CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134c2fbdbaa3e14',cH: '3D5PdUpUtfY45nD4WLDfIIZzB9IRL48jCWOLztx96hY-1739784657-1.2.1.1-dNjzXK450Wuvgnw3jCBbbXIHQFjY0Aoe959Er_.0hV546.SjEIGbUvBfUw_UNM5N',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=welfare%20benefits&__cf_chl_tk=P.zVsWsLP8.cDuVH19iPvN1f_XRvOQuLKBTykBXwEYI-1739784657-1.0.1.1-6NrjmZhsbVguUcc_3bRZkwahEBFlymyX_vCGwuEXB.M",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739784657',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=welfare%20benefits&__cf_chl_f_tk=P.zVsWsLP8.cDuVH19iPvN1f_XRvOQuLKBTykBXwEYI-1739784657-1.0.1.1-6NrjmZhsbVguUcc_3bRZkwahEBFlymyX_vCGwuEXB.M",md: "i_itDb3vJKVBKuBudgW8APkExHYrxwS4s_zUyOLS6Z8-1739784657-1.2.1.1-CGHYtAGJVZ17gvheL0iER.iAYcSScMmLBfEgZnWtJ.vLF1I7Knxv7HnUvXW6cwy3OJsf.Sunsc2Aze3h.rsDg8xQLl2LFxMnZwVGA.hb7n5VMbGLqReyOw1AxPRVpRZ1ZJpHLj.XKvF.nE89jK4Ssy_XTb9Ft303NMk2pOB3.UMXq6EqmgXomhpdeoIgIArsNxqewCU9SLiBldKNIryvOnVL93fL.qfdEg6GfLLsMHY7RDsCW2LRanDl8oM6D5IoLTbWH1vot0gL7_BacFYtoo2Pbr5ElPRpjZ_WPlMcTdmlUA_MCaptlYt7y6lO0DHA_Sk2Xv6uaQ5Alc8ClulmE9G01K9eS1U5tuJcKls0ZvLK_uUl5Y8BlIhRcxW7jsy15lMqLVNxpxTrBUKkknS7Bg_KgwKJ0vZ96R_tflLYU1MZ2igr5NkkP5BPkcCjP923OpBMC8JlQAuug2bvW4ZsGUBjGx3FbdkHWVAXjO0BIhqo4cUjtoPwtSuy2Q23VHEjRdh7_3LYwpMPRNZYqRjVfOFuBjbIPEmwmXZijsZZxNNwz_9Pdl0ReQo5DHOishCQzCEAaf19fLYhueMGQKVr2vRswGXo1xM5.4hppF80VV4QJbZrAKnj4OFLu9aN7VANs3qAlPMbcE3T4lGDTHvXNy2.uMbt1Z_LhPibAnJlwjleNH7C0fl4cU9PmG1IExNRgXaRv6DvwNQuUqY8aR8vNoh86B1aNA7iTHfS38RRl1cgJTCb6QMjnqQtlMTSfJiIWc_tfQyh_.iGo3vtIacpzmIztXPMbs2pZZo4JzBet_7nY5t2ylz5tC7KXU.SqpWGgKyLFsa5nLK5PiP12.8l_VbZfVNbfltvUM5KYGYlyGq_NqjYu230RmJUhECjLKOeXBXKvj_EEBfTh1haZHrqr3JwZ07zER0I2FVRpQAA3UOf_6upvLIJG7WfvhtcWdnlo.LS1JrlKheBKz6Swnej.Az.2VmIaLYVjj_tl4bzWB_9hLjb5WdsT7D_HrwCu8mUdK2TdmMmvnih2w0Y12Wn9ECvXmO0G5CgI7QxC51wDyYhVDUCVWbB69yTxplv00SKA2M50fo39tm8Nv474vN0x1iL3AIK_q03wHHS_jODD_DHKxoviv7Br8ssfjenQKx4RAulv_FlOLCnrcc7Q_LlHvB9M6RdcC5HuKj1E_swlr1FwE8g3ES3lUwJSC_77Zt9KK7X1wuF77rlbfZnx6iVu8HGSXCQVZwmos5jtU1F69Zz18CQq.97Kiu4uMDpjuPg1zBB8hoaGNKohwaxql7H0xkgrcYMFu4XZR.khvJTa7XbYt_R829yajxprkigQf4mOkeKZln8l._la6EYj4kuQYOpAFjOVSLP6wxVt5bJ8op98f87v0yG1OGzHjOotRkIoHUo25WGg3fBbtv_uyWtZlub7F_QImUCHcAMHVPW65Db3WGXGmKR0UHuVDjSfjQXtnNn7nk5AMo_BUEyoAJkY.oRAkC3870009cu5Dpbz_mXC0.51p7PlB.FTWSdcYOYFuIOcaaB4X5SgeEjfsVyiDQCmwO9DMMCm4MGo2kW58eypXflbYZTgEPyHbdMVXEsl65DXPqDEMgbehtc.TW.G7GhYB6p.phwogtao8HgiTNaDg3yatEwdNx7.W1uwu7Zo0c5W_puLwakSiRGX6IbGb6KmP4uS94giN6qPeaYK5ILlNmSk96fDePipffMgbK9HjeH7wGqzXbhPLUYBxQHnDJctFK2GIKgcWg0C9jJRt9D36BATbLombEEtCSKA__E16Wofjf_V4Z_pDuvF1sg5tia2.QLp14lcKR.OipnTaRO25xmXeEidzP.USgYhRDBcklBfe4io9CggcB4e_OhAbxFC0jkuUxVrfmzuiAsvjdhwNkf5PSMWkwsWvId_LKHvMRF0Kr2hVNIlMcq4Kkw3RZ4JtuoD9AmH2Ei6JCwKOs",mdrd: "KWrZE6AAn.84PPwTBI6jSF21Uoqo.MAxImC9HTN9nNI-1739784657-1.2.1.1-_oq7eVGYf.lFH_hKg_P2FZMxeuV6YP8blGbcFmokHW2AI1k6T6yK0sFcIsRZJA_O.BG1UtYdBY3ZPiLOakMageltPYwc7MLAS9b8DxcGgTZYXx2hhEQVDbSC3o4X2SGVLyVFAFLjV3BkoGOKf3pne5KrOkbbIvva2S0LyrUntwPYTi1Xvc3DrMmk154dBFjZNtBlXUjoq3RcJInL88T1lnKxqNKVMk_3hL.wUOy8XgaEkbT7lDyY_X5zGl06ebb6ZEoYCSrbxpnuT0BBuWEOR9Igbic0HBO2cR6Ysir71lavc0fynQURozXePekebCEAMVd1PnYX6OqopnqUE5bQyPjSSxLH9drlR7Eir8uQphrYiFGy1MlKh2Y4FtkyFHYS6bifUQ7TN4VjkbL4rkqGQya9FPVhq7kbP5lOGxzFvoiKWGzp.xvtDf8QluvBa8B2hvkP6KgT0zWn95f5soLNRpXlZoJPINUtj9Pvk05ycMth7zzGW6bbMOe46xc1SVwE7yEPFSZ2x0WX6Fsp.Wjm2w7PHVH3KWa0ytYQtTkdvrU3jODge4VZCYP9mDjrjeiZLYMZKCLM0pjmSuaKzzjoVo8LGZEpxwELFwL4o2JXYuiv1wM7cYiT8cDnYKuIa1I9U2ktSWUDfk6B5ewR7R8.niu93PmWjU9aIw6Jg89rpKWnHYVd5t84XDH75mBcubjxOXsCLv_rbM.z8kj3DpLg2bu6An5k9pkDQ7ekRQfkG0xyCValp3J2BtY_UrSd.jnFhUD6YpwKCf53udyqNyBLji6mEnkgU3E4bGrGmEwJy_UDhhnYhCnanMKykIz7R8Ozw.9XYchYeJxn33qUlKctjZkOco_BkPrAgpvplL.DGL2Xks64Ste1ooOF8njkXafREJusjgqsBm16d6Ge4NJwRzFNzZAq2B7UqUzBIf4yxbvqPZgqutrXKWkUiBeXf4in_Y80JwtwYrJW3EeZp5HRhGy6IT.2cv5gVIUaE_5lVH76zm1N.OyVl0O7Z9Xd74ZfDFVeV7pZBGv1qipzEpkYm7yBy_Yve9088u2uO97ZobPWjHqKX1mKF6TOf459I1r8z4U6JwkKVWrSk9.OBsCR__wH3ITPxQF8E7gDgUuvIc2N_qe9yKkVK376r85Ep7p_HRn8xGpKT8aXIOuqvkX.U_IPbvk_Nf4YmrhbTouXqar.LG8TUgItZ9xdsGx2hOEf4Jzty367wP7LPWMCqbgIJ6uN8M_RgHqLxeIqih_pN5R_c8MzjawDTVsJYJQvPM68hzdx18wLy8Bj9EmUXXnRSZM6aQwz4aVyN6ZvKMgb.PgsHDSH6WT4fQQr_atToT4Oj6voKkjtOdsYWNi__z5gjIxIfBr8VywNQOL8VwOhMzjQg5_LnYENY5.jXCKQ9_IjHSl7ybXEfBc6nbssujpadcIpeq7Ms7MgsLEyh_5npj8eKrgcq1BDIKIfy1WQ9YSp52cTT0.uYEgceq0a_YMf1Rn._PoYvPlpMFxhkkIPqIYUJyNAC2jnWQd8UXqkcBfRVrgHKdKL2GfTtdrNgu2mU9d7FDN30y2HnsYIs._IncM3ySIS4INNQkrPU6m_jXIwJWPym8Pm9Kv7waFRwA4_luL0jnHPvJ9iDa_7VHPQeBSmW3rAshb_773FPtWifEbNeF14pSKm6Q3PXnqjqICk1KzMapO.oQkWoH_noMFHZF4CKZGGVzlgH2Onwvr6tVRJ5j5HS20GUbTtzZpmFfbNW9HUnkW_YAe8hvQ2nxAhtnPkIMdIp0vtA5lTkF5NMURuNOFOG3.mZh61OpWdQE0qvZF3KMutMSzmon.z2oQ2OApwGy9UGGVDQ6lHd.pnMN0tbdDG2fbhM5n6TcunxT6YgNsI_wRLjwSe5BtAixq1VCVcQb3I.ICu72EQFdhkGKgZTD_tQ5OAbKpEcZCklsYGZZdCJILba0_SD_h84ZSmgBbDLbBTRyQx2qmAlEloIL085w7xuzRMShqFnZ8ezGmJeA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134c2fbdbaa3e14';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=welfare%20benefits&__cf_chl_rt_tk=P.zVsWsLP8.cDuVH19iPvN1f_XRvOQuLKBTykBXwEYI-1739784657-1.0.1.1-6NrjmZhsbVguUcc_3bRZkwahEBFlymyX_vCGwuEXB.M" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>