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Gilbert Lewis – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia

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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gilbert Lewis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 58 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جيلبرت نيوتن لويس – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيلبرت نيوتن لويس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Nyuton_Lyuis" title="Gilbert Nyuton Lyuis – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gilbert Nyuton Lyuis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="قیلبرت لوییس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیلبرت لوییس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8" title="গিলবার্ট নিউটন লুইস – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গিলবার্ট নিউটন লুইস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%96%D1%81" title="Гілберт Ньютан Льюіс – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гілберт Ньютан Льюіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Гилбърт Люис – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гилбърт Люис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Γκίλμπερτ Λιούις – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκίλμπερτ Λιούις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="گیلبرت لوییس – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیلبرت لوییس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Lewis" title="Gilbert Lewis – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gilbert Lewis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – szkocki gaelicki" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="szkocki gaelicki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B8%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4_%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="길버트 뉴턴 루이스 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="길버트 뉴턴 루이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8" title="गिल्बर्ट न्यूटन ल्यूइस – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गिल्बर्ट न्यूटन ल्यूइस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Lewis" title="Gilbert Lewis – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gilbert Lewis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1" title="גילברט ניוטון לואיס – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גילברט ניוטון לואיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გილბერტ ნიუტონი – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გილბერტ ნიუტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Lewis" title="Gilbert Lewis – malgaski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gilbert Lewis" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="გილბერტ ნიუტონ ლუისი – megrelski" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გილბერტ ნიუტონ ლუისი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megrelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جيلبرت نيوتن لويس – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيلبرت نيوتن لويس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Lewis_(scheikundige)" title="Gilbert Lewis (scheikundige) – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gilbert Lewis (scheikundige)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="ギルバート・ルイス – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギルバート・ルイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A8._%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਗਿਲਬਰਟ ਐਨ. ਲੇਵਿਸ – pendżabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਿਲਬਰਟ ਐਨ. ਲੇਵਿਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendżabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="گلبرٹ لیوس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گلبرٹ لیوس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Льюис, Гилберт Ньютон – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Льюис, Гилберт Ньютон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – albański" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%8A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Гилберт Њутон Луис – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гилберт Њутон Луис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gilbert Newton Lewis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="கில்பர்த்து நியூட்டன் இலூயிசு – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கில்பர்த்து நியூட்டன் இலூயிசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Lewis" title="Gilbert Lewis – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gilbert Lewis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%97%D1%81" title="Гілберт Ньютон Льюїс – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гілберт Ньютон Льюїс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gilbert N. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%A3%AB" title="吉爾伯特·牛頓·路易士 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="吉爾伯特·牛頓·路易士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF" title="吉爾伯特·路易斯 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吉爾伯特·路易斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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[g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidanych</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><div class="noprint noexcerpt disambig navigation-not-searchable" style="line-height:1.5em; padding: 3px 6px; background-color: var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1); font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 1em; display: flex; gap: 4px; align-items: center;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_ujednoznaczniaj%C4%85ca" title="Inne znaczenia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/25px-Disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/38px-Disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/50px-Disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><span>Ten artykuł dotyczy amerykańskiego fizykochemika. Zobacz też: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gilbert" title="Lewis Gilbert">Lewis Gilbert</a> – brytyjski reżyser filmowy, producent i scenarzysta.</span></div> <table class="infobox"> <caption class="naglowek"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65781301">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Gilbert Lewis</div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Data i&#160;miejsce urodzenia </th> <td> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap">23 października 1875</span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Weymouth_(Massachusetts)" title="Weymouth (Massachusetts)">Weymouth</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data śmierci </th> <td> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap">23 marca 1946</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Zawód, zajęcie </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Chemia_fizyczna" title="Chemia fizyczna">fizykochemik</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Narodowość </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Amerykanie" title="Amerykanie">amerykańska</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tytuł naukowy </th> <td> <p>Profesor </p> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gilbert Newton Lewis">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Gilbert Newton Lewis</b> (ur. <a href="/wiki/23_pa%C5%BAdziernika" title="23 października">23 października</a> <a href="/wiki/1875" title="1875">1875</a> w <a href="/wiki/Weymouth_(Massachusetts)" title="Weymouth (Massachusetts)">Weymouth</a> w stanie <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, zm. <a href="/wiki/23_marca" title="23 marca">23 marca</a> <a href="/wiki/1946" title="1946">1946</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone">amerykański</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemia_fizyczna" title="Chemia fizyczna">fizykochemik</a>, profesor<sup id="cite_ref-epwn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epwn-1">[1]</a></sup>. W 1899 roku uzyskał doktorat na <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Harvarda" title="Uniwersytet Harvarda">Uniwersytecie Harvarda</a>, pracował w <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> oraz na <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Kalifornijski" title="Uniwersytet Kalifornijski">Uniwersytecie Kalifornijskim</a> w <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_(Kalifornia)" title="Berkeley (Kalifornia)">Berkeley</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Życiorys"><span id=".C5.BByciorys"></span>Życiorys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Lewis&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Życiorys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Lewis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Życiorys"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pracował nad teoriami struktury <a href="/wiki/Materia_(fizyka)" title="Materia (fizyka)">materii</a> i wyjaśnił wiele zjawisk chemicznych. Jest twórcą tzw. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktura_Lewisa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Struktura Lewisa (strona nie istnieje)">struktury punktowej Lewisa</a> (1902), autorem fundamentalnej pracy <i>Atom i molekuła</i> (<i>The Atom and the Molecule</i>, 1916), w której wyjaśnił naturę wiązań chemicznych, nazwanych przez niego <a href="/wiki/Wi%C4%85zanie_kowalencyjne" title="Wiązanie kowalencyjne">wiązaniami kowalencyjnymi</a>. Jest autorem obowiązującej do dziś teorii wiązań kowalencyjnych, postulującej, że wiązanie to składa się z <a href="/wiki/Elektron_walencyjny" title="Elektron walencyjny">elektronów walencyjnych</a> <i>uwspólnionych</i> przez dwa atomy o podobnej elektroujemności. </p> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em"><span class="nomobile navigation-not-searchable"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/16px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/24px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/32px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span>&#160;</span><i>Osobny artykuł: <a href="/wiki/Wi%C4%85zanie_kowalencyjne" title="Wiązanie kowalencyjne">wiązanie kowalencyjne</a>.</i></div> <p>Inną klasyczną, fundamentalną pracą była napisana w 1923 wspólnie z <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merle_Randall&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Merle Randall (strona nie istnieje)">M. Randallem</a> <i>Termodynamika i swobodna energia substancji chemicznych</i> (<i>Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances</i>). </p><p>Także w 1923 sformułował nową teorię <a href="/wiki/Kwasy" title="Kwasy">kwasów</a> i <a href="/wiki/Zasady" title="Zasady">zasad</a> (obecnie znaną jako <a href="/wiki/Teoria_kwas%C3%B3w_i_zasad_Lewisa" title="Teoria kwasów i zasad Lewisa">teoria kwasów i zasad Lewisa</a>), według której, kwasami są <a href="/wiki/Akceptor" title="Akceptor">akceptory</a> pary elektronowej (<i>kwasy Lewisa</i>), a zasadami <a href="/wiki/Donor" title="Donor">donory</a> pary elektronowej (<i>zasady Lewisa</i>). </p><p>W 1926 roku zaproponował nazwę <i><a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a></i> dla hipotetycznego „przewoźnika energii promienistej”. W liście do „<a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a>” zasugerował, że z przeprowadzonych do tamtej pory doświadczeń i obserwacji wynika, że w teorii kwantowej sformułowanej przez <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Plancka</a> i <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einsteina</a> należy uwzględnić istnienie nowego rodzaju atomu. Miał to być twór rozróżnialny, którego nie można stworzyć ani zniszczyć, i który działa jako przewoźnik energii promieniowania. Po absorpcji ten „przewoźnik” miał pozostawać w atomie absorbującym promieniowanie jako zasadniczy składnik jego struktury, dopóki nie zostałby wysłany na zewnątrz niosąc kolejną porcję energii. </p><p>Lewis podkreślił, że proponowany przez niego <i><a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a></i> sam nie jest energią, ale raczej elementem strukturalnym. Uważał, że byłoby niewłaściwe utożsamianie go z obiektami takimi jak cząstka lub <a href="/wiki/Kwant_energii" title="Kwant energii">kwant</a> światła. Według niego należało wprowadzić do termodynamiki nową zmienną, liczbę tak zdefiniowanych „fotonów”, czyli „przewoźników energii promienistej”. Hipoteza ta nie została zaakceptowana przez współczesnych. Było to o tyle zrozumiałe, że była sformułowana na wiele lat przed rozwojem <a href="/wiki/Informatyka" title="Informatyka">informatyki</a> i zdefiniowaniem <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bitu</a>, a na dodatek sam Lewis uważał swoją propozycję za trudną – chociaż nie niemożliwą – do potwierdzenia doświadczalnego. Jednak sama nazwa <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a> zyskała niemal natychmiastowe uznanie i zaczęto jej używać, niezgodnie z intencją autora, dla określenia najmniejszej ilości energii promienistej (<a href="/wiki/Kwant" title="Kwant">kwantu</a> <a href="/wiki/Promieniowanie_elektromagnetyczne" title="Promieniowanie elektromagnetyczne">światła</a>). </p><p>Jako pierwszy otrzymał <a href="/wiki/Ci%C4%99%C5%BCka_woda" title="Ciężka woda">ciężką wodę</a>, czyli cząsteczkę złożoną z <a href="/wiki/Tlen" title="Tlen">tlenu</a> i dwóch atomów <a href="/wiki/Deuter" title="Deuter">deuteru</a> (<sup>2</sup>H<sub>2</sub>O lub D<sub>2</sub>O, o masie molowej = 20 g/mol). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Lewis&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Lewis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-epwn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-epwn_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web open-access"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3932073"><i>Lewis Gilbert Newton</i></a>, [w:] <i><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">Encyklopedia PWN</a></i> [online], <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN" title="Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN">Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2021-10-02]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft.gengre=unknown&amp;rft.atitle=Lewis+Gilbert+Newton&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BWydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo%2F%3B3932073" style="display:none">&#160;</span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Lewis&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Lewis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bibliografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">John&#32;McMurry:&#32;<i>Chemia organiczna</i>.&#32;Warszawa&#58;&#32;Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA,&#32;2005. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/8301144017" title="Specjalna:Książki/8301144017">ISBN&#160;<span class="isbn">83-01-14401-7</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chemia+organiczna&amp;rft.aulast=McMurry&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN+SA&amp;rft.place=Warszawa&amp;rft.isbn=83-01-14401-7"></span></cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714083855/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1918/planck-lecture.html">Lewis G.N. <i>The Conservation of Photons</i></a>.&#32;nobelprize.org.&#32;[zarchiwizowane z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1918/planck-lecture.html">tego adresu</a>&#32;(2017-07-14)].</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a> Vol. 118, Part 2, December 18, 1926, page 874-875</li></ul> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin:auto;text-align:center;padding:3px;margin-top:1em;clear:both}.mw-parser-output table.navbox:not(.pionowy){width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{border-top:0;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy{width:250px;float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 0.4em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .before,.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .after{padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}</style><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Modele_atom%C3%B3w" title="Szablon:Modele atomów"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dyskusja_szablonu:Modele_atom%C3%B3w" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Modele atomów"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Modele_atom%C3%B3w&amp;action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption">Modele atomów</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist navbox-above above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%85dro_atomowe" title="Jądro atomowe">Jądro atomowe</a></li></ul> </div><div class="flex"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fizyka_klasyczna" title="Fizyka klasyczna">klasyczne</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teoria_atomistyczna_Daltona" title="Teoria atomistyczna Daltona">model Daltona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_atomu_Thomsona" title="Model atomu Thomsona">model Thomsona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_atomu_Lewisa" title="Model atomu Lewisa">model Lewisa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_atomu_Nagaoki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Model atomu Nagaoki (strona nie istnieje)">model Nagaoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_atomu_Rutherforda" title="Model atomu Rutherforda">model Rutherforda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_atomu_Gryzi%C5%84skiego" title="Model atomu Gryzińskiego">model Gryzińskiego</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mechanika_kwantowa" title="Mechanika kwantowa">kwantowe</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_atomu_Bohra" title="Model atomu Bohra">model Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_atomu_Bohra-Sommerfelda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Model atomu Bohra-Sommerfelda (strona nie istnieje)">model Bohra-Sommerfelda</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;">&#65279;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360686#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q360686">(inne języki)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital" title="Orbital">model Schrödingera</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Naukowiec" title="Naukowiec">uczeni</a> według<br />daty narodzin</th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a3_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/XVIII_wiek" title="XVIII wiek">XVIII wiek</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/XIX_wiek" title="XIX wiek">XIX wiek</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hantaro_Nagaoka&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hantaro Nagaoka (strona nie istnieje)">Hantaro Nagaoka</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;">&#65279;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936356#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q1936356">(inne języki)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gilbert Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3_3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/XX_wiek" title="XX wiek">XX wiek</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Gryzi%C5%84ski" title="Michał Gryziński">Michał Gryziński</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-after after"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Atom_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Atom_symbol.svg/70px-Atom_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Atom_symbol.svg/105px-Atom_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Atom_symbol.svg/140px-Atom_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </p> </div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-p"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a>&#160;(<span class="description">osoba</span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110502475">0000000110502475</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/30534916">30534916</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/n86864516">n86864516</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/118976575">118976575</a></span></li><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_NDL_Authorities" class="extiw" title="de:Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00447581">00447581</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_Universitaire_de_Documentation" title="Système Universitaire de Documentation">SUDOC</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/069667381">069667381</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Australii" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Australii">NLA</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35303406">35303406</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ntk2010537800">ntk2010537800</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holenderska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Holenderska Biblioteka Narodowa">NTA</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/doc/thes/p072509783">072509783</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/BIBSYS" title="BIBSYS">BIBSYS</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90074671">90074671</a></span></li><li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiNii" class="extiw" title="jp:CiNii">CiNii</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00269855">DA00269855</a></span></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" class="extiw" title="en:Open Library">Open Library</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2009927A">OL2009927A</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_(Warszawa)" title="Biblioteka Narodowa (Warszawa)">PLWABN</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810548932705606">9810548932705606</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/NUKAT" title="NUKAT">NUKAT</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/n%202003087559">n2003087559</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007274045105171">987007274045105171</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Portugalii" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Portugalii">PTBNP</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.bn.pt/nca/unimarc-authorities/txt?id=573671">573671</a></span></li><li><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A0leg_d%27autoritats_de_noms_i_t%C3%ADtols_de_Catalunya" class="extiw" title="ca:Catàleg d&#39;autoritats de noms i títols de Catalunya">CANTIC</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cantic.bnc.cat/registres/CUCId/a11023557">a11023557</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_%C5%81otwy" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Łotwy">LNB</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000238049&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">000238049</a></span></li><li><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONOR" class="extiw" title="sl:CONOR">CONOR</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.si/opac7/conor/58288483">58288483</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">PWN</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3932073.html">3932073</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gilbert-N-Lewis">biography/Gilbert-N-Lewis</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Treccani</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gilbert-newton-lewis">gilbert-newton-lewis</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3219" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3219">Universalis</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/gilbert-newton-lewis/">gilbert-newton-lewis</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">NE.se</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/g-n-lewis">g-n-lewis</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&amp;url_prefix=https://snl.no/&amp;id=Gilbert_N._Lewis">Gilbert_N._Lewis</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija" title="Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija">VLE</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gilbert-newton-lewis/">gilbert-newton-lewis</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0037091.xml">0037091</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&amp;url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&amp;id=Gilbert_Newton_Lewis">Gilbert_Newton_Lewis</a></span></li> <li><a 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