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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phytochemicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytochemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alkaloid_biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alkaloid_biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Alkaloid biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alkaloid_biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Traditional medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dietary_supplement_and_warnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_supplement_and_warnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Dietary supplement and warnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_supplement_and_warnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Commercial uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_dye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_dye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Plant dye</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_dye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of 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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodurt" title="Blodurt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blodurt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Կուսական ծաղիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կուսական ծաղիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krvavi_korijen" title="Krvavi korijen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krvavi korijen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സങ്ങിനേറിയ കനാഡെൻസിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സങ്ങിനേറിയ കനാഡെൻസിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguinaria" title="Sanguinaria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sanguinaria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сангвинария – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сангвинария" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguinaria" title="Sanguinaria – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sanguinaria" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguinaria" title="Sanguinaria – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Sanguinaria" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bloodroot" redirects here. For the video game, see <a href="/wiki/Bloodroots" title="Bloodroots">Bloodroots</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the grass genus <i>Sanguinaria</i>, now divided between <i><a href="/wiki/Digitaria" title="Digitaria">Digitaria</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paspalum" title="Paspalum">Paspalum</a></i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Sanguinaria</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanguinaria_canadensis_Arkansas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sanguinaria_canadensis_Arkansas.jpg/220px-Sanguinaria_canadensis_Arkansas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sanguinaria_canadensis_Arkansas.jpg/330px-Sanguinaria_canadensis_Arkansas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sanguinaria_canadensis_Arkansas.jpg/440px-Sanguinaria_canadensis_Arkansas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3033" data-file-height="4549" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_18_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_18_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/220px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/330px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/440px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><br />Secure <small> (<a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Sanguinaria" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranunculales" title="Ranunculales">Ranunculales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papaveroideae" title="Papaveroideae">Papaveroideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelidonieae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chelidonieae (page does not exist)">Chelidonieae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Sanguinaria</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>S. canadensis</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Sanguinaria canadensis</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">L.</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Sanguinaria canadensis</b></i>, <b>bloodroot</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> native to eastern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the <a href="/wiki/Monotypic_genus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic genus">only species</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><b>Sanguinaria</b></i>, included in the poppy family <a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a>, and is most closely related to <i><a href="/wiki/Eomecon" title="Eomecon">Eomecon</a></i> of eastern Asia. </p><p><i>Sanguinaria canadensis</i> is sometimes known as <b>Canada puccoon</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>bloodwort</b>, <b>redroot</b>, <b>red puccoon</b>, and <b>black paste</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants are variable in leaf and flower shape, and have been separated as a different subspecies due to these variable shapes, indicating a highly variable species. </p><p>In bloodroot, the sap is red and poisonous.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Products made from sanguinaria <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extracts</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Black_salve" title="Black salve">black salve</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Escharotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Escharotic">escharotic</a> and can cause permanent disfiguring <a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">scarring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If applied to the skin, the extract <a href="/wiki/Sanguinarine" title="Sanguinarine">sanguinarine</a> may cause a massive scab of dead flesh where it killed the cells, called an <i><a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">eschar</a></i>. </p><p>Although there are laboratory studies indicating that sanguinaria may have potential in cancer therapy, clinical studies are lacking, and its use is discouraged due to significant toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanguinaria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bloodroot grows from 20 to 50 cm (8 to 20 in) tall. It has one large basal <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaf</a>, up to 25 cm (10 in) across, with five to seven lobes.<sup id="cite_ref-fna_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fna-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaves and flowers sprout from a reddish <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizome</a> with bright orange to red <a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">sap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fna_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fna-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The color of the sap is the reason for the genus name <i>Sanguinaria</i>, from Latin <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sanguinarius#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:sanguinarius">sanguinarius</a></i> "bloody".<sup id="cite_ref-fna_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fna-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rhizomes grow longer each year, and branch to form colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-wihort_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wihort-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants start to bloom before the foliage unfolds in early spring. After blooming, the leaves unfurl to their full size. Plants go dormant in mid to late summer, later than some other <a href="/wiki/Spring_ephemeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring ephemeral">spring ephemerals</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> bloom from March to May depending on the region and climate.<sup id="cite_ref-mnwild_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnwild-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have 8–12 delicate white <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a>, many yellow <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">sepals</a> below the petals, which fall off after the flowers open. Each <a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">flower stem</a> is clasped by a leaf as it emerges from the ground. The flowers open when they are in sunlight and close at night.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are pollinated by small bees and flies. Seeds develop in green pods <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4 to 6 cm (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> to <span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) long, and ripen before the foliage goes dormant. The seeds are round and black to orange-red when ripe, and have white <a href="/wiki/Elaiosome" title="Elaiosome">elaiosomes</a>, which are eaten by ants.<sup id="cite_ref-wihort_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wihort-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin specific epithet <i>canadensis</i> means of Canada<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Stages in the life of bloodroot</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloodroot-apr-2010-clasping-leaves.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaves clasping the flower stems in early spring"><img alt="Leaves clasping the flower stems in early spring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bloodroot-apr-2010-clasping-leaves.jpg/99px-Bloodroot-apr-2010-clasping-leaves.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bloodroot-apr-2010-clasping-leaves.jpg/148px-Bloodroot-apr-2010-clasping-leaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bloodroot-apr-2010-clasping-leaves.jpg/198px-Bloodroot-apr-2010-clasping-leaves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1651" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaves clasping the flower stems in early spring</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloodroot_closeup.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="White petals and yellow stamens"><img alt="White petals and yellow stamens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bloodroot_closeup.JPG/120px-Bloodroot_closeup.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bloodroot_closeup.JPG/180px-Bloodroot_closeup.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bloodroot_closeup.JPG/240px-Bloodroot_closeup.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">White petals and yellow stamens</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanguinariapod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fruit (a pod holding the seeds) in early summer"><img alt="Fruit (a pod holding the seeds) in early summer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sanguinariapod.jpg/57px-Sanguinariapod.jpg" decoding="async" width="57" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sanguinariapod.jpg/85px-Sanguinariapod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sanguinariapod.jpg/114px-Sanguinariapod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1078" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fruit (a pod holding the seeds) in early summer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanguinaria.canadensis(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaves after flowering"><img alt="Leaves after flowering" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sanguinaria.canadensis%2802%29.jpg/117px-Sanguinaria.canadensis%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sanguinaria.canadensis%2802%29.jpg/175px-Sanguinaria.canadensis%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sanguinaria.canadensis%2802%29.jpg/234px-Sanguinaria.canadensis%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaves after flowering</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanguinaire_du_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A carpet of leaves in late spring"><img alt="A carpet of leaves in late spring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sanguinaire_du_Canada.jpg/120px-Sanguinaire_du_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sanguinaire_du_Canada.jpg/180px-Sanguinaire_du_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sanguinaire_du_Canada.jpg/240px-Sanguinaire_du_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A carpet of leaves in late spring</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(Root)_wildflower.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhizomes with orange flesh"><img alt="Rhizomes with orange flesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%28Root%29_wildflower.JPG/120px-%28Root%29_wildflower.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%28Root%29_wildflower.JPG/180px-%28Root%29_wildflower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%28Root%29_wildflower.JPG/240px-%28Root%29_wildflower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rhizomes with orange flesh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanguinaria_canadensis_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade Quebec, Canada"><img alt="Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade Quebec, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sanguinaria_canadensis_009.jpg/120px-Sanguinaria_canadensis_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sanguinaria_canadensis_009.jpg/180px-Sanguinaria_canadensis_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sanguinaria_canadensis_009.jpg/240px-Sanguinaria_canadensis_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Anne-de-la-P%C3%A9rade" title="Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade">Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade</a> Quebec, Canada</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanguinaria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bloodroot is native to eastern North America from <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, and west to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> and down the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_embayment" title="Mississippi embayment">Mississippi embayment</a>. </p><p><i>Sanguinaria canadensis</i> grows in moist to dry woods and thickets, often on <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a> and near shores or streams on slopes. They grow less frequently in clearings and meadows or on dunes, and are rarely found in disturbed sites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanguinaria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bloodroot is one of many plants whose seeds are spread by <a href="/wiki/Ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ants">ants</a>, a process called <a href="/wiki/Myrmecochory" title="Myrmecochory">myrmecochory</a>. The seeds have a fleshy organ called an elaiosome that attracts ants. The ants take the seeds to their nest, where they eat the elaiosomes, and put the seeds in their nest debris, where they are protected until they germinate. They also benefit from growing in a medium made richer by the ant nest debris. </p><p>The flowers produce pollen, but no nectar. Various bees and flies visit the flowers looking in vain for nectar, for instance <a href="/wiki/Halictidae" title="Halictidae">sweat bees</a> in the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Lasioglossum" title="Lasioglossum">Lasioglossum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Halictus" title="Halictus">Halictus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_bee" title="Cuckoo bee">cuckoo bees</a> in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Nomada" title="Nomada">Nomada</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Small_carpenter_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="Small carpenter bee">small carpenter bees</a> (<i>Ceratina</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Bee_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee flies">bee flies</a> in the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Bombylius" title="Bombylius">Bombylius</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Brachypalpus" title="Brachypalpus">Brachypalpus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-fotcr2017_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotcr2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some insects visit the flowers to collect pollen, including <a href="/wiki/Mining_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining bee">mining bees</a> (<i>Andrena</i>), which are the most effective pollinators, and at least one beetle species, <i><a href="/wiki/Asclera_ruficollis" title="Asclera ruficollis">Asclera ruficollis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-fotcr2017_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotcr2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pollinators_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollinators-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-illinois_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illinois-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bitter and toxic leaves and rhizomes are not often eaten by <a href="/wiki/Mammalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalian">mammalian</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-illinois_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illinois-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanguinaria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_Sanguinaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Double_Sanguinaria.jpg/220px-Double_Sanguinaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Double_Sanguinaria.jpg/330px-Double_Sanguinaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Double_Sanguinaria.jpg/440px-Double_Sanguinaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Double-flowered" title="Double-flowered">double-flowered</a> form</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Sanguinaria canadensis</i> is cultivated as an <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plant</a>. The double-flowered forms are prized by gardeners for their large showy white flowers, which are produced very early in the gardening season. Bloodroot flower petals are shed within a day or two of <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a>, so the flower display is short-lived, but the double forms bloom much longer than the normal forms. The double flowers are made up of stamens that have been changed into petal-like parts, making pollination more difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-wihort_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wihort-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The double-flowered <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a> <i>S. canadensis</i> <a href="/wiki/Form_(botany)" title="Form (botany)">f.</a> <i>multiplex</i> 'Plena' has gained the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phytochemicals">Phytochemicals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanguinaria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phytochemicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sanguinaria root is rich in <a href="/wiki/Isoquinoline" title="Isoquinoline">isoquinoline</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a>, mainly sanguinarine and <a href="/wiki/Chelerythrine" title="Chelerythrine">chelerythrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanguinarine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid (see <a href="/wiki/Phenanthridine" title="Phenanthridine">phenanthridine</a>), which, unlike most other alkaloids, has a red color in aqueous solutions. It is present in the greatest concentration in the <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>, and the second greatest in the roots, with lesser amounts found in leaves and flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related compounds in the plant are <a href="/wiki/Berberine" title="Berberine">berberine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protopine" title="Protopine">protopine</a>, among other minor alkaloids.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanguinaria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bloodroot produces <a href="/wiki/Benzylisoquinoline_alkaloids" title="Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids">benzylisoquinoline alkaloids</a>, primarily the toxin sanguinarine. The alkaloids are transported to and stored in the rhizome. </p><p>Sanguinarine kills animal cells by blocking the action of <a href="/wiki/NaKATPase" class="mw-redirect" title="NaKATPase">Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase</a> transmembrane proteins. As a result, applying bloodroot to the skin may destroy tissue and lead to the formation of necrotic tissue, called an <a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">eschar</a>. Bloodroot and its extracts are thus considered <a href="/wiki/Escharotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Escharotic">escharotic</a>. Although applying escharotic agents (including bloodroot) to the skin is sometimes promoted as a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> home treatment for <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancer</a>, these attempts can be severely disfiguring.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salves, most notably <a href="/wiki/Black_salve" title="Black salve">black salve</a>, derived from bloodroot do not remove tumors. Microscopic tumor deposits may remain after visible tumor tissue is burned away, and case reports have shown that in such instances tumor has recurred and/or <a href="/wiki/Metastasize" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasize">metastasized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internal use is not recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-ncsu_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncsu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An overdose of bloodroot extract can cause vomiting and loss of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-ncsu_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncsu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alkaloid_biosynthesis">Alkaloid biosynthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanguinaria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alkaloid biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comparing the <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> and sanguinarine, the final intermediate in common is (<i>S</i>)-<a href="/wiki/Reticuline" title="Reticuline">reticuline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15849302_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15849302-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of species in the <a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a>, as well as plants in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Colchicum" title="Colchicum">Colchicum</a></i> (family <a href="/wiki/Colchicaceae" title="Colchicaceae">Colchicaceae</a>) and genus <i><a href="/wiki/Chondrodendron" title="Chondrodendron">Chondrodendron</a></i> (family <a href="/wiki/Menispermaceae" title="Menispermaceae">Menispermaceae</a>), also produce such benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Plant geneticists have identified and sequenced genes which encode the enzymes required for this production. One enzyme involved is <a href="/wiki/N-methylcoclaurine_3%27-monooxygenase" title="N-methylcoclaurine 3'-monooxygenase">N-methylcoclaurine 3'-monooxygenase</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which produces (<i>S</i>)-3'-hydroxy-<i>N</i>-methylcoclaurine and mendococlaurine from (<i>S</i>)-<i>N</i>-methylcoclaurine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanguinaria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_medicine">Traditional medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanguinaria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Traditional medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bloodroot was used historically by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Americans of the United States">Native Americans</a> for curative properties as an <a href="/wiki/Emetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Emetic">emetic</a>, respiratory aid, and other treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dietary_supplement_and_warnings">Dietary supplement and warnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanguinaria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dietary supplement and warnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bloodroot extracts have also been promoted by some <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a> companies as a treatment or cure for cancer,<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> listed some of these products among its "187 Fake Cancer 'Cures' Consumers Should Avoid".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oral use of products containing bloodroot are strongly associated with the development of oral <a href="/wiki/Leukoplakia" title="Leukoplakia">leukoplakia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bouquot_2002_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bouquot_2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a <a href="/wiki/Premalignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Premalignant">premalignant</a> lesion that may develop into <a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer" title="Oral cancer">oral cancer</a>, although one review disputed this finding.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viadent, a dental product containing bloodroot, was withdrawn from the North American market due to concerns about its potential to cause cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_uses">Commercial uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanguinaria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Commercial uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercial uses of sanguinarine and bloodroot extract include dental hygiene products.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some animal food additives sold and distributed in Europe contain sanguinarine and chelerythrine.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_dye">Plant dye</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanguinaria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Plant dye"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bloodroot is a red <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">natural dye</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Native_American_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American art">Native American artists</a>, especially among southeastern <a href="/wiki/Rivercane" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivercane">rivercane</a> basketmakers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A break in the surface of the plant, especially the roots, reveals a reddish sap which can be used as a dye.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanguinaria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although limited laboratory research indicates potential for sanguinarine to inhibit the growth of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> cells, there are no supportive clinical studies, and its use is discouraged due to <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effects</a> and potential toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanguinaria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orange-root" title="Orange-root">Orange-root</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanguinaria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_18_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_18_November_2021_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regulatory+Toxicology+and+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Viadent+Usage+and+Oral+Leukoplakia%3A+A+Spurious+Association&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=182-96&rft.date=1999-12-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Frtph.1999.1339&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10620468&rft.aulast=Ic&rft.aufirst=Munro&rft.au=Es%2C+Delzell&rft.au=Er%2C+Nestmann&rft.au=Bs%2C+Lynch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanguinaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nolan, Justin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethnobiology.org/node/168">"Northeast Oklahoma, USA."</a> <i>Society of Ethnobotany.</i> 2007 (retrieved 9 Jan 2011)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanguinaria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sanguinaria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sanguinaria">Sanguinaria</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Flora of North America: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=5418&flora_id=1">Distribution map</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210000000000/https://ct-botanical-society.org/plants/view/536">"Connecticut Plants"</a>, Connecticut Botanical Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Connecticut+Plants&rft.pub=Connecticut+Botanical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210000000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fct-botanical-society.org%2Fplants%2Fview%2F536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanguinaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridanature.org/species.asp?species=Sanguinaria_canadensis">Floridanature.org: Bloodroot pictures and information</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dyeing" title="Template:Dyeing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dyeing" title="Template talk:Dyeing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dyeing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dyeing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dyeing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamkari" title="Kalamkari">Kalamkari</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leheria" class="mw-redirect" title="Leheria">Leheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">Mordant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_dye_printing" title="Reactive dye printing">Reactive dye printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resist_dyeing" title="Resist dyeing">Resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_dyeing" title="Ring dyeing">Ring dyeing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibori" title="Shibori">Shibori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">Tie-dye</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/100px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/150px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/200px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_dye" title="Acid dye">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_dye" title="Reactive dye">Reactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_dye" title="Solvent dye">Solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_dye" title="Substantive dye">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dye" title="Sulfur dye">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_dye" title="Vat dye">Vat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disperse_dye" title="Disperse dye">Disperse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_printing" title="Discharge printing">Discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional textile dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cochineal" title="Armenian cochineal">Armenian cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_nigra" title="Juglans nigra">Black walnut</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bloodroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilin" title="Brazilin">Brazilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochineal#Dye" title="Cochineal">Cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcein" title="Orcein">Cudbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechu" title="Catechu">Cutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyewoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maclura_tinctoria" title="Maclura tinctoria">Fustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genista_tinctoria" title="Genista tinctoria">Dyer's broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">Indigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haematoxylum_campechianum" title="Haematoxylum campechianum">Logwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubia" title="Rubia">Madder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric#Dye" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reseda_(plant)" title="Reseda (plant)">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isatis_tinctoria" title="Isatis tinctoria">Woad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_use_of_saffron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade and use of saffron">Use of saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_dyes_of_the_Scottish_Highlands" title="Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands">Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Craft dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dylon" title="Dylon">Dylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumi_(company)" title="Lumi (company)">Inkodye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procion" title="Procion">Procion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rit_(dye)" title="Rit (dye)">Rit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms" title="Glossary of dyeing terms">Glossary of dyeing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dyes" title="List of dyes">List of dyes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Sanguinaria</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14566105" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q14566105">Q14566105</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sanguinaria_(Papaveraceae)" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Sanguinaria (Papaveraceae)">Sanguinaria (Papaveraceae)</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=121703">121703</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/63RN9">63RN9</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/72700">72700</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1SNGG">1SNGG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=129127">129127</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=129127">129127</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2888501">2888501</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=10694">10694</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/51045">51045</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/329396-2">329396-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=18989">18989</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3471">3471</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/945941a6-b92d-4fae-8176-1a5369aa7d3e">945941a6-b92d-4fae-8176-1a5369aa7d3e</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=591992">591992</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/SANGU">SANGU</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A31717-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:31717-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40029302">40029302</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/1644">1644</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000033938">wfo-4000033938</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Sanguinaria canadensis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2724394" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2724394">Q2724394</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sanguinaria_canadensis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Sanguinaria canadensis">Sanguinaria canadensis</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AoFP: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=2216">2216</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=2817">2817</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=121704">121704</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/79HDB">79HDB</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/594962">594962</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SNGCA">SNGCA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220011939">220011939</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5334192">5334192</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=33014">33014</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/51044">51044</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/673993-1">673993-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10858028">10858028</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=18990">18990</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1901">1901</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=284854">284854</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.152149/">2.152149</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3472">3472</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/991ebd81-9046-4bd2-be48-4ad0bca92399">991ebd81-9046-4bd2-be48-4ad0bca92399</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1014682">1014682</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2602762">kew-2602762</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/SACA13">SACA13</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A673993-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:673993-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/16398/wd/Details">16398</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/24000151">24000151</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/7128">7128</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=4971">4971</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000505870">wfo-0000505870</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14566105#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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