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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Wittkower" title="Rudolf Wittkower – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rudolf Wittkower" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Wittkower" title="Rudolf Wittkower – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rudolf Wittkower" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Wittkower" title="Rudolf Wittkower – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rudolf Wittkower" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="رودلف ویتکوور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رودلف ویتکوور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Wittkower" title="Rudolf Wittkower – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rudolf Wittkower" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Wittkower" title="Rudolf Wittkower – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rudolf Wittkower" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="رودولف ويتكوور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رودولف ويتكوور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC" title="ルドルフ・ウィットカウアー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルドルフ・ウィットカウアー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Wittkower" title="Rudolf Wittkower – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rudolf Wittkower" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Виттковер, Рудольф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виттковер, Рудольф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Wittkower" title="Rudolf Wittkower – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rudolf Wittkower" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Rudolf Wittkower</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolf_Wittkower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Rudolf Wittkower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Rudolf_Wittkower.jpg/220px-Rudolf_Wittkower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/de/Rudolf_Wittkower.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="360" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Rudolf Wittkower, 1967</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1901-06-22</span>)</span>22 June 1901<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 October 1971<span style="display:none">(1971-10-11)</span> (aged 70)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, NY, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Art historian</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rudolf Wittkower</b> (22 June 1901 – 11 October 1971) was a British art historian specializing in Italian <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> art and architecture, who spent much of his career in London, but was educated in Germany, and later moved to the United States. Despite having a British father who stayed in Germany after his studies, he was born and raised in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary-of-Art-Historians_Rudolph_2000_Nov_27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary-of-Art-Historians_Rudolph_2000_Nov_27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Margot-Wittkower_Barnett_1994_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margot-Wittkower_Barnett_1994-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Wittkower&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wittkower was born in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> to Henry Wittkower (1865–1942) and Gertrude Ansbach (Wittkower) (1876–1965).<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary-of-Art-Historians_Rudolph_2000_Nov_27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary-of-Art-Historians_Rudolph_2000_Nov_27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His siblings were Kate Wittkower (1900-1968), <a href="/wiki/Werner_Joseph_Wittkower" title="Werner Joseph Wittkower">Werner Joseph Wittkower</a> (1903-1997), and Elly Friedmann (1912-1988).<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook-Emigres-1933-1945_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-Emigres-1933-1945-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Wittkower&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rudolf Wittkower moved to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1933 with his wife <a href="/wiki/Margot_Wittkower" title="Margot Wittkower">Margot Holzmann</a> because they were both Jewish and were fleeing Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary-of-Art-Historians_Margot_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary-of-Art-Historians_Margot-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught at the <a href="/wiki/Warburg_Institute" title="Warburg Institute">Warburg Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> from 1934 to 1956, was appointed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Durning_Lawrence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durning Lawrence (page does not exist)">Durning Lawrence</a> professor at the <a href="/wiki/Slade_School_of_Fine_Art" title="Slade School of Fine Art">Slade School of Fine Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College, London</a> in 1949 and then moved to the United States to work at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> from 1956 to 1969 where he was chairman of the Department of Art History and Archaeology. </p><p>Among Wittkower's books were monographs on <a href="/wiki/Bernini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernini">Bernini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, volumes in standard textbook series, and more individual subjects such as his <i>Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism</i>, "his most significant book".<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary-of-Art-Historians_Rudolph_2000_Nov_27_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary-of-Art-Historians_Rudolph_2000_Nov_27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This introduced an in depth analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Renaissance_architecture" title="Venetian Renaissance architecture">Venetian architect</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a> and his relation to sixteenth century music theory. Part Four specifically deals with how and why Palladio adapted harmonic musical ratios and incorporated them into the physical proportions of his buildings. Although this theory of Palladian proportions was universally accepted after the book's release, recent works in art history have made it the subject of much controversy. Wittkower had encountered this notion that musical harmony may act in a manner analogous to visual harmony in <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, where it was also noted by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wittLBAP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wittLBAP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wittkower was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1959 and the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Alice_Davis_Hitchcock_Award" title="Alice Davis Hitchcock Award">Alice Davis Hitchcock Award</a> posthumously in 1975 for his book <i>Gothic vs. Classic, Architectural Projects in Seventeenth-Century Italy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wittkower died on 11 October 1971. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Wittkower&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism</i> (1949)</li> <li><i>Bernini: The Sculptor of the Roman Baroque</i> (1955)</li> <li><i>The Arts in Western Europe: Italy</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/New_Cambridge_Modern_History" class="mw-redirect" title="New Cambridge Modern History">New Cambridge Modern History</a></i>, vol. 1 (1957), pp. 127–53</li> <li><i>Art and Architecture in Italy, 1600–1750</i> (Penguin/<a href="/wiki/Yale_History_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale History of Art">Yale History of Art</a>, 1958, and revised editions)</li> <li><i>Born Under Saturn: The Character and Conduct of Artists</i> (1963, co-authored with Margot Wittkower)</li> <li><i>The Divine Michelangelo</i> (1964, co-authored with Margot Wittkower)</li> <li><i>Gothic vs. Classic, Architectural Projects in Seventeenth-Century Italy (1974)</i></li> <li><i>Sculpture: Processes and Principles</i> (1977, co-authored with Margot Wittkower)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Wittkower&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inline_references">Inline references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Wittkower&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inline references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dictionary-of-Art-Historians_Rudolph_2000_Nov_27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary-of-Art-Historians_Rudolph_2000_Nov_27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary-of-Art-Historians_Rudolph_2000_Nov_27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary-of-Art-Historians_Rudolph_2000_Nov_27_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREF" class="citation web cs1">Sorensen, Lee R.; Daniels, Monique, eds. (27 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arthistorians.info/wittkowerr">"Rudolf 'Rudi' Wittkower"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Art_Historians" title="Dictionary of Art Historians">Dictionary of Art Historians</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/911730160">911730160</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Art+Historians&rft.atitle=Rudolf+%27Rudi%27+Wittkower&rft.date=2000-11-27&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F911730160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farthistorians.info%2Fwittkowerr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Wittkower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margot-Wittkower_Barnett_1994-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Margot-Wittkower_Barnett_1994_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margot_Wittkower" title="Margot Wittkower">Wittkower, Margot</a> (1994). Barnett, Theresa (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partnershipdisco00witt/page/n9/mode/2up"><i>Partnership and Discovery: Margot and Rudolf Wittkower</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_J._Paul_Getty_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="The J. Paul Getty Trust">The J. Paul Getty Trust</a>. Compiled under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Getty_Center_for_the_History_of_Art_and_the_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities">Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/889835583">889835583</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partnership+and+Discovery%3A+Margot+and+Rudolf+Wittkower&rft.pub=The+J.+Paul+Getty+Trust.+Compiled+under+the+auspices+of+the+Getty+Center+for+the+History+of+Art+and+the+Humanities&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F889835583&rft.aulast=Wittkower&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartnershipdisco00witt%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Wittkower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook-Emigres-1933-1945-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbook-Emigres-1933-1945_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRöder1983" class="citation book cs1">Röder, Werner (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/42208"><i>International Biographical Dictionary of Central European Emigrés 1933–1945</i></a>. Saur. p. 340<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Central+European+Emigr%C3%A9s+1933%E2%80%931945.&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Saur&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6der&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirectory.doabooks.org%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12854%2F42208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Wittkower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dictionary-of-Art-Historians_Margot-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary-of-Art-Historians_Margot_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF" class="citation web cs1">Sorensen, Lee R.; Daniels, Monique (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arthistorians.info/wittkowerm">"Margot Wittkower (<span style="padding-right:0.15em;"><i>née</i></span> Holzmann"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Art_Historians" title="Dictionary of Art Historians">Dictionary of Art Historians</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/911730160">911730160</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Art+Historians&rft.atitle=Margot+Wittkower+%28%3Cspan+style%3D%22padding-right%3A0.15em%3B%22%3En%C3%A9e%3C%2Fspan%3E+Holzmann&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F911730160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farthistorians.info%2Fwittkowerm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Wittkower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wittLBAP-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wittLBAP_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWittkower1940" class="citation journal cs1">Wittkower, Rudolf (1940). "Alberti's Approach to Antiquity in Architecture". <i>Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</i>. <b>4</b> (1/2: Oct., 1940 – Jan., 1941). London: Warburg Institute: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F750120">10.2307/750120</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/750120">750120</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195049595">195049595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Warburg+and+Courtauld+Institutes&rft.atitle=Alberti%27s+Approach+to+Antiquity+in+Architecture&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1%2F2%3A+Oct.%2C+1940+%E2%80%93+Jan.%2C+1941&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195049595%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F750120%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F750120&rft.aulast=Wittkower&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Wittkower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/rudolf-j-wittkower">"Rudolf J. Wittkower"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Rudolf+J.+Wittkower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Frudolf-j-wittkower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Wittkower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Rudolf+Wittkower&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DRudolf%2BWittkower%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Wittkower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCramerYankopolus2005" class="citation book cs1">Cramer, James P.; Yankopolus (1 November 2005). <i>Almanac of Architecture & Design 2006</i>. Greenway Communications. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0975565427" title="Special:BookSources/0975565427"><bdi>0975565427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanac+of+Architecture+%26+Design+2006&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Greenway+Communications&rft.date=2005-11-01&rft.isbn=0975565427&rft.aulast=Cramer&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft.au=Yankopolus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Wittkower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Wittkower&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 100em"> <ol type="i" start="1"> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Rosand" title="David Rosand">Rosand, David</a> (Fall 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Fall2003/witt.schapiro.html">"Making Art History at Columbia: Meyer Schapiro and Rudolf Wittkower"</a>. <i>Columbia Magazine</i>. <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-3893">0162-3893</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Magazine&rft.atitle=Making+Art+History+at+Columbia%3A+Meyer+Schapiro+and+Rudolf+Wittkower&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0162-3893&rft.aulast=Rosand&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Falumni%2FMagazine%2FFall2003%2Fwitt.schapiro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Wittkower" class="Z3988"></span> <ol type="a" start="1"> <li> Preprinted: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosand," class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Rosand" title="David Rosand">Rosand, David</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l1os3mwQkxYC&q=wittkower&pg=PA117">"Making Art History at Columbia: Meyer Schapiro and Rudolf Wittkower"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Wm._Theodore_de_Bary" title="Wm. Theodore de Bary">De Bary, Wm. Theodore</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l1os3mwQkxYC&q=wittkower&pg=PA117"><i>Living Legacies at Columbia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">117–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2311-3884-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-2311-3884-9"><bdi>0-2311-3884-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006000033">2006000033</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62804985">62804985</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Making+Art+History+at+Columbia%3A+Meyer+Schapiro+and+Rudolf+Wittkower&rft.btitle=Living+Legacies+at+Columbia&rft.place=Manhattan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62804985&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006000033&rft.isbn=0-2311-3884-9&rft.aulast=Rosand&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl1os3mwQkxYC%26q%3Dwittkower%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Wittkower" class="Z3988"></span></li></ol> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/David_Rosand" title="David Rosand">David Rosand</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Fall2003/witt.schapiro.html">"Making Art History at Columbia: Meyer Schapiro and Rudolf Wittkower".</a> <i>Columbia Magazine</i>. </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Howard" title="Deborah Howard">Howard, Deborah</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/989568">"Four Centuries of Literature on Palladio"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Society_of_Architectural_Historians" title="Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians">Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians</a></i>, Vol. 39, No. 3 (October 1980), 224–241.</li></ol> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Wittkower&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Henry Millon, “Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism: Its Influence on the Development and Interpretation of Modern Architecture,” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 31, no. 2 (1972): 83–91.</li> <li>J. S. Ackerman, “Rudolf Wittkower’s Influence on the History of Architecture,” Source 8, no. 4, and 9, no. 1 (Summer/Fall 1989): 87–90.</li> <li>J. Montagu and J. Connors, “Rudolf Wittkower, 1901–1971,” in Art and Architecture in Italy 1600–1750 by R. Wittkower (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), 1:ixff.</li> <li>U. Wendland, “Rudolf Wittkower,” Biographisches Handbuch deutschsprachiger Kunsthistoriker im Exil (Munich: Saur, 1999), 779–90.</li> <li>G. Romano, Storie dell’arte: Toesca, Longhi, Wittkower, Previtali (Rome: Donzelli, 1998), 65–92.</li> <li>Alina Payne, Rudolf Wittkower, 1994 and 2008; traduzione di Francesco Peri, Rudolf Wittkower, Torino, Bollati Boringhieri, 2011.</li> <li>Daniel Sherer, "Panofsky on Architecture: Iconology and the Interpretation of Built Form, 1915-1956," Part I, History of Humanities 5 (2019), 189ff: section 1: "Panofsky vs. Wittkower: Independence and Interdependence of Architecture in the Aesthetic Field."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079491">Finding aid to Rudolf Wittkower papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215999#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3572" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215999#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3572" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215999#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121244811">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24618617">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/4482/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJymwwQ3gwD7kRT3mx7vHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118807722">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50014455">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12038930d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12038930d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00461268">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wittkower, Rudolf"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV039970">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35615962">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk2009485709&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1071533">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068462832">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90054745">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000010515&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000012361&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018P0875">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810647511705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/11402">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007463270605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513199506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14694840">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01163044?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500218491">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/444976">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1015819">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118807722.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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