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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_posthumous_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_posthumous_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Death and posthumous work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_posthumous_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies_of_Radcliffe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies_of_Radcliffe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Biographies of Radcliffe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies_of_Radcliffe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Literary life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anti-Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gothic_landscapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gothic_landscapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gothic landscapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gothic_landscapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_later_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_later_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence on later writers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_later_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fictional depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Books-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Books subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gothic_novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gothic_novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Gothic novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gothic_novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumously_published_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumously_published_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Posthumously published poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumously_published_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travelogue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travelogue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Travelogue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travelogue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ann Radcliffe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81" title="آن رادكليف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آن رادكليف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Radklif" title="Anna Radklif – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anna Radklif" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Ан Радклиф – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ан Радклиф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffov%C3%A1" title="Ann Radcliffová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ann Radcliffová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%BD_%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%86" title="Ανν Ράντκλιφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανν Ράντκλιφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Ward_Radcliffe" title="Ann Ward Radcliffe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ann Ward Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81" title="آن رادکلیف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آن رادکلیف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A4_%EB%9E%98%EB%93%9C%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%AC%ED%94%84" title="앤 래드클리프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앤 래드클리프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B6%D5%B6_%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%A4%D6%84%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%86" title="Էնն Ռեդքլիֆ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էնն Ռեդքլիֆ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A3" title="אן רדקליף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אן רדקליף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ანა რადკლიფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანა რადკლიფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Radcliffe" title="Anna Radcliffe – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anna Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Ен Редклиф – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ен Редклиф" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D" title="ആൻ റാഡ്ക്ലിഫ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൻ റാഡ്ക്ലിഫ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81" title="ان رادكليف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ان رادكليف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%89%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95" title="アン・ラドクリフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アン・ラドクリフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Радклиф, Анна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радклиф, Анна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Ен Редклиф – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ен Редклиф" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Анна Радклиф – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Анна Радклиф" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ann Radcliffe" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the 17th-century benefactor of Harvard, <a href="/wiki/Anne_(Radcliffe)_Mowlson" title="Anne (Radcliffe) Mowlson">Anne (Radcliffe) Mowlson</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Ann Radcliffe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ann_Radcliffe_etching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ann_Radcliffe_etching.jpg/220px-Ann_Radcliffe_etching.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ann_Radcliffe_etching.jpg/330px-Ann_Radcliffe_etching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ann_Radcliffe_etching.jpg/440px-Ann_Radcliffe_etching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="2719" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Ann Ward<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1764-07-09</span>)</span>9 July 1764<br /><a href="/wiki/Holborn" title="Holborn">Holborn</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">7 February 1823<span style="display:none">(1823-02-07)</span> (aged 58)<br />London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Novelist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ann Radcliffe</b> (née <b>Ward</b>; 9 July 1764 – 7 February 1823) was an English novelist, a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a>, and a minor poet. Her technique of explaining apparently <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> elements in her novels has been credited with gaining respectability for Gothic fiction in the 1790s.<sup id="cite_ref-British_Library_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Library-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radcliffe was the most popular writer of her day and almost universally admired; contemporary critics called her the "mighty enchantress" and the <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> of romance-writers, and her popularity continued through the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interest in Radcliffe and her work has revived in the early 21st century, with the publication of three biographies.<sup id="cite_ref-Facer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radcliffe was born Ann Ward in <a href="/wiki/Holborn" title="Holborn">Holborn</a>, London on 9 July 1764.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the only child of William Ward (1737–1798) and Ann Oates (1726–1800).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19963_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers19963-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographies of Radcliffe typically emphasize her illustrious distant relatives over her close relatives, who were in <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, as part of cultivating a genteel and ladylike reputation for her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199913_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199913-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of her birth, her father owned a <a href="/wiki/Haberdasher" title="Haberdasher">haberdasher</a> shop in London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19963_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers19963-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her mother came from a family of leadmakers and <a href="/wiki/Glazier" title="Glazier">glaziers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199922_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199922-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father had a famous uncle, <a href="/wiki/William_Cheselden" title="William Cheselden">William Cheselden</a>, who was Surgeon to <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a>; her mother descended from the <a href="/wiki/De_Witt_(family)" title="De Witt (family)">De Witt family</a> of Holland and her cousins included <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Jebb,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Jebb, 1st Baronet">Sir Richard Jebb</a>, a fashionable London physician,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19963_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers19963-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Bishop, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hallifax" title="Samuel Hallifax">Samuel Hallifax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199914_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199914-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1772, Radcliffe's father moved to <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> to manage a shop owned by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bentley_(manufacturer)" title="Thomas Bentley (manufacturer)">Thomas Bentley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a>, makers of <a href="/wiki/Wedgwood" title="Wedgwood">Wedgwood porcelain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19963_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers19963-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Bentley and Wedgwood discussed in their correspondence, the shop was intended to sell second-rate goods to the less-discerning tourists of Bath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199942–3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199942–3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radcliffe's father also supplemented his income by renting rooms to lodgers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199943_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199943-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bentley was Radcliffe's maternal uncle, and more respectable as a land-owning member of the <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a>. She often paid extended visits to his home in <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea, London</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Turnham_Green" title="Turnham Green">Turnham Green</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199925_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199925-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199929_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199929-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wedgwood's daughter <a href="/wiki/Susannah_Darwin" title="Susannah Darwin">Susannah</a>, known by the nickname Sukey, also stayed in Chelsea and is Radcliffe's only known childhood companion.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199929_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199929-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although mixing in some distinguished circles, Radcliffe seems to have made little impression in this society and was described by Wedgwood as "Bentley's shy little niece".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199931–33_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199931–33-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bentley and Wedgwood were both <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199927_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199927-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was Radcliffe's grand-uncle Dr. <a href="/wiki/John_Jebb_(reformer)" title="John Jebb (reformer)">John Jebb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199914_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199914-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radcliffe herself regularly attended <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Anglican</a> church services, but her biographer <a href="/wiki/Rictor_Norton" title="Rictor Norton">Rictor Norton</a> suggests that she remained sympathetic to Unitarian and <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199918_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199918-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1787, when Radcliffe was 23 years old, she married William Radcliffe (1763–1830), an <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>-educated journalist. William had initially been a student of law, but he did not complete his legal studies and instead turned his attention to literature and journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple were married in Bath, but soon after moved to London, where William Radcliffe got a job working for a paper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers1996_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1996-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote for (and soon became the editor of) the <i><a href="/wiki/Gazetteer_and_New_Daily_Advertiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser">Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser</a></i>, a campaigning newspaper that "celebrated the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, freedom of the press, and <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenters' rights</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ann and William Radcliffe never had children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19964_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers19964-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By many accounts, theirs was a happy marriage. Radcliffe called him her "nearest relative and friend".<sup id="cite_ref-Facer_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Talfourd's memoir, Ann started writing while her husband remained out late most evenings for work.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She published her first novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Castles_of_Athlin_and_Dunbayne" title="The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne">The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne</a>,</i> in 1789 at the age of 25, and published her next four novels in short succession. The money she earned from her novels later allowed her husband to quit his job, and the two of them travelled together, along with their dog, Chance. In 1794, they went to the Netherlands and Germany. This was Radcliffe's only trip abroad, and it became the inspiration for a <a href="/wiki/Travelogue_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Travelogue (literature)">travelogue</a>, titled <i><a href="/wiki/A_Journey_Made_in_the_Summer_of_1794" title="A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794">A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794</a></i>, that she published a year later. On this trip, the Radcliffes were initially meant to go on to Switzerland, but this plan was "frustrated by a disobliging official, who refused to believe that they were English, and would not honour their passports."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1795, William returned as editor of the <i>Gazetteer</i>, and a year later, he purchased the <a href="/wiki/English_Chronicle" title="English Chronicle"><i>English Chronicle</i> <i>or</i> <i>Universal Evening Post</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> newspaper. Ann Radcliffe published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Italian_(Radcliffe_novel)" title="The Italian (Radcliffe novel)">The Italian</a></i> in 1797, the last novel she would publish in her lifetime. She was paid £800 for it, which was three times her husband's yearly income.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In her final years, Radcliffe retreated from public life and was rumoured to have gone insane as a result of her writing.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rumours arose because Radcliffe seemingly abandoned writing after publishing her fifth novel and vanished from the public eye. While these rumours were later proven false, they were so popular that Talfourd's memoir included a statement from her physician that spoke about her mental condition in her later years.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radcliffe lived privately for 26 years, with no explanation available to her many fans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton19993_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton19993-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her retreat from public life spurred rumours of a dramatic seclusion is Derbyshire, but <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Monthly_Magazine" title="The New Monthly Magazine">The New Monthly Magazine</a></i> states that the tenor of Radcliffe's life was characterized by the rare union of the literary gentlewoman and the active housewife. She was seen, every Sunday, at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Church,_Clerkenwell" title="St James's Church, Clerkenwell">St James's Church</a>; almost every fine day in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a>; sometimes at the theatres, and very frequently at the Opera.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radcliffe spent the rest of her adult life travelling and living a comfortable life with her husband and their dog, Chance. They travelled domestically almost once a year from 1797 to 1811, and in later years, the Radcliffes hired a carriage during the summer months so that they could make trips to places near London. Radcliffe continued to write.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She wrote poetry and another novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Gaston_de_Blondeville" title="Gaston de Blondeville">Gaston de Blondeville</a></i>, which was not published until after her death. She was said to have suffered from <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, for which she received regular treatment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_posthumous_work">Death and posthumous work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death and posthumous work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1823, Radcliffe went to <a href="/wiki/Ramsgate" title="Ramsgate">Ramsgate</a>, where she caught a fatal chest infection. She died 7 February 1823 at the age of 58 and was buried in a vault in the Chapel of Ease at St George's, <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Square,_Westminster" title="Hanover Square, Westminster">Hanover Square</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although she had suffered from asthma for twelve years previously,<sup id="cite_ref-Facer_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> her modern biographer, <a href="/wiki/Rictor_Norton" title="Rictor Norton">Rictor Norton</a>, argues that she likely died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> caused by a bronchial infection, citing the description given by her physician, Dr. Scudamore, of how "a new inflammation seized the membranes of the brain".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton1999243_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton1999243-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three years after her death, <i><a href="/wiki/Gaston_de_Blondeville" title="Gaston de Blondeville">Gaston de Blondeville</a></i> was published by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Colburn" title="Henry Colburn">Henry Colburn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also contained some of her poetry and her essay "On the Supernatural in Poetry", which outlines her distinction between terror and horror.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies_of_Radcliffe">Biographies of Radcliffe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biographies of Radcliffe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first biography of Radcliffe was published as a preface to some of her posthumous works in 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19962_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers19962-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was written by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Noon_Talfourd" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Noon Talfourd">Thomas Noon Talfourd</a>, using extracts from Racdliffe's journals and information provided by her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19962_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers19962-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many subsequent biographies have been written, but all faced the same problems of limited source material.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton1999_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton1999-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radcliffe's journals are not extant, so the only material known from them is that which Talfourd excerpted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19962_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers19962-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">bibliographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Deborah_D._Rogers" title="Deborah D. Rogers">Deborah D. Rogers</a> was able to identify only a limited number of extant documents related to Radcliffe's life: a forty-two page <a href="/wiki/Commonplace_book" title="Commonplace book">commonplace book</a>, a letter to someone named Miss Williamson, and her original contract for <i>Udolpho</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19961–2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers19961–2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christina_Rossetti" title="Christina Rossetti">Christina Rossetti</a> attempted to write a biography of Radcliffe in 1883, but abandoned it for lack of information.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton1999_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton1999-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next biographies completed were Aline Grant's <i>Ann Radcliffe: A Biography</i> (1951) and Pierre Arnaud's <i>Ann Radcliffe et le fantisque: essai de psychobiographie</i> (1976).<sup id="cite_ref-Norton1999_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton1999-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rictor Norton, author of <i>Mistress of Udolpho: The Life of Ann Radcliffe</i> (1999), argues that these years were "dominated by interpretation rather than scholarship" where information (specifically on her rumoured madness) was repeated rather than traced to a reliable source.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton1999_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton1999-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_life">Literary life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literary life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radcliffe published five novels during her lifetime, which she always referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romances</a>". Her first novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Castles_of_Athlin_and_Dunbayne" title="The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne">The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne</a></i>, was published anonymously in 1789. Early reviews were mostly unenthusiastic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers1996_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1996-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Review (London)">The Monthly Review</a></i> said that, while the novel was commendable for its morality, it appealed only to women and children: "To men who have passed, or even attained, the meridian of life, a series of events, which seem not to have their foundation in nature, will ever be insipid, if not disgustful”. It was also largely criticized for its anachronisms and inauthentic renderings of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One year later, Radcliffe published her second novel, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Sicilian_Romance" title="A Sicilian Romance">A Sicilian Romance</a></i>, which proved a success, and, as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> recalled: "we ourselves well recollect, attracted in no ordinary degree the attention of the public."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1791, she published her third novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Romance_of_the_Forest" title="The Romance of the Forest">The Romance of the Forest</a>.</i> Like her first two novels, this book was initially published anonymously. On the original title page, it stated that the novel was “By the Authoress of A Sicilian Romance”.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers1996_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1996-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Romance of the Forest</i> was popular with readers, and in the second edition, Radcliffe began adding her own name to the title page. </p><p>In 1794, three years later, Radcliffe published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysteries_of_Udolpho" title="The Mysteries of Udolpho">The Mysteries of Udolpho</a>.</i> At a time when the average amount earned by an author for a manuscript was £10, her publishers, G. G. and J. Robinson, bought the copyright for this novel for £500,<sup id="cite_ref-British_Library_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Library-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was a quick success. The money from this novel allowed her and her husband to travel to the Netherlands and Germany, which she described in her travelogue <i><a href="/wiki/A_Journey_Made_in_the_Summer_of_1794" title="A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794">A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794</a></i> (1795).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1797, Radcliffe published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Italian_(Radcliffe_novel)" title="The Italian (Radcliffe novel)">The Italian</a>,</i> the last novel published in her lifetime. Cadell and Davies paid £800, making Radcliffe the highest-paid professional writer of the 1790s.<sup id="cite_ref-British_Library_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Library-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This novel was written in response to <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Gregory_Lewis" title="Matthew Gregory Lewis">Matthew Gregory Lewis</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monk" title="The Monk">The Monk</a></i> because Radcliffe did not like the direction in which <a href="/wiki/Gothic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic literature">Gothic literature</a> was heading. <a href="/wiki/Nick_Groom" title="Nick Groom">Nick Groom</a>, writes that in <i>The Italian</i>, Radcliffe "takes the violence and <a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">eroticism</a> that so titillated readers of <i>The Monk</i> and subsumes them beneath the veil and the cowl of oppressive <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A final novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Gaston_de_Blondeville" title="Gaston de Blondeville">Gaston de Blondeville</a></i> was published posthumously in 1826. This novel was published with Talfourd's memoir and Radcliffe's unfinished essay "On the Supernatural in Poetry", which details the difference between the sensation of terror her works aimed to achieve and the horror Lewis sought to evoke.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radcliffe stated that terror aims to stimulate readers through imagination and perceived evils, while horror closes them off through fear and physical dangers:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Terror and Horror are so far opposite, that the first expands the soul and awakens the faculties to a high degree of life; the other contracts, freezes and nearly annihilates them."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radcliffe portrayed her female characters as equal to male characters, allowing them to dominate and overtake the typically powerful male villains and heroes, creating new roles for women in literature previously not available.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radcliffe was also known for including <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> elements but eventually giving readers a rational explanation for the supernatural. Usually, Radcliffe would reveal the logical excuse for what first appeared to be supernatural towards the end of her novels, which led to heightened suspense. Some critics and readers found this disappointing. Regarding Radcliffe's penchant for explaining the supernatural, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> writes in <i>Lives of the Novelists</i> (1821–1824): “A stealthy step behind the arras may, doubtless, in some situations, and when the nerves are tuned to a certain pitch, have no small influence upon the imagination; but if the conscious listener discovers it to be only the noise made by the cat, the solemnity of the feeling is gone, and the visionary is at once angry with his sense for having been cheated, and with his reason for having acquiesced in the deception."<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_2016_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_2016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern critics have been frustrated by her work, as she fails to include "real ghosts". This could be motivated by the idea that works in the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic period</a>, from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, sought to undermine <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> values such as <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_2016_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_2016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anti-Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radcliffe's work have been considered by some scholars to be part of a larger tradition of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">anti-Catholicism</a> within Gothic literature; her works contain hostile portrayals of both <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> and Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Italian</i> frequently presents Catholicism, the largest religion in Italy, in a negative light. In the novel, Radcliffe portrays Catholic elements such as the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> unfavourably, pointing to its discriminatory practises against non-Catholics. Radcliffe also portrays the <a href="/wiki/Confessional" title="Confessional">confessional</a> as a "danger zone" controlled by the power of the priest and the church.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Mysteries of Udolpho</i> also contained negative portrayals of Catholicism; both novels are set in Catholic-majority Italy, and Catholicism was presented as being part of "ancient Italianess". Italy, along with its Catholicism, had been featured in earlier Gothic literature; <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_of_Otranto" title="The Castle of Otranto">The Castle of Otranto</a></i> claimed in-universe that it was "found in the library of an ancient catholic family in the north of England" and "printed at <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, in the black letter, in the year 1529".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have suggested that Radcliffe's anti-Catholicism was partly a response to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1791" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791">1791 Roman Catholic Relief Act</a> passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">British parliament</a>, which was a major component of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a> in Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars have suggested that Radcliffe was ultimately ambivalent towards Catholicism, claiming that she was a <a href="/wiki/Latitudinarian" title="Latitudinarian">Latitudinarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gothic_landscapes">Gothic landscapes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gothic landscapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radcliffe used the framing narrative of <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personifying</a> nature in many of her novels. For example, she believed that the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a> motivated the protagonist to create an image that was more idealistic within the plot.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her elaborate descriptions of landscape were influenced by the painters <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude Lorrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salvator_Rosa" title="Salvator Rosa">Salvator Rosa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199926–33_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199926–33-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She often wrote about places she had never visited. Lorrain's influence can be seen through Radcliffe's picturesque, romantic descriptions, for example in the first volume of <i>The Mysteries of Udolpho</i>. Rosa's influence can be seen through dark landscapes and elements of the Gothic. </p><p>Radcliffe once said of Claude:<sup id="cite_ref-Facer_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In a shaded corner, near the chimney, a most exquisite Claude, an evening view, perhaps over the Campagna of Rome. The sight of this picture imparted much of the luxurious repose and satisfaction, which we derive from contemplating the finest scenes of nature. Here was the poet, as well as the painter, touching the imagination, and making you see more than the picture contained. You saw the real light of the sun, you breathed the air of the country, you felt all the circumstances of a luxurious climate on the most serene and beautiful landscape; and the mind thus softened, you almost fancied you hear Italian music in the air.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_later_writers">Influence on later writers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Influence on later writers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright letterhead" style="width:250px; border:none; font-size: 95%; color: #202122;background-color: transparent; padding:2.0em"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: transparent;"> </div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>I have read all Mrs. Radcliffe’s works, and most of them with great pleasure. The Mysteries of Udolpho, when I had once begun it, I could not lay down again;—I remember finishing it in two days—my hair standing on end the whole time.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style=""> — Henry Tilney in <i><a href="/wiki/Northanger_Abbey" title="Northanger Abbey">Northanger Abbey</a></i> (1817) by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a></cite></div> </div> <p>Radcliffe influenced many later authors, both by inspiring more Gothic fiction and by inspiring <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parodies</a>. In the eighteenth century, she inspired writers like <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Lewis_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Lewis (writer)">Matthew Lewis</a> (1775–1818) and the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a> (1740–1814), who praised her work but produced more intensely violent fiction. Radcliffe is known for having spawned a large number of imitators of the "Radcliffe School", such as <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Lee_(writer)" title="Harriet Lee (writer)">Harriet Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cuthbertson" title="Catherine Cuthbertson">Catherine Cuthbertson</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> (1775–1817) parodied <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysteries_of_Udolpho" title="The Mysteries of Udolpho">The Mysteries of Udolpho</a></i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Northanger_Abbey" title="Northanger Abbey">Northanger Abbey</a></i> (1817), and she defined her fiction as a contrast to Radcliffe and writers like her. Scholars have also perceived other apparent allusions to Radcliffe's novels and life in Austen's work.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early nineteenth century, Radcliffe influenced <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> (1809–1849), and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a> (1771–1832). Scott interspersed his work with poems in a similar manner to Radcliffe, and one assessment of her reads, "Scott himself said that her prose was poetry and her poetry was prose. She was, indeed, a <a href="/wiki/Prose_poetry" title="Prose poetry">prose poet</a>, in both the best and the worst senses of the phrase. The romantic landscape, the background, is the best thing in all her books; the characters are two dimensional, the plots far fetched and improbable, with 'elaboration of means and futility of result'."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a> continued Radcliffe's Gothic tradition with their novels <i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Eyre" title="Jane Eyre">Jane Eyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villette_(novel)" title="Villette (novel)">Villette</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wuthering_Heights" title="Wuthering Heights">Wuthering Heights</a>.</i> </p><p>Radcliffe was also admired by French authors including <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a> (1799–1850), <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> (1802–1885), <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a> (1802–1870), <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a> (1804-1876), and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a> (1821–1867).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>'s novel of the supernatural <i>L'Héritière de Birague</i> (1822) follows and parodies Radcliffe's style.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Russell_Mitford" title="Mary Russell Mitford">Mary Russell Mitford</a> notes in a letter from 1849 the French admiration for Radcliffe: </p> <blockquote><p>The only one whom they appear really to appreciate is Mrs. Radcliffe — Anne Radcliffe, as they call her, for they do not even mis-spell her name. It is quite amusing to see how much a writer, wellnigh forgotten in England, is admired in France. I dare say, now, you never read a page of her novels, and yet such critics as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustin_Sainte-Beuve" title="Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve">Ste.-Beuve</a>, such poets as Victor Hugo, such novelists as Balzac and George Sand, to say nothing of a thousand inferior writers, talk of her in raptures. I will venture to say that she is quoted fifty times where Scott is quoted once.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /></p></blockquote> <p>As a child, <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a> was deeply impressed by Radcliffe. In <i><a href="/wiki/Winter_Notes_on_Summer_Impressions" title="Winter Notes on Summer Impressions">Winter Notes on Summer Impressions</a></i> (1863) he writes, "I used to spend the long winter hours before bed listening (for I could not yet read), agape with ecstasy and terror, as my parents read aloud to me from the novels of Ann Radcliffe. Then I would rave deliriously about them in my sleep." A number of scholars have noted elements of Gothic literature in Dostoyevsky's novels,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some have tried to show direct influence of Radcliffe's work.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_depictions">Fictional depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fictional depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1875, <a href="/wiki/Paul_F%C3%A9val" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Féval">Paul Féval</a> wrote a story starring Radcliffe as a <a href="/wiki/Vampire_hunter" title="Vampire hunter">vampire hunter</a>, titled <i>La Ville Vampire: Adventure Incroyable de Madame Anne Radcliffe</i> ("City of Vampires: The Incredible Adventure of Mrs. Anne Radcliffe"), which blends fiction and history.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Helen_McCrory" title="Helen McCrory">Helen McCrory</a> plays Ann Radcliffe in the 2007 film <i><a href="/wiki/Becoming_Jane" title="Becoming Jane">Becoming Jane</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway" title="Anne Hathaway">Anne Hathaway</a> as <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>. The film depicts Radcliffe meeting the young Jane Austen and encouraging her to pursue a literary career. No evidence exists that such a meeting ever occurred. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gothic_novels">Gothic novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gothic novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Castles_of_Athlin_and_Dunbayne" title="The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne">The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne</a></i> (1789)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sicilian_Romance" title="A Sicilian Romance">A Sicilian Romance</a></i> (1790)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Romance_of_the_Forest" title="The Romance of the Forest">The Romance of the Forest</a></i> (1791)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysteries_of_Udolpho" title="The Mysteries of Udolpho">The Mysteries of Udolpho</a></i> (1794)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Italian_(Radcliffe_novel)" title="The Italian (Radcliffe novel)">The Italian</a></i> (1797)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaston_de_Blondeville" title="Gaston de Blondeville">Gaston de Blondeville</a></i> (written c. 1802, published posthumously 1826)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumously_published_poetry">Posthumously published poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Posthumously published poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>St. Albans Abbey, a Metrical Tale</i> (1826) – a Gothic epic poem in ten Cantos</li> <li><i>Edwy</i> (1826) – a short Gothic epic poem in three Cantos</li> <li><i>The Poetical Works of Ann Radcliffe</i> (1826) – a 2-volume collection of all poems written by Mrs. Radcliffe containing amongst others: <ul><li>"Salisbury Plains: Stonehenge"</li> <li>"Shakespeare's Cliff"</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travelogue">Travelogue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Travelogue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Journey_Made_in_the_Summer_of_1794" title="A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794">A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794</a></i> (1795)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In later years, Wedgwood rarely mentioned the Bath shop, which he considered an embarrassing failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199943_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199943-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radcliffe's father promoted the store through newspaper advertisements and hand-delivered flyers, which Wedgwood considered vulgar and appalling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199942–3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199942–3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sukey later married Dr. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Darwin" title="Robert Darwin">Robert Darwin</a> and had a son, the naturalist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199929_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199929-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-British_Library-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British_Library_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-British_Library_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-British_Library_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The British Library <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/an-introduction-to-ann-radcliffe">Retrieved 12 November 2016.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/novel_18c/radcliffe/index.html">"Ann Radcliffe"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ann+Radcliffe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.brooklyn.cuny.edu%2Fenglish%2Fmelani%2Fnovel_18c%2Fradcliffe%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Facer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Facer_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facer_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facer_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facer_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chawton House Library: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chawtonhouse.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Ann-Radcliffe.pdf">Ruth Facer, "Ann Radcliffe (1764–1823)"</a>, retrieved 1 December 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2005_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles2005">Miles 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers19963-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19963_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19963_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19963_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19963_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1996">Rogers 1996</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199913-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199913_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorton1999">Norton 1999</a>, p. 13.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNorton1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199922-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199922_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorton1999">Norton 1999</a>, p. 22.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNorton1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199914-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199914_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199914_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorton1999">Norton 1999</a>, p. 14.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNorton1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199942–3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199942–3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199942–3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorton1999">Norton 1999</a>, pp. 42–3.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNorton1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199943-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199943_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199943_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorton1999">Norton 1999</a>, p. 43.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNorton1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199925-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199925_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorton1999">Norton 1999</a>, p. 25.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNorton1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199929-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199929_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199929_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199929_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorton1999">Norton 1999</a>, p. 29.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNorton1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199931–33-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199931–33_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorton1999">Norton 1999</a>, pp. 31–33.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNorton1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199927-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199927_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorton1999">Norton 1999</a>, p. 27.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNorton1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199918-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199918_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorton1999">Norton 1999</a>, p. 18.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNorton1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre1920" class="citation book cs1">McIntyre, Clara Frances (1920). <i>Ann Radcliffe in Relation to Her Time</i>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ann+Radcliffe+in+Relation+to+Her+Time&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Clara+Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1996-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers1996_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers1996_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers1996_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1996">Rogers 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Groom, Nick. Introduction. <i>The Italian, or the Confessional of the Black Penitents: A Romance</i>, by Ann Radcliffe, Oxford UP, 2017, pp. ix–xli.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers19964-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19964_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1996">Rogers 1996</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talfourd, Thomas Noon. “Memoir of the life and writings of Mrs. Radcliffe” in Ann Radcliffe, <i>Gaston de Blondeville</i>, Vol.1, pp. 1–132, 1826.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rictornorton.co.uk/gothic/radcliff.htm">"The Life of Ann Radcliffe"</a>. <i>rictornorton.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rictornorton.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+Ann+Radcliffe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frictornorton.co.uk%2Fgothic%2Fradcliff.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton19993-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton19993_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorton1999">Norton 1999</a>, p. 3.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNorton1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New Monthly magazine, 1826, Volume 16, page 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McIntyre, Clara Frances (1920). Ann Radcliffe in Relation to Her Time. Yale University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton1999243-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton1999243_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorton1999">Norton 1999</a>, p. 243.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNorton1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard_Radcliffe1833" class="citation book cs1">Ward Radcliffe, Ann (1833). <i>The Posthumous Works of Anne Radcliffe ... To Which Is Prefixed a Memoir of the Authoress, with Extracts from her Private Journals. (Four Volumes)</i>. London: Henry Colburn. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2777722">2777722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Posthumous+Works+of+Anne+Radcliffe+...+To+Which+Is+Prefixed+a+Memoir+of+the+Authoress%2C+with+Extracts+from+her+Private+Journals.+%28Four+Volumes%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+Colburn&rft.date=1833&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2777722&rft.aulast=Ward+Radcliffe&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers19962-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19962_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19962_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19962_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1996">Rogers 1996</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norton1999-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norton1999_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norton1999_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norton1999_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norton1999_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRictor_Norton1999" class="citation book cs1">Rictor Norton (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OrivAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP8"><i>Mistress of Udolpho: The Life of Ann Radcliffe</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. VII. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84714-269-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84714-269-6"><bdi>978-1-84714-269-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mistress+of+Udolpho%3A+The+Life+of+Ann+Radcliffe&rft.pages=VII&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-84714-269-6&rft.au=Rictor+Norton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOrivAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers19961–2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers19961–2_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1996">Rogers 1996</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28586837"><i>The Critical response to Ann Radcliffe</i></a>. Deborah D. Rogers. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 1994. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-28031-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-28031-2"><bdi>0-313-28031-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28586837">28586837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Critical+response+to+Ann+Radcliffe&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28586837&rft.isbn=0-313-28031-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F28586837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1825" class="citation web cs1">Scott, Walter (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesnovelists01scotgoog/page/n199/mode/2up">"Lives of the Novelists"</a>. Carey & Lea. p. 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Novelists&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Carey+%26+Lea&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesnovelists01scotgoog%2Fpage%2Fn199%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ann-Radcliffe-English-author">"Ann Radcliffe | English author"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ann+Radcliffe+%7C+English+author&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAnn-Radcliffe-English-author&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Lilia_Melani" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Lilia Melani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/engl403–1.2.2-Gothic-History%E2%80%A8.pdf">"Gothic History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/engl403–1.2.2-Gothic-History%E2%80%A8.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gothic+History&rft.au=Dr.+Lilia+Melani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saylor.org%2Fsite%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F05%2Fengl403%E2%80%931.2.2-Gothic-History%25E2%2580%25A8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eighteenth Century Lit, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eighteenthcenturylit.wordpress.com/contemporary-reactions/the-gothic-in-ann-radcliffes-novels/">Ann Radcliffe's Gothic</a>, The Mysteries of Udolpho: Discover the secrets within....</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/gothic/radcliffe1.html">"Radcliffe, On the Supernatural, p. 1"</a>. <i>academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu&rft.atitle=Radcliffe%2C+On+the+Supernatural%2C+p.+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.brooklyn.cuny.edu%2Fenglish%2Fmelani%2Fgothic%2Fradcliffe1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPourteau1997" class="citation thesis cs1">Pourteau, Leslie Katherine (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/ab4d4a384799e096a7ef74b906ca9b76/1"><i><span></span>'The Pride of Conscious Worth': Characterization of the Female in the Novels of Ann Radcliffe</i></a> (PhD dissertation). Texas A&M University. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9 – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%27The+Pride+of+Conscious+Worth%27%3A+Characterization+of+the+Female+in+the+Novels+of+Ann+Radcliffe&rft.inst=Texas+A%26M+University&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Pourteau&rft.aufirst=Leslie+Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Fab4d4a384799e096a7ef74b906ca9b76%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_2016-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_2016_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_2016_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2016" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Adam (2016). "Ann Radcliffe's Scientific Romance". <i>Eighteenth-Century Fiction</i>. <b>28</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">527–</span>545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fecf.28.3.527">10.3138/ecf.28.3.527</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0840-6286">0840-6286</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170625158">170625158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eighteenth-Century+Fiction&rft.atitle=Ann+Radcliffe%27s+Scientific+Romance&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E527-%3C%2Fspan%3E545&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170625158%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0840-6286&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fecf.28.3.527&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulvey-Roberts2016" class="citation book cs1">Mulvey-Roberts, Marie (2016). "Catholicism, the Gothic and the bleeding body". <i>Dangerous bodies: Historicising the Gothic corporeal</i>. Manchester University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7228%2Fmanchester%2F9780719085413.003.0002">10.7228/manchester/9780719085413.003.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719085413" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719085413"><bdi>978-0719085413</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt18pkdzg.6">j.ctt18pkdzg.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catholicism%2C+the+Gothic+and+the+bleeding+body&rft.btitle=Dangerous+bodies%3A+Historicising+the+Gothic+corporeal&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt18pkdzg.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7228%2Fmanchester%2F9780719085413.003.0002&rft.isbn=978-0719085413&rft.aulast=Mulvey-Roberts&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoeveler2014" class="citation book cs1">Hoeveler, Diane Long (2014). "Anti-Catholicism and the Gothic Ideology: Interlocking Discourse Networks". <i>The Gothic Ideology: Religious Hysteria and Anti-Catholicism in British Popular Fiction, 1780–1880</i>. Gothic Literary Studies (1 ed.). University of Wales Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783160488" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783160488"><bdi>978-1783160488</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qhfdt.6">j.ctt9qhfdt.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anti-Catholicism+and+the+Gothic+Ideology%3A+Interlocking+Discourse+Networks&rft.btitle=The+Gothic+Ideology%3A+Religious+Hysteria+and+Anti-Catholicism+in+British+Popular+Fiction%2C+1780%E2%80%931880&rft.series=Gothic+Literary+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt9qhfdt.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1783160488&rft.aulast=Hoeveler&rft.aufirst=Diane+Long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1994" class="citation journal cs1">Schmitt, Cannon (1994). "Techniques of Terror, Technologies of Nationality: Ann Radcliffe's the Italian". <i>ELH</i>. <b>61</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">853–</span>876. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Felh.1994.0040">10.1353/elh.1994.0040</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2873361">2873361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161155282">161155282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ELH&rft.atitle=Techniques+of+Terror%2C+Technologies+of+Nationality%3A+Ann+Radcliffe%27s+the+Italian&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E853-%3C%2Fspan%3E876&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161155282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2873361%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Felh.1994.0040&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Cannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayhew2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mayhew, Robert J. (2002). "Latitudinarianism and the Novels of Ann Radcliffe". <i>Texas Studies in Literature and Language</i>. <b>44</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">273–</span>301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftsl.2002.0015">10.1353/tsl.2002.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40755365">40755365</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161768388">161768388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Studies+in+Literature+and+Language&rft.atitle=Latitudinarianism+and+the+Novels+of+Ann+Radcliffe&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161768388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40755365%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftsl.2002.0015&rft.aulast=Mayhew&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrabon2006" class="citation journal cs1">Brabon, Benjamin (2006). "Surveying Ann Radcliffe's Gothic Landscapes". <i>Literature Compass</i>. <b>3</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">840–</span>845. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-4113.2006.00357.x">10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00357.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literature+Compass&rft.atitle=Surveying+Ann+Radcliffe%27s+Gothic+Landscapes&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E840-%3C%2Fspan%3E845&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-4113.2006.00357.x&rft.aulast=Brabon&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton199926–33-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton199926–33_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorton1999">Norton 1999</a>, pp. 26–33.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNorton1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Austen, <i>Northanger Abbey</i>, 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Baker, <i>Critical Companion to Jane Austen: A Literary Reference to Her Life and Work</i> (Facts on File, 2007); see entry on Radcliffe, p. 578.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Kunitz and Howard Haycraft, eds, <i>British Authors Before 1800: A Biographical Dictionary</i> (NY: H. W. Wilson, 1952), p. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/novel_18c/radcliffe/index.html">"Ann Radcliffe"</a>. <i>Academic Brooklyn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academic+Brooklyn&rft.atitle=Ann+Radcliffe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.brooklyn.cuny.edu%2Fenglish%2Fmelani%2Fnovel_18c%2Fradcliffe%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Rogers, <i>Balzac and the Novel</i> (Octagon Books, 1969), p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee,_Elizabeth1914" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Elizabeth (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/correspondencewi00mitfuoft/page/134/mode/2up">"Mary Russell Mitford, Correspondence with Charles Boner & John Ruskin"</a>. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mary+Russell+Mitford%2C+Correspondence+with+Charles+Boner+%26+John+Ruskin&rft.pages=134&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Lee%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcorrespondencewi00mitfuoft%2Fpage%2F134%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry" class="citation web cs1">Berry, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.otago.ac.nz/deepsouth/vol1no2/berry1_issue2.html">"Gothicism in Conrad and Dostoevsky"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gothicism+in+Conrad+and+Dostoevsky&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.otago.ac.nz%2Fdeepsouth%2Fvol1no2%2Fberry1_issue2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers" class="citation web cs1">Bowers, Katherine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022055700/http://www.darwin.cam.ac.uk/content/dostoevskys-gothic-blueprint-notebooks-idiot">"Dostoevsky's Gothic Blueprint: the Notebooks to The Idiot"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwin.cam.ac.uk/content/dostoevskys-gothic-blueprint-notebooks-idiot">the original</a> on 22 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dostoevsky%27s+Gothic+Blueprint%3A+the+Notebooks+to+The+Idiot&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwin.cam.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Fdostoevskys-gothic-blueprint-notebooks-idiot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2013" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Matthew (2013). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Life in Death, a Death in Life': the Legitimist Novels of Paul Féval and the Catastrophe of the Second Empire". <i>The Fantastic and European Gothic: History, Literature and the French Revolution</i>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2572-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2572-8"><bdi>978-0-7083-2572-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27A+Life+in+Death%2C+a+Death+in+Life%27%3A+the+Legitimist+Novels+of+Paul+F%C3%A9val+and+the+Catastrophe+of+the+Second+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Fantastic+and+European+Gothic%3A+History%2C+Literature+and+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-2572-8&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadcliffe1795" class="citation book cs1">Radcliffe, Ann Ward (1795). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/journeymadeinsum01radcuoft"><i>A journey made in the summer of 1794, through Holland and the western frontier of Germany, with a return down the Rhine; to which are added, observations during a tour to the lakes of Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland</i></a>. London: G.G. and J. Robinson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+journey+made+in+the+summer+of+1794%2C+through+Holland+and+the+western+frontier+of+Germany%2C+with+a+return+down+the+Rhine%3B+to+which+are+added%2C+observations+during+a+tour+to+the+lakes+of+Lancashire%2C+Westmoreland%2C+and+Cumberland&rft.place=London&rft.pub=G.G.+and+J.+Robinson&rft.date=1795&rft.aulast=Radcliffe&rft.aufirst=Ann+Ward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjourneymadeinsum01radcuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miles, Robert (2005). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-22974">"Radcliffe [née Ward], Ann (1764–1823), novelist"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22974">10.1093/ref:odnb/22974</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radcliffe+%5Bn%C3%A9e+Ward%5D%2C+Ann+%281764%E2%80%931823%29%2C+novelist&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22974&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-22974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRictor_Norton1999" class="citation book cs1">Rictor Norton (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OrivAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP8"><i>Mistress of Udolpho: The Life of Ann Radcliffe</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. VII. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84714-269-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84714-269-6"><bdi>978-1-84714-269-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mistress+of+Udolpho%3A+The+Life+of+Ann+Radcliffe&rft.pages=VII&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-84714-269-6&rft.au=Rictor+Norton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOrivAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1996" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Deborah D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33207099"><i>Ann Radcliffe : a bio-bibliography</i></a>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-28379-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-28379-6"><bdi>0-313-28379-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33207099">33207099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ann+Radcliffe+%3A+a+bio-bibliography&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33207099&rft.isbn=0-313-28379-6&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Deborah+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F33207099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Ann Radcliffe</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=64010774&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=64010774">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=64010774&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Ann Radcliffe</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=64010774&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=64010774">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=64010774&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCody2000" class="citation web cs1">Cody, David (July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/previctorian/radcliffe/intro.html">"Ann Radcliffe: An Evaluation"</a>. <i>The Victorian Web: An Overview</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Victorian+Web%3A+An+Overview&rft.atitle=Ann+Radcliffe%3A+An+Evaluation&rft.date=2000-07&rft.aulast=Cody&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fprevictorian%2Fradcliffe%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/novel_18c/radcliffe/index.html">"Ann Radcliffe"</a>. Brooklyn College English Department. 9 May 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ann+Radcliffe&rft.pub=Brooklyn+College+English+Department&rft.date=2003-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.brooklyn.cuny.edu%2Fenglish%2Fmelani%2Fnovel_18c%2Fradcliffe%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McIntyre, Clara Frances. <i>Ann Radcliffe in Relation to Her Time</i>. United Kingdom, Yale University Press, 1920.</li> <li>Miles, Robert. <i>Ann Radcliffe: The Great Enchantress</i>. United Kingdom, Manchester University Press, 1995.</li> <li>Murray, E. B. <i>Ann Radcliffe</i>. Twayne Publishers, Incorporated, New York, 1972.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1994" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Deborah (1994). <i>The Critical Responses to Ann Radcliffe</i>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313280313" title="Special:BookSources/9780313280313"><bdi>9780313280313</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28586837">28586837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Critical+Responses+to+Ann+Radcliffe&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28586837&rft.isbn=9780313280313&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ann_Radcliffe" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ann Radcliffe">Ann Radcliffe</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks 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Radcliffe">Ann Radcliffe</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/ann-radcliffe">Works by Ann Radcliffe in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1147">Works by Ann Radcliffe</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Radcliffe%2C%20Ann">Works by Ann Radcliffe</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20Ann%20Ward%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20Ann%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20A%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ann%20Ward%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ann%20W%2E%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20Ann%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ann%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ann%20Ward%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ann%20W%2E%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20Ward%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20Ann%20Ward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20Ann%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20A%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20A%2E%20Ward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ann%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20Ann%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ann%20Ward%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ann%20W%2E%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20title%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ann%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ann%20Ward%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ann%20W%2E%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20description%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20Ann%20Ward%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20Ann%20W%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ann%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20Ann%22%29%20OR%20%28%221764-1823%22%20AND%20Radcliffe%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Ann Radcliffe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/794">Works by Ann Radcliffe</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnett1896" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Garnett_(writer)" title="Richard Garnett (writer)">Garnett, Richard</a> (1896). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Radcliffe, Ann"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Radcliffe,_Ann">"Radcliffe, Ann" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 47. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radcliffe%2C+Ann&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Garnett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnn+Radcliffe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010418232631/http://www.litgothic.com/Authors/radcliffe.html">Listing in The Literary Gothic</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ann_Radcliffe" title="Template talk:Ann Radcliffe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ann_Radcliffe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ann Radcliffe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ann_Radcliffe37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ann Radcliffe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Castles_of_Athlin_and_Dunbayne" title="The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne">The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne</a></i> (1789)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sicilian_Romance" title="A Sicilian Romance">A Sicilian Romance</a></i> (1790)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Romance_of_the_Forest" title="The Romance of the Forest">The Romance of the Forest</a></i> (1791)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysteries_of_Udolpho" title="The Mysteries of Udolpho">The Mysteries of Udolpho</a></i> (1794)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Italian_(Radcliffe_novel)" title="The Italian (Radcliffe novel)"> The Italian</a></i> (1797)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaston_de_Blondeville" title="Gaston de Blondeville">Gaston de Blondeville</a></i> (1826)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Travel writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Journey_Made_in_the_Summer_of_1794" title="A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794">A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794</a></i> (1795)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110674293">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64010774">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/35958/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpv76ty6qJMkvxcXfPWjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118597590">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79056784">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920978p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920978p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00453572">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Radcliffe, Ann"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV112561">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36532106">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000604548&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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