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</div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-民主目的的批评" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#民主目的的批评"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>民主目的的批评</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-民主目的的批评-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关民主目的的批评子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-民主目的的批评-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-专业化社会受损" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#专业化社会受损"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>专业化社会受损</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-专业化社会受损-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-民主过程的批评" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#民主过程的批评"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>民主过程的批评</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-民主过程的批评-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关民主过程的批评子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-民主过程的批评-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-政治不稳定" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治不稳定"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>政治不稳定</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治不稳定-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-短视" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#短视"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>短视</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-短视-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-腐败" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#腐败"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>腐败</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-腐败-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-系统的效率" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#系统的效率"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>系统的效率</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-系统的效率-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-对政治宣传的警惕" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对政治宣传的警惕"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>对政治宣传的警惕</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对政治宣传的警惕-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-缺乏政治教育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#缺乏政治教育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>缺乏政治教育</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-缺乏政治教育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-打压政治对手" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#打压政治对手"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>打压政治对手</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-打压政治对手-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-民主成果的批评" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#民主成果的批评"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>民主成果的批评</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-民主成果的批评-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关民主成果的批评子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-民主成果的批评-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-暴民统治" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#暴民统治"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>暴民统治</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-暴民统治-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-多数暴政" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#多数暴政"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>多数暴政</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-多数暴政-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拓展阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拓展阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>拓展阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拓展阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">对民主的批评</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。13种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تفكير معاد للديمقراطية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تفكير معاد للديمقراطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Антидемократизъм – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антидемократизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidemokracie" title="Antidemokracie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antidemokracie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_democracy" title="Criticism of democracy – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Criticism of democracy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidemocr%C3%A1tico" title="Antidemocrático – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antidemocrático" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نقد دموکراسی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقد دموکراسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-d%C3%A9mocratie" title="Anti-démocratie – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anti-démocratie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protudemokracija" title="Protudemokracija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Protudemokracija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="반민주주의 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반민주주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antydemokratyzm" title="Antydemokratyzm – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antydemokratyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Критика демократии – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Критика демократии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2" title="แนวคิดที่ตรงกันข้ามกับประชาธิปไตย – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แนวคิดที่ตรงกันข้ามกับประชาธิปไตย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антидемократизм – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антидемократизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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title="关于此页面的讨论（页面不存在）[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84" lang="zh" 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id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="反民主思想">反民主思想</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki 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.mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Emblem-scales.svg/40px-Emblem-scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Emblem-scales.svg/60px-Emblem-scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Emblem-scales.svg/80px-Emblem-scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目之<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%B8%AD%E7%AB%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%82%E7%82%B9" title="Wikipedia:中立的观点">中立性</a>有争议</b>。其內容、語調可能<b>帶有明顯的個人觀點或<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="Wikipedia:避免地域中心">地方色彩</a>。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2019年10月28日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>加上此模板的編輯者需在<a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talk:对民主的批评（页面不存在）">討論頁</a>說明此文中立性有爭議的原因，以便讓各編輯者討論和改善。在編輯之前請務必察看讨论页。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>批评民主</b>的言论通常是基于民主的目的、过程和成果。自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="古希腊民主">古典时期</a>到近代以来，民主一般与“人民统治”，“多数统治”和通过<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="直接选举">直接选举</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%B4%E6%8E%A5%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="间接选举">间接选举</a>自由选择政府的选举联系在一起，但并未与特定群体联系在一起。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="民主目的的批评"><span id=".E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E7.9B.AE.E7.9A.84.E7.9A.84.E6.89.B9.E8.AF.84"></span>民主目的的批评</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：民主目的的批评"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="专业化社会受损"><span id=".E4.B8.93.E4.B8.9A.E5.8C.96.E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E5.8F.97.E6.8D.9F"></span>专业化社会受损</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：专业化社会受损"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>民主可能损害<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%93%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%96%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="专业化社会（页面不存在）">专业化社会</a>的利益。当鼓励普通公民参加该国的政治生活，他们有权力通过民主的投票竞选和使用新闻程序直接影响政府政策的时候。结果是，政府政策可能会更多受到非<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="专家">专家</a>意见的影响，从而削弱其有效性，尤其是在一项政策在技术上非常复杂，或公众知情不足的情况下。例如，不能保证那些竞选政府经济政策的人本身就是专业<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="经济学家">经济学家</a>，或者在这个特定学科上具有学术才能，无论他们是否受过良好的教育。从本质上讲，这意味着<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民主政府（页面不存在）">民主政府</a>可能无法为最多的人提供最大的利益。但是，有些人认为，这甚至不应该成为民主国家的目标，因为根据该目标，少数人可能会受到严重虐待。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="民主过程的批评"><span id=".E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E8.BF.87.E7.A8.8B.E7.9A.84.E6.89.B9.E8.AF.84"></span>民主过程的批评</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：民主过程的批评"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政治不稳定"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E4.B8.8D.E7.A8.B3.E5.AE.9A"></span>政治不稳定</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：政治不稳定"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>民主不一定能提供足够的政治稳定。由于政府通过选举产生，民主国家在国内和国际上的政策往往会经常变化。即使一个政党长期保持执政权，来自大众媒体的大肆宣传，头条新闻抗议和严厉批评往往也会带来出人意料的政治变局。商业和移民方面政策频繁变更可能会阻碍投资，从而阻碍经济增长。由于这个原因反民主人士提出了这样的想法，即民主对于发展中国家来说是不可取的，在发展中国家，经济增长和减少贫困是头等大事。<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="短视"><span id=".E7.9F.AD.E8.A7.86"></span>短视</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：短视"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由于联盟政府的不稳定，民主也因为频繁的选举而受到批评。许多国家（例如印度）在选举通常形成联盟，而联盟的基础主要是为了实现可行的多数而不是意识形态上的合意。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="腐败"><span id=".E8.85.90.E8.B4.A5"></span>腐败</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：腐败"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>每个国家对腐败的界定不一样。例如，在美国及台灣，<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%8C%AE%E9%87%91" title="政治献金">政治献金</a>常淪為<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E5%9C%98" class="mw-disambig" title="財團">财团</a>出钱收买<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="政客">政客</a>的政策，間接造成腐敗。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="系统的效率"><span id=".E7.B3.BB.E7.BB.9F.E7.9A.84.E6.95.88.E7.8E.87"></span>系统的效率</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：系统的效率"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>经济学家唐纳德·威特曼（Donald Wittman）写了许多著作，试图对付同事之间普遍存在的对民主的批评。他认为，民主是建立在理性选民，竞争性选举和相对较低的政治交易成本的前提下的。梅尔策（Meltzer）和理查德（Richard）等经济学家补充说，随着民主国家工业活动的增加，人民对政府补贴和支持的需求也随之增加。根据中位数选民定理，实际上只有少数人掌握着国家的力量平衡，许多人可能对他们的决定不满意。他们认为，以这种方式，民主制是无效的。在这种方式，他们认为，民主国家效率低下。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="对政治宣传的警惕"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E5.AE.A3.E4.BC.A0.E7.9A.84.E8.AD.A6.E6.83.95"></span>对政治宣传的警惕</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：对政治宣传的警惕"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="缺乏政治教育"><span id=".E7.BC.BA.E4.B9.8F.E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E6.95.99.E8.82.B2"></span>缺乏政治教育</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：缺乏政治教育"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>选民可能未受足够的教育以谨慎地行使其民主权利。政治家因此可能会利用选民的非理性，并在公共关系和战术领域而不是意识形态上进行更多竞争，这极易引起<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BE%E6%84%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="眾愚政治">暴民政治</a>。尽管反对民主的论据经常被民主的拥护者视为维持或复兴传统等级制和专制统治的尝试，但为进一步发展论点进行了许多扩展。<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="打压政治对手"><span id=".E6.89.93.E5.8E.8B.E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E5.AF.B9.E6.89.8B"></span>打压政治对手</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：打压政治对手"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>民主政体中依然可以发现利用公众恐惧压制不同政见。例如在<a href="/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%95%B4%E8%82%83" title="2016年土耳其整肃">2016年土耳其的清洗</a>后，有超过110,000人被清除，近40,000人被关押。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="民主成果的批评"><span id=".E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E6.88.90.E6.9E.9C.E7.9A.84.E6.89.B9.E8.AF.84"></span>民主成果的批评</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：民主成果的批评"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="暴民统治"><span id=".E6.9A.B4.E6.B0.91.E7.BB.9F.E6.B2.BB"></span>暴民统治</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：暴民统治"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根据柏拉图，在民主制度下，寡头或商人无法有效地行使权力，人民接管了人们的选举，选拔了一些按照自己的意愿行事的人。但是，政府给予人民太多的自由，国家将会沦为<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BE%E6%84%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="眾愚政治">暴民统治</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="多数暴政"><span id=".E5.A4.9A.E6.95.B0.E6.9A.B4.E6.94.BF"></span>多数暴政</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：多数暴政"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>许多国家在宪法中限制了立法机构可以通过的法律类型。这些限制中一部分背后的基本思想是，大多数人口及其当选的立法机关经常可能成为少数群体迫害的来源，例如种族歧视和性取向歧视。在1930年代中期和1970年代中期的民主国家瑞典，政府强行为数千名无辜妇女进行了绝育手术。她们由于“精神缺陷”或仅仅因为他们是混血儿（尤其是与<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="萨米人">萨米人</a>）而被绝育。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="威权主义">威权主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84" title="对资本主义的批评">对资本主义的批评</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E5%A5%87" title="科林·克劳奇">科林·克勞奇</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/democracy">Democracy – Definition of Democracy by Merriam-Webster</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-10-28</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309170854/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/democracy">存档</a>于2021-03-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&rft.btitle=Democracy+%E2%80%93+Definition+of+Democracy+by+Merriam-Webster&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdemocracy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li 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The American Economic Review. June 1970, <b>60</b> (3): 364–378. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1817987"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 1817987</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&rft.atitle=Uncertainty+and+the+Evaluation+of+Public+Investment+Decisions&rft.au=Lind%2C+Robert+C.&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft.aulast=Arrow&rft.date=1970-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+American+Economic+Review&rft.pages=364-378&rft.volume=60&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1817987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-economic-review_1970-06_60_3%2Fpage%2F364&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Richburg, Keith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7646295.stm">Head to head: African democracy</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 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October 1981, <b>89</b> (5): 914–927 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2014]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1830813"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 1830813</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F261013"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/261013</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517005721/http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1749&context=tepper">存档</a>于2018-05-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&rft.atitle=A+Rational+Theory+of+the+Size+of+Government&rft.au=Richard%2C+Scott+F.&rft.aufirst=Allan+H.&rft.aulast=Meltzer&rft.date=1981-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.pages=914-927&rft.volume=89&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1830813&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.cmu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1749%26context%3Dtepper&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F261013&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/269f0b22-8a27-11e6-8aa5-f79f5696c731">Turkey's crackdown on dissent has gone too far</a>. Financial Times. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013020814/https://www.ft.com/content/269f0b22-8a27-11e6-8aa5-f79f5696c731">存档</a>于2020-10-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+crackdown+on+dissent+has+gone+too+far&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Financial+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F269f0b22-8a27-11e6-8aa5-f79f5696c731&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Norton, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2016/11/02/turkeys-ruthless-slow-motion-coup-110000-purged-as-western-ally-cracks-down-on-dissent-journalism/">Turkey's ruthless, slow-motion coup: 110,000 purged as Western ally cracks down on dissent, journalism</a>. Salon. 2016-11-02 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108104757/https://www.salon.com/2016/11/02/turkeys-ruthless-slow-motion-coup-110000-purged-as-western-ally-cracks-down-on-dissent-journalism/">存档</a>于2020-11-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+ruthless%2C+slow-motion+coup%3A+110%2C000+purged+as+Western+ally+cracks+down+on+dissent%2C+journalism&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Salon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2016%2F11%2F02%2Fturkeys-ruthless-slow-motion-coup-110000-purged-as-western-ally-cracks-down-on-dissent-journalism%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michels, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/MicPoli.html"><i>Political Parties – A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy,</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080313022823/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/MicPoli.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Jarrold & Sons. London, 1916.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.inter.nl.net/users/Paul.Treanor/democracy.html">Why democracy is wrong</a>. web.inter.nl.net. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2015]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060804214246/http://web.inter.nl.net/users/Paul.Treanor/democracy.html">存档</a>于2006-08-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%AF%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&rft.atitle=Why+democracy+is+wrong&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.inter.nl.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.inter.nl.net%2Fusers%2FPaul.Treanor%2Fdemocracy.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> 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