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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Patrick Blackett</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="باتريك بلاكيت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باتريك بلاكيت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrik_Blekett" title="Patrik Blekett – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Patrik Blekett" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA" title="پاتریک بلاکت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاتریک بلاکت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="প্যাট্রিক ব্ল্যাকেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্যাট্রিক ব্ল্যাকেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%86%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Патрык Мейнард Сцюарт Блэкет – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Патрык Мейнард Сцюарт Блэкет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Патрик Блакет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патрик Блакет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett,_Baron_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%84" title="Πάτρικ Μπλάκετ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάτρικ Μπλάκετ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA" title="پاتریک بلاکت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاتریک بلاکت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%A8%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AD_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%98%ED%82%B7" title="패트릭 블래킷 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="패트릭 블래킷" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D4%B2%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Պատրիկ Բլեկետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պատրիկ Բլեկետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="पेट्रिक एम एस ब्लाकेट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेट्रिक एम एस ब्लाकेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98" title="פטריק בלקט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטריק בלקט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82" title="Патрик Мейнард Стюарт Блэкетт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Патрик Мейнард Стюарт Блэкетт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricius_M.S._Blackett" title="Patricius M.S. Blackett – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Patricius M.S. Blackett" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriks_Blekets" title="Patriks Blekets – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Patriks Blekets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Патрик Блекет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Патрик Блекет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="पॅट्रिक मेनार्ड स्टुअर्ट ब्लॅकेट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पॅट्रिक मेनार्ड स्टुअर्ट ब्लॅकेट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პატრიკ ბლეკეტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პატრიკ ბლეკეტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="باتريك بلاكيت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باتريك بلاكيت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA" title="پاتریک بلاکت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پاتریک بلاکت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="पेटृक एम एस ब्ल्याकेट – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पेटृक एम एस ब्ल्याकेट" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="パトリック・ブラケット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パトリック・ブラケット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_M.S._Blackett" title="Patrick M.S. Blackett – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Patrick M.S. Blackett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9" title="پیٹرک بلیکٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیٹرک بلیکٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Блэкетт, Патрик Мейнард Стюарт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Блэкетт, Патрик Мейнард Стюарт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="पेट्रिक एम एस ब्लाकेट – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पेट्रिक एम एस ब्लाकेट" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%AA" title="پاتریک بلاکێت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاتریک بلاکێت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Патрик Блекет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Патрик Блекет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_M._S._Blackett" title="Patrick M. S. Blackett – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Patrick M. S. Blackett" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_M.S._Blackett" title="Patrick M.S. Blackett – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Patrick M.S. Blackett" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_M._S._Blackett" title="Patrick M. S. Blackett – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Patrick M. S. Blackett" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Патрик Бләкет – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Патрик Бләкет" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Блэкетт, Патрик Мейнард Стюарт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Блэкетт, Патрик Мейнард Стюарт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82" title="Патрік Блекетт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Патрік Блекетт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9" title="پیٹرک بلیکٹ، بارون بلیکٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیٹرک بلیکٹ، بارون بلیکٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Patrick Blackett" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9" title="帕特里克·布莱克特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="帕特里克·布莱克特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett,_Baron_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9" title="帕特里克·布莱克特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="帕特里克·布莱克特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184499#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Patrick_Blackett" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British physicist (1897–1974)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn">The Lord Blackett</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Honour">CH</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Blackett.jpg/150px-Blackett.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Blackett.jpg/225px-Blackett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Blackett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Patrick Blackett, c. 1948</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1897-11-18</span>)</span>18 November 1897<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 July 1974<span style="display:none">(1974-07-13)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery" title="Kensal Green Cemetery">Kensal Green Cemetery</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_Naval_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Osborne Naval College">Osborne Naval College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_chamber" title="Cloud chamber">Cloud chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">Paleomagnetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Constanza Bayon</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1924)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalton Medal">Dalton Medal</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_for_Merit" title="Medal for Merit">Medal for Merit</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck, University of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bullard" title="Edward Bullard">Edward Bullard</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Salmeron" title="Roberto Salmeron">Roberto Salmeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibha_Chowdhuri" title="Bibha Chowdhuri">Bibha Chowdhuri</a><sup id="cite_ref-bibphd_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibphd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Runcorn" title="Keith Runcorn">Keith Runcorn</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishrat_Hussain_Usmani" title="Ishrat Hussain Usmani">Ishrat Hussain Usmani</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solvay1933Signature_Blackett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Solvay1933Signature_Blackett.jpg/150px-Solvay1933Signature_Blackett.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Solvay1933Signature_Blackett.jpg/225px-Solvay1933Signature_Blackett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Solvay1933Signature_Blackett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="77" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_(%27Beppo%27)_P.S._Occhialini_(1907%E2%80%931993)_and_Patrick_M.S._Blackett_(1897%E2%80%931974)_in_1932_or_1933.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Giuseppe_%28%27Beppo%27%29_P.S._Occhialini_%281907%E2%80%931993%29_and_Patrick_M.S._Blackett_%281897%E2%80%931974%29_in_1932_or_1933.png/170px-Giuseppe_%28%27Beppo%27%29_P.S._Occhialini_%281907%E2%80%931993%29_and_Patrick_M.S._Blackett_%281897%E2%80%931974%29_in_1932_or_1933.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Giuseppe_%28%27Beppo%27%29_P.S._Occhialini_%281907%E2%80%931993%29_and_Patrick_M.S._Blackett_%281897%E2%80%931974%29_in_1932_or_1933.png/255px-Giuseppe_%28%27Beppo%27%29_P.S._Occhialini_%281907%E2%80%931993%29_and_Patrick_M.S._Blackett_%281897%E2%80%931974%29_in_1932_or_1933.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Giuseppe_%28%27Beppo%27%29_P.S._Occhialini_%281907%E2%80%931993%29_and_Patrick_M.S._Blackett_%281897%E2%80%931974%29_in_1932_or_1933.png/340px-Giuseppe_%28%27Beppo%27%29_P.S._Occhialini_%281907%E2%80%931993%29_and_Patrick_M.S._Blackett_%281897%E2%80%931974%29_in_1932_or_1933.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Occhialini" title="Giuseppe Occhialini">Giuseppe (Beppo) P.S. Occhialini</a> (1907–1993) and Patrick Blackett (1897–1974) in 1932 or 1933</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, Baron Blackett</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Honour">CH</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (18 November 1897 – 13 July 1974), was a British <a href="/wiki/Experimental_physics" title="Experimental physics">experimental</a> <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> known for his work on <a href="/wiki/Cloud_chamber" title="Cloud chamber">cloud chambers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">paleomagnetism</a>, awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925 he became the first person to prove that <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a> could cause the nuclear transmutation of one chemical element to another.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also made a major contribution in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> advising on military strategy and developing <a href="/wiki/Operational_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational research">operational research</a>. His views saw an outlet in third world development and in influencing policy in the Labour government of the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-odnb_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blackett was born in <a href="/wiki/Kensington" title="Kensington">Kensington</a>, London, the son of Arthur Stuart Blackett, a stockbroker, and his wife Caroline Maynard.<sup id="cite_ref-kirby_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirby-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His younger sister was the psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Marion_Milner" title="Marion Milner">Marion Milner</a>. His paternal grandfather Rev. Henry Blackett, brother of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Blacket" title="Edmund Blacket">Edmund Blacket</a> the Australian architect, was for many years vicar of <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a>. His maternal grandfather Charles Maynard was an officer in the Royal Artillery at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Mutiny">Indian Mutiny</a>. The Blackett family lived successively at <a href="/wiki/Kensington" title="Kensington">Kensington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenley" title="Kenley">Kenley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woking" title="Woking">Woking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a>, Surrey, where Blackett went to <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preparatory school (UK)">preparatory school</a>. His main hobbies were <a href="/wiki/Model_aeroplanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Model aeroplanes">model aeroplanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crystal_radio" title="Crystal radio">crystal radio</a>. When he went for interview for entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_College,_Osborne" title="Royal Naval College, Osborne">Royal Naval College, Osborne</a>, Isle of Wight, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rolls" title="Charles Rolls">Charles Rolls</a> had completed his cross-channel flight the previous day and Blackett who had tracked the flight on his crystal set was able to expound lengthily on the subject. He was accepted and spent two years there before moving on to <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Royal_Naval_College" title="Britannia Royal Naval College">Dartmouth</a> where he was "usually head of his class".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1914 on the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> Blackett was assigned to active service as a <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">midshipman</a>. He was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> Islands on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Carnarvon_(1903)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Carnarvon (1903)">HMS <i>Carnarvon</i></a> and was present at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Battle of the Falkland Islands">Battle of the Falkland Islands</a>. He was then transferred to <a href="/wiki/HMS_Barham_(04)" title="HMS Barham (04)">HMS <i>Barham</i></a> and saw much action at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a>. While in HMS <i>Barham</i>, Blackett was co-inventor of a gunnery device on which the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> took out a patent. In 1916 he applied to join the <a href="/wiki/RNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="RNAS">RNAS</a> but his application was refused. In October that year he became a sub-lieutenant on HMS <i>P17</i> on <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> patrol, and in July 1917 he was posted to <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sturgeon" title="HMS Sturgeon">HMS <i>Sturgeon</i></a> in the <a href="/wiki/Harwich_Force" title="Harwich Force">Harwich Force</a> under <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Tyrwhitt" title="Reginald Tyrwhitt">Admiral Tyrwhitt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nye_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nye-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blackett was particularly concerned by the poor quality of gunnery in the force compared with that of the enemy and of his own previous experience, and started to read science textbooks. He was promoted to lieutenant in May 1918, but had decided to leave the Navy. Then, in January 1919, the Admiralty sent the officers whose training had been interrupted by the war to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> for a course of general duties. On his first night at <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" title="Magdalene College, Cambridge">Magdalene College, Cambridge</a>, he met <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Martin" title="Kingsley Martin">Kingsley Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Webb" title="Geoffrey Webb">Geoffrey Webb</a>, later recalling that he had never before, in his naval training, heard intellectual conversation. Blackett was impressed by the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a>, and left the Navy to study mathematics and physics at Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After graduating from Magdalene College in 1921, Blackett spent ten years working at the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a> as an experimental physicist with <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> and in 1923 became a fellow of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>, a position he held until 1933. </p><p>Rutherford had found out that the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> atom could be disintegrated by firing fast <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha particles">alpha particles</a> into nitrogen. He asked Blackett to use a <a href="/wiki/Cloud_chamber" title="Cloud chamber">cloud chamber</a> to find visible tracks of this disintegration, and by 1925, he had taken 23,000 photographs showing 415,000 tracks of ionized particles. Eight of these were forked, and this showed that the nitrogen atom-alpha particle combination had formed an atom of <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>, which then disintegrated into an isotope of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> 17 and a proton. Blackett published the results of his experiments in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thus became the first person to deliberately transmute one <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a> into another.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his time at Cambridge, he became the supervisor of the young American graduate <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>. Oppenheimer's desire to study <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a> rather than focus on lab work brought him into conflict with Blackett. While seeking help for a psychiatric breakdown induced by the demanding Blackett, Oppenheimer admitted to trying to poison his tutor with an apple laced with toxins. Blackett did not eat the apple and no action was taken over the attempted poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blackett spent some time in 1924–1925 at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, Germany, working with <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> on <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spectra" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic spectra">atomic spectra</a>. In 1932, working with <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Occhialini" title="Giuseppe Occhialini">Giuseppe Occhialini</a>, he devised a system of <a href="/wiki/Geiger_counter" title="Geiger counter">Geiger counters</a> which took photographs only when a <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic ray</a> particle traversed the chamber. They found 500 tracks of high energy cosmic ray particles in 700 automatic exposures. In 1933, Blackett discovered fourteen tracks which confirmed the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a> and revealed the now instantly recognisable opposing spiral traces of positron/electron <a href="/wiki/Pair_production" title="Pair production">pair production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work and that on <a href="/wiki/Annihilation_radiation" title="Annihilation radiation">annihilation radiation</a> made him one of the first and leading experts on <a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">antimatter</a>. </p><p>That year he moved to <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck, University of London</a>, as professor of Physics for four years. Then in 1937 he went to the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Victoria University of Manchester</a> where he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Langworthy_Professor" title="Langworthy Professor">Langworthy Professorship</a> and created a major international research laboratory. The Blackett Memorial Hall and Blackett lecture theatre at the University of Manchester were named after him. </p><p>In 1947, Blackett introduced <a href="/wiki/Blackett_effect" title="Blackett effect">a theory</a> to account for the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> as a function of its rotation, with the hope that it would unify both the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic force">electromagnetic force</a> and the force of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>. He spent a number of years developing high-quality <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometers</a> to test his theory, and eventually found it to be without merit. His work on the subject, however, led him into the field of <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a>, where he eventually helped process data relating to <a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">paleomagnetism</a> and helped to provide strong evidence for <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a>. </p><p>In 1948 he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>, for his investigation of cosmic rays using his invention of the counter-controlled <a href="/wiki/Cloud_chamber" title="Cloud chamber">cloud chamber</a>. </p><p>Blackett was appointed head of the Physics Department of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> in 1953 and retired in July 1963. The Physics department building of Imperial College, the <a href="/wiki/Blackett_Laboratory" title="Blackett Laboratory">Blackett Laboratory</a>, is named in his honour. </p><p>In 1957 Blackett gave the presidential address ("Technology and World Advancement") to the <a href="/wiki/British_Science_Association" title="British Science Association">British Association</a> meeting in Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Engineers_and_Shipbuilders_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland">Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland</a>. He chose the subject "Continental Drift".<sup id="cite_ref-MacmillanLecture_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacmillanLecture-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_operational_research">World War II and operational research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II and operational research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1935 Blackett was invited to join the <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_Research_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautical Research Committee">Aeronautical Research Committee</a> chaired by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tizard" title="Henry Tizard">Sir Henry Tizard</a>. The committee was effective pressing for the early installation of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> for <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">air defence</a>. In the early part of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Blackett served on various committees and spent time at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment" title="Royal Aircraft Establishment">Royal Aircraft Establishment</a> (RAE) <a href="/wiki/Farnborough_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnborough Airfield">Farnborough</a>, where he made a major contribution to the design of the <a href="/wiki/Mark_XIV_bomb_sight" title="Mark XIV bomb sight">Mark XIV bomb sight</a> which allowed bombs to be released without a level bombing run beforehand. In 1940–41 Blackett served on the <a href="/wiki/MAUD_Committee" title="MAUD Committee">MAUD Committee</a> which concluded that an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a> was feasible. He disagreed with the committee's conclusion that Britain could produce an atomic bomb by 1943, and recommended that the project should be discussed with the Americans. He was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1933" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1933">Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1933</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and awarded its <a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> in 1940. </p><p>In August 1940 Blackett became scientific adviser to Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Pile" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Frederick Pile">Sir Frederick Pile</a>, Commander in Chief of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Command" title="Anti-Aircraft Command">Anti-Aircraft Command</a> and thus began the work that resulted in the field of study known as <a href="/wiki/Operational_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational research">operational research</a> (OR). He was director of Operational Research with the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> from 1942 to 1945, and his work with <a href="/wiki/Evan_James_Williams" title="Evan James Williams">E. J. Williams</a> improved the survival odds of <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoys</a>, presented counter-intuitive but correct recommendations for the armour-plating of aircraft and achieved many other successes. His aim, he said, was to find numbers on which to base strategy, not gusts of emotion. During the war he criticised the assumptions in <a href="/wiki/Lord_Cherwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Cherwell">Lord Cherwell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dehousing" title="Dehousing">dehousing</a> paper and sided with Tizard who argued that fewer resources should go to <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Area_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Area bombing">area bombing</a> offensive and more to the other armed forces, as his studies had shown the ineffectiveness of the bombing strategies, as opposed to the importance of fighting off the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/U-boats" class="mw-redirect" title="U-boats">U-boats</a>, which were heavily affecting the war effort with their <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">sinkings of merchant ships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PH-181_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PH-181-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this opinion he chafed against the existing military authority and was cut out of various circles of communications. However, after the war, the Allied <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Bombing_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Bombing Survey">Strategic Bombing Survey</a> proved Blackett correct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blackett became friends with <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Martin" title="Kingsley Martin">Kingsley Martin</a>, later editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>, while an undergraduate and became committed to the left. Politically he identified himself as a socialist, and often campaigned on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. In the late 1940s, Blackett became known for his radical political opinions, which included his belief that Britain ought not to develop atomic weapons. He was considered too far to the left for the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Government_1945%E2%80%931951" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Government 1945–1951">Labour Government 1945–1951</a> to employ, and he returned to academic life. His internationalism found expression in his strong support for India. There in 1947 he met <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, who sought his advice on the research and development needs of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian armed forces">Indian armed forces</a> and for the next 20 years he was a frequent visitor and advisor on military and civil science. These visits deepened his concern for the underprivileged and the poor. He was convinced that their problems could be overcome by applying science and technology and he used his scientific prestige to try to persuade scientists that one of their first duties was to use their skill to ensure a decent life for all mankind. Before underdevelopment became a popular issue he proposed in a presidential address to the <a href="/wiki/British_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association">British Association</a> that Britain should devote 1% of its national income to the <a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">economic improvement of the third world</a> and he was later one of the prime movers in the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</a>. He was the senior member of a group of scientists which met regularly to discuss scientific and technological policy during the 13 years when the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> was out of office, and this group became influential when <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> became leader of the Party. Blackett's ideas led directly to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Technology">Ministry of Technology</a> as soon as the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Government_1964%E2%80%931970" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Government 1964–1970">Wilson government</a> was formed and he insisted that the first priority was revival of the <a href="/wiki/Computer_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer industry">computer industry</a>. He did not enter open politics, but worked for a year as a civil servant. He remained deputy chairman of the Minister's Advisory Council throughout the administration's life, and was also personal scientific adviser to the Minister. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Fear, War, and the Bomb: The Military and Political Consequences of Atomic Energy</i> (1948)</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlackett1956" class="citation book cs1">— (1956). <i>Atomic Weapons and East/West Relations</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04268-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04268-0"><bdi>978-0-521-04268-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atomic+Weapons+and+East%2FWest+Relations&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04268-0&rft.au=Blackett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Studies of War: Nuclear and Conventional</i> (1962)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_in_fiction">Influence in fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influence in fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blackett's theories of planetary magnetism and gravity were taken up by the science fiction author <a href="/wiki/James_Blish" title="James Blish">James Blish</a>, who cited the <a href="/wiki/Blackett_effect" title="Blackett effect">Blackett effect</a> as the theoretical "basis" behind his "<a href="/wiki/Spindizzy_(Cities_in_Flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spindizzy (Cities in Flight)">spindizzy</a>" <a href="/wiki/Antigravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigravity">antigravity</a> drive.</li> <li>In his close friend <a href="/wiki/C._P._Snow" title="C. P. Snow">C. P. Snow</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Novel_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Novel sequence">novel sequence</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Strangers_and_Brothers" title="Strangers and Brothers">Strangers and Brothers</a></i> (1940–1974), aspects of Blackett's personality are drawn upon for the left-wing physicist Francis Getliffe.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Blackett and his dictum, "You can't run a war on gusts of emotion", appear in the 'alternative' WWII novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blackett was an agnostic or atheist.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had refused many honours, in the manner of a radical of the twenties, but accepted appointment as <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour">Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1965_Birthday_Honours" title="1965 Birthday Honours">1965 Birthday Honours</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was created a <a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">life peer</a> on 27 January 1969 as <b>Baron Blackett</b>, <i>of <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was made President of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 1965. The crater <a href="/wiki/Blackett_(crater)" title="Blackett (crater)">Blackett</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> is named after him. </p><p>Blackett married Constanza Bayon (1899–1986) in 1924. They had one son and one daughter. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Blackett_Laboratory" title="Blackett Laboratory">Blackett Laboratory</a> is part of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_Faculty_of_Natural_Sciences" title="Imperial College Faculty of Natural Sciences">Imperial College Faculty of Natural Sciences</a> and has housed the Physics Department since its completion in 1961. </p><p>Blackett died on 13 July, 1974 at the age 76. His ashes are buried in the <a href="/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery" title="Kensal Green Cemetery">Kensal Green Cemetery</a>, London. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lovell" title="Bernard Lovell">Bernard Lovell</a> wrote of Blackett: "Those who worked with Blackett in the laboratory were dominated by his immensely powerful personality, and those who knew him elsewhere soon discovered that the public image thinly veiled a sensitive and humane spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-frs_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bullard" title="Edward Bullard">Edward Bullard</a> said that he was the most versatile and best loved physicist of his generation and that his achievement was also without rival: "he was wonderfully intelligent, charming, fun to be with, dignified and handsome".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the house that Blackett lived in from 1953 to 1969 (48 Paultons Square, Chelsea, London) received an <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blue_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blue-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> named an experimental ship after Blackett in honour of his service to the Royal Navy and to the country; <a href="/wiki/XV_Patrick_Blackett_(X01)" class="mw-redirect" title="XV Patrick Blackett (X01)">XV Patrick Blackett (X01)</a> will be used by the Royal Navy to experiment with autonomous technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blackett was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/James_D%27Arcy" title="James D'Arcy">James D'Arcy</a> in the 2023 film <i><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(film)" title="Oppenheimer (film)">Oppenheimer</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">List of presidents of the Royal Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bibphd-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bibphd_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhuri1949" class="citation thesis cs1">Chowdhuri, Bibha (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235038/https://copac.jisc.ac.uk/id/35205860?style=html"><i>Extensive air showers associated with penetrating particles</i></a>. <i>jisc.ac.uk</i> (PhD thesis). University of Manchester. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643572452">643572452</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/EThOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EThOS">EThOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.601680">uk.bl.ethos.601680</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copac.jisc.ac.uk/id/35205860?style=html">the original</a> on 6 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Extensive+air+showers+associated+with+penetrating+particles&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Manchester&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643572452&rft.aulast=Chowdhuri&rft.aufirst=Bibha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcopac.jisc.ac.uk%2Fid%2F35205860%3Fstyle%3Dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170406090916/http://www.spaandanb.org/projects/isks/isks1.html">"SpaandanB Project: Imdad-Sitara Khan Scholarship"</a>. <i>www.spaandanb.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaandanb.org/projects/isks/isks1.html">the original</a> on 6 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spaandanb.org&rft.atitle=SpaandanB+Project%3A+Imdad-Sitara+Khan+Scholarship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaandanb.org%2Fprojects%2Fisks%2Fisks1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iskkc.org/imkhan.php">"::ISKKC::"</a>. <i>www.iskkc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iskkc.org&rft.atitle=%3A%3AISKKC%3A%3A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iskkc.org%2Fimkhan.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdSherwin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kai_Bird" title="Kai Bird">Bird, Kai</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martin_J._Sherwin" title="Martin J. Sherwin">Sherwin, Martin J.</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/American_Prometheus" title="American Prometheus"><i>American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41202-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41202-8"><bdi>978-0-375-41202-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56753298">56753298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Prometheus%3A+The+Triumph+and+Tragedy+of+J.+Robert+Oppenheimer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56753298&rft.isbn=978-0-375-41202-8&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft.au=Sherwin%2C+Martin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovell1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lovell" title="Bernard Lovell">Lovell, Bernard</a> (1975). "Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, Baron Blackett, of Chelsea. 18 November 1897 – 13 July 1974". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>21</b>: 1–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1975.0001">10.1098/rsbm.1975.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:74674634">74674634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Patrick+Maynard+Stuart+Blackett%2C+Baron+Blackett%2C+of+Chelsea.+18+November+1897+%E2%80%93+13+July+1974&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=1-115&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1975.0001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A74674634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._S._W.1974" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harrie_Massey" title="Harrie Massey">H. S. W., Massey</a> (September 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3128879">"Lord Blackett"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>27</b> (9): 69–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974PhT....27i..69M">1974PhT....27i..69M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3128879">10.1063/1.3128879</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Lord+Blackett&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=69-71&rft.date=1974-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.3128879&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974PhT....27i..69M&rft.aulast=H.+S.+W.&rft.aufirst=Massey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1063%252F1.3128879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stewart (2 February 1925). "The Ejection of Protons From Nitrogen Nuclei, Photographed by the Wilson Method". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 107(742), p. 349–360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, D. (2007). "Patrick Blackett: Physicist, Radical, and Chief Architect of the Manchester Computing Phenomenon". <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 82–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fmahc.2007.4338448">10.1109/mahc.2007.4338448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Patrick+Blackett%3A+Physicist%2C+Radical%2C+and+Chief+Architect+of+the+Manchester+Computing+Phenomenon&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=82-85&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fmahc.2007.4338448&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, R. S. (1999). "Patrick Blackett in India: Military consultant and scientific intervenor, 1947-72. Part one". <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 253–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1999.0079">10.1098/rsnr.1999.0079</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144374364">144374364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Patrick+Blackett+in+India%3A+Military+consultant+and+scientific+intervenor%2C+1947-72.+Part+one&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=253-273&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1999.0079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144374364%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-odnb_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNye2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nye, Mary Jo (2004). "Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart, Baron Blackett (1897–1974)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30822">10.1093/ref:odnb/30822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blackett%2C+Patrick+Maynard+Stuart%2C+Baron+Blackett+%281897%E2%80%931974%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30822&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirby-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kirby_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirbyRosenhead2011" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, M. W.; Rosenhead, J. (2011). "Patrick Blackett". <i>Profiles in Operations Research</i>. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science. Vol. 147. pp. 1–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-6281-2_1">10.1007/978-1-4419-6281-2_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6280-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6280-5"><bdi>978-1-4419-6280-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patrick+Blackett&rft.btitle=Profiles+in+Operations+Research&rft.series=International+Series+in+Operations+Research+%26+Management+Science&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4419-6281-2_1&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-6280-5&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rft.au=Rosenhead%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovell1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lovell" title="Bernard Lovell">Lovell, Bernard</a> (1976). <i>P. M. S. Blackett: A Biographical Memoir</i>. John Wright & Sons. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0854030778" title="Special:BookSources/0854030778"><bdi>0854030778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P.+M.+S.+Blackett%3A+A+Biographical+Memoir&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=John+Wright+%26+Sons&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0854030778&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nye-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nye_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNye2004" class="citation book cs1">Nye, Mary (2004). <i>Blackett. Physics, War, and Politics in the Twentieth Century</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674015487" title="Special:BookSources/9780674015487"><bdi>9780674015487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackett.+Physics%2C+War%2C+and+Politics+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780674015487&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLovell1976">Lovell 1976</a>, pp. 3–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stewart (2 Feb. 1925) "The Ejection of Protons From Nitrogen Nuclei, Photographed by the Wilson Method", <i>Journal of the Chemical Society Transactions</i>. Series A, 107(742), pp. 349–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/history/exhibits/rutherford/sections/atop-physics-wave.html">"Rutherford's Nuclear World: The Story of the Discovery of the Nucleus | Sections | American Institute of Physics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rutherford%27s+Nuclear+World%3A+The+Story+of+the+Discovery+of+the+Nucleus+%26%23124%3B+Sections+%26%23124%3B+American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2Frutherford%2Fsections%2Fatop-physics-wave.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/profile/patrick-blackett/">"Patrick Blackett: Physicist, United Kingdom (Nobel Prize Winner, Scientist)"</a>. <i>ahf.nuclearmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ahf.nuclearmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Patrick+Blackett%3A+Physicist%2C+United+Kingdom+%28Nobel+Prize+Winner%2C+Scientist%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahf.nuclearmuseum.org%2Fahf%2Fprofile%2Fpatrick-blackett%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackett P. & Occhialini G., 1933. "Some Photographs of the Tracks of Penetrating Radiation", Proc. R. Soc. A, 139, 699</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackett,_P._M._S.1957" class="citation journal cs1">Blackett, P. M. S. (November 1957). "Technology and World Advancement". <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>. <b>13</b> (9): 323. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957BuAtS..13i.323B">1957BuAtS..13i.323B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00963402.1957.11457591">10.1080/00963402.1957.11457591</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4241357">4241357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Technology+and+World+Advancement&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=323&rft.date=1957-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4241357%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00963402.1957.11457591&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1957BuAtS..13i.323B&rft.au=Blackett%2C+P.+M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacmillanLecture-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacmillanLecture_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iesis.org/macmillan.html">"Hugh Miller Macmillan"</a>. <i>Macmillan Memorial Lectures</i>. The Institution of Engineers & Shipbuilders in Scotland Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103193622/http://www.iesis.org/macmillan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macmillan+Memorial+Lectures&rft.atitle=Hugh+Miller+Macmillan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iesis.org%2Fmacmillan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongmate1983" class="citation book cs1">Longmate, Norman (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gvRmAAAAMAAJ"><i>The bombers: the RAF offensive against Germany, 1939–1945</i></a>. Hutchinson. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-151580-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-151580-5"><bdi>978-0-09-151580-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+bombers%3A+the+RAF+offensive+against+Germany%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-09-151580-5&rft.aulast=Longmate&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgvRmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PH-181-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PH-181_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHore2002" class="citation book cs1">Hore, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5jW14KVeYU0C&pg=PA181"><i>Patrick Blackett: Sailor, Scientist, Socialist</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5317-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5317-4"><bdi>978-0-7146-5317-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patrick+Blackett%3A+Sailor%2C+Scientist%2C+Socialist&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5317-4&rft.aulast=Hore&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5jW14KVeYU0C%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNye1999" class="citation journal cs1">Nye, M. J. (1999). "A Physicist in the Corridors of Power: P. M. S. Blackett's Opposition to Atomic Weapons Following the War". <i>Physics in Perspective</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 136–156. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PhP.....1..136N">1999PhP.....1..136N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs000160050013">10.1007/s000160050013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122615883">122615883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+in+Perspective&rft.atitle=A+Physicist+in+the+Corridors+of+Power%3A+P.+M.+S.+Blackett%27s+Opposition+to+Atomic+Weapons+Following+the+War&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=136-156&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122615883%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs000160050013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PhP.....1..136N&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>, <i>Gravity's Rainbow</i> (Picador 1973) p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The grandson of a vicar on his father’s side, Blackett respected religious observances that were established social customs, but described himself as agnostic or atheist." Mary Jo Nye: "Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 19 p. 293. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette43667" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43667/supplement/5496">"No. 43667"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 12 June 1965. p. 5496.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+43667&rft.pages=5496&rft.date=1965-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F43667%2Fsupplement%2F5496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette44460" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44460/page/12859">"No. 44460"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 24 November 1967. p. 12859.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+44460&rft.pages=12859&rft.date=1967-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F44460%2Fpage%2F12859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette44776" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44776/page/1008">"No. 44776"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 28 January 1969. p. 1008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+44776&rft.pages=1008&rft.date=1969-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F44776%2Fpage%2F1008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullard1974" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bullard" title="Edward Bullard">Bullard, Edward</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F250370a0">"Patrick Blackett: An appreciation"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>250</b> (5465): 370. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974Natur.250..370B">1974Natur.250..370B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F250370a0">10.1038/250370a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4275713">4275713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Patrick+Blackett%3A+An+appreciation&rft.volume=250&rft.issue=5465&rft.pages=370&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4275713%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F250370a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974Natur.250..370B&rft.aulast=Bullard&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F250370a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blue-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blue_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-36089471">"Rare double blue plaque award for home of Nobel Prize winners"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Rare+double+blue+plaque+award+for+home+of+Nobel+Prize+winners&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-london-36089471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParken2022" class="citation news cs1">Parken, Oliver (29 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/royal-navy-christens-new-experimental-ship-the-xv-patrick-blackett">"Royal Navy Christens New Experimental Ship, The XV Patrick Blackett"</a>. <i>TheDrive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheDrive&rft.atitle=Royal+Navy+Christens+New+Experimental+Ship%2C+The+XV+Patrick+Blackett&rft.date=2022-07-29&rft.aulast=Parken&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedrive.com%2Fthe-war-zone%2Froyal-navy-christens-new-experimental-ship-the-xv-patrick-blackett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNye2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jo_Nye" title="Mary Jo Nye">Nye, Mary Jo</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674015487"><i>Blackett: Physics, War, and Politics in the Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01548-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01548-7"><bdi>978-0-674-01548-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackett%3A+Physics%2C+War%2C+and+Politics+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01548-7&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780674015487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudiansky2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Budiansky" title="Stephen Budiansky">Budiansky, Stephen</a> (19 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftBI10W48HkC"><i>Blackett's War: The Men Who Defeated the Nazi U-Boats and Brought Science to the Art of Warfare</i></a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307595966" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307595966"><bdi>978-0307595966</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackett%27s+War%3A+The+Men+Who+Defeated+the+Nazi+U-Boats+and+Brought+Science+to+the+Art+of+Warfare&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2013-02-19&rft.isbn=978-0307595966&rft.aulast=Budiansky&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DftBI10W48HkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirtleyLongbottomBlackett2013" class="citation book cs1">Kirtley, Allan; Longbottom, Patricia; Blackett, Martin (2013). <i>A History of the Blacketts</i>. The Blacketts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9575675-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9575675-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9575675-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Blacketts&rft.pub=The+Blacketts&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9575675-0-4&rft.aulast=Kirtley&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft.au=Longbottom%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Blackett%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Blackett" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles</dt></dl> <ul><li>Times Obituary July 1974</li> <li>Staff. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/patrick_blackett.html">Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett</a></i> website of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel-winners.com">www.nobel-winners.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/53">Patrick Blackett</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184499#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li>Blog, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051230182830/http://geratorp.bravehost.com/dmx/blackett-bio.html">Patrick M.S. Blackett Biography</a> about his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation.</li> <li>Staff. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imperial.ac.uk/physics">The Imperial College Physics Department (the 'Blackett Lab')</a></i> website of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Patrick_Blackett" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.imdb.com/title/tt2636382/?ref_=fn_tt_tt_1">Television appearance</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4508">Oral History interview transcript with Patrick Blackett on 17 December 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> - interview conducted by <a href="/wiki/John_L._Heilbron" title="John L. Heilbron">John L. Heilbron</a> at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1948/blackett-bio.html">Nobelprize.org biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informs.org/About-INFORMS/History-and-Traditions/Biographical-Profiles/Blackett-Patrick-M.-S">Biography of Patrick Blackett</a> from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Blackett%2C%20Patrick%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Patrick%20Blackett%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Blackett%2C%20Patrick%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Patrick%20Blackett%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Blackett%2C%20P%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Patrick%20Blackett%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Blackett%2C%20Patrick%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Patrick%20Blackett%22%29%20OR%20%28%221897-1974%22%20AND%20Blackett%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Patrick Blackett</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/001844">Newspaper clippings about Patrick Blackett</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184499#P4293" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>5th <a href="/wiki/Langworthy_Professor" title="Langworthy Professor">Langworthy Professor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> </b><br />1937–53 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Devons" title="Samuel Devons">Samuel Devons</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Professional and academic associations </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>52nd <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a> </b><br />1965–1970 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Alan Lloyd Hodgkin</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1951–2000)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1951–2000)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1951–2000)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Keilin" title="David Keilin">David Keilin</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kluyver" title="Albert Kluyver">Albert Kluyver</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._T._Whittaker" title="E. T. Whittaker">E. T. Whittaker</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patrick Blackett</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood" title="John Edensor Littlewood">John Edensor Littlewood</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Macfarlane Burnet</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fildes" title="Paul Fildes">Paul Fildes</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_(mathematician)" title="Sydney Chapman (mathematician)">Sydney Chapman</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander R. Todd</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Pirie" title="Norman Pirie">Norman Pirie</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._V._D._Hodge" title="W. V. D. Hodge">W. V. D. Hodge</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Robert Porter</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hill_(biochemist)" title="Robin Hill (biochemist)">Robin Hill</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James D. Watson</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Charles_Frank" title="Frederick Charles Frank">Frederick Charles Frank</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner">Frank Fenner</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cottrell" title="Alan Cottrell">Alan Cottrell</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Lighthill" title="James Lighthill">James Lighthill</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_R._Battersby" title="Alan R. Battersby">Alan Battersby</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1948_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1948_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1948 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1948_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1948 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1948_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1948 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1948_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1948 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1948 Nobel Prize in Literature">1948</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patrick Blackett</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Hermann Müller</a> (Switzerland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1943_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1943 Nobel Prize winners">1943</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1944_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1944 Nobel Prize winners">1944</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1945_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1945 Nobel Prize winners">1945</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1946_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1946 Nobel Prize winners">1946</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1947_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1947 Nobel Prize winners">1947</a></dd> <dd><b>1948 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1949_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1949 Nobel Prize winners">1949</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1950_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1950 Nobel Prize winners">1950</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1951_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1951 Nobel Prize winners">1951</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1952_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1952 Nobel Prize winners">1952</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1953_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1953 Nobel Prize winners">1953</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Template:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Template talk:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">Presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Brouncker,_2nd_Viscount_Brouncker" title="William Brouncker, 2nd Viscount Brouncker">Viscount Brouncker</a> (1662)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Williamson_(English_politician)" title="Joseph Williamson (English politician)">Joseph Williamson</a> (1677)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> (1680)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Hoskyns,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Hoskyns, 2nd Baronet">John Hoskyns</a> (1682)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Wyche" title="Cyril Wyche">Cyril Wyche</a> (1683)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> (1684)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Vaughan,_3rd_Earl_of_Carbery" title="John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery">Earl of Carbery</a> (1686)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herbert,_8th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke">Earl of Pembroke</a> (1689)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Southwell_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Southwell (diplomat)">Robert Southwell</a> (1690)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Charles Montagu</a> (1695)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Somers,_1st_Baron_Somers" title="John Somers, 1st Baron Somers">Lord Somers</a> (1698)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (1703)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a> (1727)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Folkes" title="Martin Folkes">Martin Folkes</a> (1741)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Parker,_2nd_Earl_of_Macclesfield" title="George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield">Earl of Macclesfield</a> (1752)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_14th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton">Earl of Morton</a> (1764)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Burrow" title="James Burrow">James Burrow</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_West_(antiquary)" title="James West (antiquary)">James West</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Burrow" title="James Burrow">James Burrow</a> (1772)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Pringle_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pringle (physician)">John Pringle</a> (1772)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a> (1778)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> (1820)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> (1820)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Davies_Gilbert" title="Davies Gilbert">Davies Gilbert</a> (1827)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Duke of Sussex</a> (1830)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_2nd_Marquess_of_Northampton" title="Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton">Marquess of Northampton</a> (1838)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Parsons,_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse" title="William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse">Earl of Rosse</a> (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Wrottesley,_2nd_Baron_Wrottesley" title="John Wrottesley, 2nd Baron Wrottesley">Lord Wrottesley</a> (1854)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet">Benjamin Collins Brodie</a> (1858)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Edward Sabine</a> (1861)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a> (1871)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Spottiswoode" title="William Spottiswoode">William Spottiswoode</a> (1878)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> (1895)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1900)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Geikie" title="Archibald Geikie">Archibald Geikie</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(organic_chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Robinson (organic chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian">Lord Adrian</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patrick Blackett</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Alan Lloyd Hodgkin</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Lord Todd</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Sir Michael Atiyah</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Sir Aaron Klug</a> (1995)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_May,_Baron_May_of_Oxford" title="Robert May, Baron May of Oxford">Lord May</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees,_Baron_Rees_of_Ludlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow">Lord Rees</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Sir Paul Nurse</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venki Ramakrishnan</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" title="Adrian Smith (statistician)">Adrian Smith</a> (2020)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dalton_Medallists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dalton_Medallists" title="Template:Dalton Medallists"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dalton_Medallists" title="Template talk:Dalton Medallists"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dalton_Medallists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dalton Medallists"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dalton_Medallists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society#Dalton_Medal" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Dalton Medallists</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Recipients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Henry Edward Schunck</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Enfield_Roscoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Enfield Roscoe">Sir Henry Roscoe</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_Reynolds" title="Osborne Reynolds">Osborne Reynolds</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Sir Ernest Rutherford</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Sir Joseph 'J. J.' Thomson</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Sir Lawrence Bragg</a> (1942)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patrick Blackett</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Sir Cyril Hinshelwood</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Sir Harold Kroto</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fred_Bodmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Fred Bodmer">Sir Walter Bodmer</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Sir Roger Penrose</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lovell" title="Bernard Lovell">Sir Bernard Lovell</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Lord Rees of Ludlow</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Sir Konstantin Novoselov</a> 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/122703642">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50008580">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125702380">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125702380">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00520083">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36185275">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:blackett.patrick-maynard-stuart">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/414245">MathSciNet</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/lord-patrick-blackett/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1225642">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd122703642.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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