7%259B%25D7%259C%25D7%259B%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%259D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.breakingisraelnews.com/56889/in-heartwarming-christmas-story-idf-welcomes-more-pro-israel-christian-arabs-biblical-zionism/">"In Heartwarming Christmas Story, IDF Welcomes More Pro-Israel Christian Arabs"</a>. 23 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630094731/https://www.breakingisraelnews.com/56889/in-heartwarming-christmas-story-idf-welcomes-more-pro-israel-christian-arabs-biblical-zionism/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Heartwarming+Christmas+Story%2C+IDF+Welcomes+More+Pro-Israel+Christian+Arabs&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.breakingisraelnews.com%2F56889%2Fin-heartwarming-christmas-story-idf-welcomes-more-pro-israel-christian-arabs-biblical-zionism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTLV12016" class="citation web cs1">TLV1 (21 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009214720/http://tlv1.fm/news/so-much-to-say/2014/07/28/israeli-arab-christians-take-streets-haifa-unusual-protest-2/">"Israeli-Arab Christians take to the streets of Haifa for an unusual protest"</a>. TLV1 Radio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tlv1.fm/news/so-much-to-say/2014/07/28/israeli-arab-christians-take-streets-haifa-unusual-protest-2/">the original</a> on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israeli-Arab+Christians+take+to+the+streets+of+Haifa+for+an+unusual+protest&rft.pub=TLV1+Radio&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft.au=TLV1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftlv1.fm%2Fnews%2Fso-much-to-say%2F2014%2F07%2F28%2Fisraeli-arab-christians-take-streets-haifa-unusual-protest-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-thenational.ae-277"><a href="#cite_ref-thenational.ae_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVela2015" class="citation news cs1">Vela, Justin (14 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/jordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil">"Jordan: The safe haven for Christians fleeing ISIL"</a>. The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930153700/http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/jordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jordan%3A+The+safe+haven+for+Christians+fleeing+ISIL&rft.date=2015-02-14&rft.aulast=Vela&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fjordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lat-278"><a href="#cite_ref-lat_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleishman2009" class="citation news cs1">Fleishman, Jeffrey (10 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-tribal-catholic10-2009may10-story.html">"For Christian enclave in Jordan, tribal lands are sacred"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184643/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/may/10/world/fg-tribal-catholic10">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=For+Christian+enclave+in+Jordan%2C+tribal+lands+are+sacred&rft.date=2009-05-10&rft.aulast=Fleishman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fla-fg-tribal-catholic10-2009may10-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-angilican-279"><a href="#cite_ref-angilican_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2010" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Duane Alexander (30 July 2010). "The Episcopal Church in Jordan: Identity, Liturgy, and Mission". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Anglican_Studies" title="Journal of Anglican Studies">Journal of Anglican Studies</a>. 9 (2): 134–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1740355309990271">10.1017/s1740355309990271</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144069423">144069423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anglican+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Episcopal+Church+in+Jordan%3A+Identity%2C+Liturgy%2C+and+Mission&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.date=2010-07-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs1740355309990271&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144069423%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Duane+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-minority-280"><a href="#cite_ref-minority_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4944">"Home – Minority Rights Group"</a>. minorityrights.org. 19 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211231434/https://minorityrights.org/?lid=4944">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minorityrights.org&rft.atitle=Home+%E2%80%93+Minority+Rights+Group&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorityrights.org%2F%3Flid%3D4944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abouna2015-281"><a href="#cite_ref-Abouna2015_281-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKildani2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kildani, Hanna (8 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005230434/http://www.abouna.org/holylands/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8-%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-368-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83">"The percentage of Jordanian Christians residing is 3.68%" <bdi lang="ar">الأب د. حنا كلداني: نسبة الأردنيين المسيحيين المقيمين 3.68%</bdi></a> (in Arabic). Abouna.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abouna.org/holylands/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8-%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-368-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83">the original</a> on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+percentage+of+Jordanian+Christians+residing+is+3.68%25+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8+%D8%AF.+%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7+%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%3A+%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86+3.68%25&rft.pub=Abouna.org&rft.date=2015-07-08&rft.aulast=Kildani&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abouna.org%2Fholylands%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25AD%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2583%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A-%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25AD%25D9%258A%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-368-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2581%25D9%2588%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D9%2583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreij2015" class="citation news cs1">Freij, Muath (12 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150814020936/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/iraqi-christians-return-school-jordan-after-year-limbo">"Iraqi Christians return to school in Jordan after a year in limbo"</a>. jordantimes.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/iraqi-christians-return-school-jordan-after-year-limbo">the original</a> on 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Christians+return+to+school+in+Jordan+after+a+year+in+limbo&rft.date=2015-08-12&rft.aulast=Freij&rft.aufirst=Muath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Firaqi-christians-return-school-jordan-after-year-limbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/region/hundreds-syrian-christians-flee-daesh-%E2%80%94-activists">http://www.jordantimes.com/news/region/hundreds-syrian-christians-flee-daesh-%E2%80%94-activists</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/speeches/view/id/546/videoDisplay/0.html">"Remarks by His Majesty King Abdullah II At the Plenary Session of the 69th United Nations General Assembly New York, US, 24 September 2014"</a>. kingabdullah.jo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150124230405/https://kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/speeches/view/id/546/videoDisplay/0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kingabdullah.jo&rft.atitle=Remarks+by+His+Majesty+King+Abdullah+II+At+the+Plenary+Session+of+the+69th+United+Nations+General+Assembly+New+York%2C+US%2C+24+September+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkingabdullah.jo%2Findex.php%2Fen_US%2Fspeeches%2Fview%2Fid%2F546%2FvideoDisplay%2F0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rel-285"><a href="#cite_ref-rel_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814154256/http://stat.paci.gov.kw/arabicreports/#DataTabPlace:ColumnChartEduAge">"Nationality By Religion and Nationality"</a> (in Arabic). Government of Kuwait. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.paci.gov.kw/arabicreports/#DataTabPlace:ColumnChartEduAge">the original</a> on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nationality+By+Religion+and+Nationality&rft.pub=Government+of+Kuwait&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.paci.gov.kw%2Farabicreports%2F%23DataTabPlace%3AColumnChartEduAge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-num-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-num_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-num_286-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-num_286-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-num_286-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharaf2012" class="citation web cs1">Sharaf, Nihal (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125518/http://www.arabtimesonline.com/RSS/tabid/69/smid/414/ArticleID/147658/Default.aspx">"'Christians Enjoy Religious Freedom': Church-State ties excellent"</a>. Arabia Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabtimesonline.com/RSS/tabid/69/smid/414/ArticleID/147658/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabia+Times&rft.atitle=%27Christians+Enjoy+Religious+Freedom%27%3A+Church-State+ties+excellent&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Sharaf&rft.aufirst=Nihal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabtimesonline.com%2FRSS%2Ftabid%2F69%2Fsmid%2F414%2FArticleID%2F147658%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraidy2005" class="citation book cs1">Kraidy, Marwan (2005). Hybridity, OR the Cultural Logic of Globalization. Temple University. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-144-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-144-0"><bdi>978-1-59213-144-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hybridity%2C+OR+the+Cultural+Logic+of+Globalization&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Temple+University&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-144-0&rft.aulast=Kraidy&rft.aufirst=Marwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahout" class="citation web cs1">Bahout, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2016/05/the-unraveling-of-lebanons-taif-agreement-limits-of-sect-based-power-sharing?lang=en">"The Unraveling of Lebanon's Taif Agreement: Limits of Sect-Based Power Sharing"</a>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806071810/https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/05/16/unraveling-of-lebanon-s-taif-agreement-limits-of-sect-based-power-sharing-pub-63571">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=The+Unraveling+of+Lebanon%27s+Taif+Agreement%3A+Limits+of+Sect-Based+Power+Sharing&rft.aulast=Bahout&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fresearch%2F2016%2F05%2Fthe-unraveling-of-lebanons-taif-agreement-limits-of-sect-based-power-sharing%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeeb2013" class="citation book cs1">Deeb, Marius (2013). Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon. Hoover Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817916664" title="Special:BookSources/9780817916664"><bdi>9780817916664</bdi></a>. <q>the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%2C+Iran%2C+and+Hezbollah%3A+The+Unholy+Alliance+and+Its+War+on+Lebanon&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780817916664&rft.aulast=Deeb&rft.aufirst=Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-web.macam.ac.il-290"><a href="#cite_ref-web.macam.ac.il_290-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602073901/http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/extra/LEBANESE%20CENSUS%201932.htm">"The Lebanese census of 1932 revisited. Who are the Lebanese?"</a>. yes. Source: British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Nov99, Vol. 26 Issue 2, p219, 23p. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/extra/LEBANESE%20CENSUS%201932.htm">the original</a> on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yes&rft.atitle=The+Lebanese+census+of+1932+revisited.+Who+are+the+Lebanese%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.macam.ac.il%2F~arnon%2FInt-ME%2Fextra%2FLEBANESE%2520CENSUS%25201932.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganFalolaOyeniyi2012" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Jason; Falola, Toyin; Oyeniyi, Bukola Adeyemi (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R65iYMCuK6gC">Culture and Customs of Libya</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37860-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37860-7"><bdi>978-0-313-37860-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Libya&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37860-7&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Falola%2C+Toyin&rft.au=Oyeniyi%2C+Bukola+Adeyemi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR65iYMCuK6gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstoneMiller2015" class="citation journal cs1">Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16338087">"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census"</a>. IJRR. 11 (10): 1–19. Retrieved 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IJRR&rft.atitle=Believers+in+Christ+from+a+Muslim+Background%3A+A+Global+Census&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Miller%2C+Duane+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16338087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsiwaju1985" class="citation book cs1">Asiwaju, A.I. (1985). Partitioned Africans: Ethnic Relations Across Africa's International Boundaries. C. Hurst & Co. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905838-91-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-905838-91-2"><bdi>0-905838-91-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partitioned+Africans%3A+Ethnic+Relations+Across+Africa%27s+International+Boundaries.&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-905838-91-2&rft.aulast=Asiwaju&rft.aufirst=A.I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25">Migration and development co-operation.</a>. Council of Europe. p. 25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-871-2611-9" title="Special:BookSources/92-871-2611-9">92-871-2611-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._Nyrop1972" class="citation book cs1">F. Nyrop, Richard (1972). Area Handbook for Morocco. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810884939" title="Special:BookSources/9780810884939"><bdi>9780810884939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+Morocco&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Urbana-Champaign&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780810884939&rft.aulast=F.+Nyrop&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper">"International Religious Freedom Report for 2015"</a>. 2009-2017.state.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2009-2017.state.gov&rft.atitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+for+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2Freligiousfreedom%2Findex.htm%23wrapper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221014160009/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/morocco#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2013">"Religions in Morocco | PEW-GRF"</a>. www.globalreligiousfutures.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/morocco#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2013">the original</a> on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalreligiousfutures.org&rft.atitle=Religions+in+Morocco+%7C+PEW-GRF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fmorocco%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2010%26region_name%3DAll%2520Countries%26restrictions_year%3D2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/438j9m/house-churches-and-silent-masses-the-converted-christians-of-morocco-are-praying-in-secret">"'House-Churches' and Silent Masses —The Converted Christians of Morocco Are Praying in Secret"</a>. www.vice.com. 23 March 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vice.com&rft.atitle=%27House-Churches%27+and+Silent+Masses+%E2%80%94The+Converted+Christians+of+Morocco+Are+Praying+in+Secret&rft.date=2015-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2F438j9m%2Fhouse-churches-and-silent-masses-the-converted-christians-of-morocco-are-praying-in-secret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2013/may/christian-converts-in-morocco-fear-fatwa-calling-for-their.html">"Christian Converts in Morocco Fear Fatwa Calling for Their Execution"</a>. News & Reporting. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Reporting&rft.atitle=Christian+Converts+in+Morocco+Fear+Fatwa+Calling+for+Their+Execution&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2Fmay%2Fchristian-converts-in-morocco-fear-fatwa-calling-for-their.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-box-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-box_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-box_300-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2009" class="citation news cs1">Nasr, Joseph (10 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090516030951/http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUKTRE5491FH20090510">"Fatbox – Christians in Israel, West Bank and Gaza"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUKTRE5491FH20090510">the original</a> on 16 May 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fatbox+%E2%80%93+Christians+in+Israel%2C+West+Bank+and+Gaza&rft.date=2009-05-10&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FworldNews%2FidUKTRE5491FH20090510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/palestinian-christian-activist-stabbed-to-death-in-gaza-1.230592">"Palestinian Christian Activist Stabbed to Death in Gaza"</a>. Haaretz. 7 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609045934/http://www.haaretz.com/news/palestinian-christian-activist-stabbed-to-death-in-gaza-1.230592">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Palestinian+Christian+Activist+Stabbed+to+Death+in+Gaza&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fpalestinian-christian-activist-stabbed-to-death-in-gaza-1.230592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOren" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oren" title="Michael Oren">Oren, Michael</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203960804577239923033348982?mod=googlenews_wsj">"Israel and the plight of Mideast Christians"</a>. Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134534/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203960804577239923033348982?mod=googlenews_wsj">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Israel+and+the+plight+of+Mideast+Christians&rft.aulast=Oren&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052970203960804577239923033348982%3Fmod%3Dgooglenews_wsj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/no-season-of-goodwill-for-christians-in-the-blockaded-gaza-strip-1.951847">"No season of goodwill for Christians in the blockaded Gaza Strip"</a>. The National. 15 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605115236/https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/no-season-of-goodwill-for-christians-in-the-blockaded-gaza-strip-1.951847">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=No+season+of+goodwill+for+Christians+in+the+blockaded+Gaza+Strip&rft.date=2019-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Fworld%2Fmena%2Fno-season-of-goodwill-for-christians-in-the-blockaded-gaza-strip-1.951847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-larry-304"><a href="#cite_ref-larry_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerfner2009" class="citation news cs1">Derfner, Larry (7 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1239710889374&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">"Persecuted Christians?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Persecuted+Christians%3F&rft.date=2009-05-07&rft.aulast=Derfner&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.jpost.com%2Fservlet%2FSatellite%3Fcid%3D1239710889374%26pagename%3DJPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?ID=191261&R=R1">"Israeli-Palestinian conflict blamed for Christian exodus"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 21 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022024135/http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?ID=191261&R=R1">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Israeli-Palestinian+conflict+blamed+for+Christian+exodus&rft.date=2011-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FInternational%2FArticle.aspx%3FID%3D191261%26R%3DR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerSumpter2016" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Duane Alexander; Sumpter, Philip (2016). "Between the Hammer and the Anvil: Indigenous Palestinian Christianity in the West Bank". Christianity and Freedom. pp. 372–396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781316408643.014">10.1017/CBO9781316408643.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-40864-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-40864-3"><bdi>978-1-316-40864-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+the+Hammer+and+the+Anvil%3A+Indigenous+Palestinian+Christianity+in+the+West+Bank&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Freedom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E372-%3C%2Fspan%3E396&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781316408643.014&rft.isbn=978-1-316-40864-3&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Duane+Alexander&rft.au=Sumpter%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasellaFowler2005" class="citation book cs1">Casella, Eleanor; Fowler, Chris (8 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6tNhM_dsYIoC&dq=jubail+church&pg=PA198">The Archaeology of Plural and Changing Identities: Beyond Identification</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-48694-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-48694-4"><bdi>978-0-306-48694-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Plural+and+Changing+Identities%3A+Beyond+Identification&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2005-09-08&rft.isbn=978-0-306-48694-4&rft.aulast=Casella&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6tNhM_dsYIoC%26dq%3Djubail%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> Simon's letter is part of Part III of The Chronicle of Zuqnin, translated by Amir Harrack (Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Institute_of_Medieval_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies">Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies</a>, 1999), pp. 78-84. </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/search?s.q=Taghlib+b.+W%C4%81%CA%BEil&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&search-go=Search">"Search Results — Brill"</a>. referenceworks.brillonline.com. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=referenceworks.brillonline.com&rft.atitle=Search+Results+%E2%80%94+Brill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fsearch%3Fs.q%3DTaghlib%2Bb.%2BW%25C4%2581%25CA%25BEil%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2%26search-go%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/sudan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%2520Countries&restrictions_year=2016">"Religions in Sudan | PEW-GRF"</a>. www.globalreligiousfutures.org. Retrieved 18 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalreligiousfutures.org&rft.atitle=Religions+in+Sudan+%7C+PEW-GRF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fsudan%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2020%26region_name%3DAll%252520Countries%26restrictions_year%3D2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOehring2017-311"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOehring2017_311-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOehring2017">Oehring 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbū_al-Faraj_ʻIshsh" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abū al-Faraj ʻIshsh. اثرنا في الايقليم السوري (in Arabic). Al-Maṭbaʻah al-Jadīdah. p. 56. <q>السريان في معلولا وجبعدين ولا يزال الأهلون فيها يتكلمون</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Al-Ma%E1%B9%ADba%CA%BBah+al-Jad%C4%ABdah&rft.au=Ab%C5%AB+al-Faraj+%CA%BBIshsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFiنصر_الله،_إلياس_أنطون" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">iنصر الله، إلياس أنطون. إلياس أنطون نصر الله في معلولا (in Arabic). لينين. p. 45. <q>... معلولا السريان منذ القديم ، والذين ثبتت سريانيتهم بأدلة كثيرة هم وعين التينة وبخعا وجبعدين فحافظوا على لغتهم وكتبهم أكثر من غيرهم . وكان للقوم في تلك الأيام لهجتان ، لهجة عاميّة وهي الباقية الآن في معلولا وجوارها ( جبعدين وبخعا ) ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3+%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.au=i%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D8%8C+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3+%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafik_Schami2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rafik Schami (25 July 2011). Märchen aus Malula (in German). Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Company KG. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783446239005" title="Special:BookSources/9783446239005"><bdi>9783446239005</bdi></a>. <q>Ich kenne das Dorf nicht, doch gehört habe ich davon. Was ist mit Malula?‹ fragte der festgehaltene Derwisch. >Das letzte Dorf der Aramäer< lachte einer der…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A4rchen+aus+Malula&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Carl+Hanser+Verlag+GmbH+%26+Company+KG&rft.date=2011-07-25&rft.isbn=9783446239005&rft.au=Rafik+Schami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaron_MatrasJeanette_Sakel2007" class="citation book cs1">Yaron Matras; Jeanette Sakel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110199192/html">Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective</a>. De Gruyter. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110199192">10.1515/9783110199192</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110199192" title="Special:BookSources/9783110199192"><bdi>9783110199192</bdi></a>. <q>The fact that nearly all Arabic loans in Ma'lula originate from the period before the change from the rural dialect to the city dialect of Damascus shows that the contact between the Aramaeans and the Arabs was intimate…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatical+Borrowing+in+Cross-Linguistic+Perspective&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110199192&rft.isbn=9783110199192&rft.au=Yaron+Matras&rft.au=Jeanette+Sakel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110199192%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Emna_Labidi2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dr. Emna Labidi (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lit-verlag.de/isbn/978-3-643-15261-9">Untersuchungen zum Spracherwerb zweisprachiger Kinder im Aramäerdorf Dschubbadin (Syrien)</a> (in German). LIT. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643152619" title="Special:BookSources/9783643152619"><bdi>9783643152619</bdi></a>. <q>Aramäer von Ǧubbˁadīn</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untersuchungen+zum+Spracherwerb+zweisprachiger+Kinder+im+Aram%C3%A4erdorf+Dschubbadin+%28Syrien%29&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=LIT&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9783643152619&rft.au=Dr.+Emna+Labidi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lit-verlag.de%2Fisbn%2F978-3-643-15261-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProf._Dr._Werner_ArnoldP._Behnstedt1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold; P. Behnstedt (1993). Arabisch-aramäische Sprachbeziehungen im Qalamūn (Syrien) (in German). Harassowitz. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447033268" title="Special:BookSources/9783447033268"><bdi>9783447033268</bdi></a>. <q>Die arabischen Dialekte der Aramäer</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabisch-aram%C3%A4ische+Sprachbeziehungen+im+Qalam%C5%ABn+%28Syrien%29&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Harassowitz&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9783447033268&rft.au=Prof.+Dr.+Werner+Arnold&rft.au=P.+Behnstedt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProf._Dr._Werner_ArnoldP._Behnstedt1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold; P. Behnstedt (1993). Arabisch-aramäische Sprachbeziehungen im Qalamūn (Syrien) (in German). Harassowitz. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447033268" title="Special:BookSources/9783447033268"><bdi>9783447033268</bdi></a>. <q>Die Kontakte zwischen den drei Aramäer-dörfern sind nicht besonders stark.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabisch-aram%C3%A4ische+Sprachbeziehungen+im+Qalam%C5%ABn+%28Syrien%29&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Harassowitz&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9783447033268&rft.au=Prof.+Dr.+Werner+Arnold&rft.au=P.+Behnstedt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProf._Dr._Werner_Arnold2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/isbn_978-3-447-05313-6.ahtml">Lehrbuch des Neuwestaramäischen</a> (in German). Harrassowitz. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447053136" title="Special:BookSources/9783447053136"><bdi>9783447053136</bdi></a>. <q>Aramäern in Ma'lūla</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+des+Neuwestaram%C3%A4ischen&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783447053136&rft.au=Prof.+Dr.+Werner+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harrassowitz-verlag.de%2Fisbn_978-3-447-05313-6.ahtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProf._Dr._Werner_Arnold2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold (2006). Lehrbuch des Neuwestaramäischen (in German). Harrassowitz. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447053136" title="Special:BookSources/9783447053136"><bdi>9783447053136</bdi></a>. <q>Viele Aramäer arbeiten heute in Damaskus, Beirut oder in den Golfstaaten und verbringen nur die Sommermonate im Dorf.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+des+Neuwestaram%C3%A4ischen&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783447053136&rft.au=Prof.+Dr.+Werner+Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://friendsofmaaloula.de/en/">"Hilfe für das Aramäerdorf Maaloula e.V. | an aid project in Syria"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hilfe+f%C3%BCr+das+Aram%C3%A4erdorf+Maaloula+e.V.+%26%23124%3B+an+aid+project+in+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffriendsofmaaloula.de%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archbalt.org/in-the-syrian-desert-the-language-of-jesus-lives-on/">"In the Syrian desert, the language of Jesus lives on"</a>. Archdiocese of Baltimore. 19 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306235206/https://www.archbalt.org/in-the-syrian-desert-the-language-of-jesus-lives-on/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archdiocese+of+Baltimore&rft.atitle=In+the+Syrian+desert%2C+the+language+of+Jesus+lives+on&rft.date=2012-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archbalt.org%2Fin-the-syrian-desert-the-language-of-jesus-lives-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDS-323">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USDS_323-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDS_323-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDS_323-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71432.htm">"Syria"</a>. U.S. Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226082639/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71432.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2006%2F71432.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71432.htm">"Syria"</a>. U.S. Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226082639/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71432.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2006%2F71432.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-325"><a href="#cite_ref-cia_325-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/syria/">"Middle East :: Syria — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. www.cia.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103654/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/syria/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Middle+East+%3A%3A+Syria+%E2%80%94+The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsyria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetablet.co.uk/blogs/1/1135/carthage-tunisia-in-the-footsteps-of-st-augustine">"Carthage, Tunisia: In the footsteps of St Augustine"</a>. The Tablet. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tablet&rft.atitle=Carthage%2C+Tunisia%3A+In+the+footsteps+of+St+Augustine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetablet.co.uk%2Fblogs%2F1%2F1135%2Fcarthage-tunisia-in-the-footsteps-of-st-augustine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngus_Maddison2007" class="citation book cs1">Angus Maddison (20 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EeWy7a6nAHcC&pg=PA214">Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD:Essays in Macro-Economic History: Essays in Macro-Economic History</a>. OUP Oxford. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922721-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922721-1"><bdi>978-0-19-922721-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contours+of+the+World+Economy+1%E2%80%932030+AD%3AEssays+in+Macro-Economic+History%3A+Essays+in+Macro-Economic+History&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2007-09-20&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922721-1&rft.au=Angus+Maddison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEeWy7a6nAHcC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-328">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_328-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_328-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_328-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_Of_State._The_Office_of_Electronic_Information2007" class="citation web cs1">Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (14 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90222.htm">"Tunisia"</a>. 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2001-2009.state.gov&rft.atitle=Tunisia&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft.aulast=Department+Of+State.+The+Office+of+Electronic+Information&rft.aufirst=Bureau+of+Public+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2007%2F90222.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.qantara.de/content/christians-in-tunisia-cause-for-concern">"Christians in Tunisia: Cause for Concern - Qantara.de"</a>. Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World. 9 October 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qantara.de+-+Dialogue+with+the+Islamic+World&rft.atitle=Christians+in+Tunisia%3A+Cause+for+Concern+-+Qantara.de&rft.date=2013-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.qantara.de%2Fcontent%2Fchristians-in-tunisia-cause-for-concern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendoorsusa.org/christian-persecution/world-watch-list/tunisia/">"Christian Persecution in Tunisia | Open Doors USA"</a>. Open Doors USA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419204000/https://www.opendoorsusa.org/christian-persecution/world-watch-list/tunisia/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Doors+USA&rft.atitle=Christian+Persecution+in+Tunisia+%7C+Open+Doors+USA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendoorsusa.org%2Fchristian-persecution%2Fworld-watch-list%2Ftunisia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Shaw_Ph.D2019" class="citation book cs1">M. Shaw Ph.D, Jeffrey (2019). Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440839337" title="Special:BookSources/9781440839337"><bdi>9781440839337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Contemporary+Politics%3A+A+Global+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781440839337&rft.aulast=M.+Shaw+Ph.D&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew-332"><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_332-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615053333/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2010/number/all/">"Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050"</a>. Pew Research Center. 2 April 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2010/number/all/">the original</a> on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Composition+by+Country%2C+2010%E2%80%932050&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2015%2F04%2F02%2Freligious-projection-table%2F2010%2Fnumber%2Fall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2008" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Tamcke (12 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpb.de/apuz/31141/christen-in-der-islamischen-welt">"Christen in der islamischen Welt | APuZ"</a>. bpb.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026090338/http://www.bpb.de/publikationen/R1HJSB,2,0,Christen_in_der_islamischen_Welt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bpb.de&rft.atitle=Christen+in+der+islamischen+Welt+%26%23124%3B+APuZ&rft.date=2008-06-12&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Tamcke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fapuz%2F31141%2Fchristen-in-der-islamischen-welt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhojoyan2009" class="citation news cs1">Khojoyan, Sara (16 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armenianow.com/news/10672/armenian_in_istanbul_diaspora_in_t">"Armenian in Istanbul: Diaspora in Turkey welcomes the setting of relations and waits more steps from both countries"</a>. ArmeniaNow.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101063955/https://www.armenianow.com/news/10672/armenian_in_istanbul_diaspora_in_t">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Armenian+in+Istanbul%3A+Diaspora+in+Turkey+welcomes+the+setting+of+relations+and+waits+more+steps+from+both+countries&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft.aulast=Khojoyan&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmenianow.com%2Fnews%2F10672%2Farmenian_in_istanbul_diaspora_in_t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDHA2019" class="citation web cs1">DHA, Daily Sabah with (10 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2019/01/10/assyrian-community-thrives-again-in-southeastern-turkey">"Assyrians community thrives again in southeastern Turkey"</a>. Daily Sabah. Retrieved 20 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=Assyrians+community+thrives+again+in+southeastern+Turkey&rft.date=2019-01-10&rft.aulast=DHA&rft.aufirst=Daily+Sabah+with&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fturkey%2F2019%2F01%2F10%2Fassyrian-community-thrives-again-in-southeastern-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> The World <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-04-06/one-turkeys-most-religiously-diverse-provinces-close-ties-syria-fuel-support">In one of Turkey's most religiously diverse provinces, close ties with Syria fuel support for Assad regime</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223220739/https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-04-06/one-turkeys-most-religiously-diverse-provinces-close-ties-syria-fuel-support">Archived</a> 23 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 6 April 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianity.com/church/church-history/timeline/301-600/arabian-christians-massacred-11629705.html">"Arabian Christians Massacred"</a>. Christianity.com. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christianity.com&rft.atitle=Arabian+Christians+Massacred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianity.com%2Fchurch%2Fchurch-history%2Ftimeline%2F301-600%2Farabian-christians-massacred-11629705.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendoorsuk.org/persecution/world-watch-list/yemen/x">"Yemen is number 8 on the World Watch List 2020"</a>. www.opendoorsuk.org. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.opendoorsuk.org&rft.atitle=Yemen+is+number+8+on+the+World+Watch+List+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendoorsuk.org%2Fpersecution%2Fworld-watch-list%2Fyemen%2Fx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOehring2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oehring, Otmar (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_47863-544-1-30.pdf?170208121814">"Christen in Syrien: Aktuelle Lage und Perspektiven"</a> [Christians in Syria: Current situation and perspectives] (PDF). Analysen und Argumente (in German) (237). <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Augustin" title="Sankt Augustin">Sankt Augustin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analysen+und+Argumente&rft.atitle=Christen+in+Syrien%3A+Aktuelle+Lage+und+Perspektiven&rft.issue=237&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Oehring&rft.aufirst=Otmar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kas.de%2Fwf%2Fdoc%2Fkas_47863-544-1-30.pdf%3F170208121814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaarda2020" class="citation book cs1">Baarda, Tijmen C. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004423220/BP000014.xml">"Arabic and the Syriac Christians in Iraq: Three Levels of Loyalty to the Arabist Project (1920–1950)"</a>. Arabic and its Alternatives. Brill. pp. 143–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004423220_007">10.1163/9789004423220_007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42322-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42322-0"><bdi>978-90-04-42322-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216310663">216310663</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020123822/https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004423220/BP000014.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arabic+and+the+Syriac+Christians+in+Iraq%3A+Three+Levels+of+Loyalty+to+the+Arabist+Project+%281920%E2%80%931950%29&rft.btitle=Arabic+and+its+Alternatives&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216310663%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004423220_007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-42322-0&rft.aulast=Baarda&rft.aufirst=Tijmen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004423220%2FBP000014.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbon1998" class="citation book cs1">Corbon, Jean (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMfYAAAAMAAJ">"The Churches of the Middle East: Their Origins and Identity, from their Roots in the Past to their Openness to the Present"</a>. Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 92–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829388-0"><bdi>978-0-19-829388-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310101859/https://books.google.com/books?id=KMfYAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Churches+of+the+Middle+East%3A+Their+Origins+and+Identity%2C+from+their+Roots+in+the+Past+to+their+Openness+to+the+Present&rft.btitle=Christian+Communities+in+the+Arab+Middle+East%3A+The+Challenge+of+the+Future&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829388-0&rft.aulast=Corbon&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMfYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarag2011" class="citation book cs1">Farag, Lois (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfva8m7UOboC&pg=PA233">"The Middle East"</a>. Christianities in Asia. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 233–254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9260-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9260-9"><bdi>978-1-4443-9260-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029224304/https://books.google.com/books?id=nfva8m7UOboC&pg=PA233">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Middle+East&rft.btitle=Christianities+in+Asia&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-9260-9&rft.aulast=Farag&rft.aufirst=Lois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnfva8m7UOboC%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Seth J. Frantzman, The Strength and the Weakness: The Arab Christians in Mandatory Palestine and the 1948 War, unpublished M.A thesis at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Griffith" title="Sidney H. Griffith">Griffith, Sidney H.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291760">"From Aramaic to Arabic: The Languages of the Monasteries of Palestine in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods"</a>. Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 51: 11–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291760">10.2307/1291760</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291760">1291760</a>. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=From+Aramaic+to+Arabic%3A+The+Languages+of+the+Monasteries+of+Palestine+in+the+Byzantine+and+Early+Islamic+Periods&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291760%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Griffith" title="Sidney H. Griffith">Griffith, Sidney H.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOSIAAAAMAAJ">The Beginnings of Christian Theology in Arabic: Muslim-Christian Encounters in the Early Islamic Period</a>. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-889-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-889-8"><bdi>978-0-86078-889-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029224305/https://books.google.com/books?id=bOSIAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Christian+Theology+in+Arabic%3A+Muslim-Christian+Encounters+in+the+Early+Islamic+Period&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-86078-889-8&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOSIAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Griffith" title="Sidney H. Griffith">Griffith, Sidney H.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ovkqmT5fy9cC">The Bible in Arabic: The Scriptures of the People of the Book in the Language of Islam</a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4658-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4658-0"><bdi>978-1-4008-4658-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029224308/https://books.google.com/books?id=ovkqmT5fy9cC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+in+Arabic%3A+The+Scriptures+of+the+People+of+the+Book+in+the+Language+of+Islam&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4658-0&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DovkqmT5fy9cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Jenkins" title="Philip Jenkins">Jenkins, Philip</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b-hUWm88QGkC&pg=PA21">"Disciples of All Nations"</a>. The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity (3rd ed.). New York City: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 21–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0195146166.003.0002">10.1093/0195146166.003.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976746-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976746-5"><bdi>978-0-19-976746-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010046058">2010046058</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/678924439">678924439</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210521202748/https://books.google.com/books?id=b-hUWm88QGkC&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Disciples+of+All+Nations&rft.btitle=The+Next+Christendom%3A+The+Coming+of+Global+Christianity&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F678924439&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010046058&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F0195146166.003.0002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976746-5&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db-hUWm88QGkC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Itamar Katz and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kark" title="Ruth Kark">Ruth Kark</a>, 'The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and its congregation: dissent over real estate' in The International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 37, 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ">Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.</a> Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-056-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-056-3"><bdi>978-0-88141-056-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514173946/https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+unity+and+Christian+divisions%3A+The+Church+450%E2%80%93680+A.D.&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88141-056-3&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6J_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrimingham1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer_Trimingham" class="mw-redirect" title="John Spencer Trimingham">Trimingham, John Spencer</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c9XYAAAAMAAJ">Christianity Among the Arabs in pre-Islamic Times</a>. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-78081-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-78081-1"><bdi>978-0-582-78081-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029224326/https://books.google.com/books?id=c9XYAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+Among+the+Arabs+in+pre-Islamic+Times&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-582-78081-1&rft.aulast=Trimingham&rft.aufirst=John+Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc9XYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaardenburg2003" class="citation book cs1">Waardenburg, Jean Jacques (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZaTKpS-9DoC&pg=PA94">"The Earliest Relations of Islam with Other Religions: The Christians in Northern Arabia"</a>. Muslims and Others: Relations in Context. Religion and Reason. Vol. 41. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 94–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110200959">10.1515/9783110200959</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017627-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017627-8"><bdi>978-3-11-017627-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029224309/https://books.google.com/books?id=nZaTKpS-9DoC&pg=PA94">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+Relations+of+Islam+with+Other+Religions%3A+The+Christians+in+Northern+Arabia&rft.btitle=Muslims+and+Others%3A+Relations+in+Context&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Religion+and+Reason&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110200959&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017627-8&rft.aulast=Waardenburg&rft.aufirst=Jean+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZaTKpS-9DoC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilken2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iW1-JImrwQUC&pg=PA307">"Arabic-Speaking Christians"</a>. The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 307–315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11884-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11884-1"><bdi>978-0-300-11884-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bd7m.37">j.ctt32bd7m.37</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012021755">2012021755</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160590164">160590164</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413172017/https://books.google.com/books?id=iW1-JImrwQUC&pg=PA307">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arabic-Speaking+Christians&rft.btitle=The+First+Thousand+Years%3A+A+Global+History+of+Christianity&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E307-%3C%2Fspan%3E315&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012021755&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160590164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt32bd7m.37%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11884-1&rft.aulast=Wilken&rft.aufirst=Robert+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiW1-JImrwQUC%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2013" class="citation book cs1">Winkler, Dietmar W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463235864-011">"Christianity in the Middle East: Some historical remarks and preliminary demographic figures"</a>. In Winkler, Dietmar W (ed.). Syriac Christianity in the Middle East and India: Contributions and Challenges. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 107–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463235864-011">10.31826/9781463235864-011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-3586-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-3586-4"><bdi>978-1-4632-3586-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029224307/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463235864-011/html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Some+historical+remarks+and+preliminary+demographic+figures&rft.btitle=Syriac+Christianity+in+the+Middle+East+and+India%3A+Contributions+and+Challenges&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463235864-011&rft.isbn=978-1-4632-3586-4&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Dietmar+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%2F9781463235864-011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Christians" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arab_Christians" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabchurch.com/">Arabic Christians community</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegrace.com/">Arabic Christians magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://steliasmelkite.org/music/">Sample of Melkite Chant in Arabic, English, and Greek</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507012434/http://en.qantara.de/No-Arab-Spring-for-Christians/18994c19924i1p500/index.html">Christian Minorities in the Islamic World: No Arab Spring for Christians</a> at Qantara.de</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Christianity389" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Christianity389" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian traditions</a> that developed since <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Main divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Communions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent Churches/Communions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodox_church" title="True Orthodox church">True Orthodox churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/150px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/225px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/300px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3109" /></a> Christ Pantocrator (circa 1261) in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a></li> <li>Heresies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_Sichuan" title="Church of the East in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_the_Mongols" title="Christianity among the Mongols">Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Turkic Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schisms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th centuries schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996 schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 schism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scriptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation#Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia#Early_Christianity" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_in_Israel_&amp;_Palestine199" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_in_Israel" title="Template:Christianity in Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Christianity_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Christianity in Israel (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_in_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity in Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_Israel_&amp;_Palestine199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> & <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Main article</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Israel" title="Russian Orthodox Church in Israel">Russian Orthodox Church in Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Jerusalem" title="Coptic Orthodox Archdiocese of Jerusalem"> Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jerusalem_and_Amman" title="Armenian Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Amman">Armenian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Territory_of_Jerusalem" title="Chaldean Catholic Territory of Jerusalem">Chaldean Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Haifa_and_the_Holy_Land" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Haifa and the Holy Land">Haifa and the Holy Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jerusalem_and_Palestine" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Palestine">Jerusalem and Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Akka" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Akka">Akka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Patriarchal_Dependent_Territory_of_Jerusalem" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchal Dependent Territory of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Syriac Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem">Syriac Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Israel" title="Catholic Church in Israel">Main Article</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Jordan_and_the_Holy_Land" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Jordan and the Holy Land">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Jordan and the Holy Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_Jerusalem_and_the_Middle_East" title="Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East">Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Baptist_Churches_in_Israel" title="Association of Baptist Churches in Israel">Association of Baptist Churches in Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_of_Independent_Israeli_Churches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union of Independent Israeli Churches (page does not exist)">Union of Independent Israeli Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Restorationist">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdenominational organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_Alliance_of_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evangelical Alliance of Israel (page does not exist)">Evangelical Alliance of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_of_Evangelical_Churches_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convention of Evangelical Churches in Israel (page does not exist)">Convention of Evangelical Churches in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Local_Evangelical_Churches_in_the_Holy_Land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council of Local Evangelical Churches in the Holy Land (page does not exist)">Council of Local Evangelical Churches in the Holy Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Catholics" title="Hebrew Catholics">Hebrew Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&oldid=1274951510">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&oldid=1274951510</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_Christians" title="Category:Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Category:Christian groups in the Middle East">Christian groups in the Middle East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups in the Middle East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Syria" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Syria">Ethnic groups in Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Iraq" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Iraq">Ethnic groups in Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Israel" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Israel">Ethnic groups in Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Jordan" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Jordan">Ethnic groups in Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Lebanon" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Lebanon">Ethnic groups in Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Turkey" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey">Ethnic groups in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Morocco" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Morocco">Ethnic groups in Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Palestine" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Palestine">Ethnic groups in Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Semitic-speaking_peoples" title="Category:Semitic-speaking peoples">Semitic-speaking peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Eastern_Christians" title="Category:Middle Eastern Christians">Middle Eastern Christians</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hungarian-language_sources_(hu)" title="Category:CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)">CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)">CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2024">Articles with dead external links from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Arabic-language_script_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar)">CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2016">Articles with dead external links from August 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2023">Use dmy dates from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 February 2025, at 05:44 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_Christians&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Arab Christians</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 44 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-q8k8j","wgBackendResponseTime":140,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.424","walltime":"2.865","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20616,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":657797,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15179,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":52,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1117530,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2401.961 1 -total"," 54.47% 1308.252 2 Template:Reflist"," 20.29% 487.321 144 Template:Cite_web"," 15.78% 379.149 96 Template:Cite_book"," 7.17% 172.208 25 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.21% 149.062 8 Template:Sfn"," 5.83% 139.988 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 5.10% 122.563 2 Template:Short_description"," 4.37% 105.010 32 Template:Main_other"," 3.84% 92.159 1 Template:Langx"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.528","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22361637,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbū_al-Faraj_ʻIshsh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdelman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAflaq1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Tamimi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-ʻAsalī1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl_Khatib2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltaf\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngold2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngus_Maddison2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAntonius1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsiwaju1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaarda2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBahout\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakos2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBardi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBensonKayal2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBligh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoueiz_Kanaan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrague2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraude2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBundeszentrale_für_politische_Bildung2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnsAspeslagh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuzpinar1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._Ellis2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCadwalladr2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasellaFowler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChehata2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook,_Bernard_A.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbon1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDHA2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeeb2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemeter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_Of_State._The_Office_of_Electronic_Information2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerfner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDilger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonabed2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDr._Emna_Labidi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDruckman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuane_Alexander_MillerPatrick_Johnstone2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEstevez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF._Nyrop1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahrenthold2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarag2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenklD._Purnell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleishman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreij2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabra2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabraTakla2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhazal2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGran2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruenbaum2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaberPlattBadro2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaiduc-Dale2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanoosh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanssenWeiss2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHourani1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Sharkey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstoneMiller2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKatzKark2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazhdan1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalid2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKhojoyan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoury1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKildani2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraidy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulish2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKårtveit2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis,_BernardHolt,_P._M.Holt,_Peter_R.Lambton,_Ann_Katherine_Swynford1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLutsky1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Shaw_Ph.D2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansour2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManuel,_Diana_E.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatt_Rehbein2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGahern2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcHugo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrill,_A._Fisher\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyendorff1989\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMiller\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerJohnstone2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerSumpter2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreh1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorganFalolaOyeniyi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoubayed2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN._Stearns2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasr2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNobleTreiger2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOehring2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOren\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOualalou2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOueis2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPacini1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapastathis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitts-Taylor2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPriestley1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrioreschi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProf._Dr._Werner_Arnold2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFProf._Dr._Werner_ArnoldP._Behnstedt1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRadai2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRafik_Schami2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Ellwood2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegev2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahîd1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahîd1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharaf2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherlock\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarkey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteppat1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiffler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvetlova2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTLV12016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeague2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrimingham1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVatikiotis1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVela2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaardenburg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilken2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinkler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYaron_MatrasJeanette_Sakel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeedan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Jallad_\u0026amp;_Martin_F._J._Baasten2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFeliefares2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFiنصر_الله،_إلياس_أنطون\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFالجهنى2020\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 7,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity in Israel\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 96,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 145,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Eastern Christianity footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 16,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 4,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 18,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 12,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"Who's Who\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","20.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","10.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","9.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","4.1"],["pairsfunc \u003Cmw.lua:676\u003E","60","4.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","2.7"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:429\u003E","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","2.7"],["[others]","500","33.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-868759585b-4v5jj","timestamp":"20250214041006","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Arab Christians","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arab_Christians","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q431164","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q431164","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-07T14:40:57Z","dateModified":"2025-02-10T05:44:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f1\/Orthodox_Easter_celebrations_in_As-Suwayda.jpg","headline":"Arabs who follow Christianity"}</script> </body> </html>