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denominations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_branches_or_denominations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main branches or denominations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_branches_or_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunnī_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunnī_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sunnī Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunnī_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shīʿa_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shīʿa_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Shīʿa Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shīʿa_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_sub-denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_sub-denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Major sub-denominations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_sub-denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghulat_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghulat_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Ghulat movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghulat_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kharijite_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kharijite_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kharijite Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kharijite_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ibadi_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibadi_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Ibadi Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibadi_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_of_Islamic_jurisprudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Schools of Islamic jurisprudence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schools_of_Islamic_jurisprudence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Schools of Islamic jurisprudence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Schools_of_Islamic_jurisprudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunnī" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunnī"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sunnī</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunnī-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shīʿa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shīʿa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Shīʿa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shīʿa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ibadi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibadi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ibadi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibadi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_of_Islamic_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_of_Islamic_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Schools of Islamic theology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schools_of_Islamic_theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Schools of Islamic theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Schools_of_Islamic_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunnism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunnism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sunnism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunnism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Classical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ashʿarī" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashʿarī"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.1</span> <span>Ashʿarī</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashʿarī-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Māturīdīsm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Māturīdīsm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.2</span> <span>Māturīdīsm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Māturīdīsm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atharism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atharism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Atharism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atharism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muʿtazilism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muʿtazilism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Muʿtazilism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muʿtazilism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murji'ah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murji'ah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Murji'ah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murji'ah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qadariyyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qadariyyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Qadariyyah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qadariyyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jabriyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jabriyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Jabriyah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jabriyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jahmiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jahmiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Jahmiyya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jahmiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batiniyyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batiniyyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Batiniyyah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batiniyyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sufism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African-American_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African-American_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>African-American movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African-American_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahmadiyya_Movement_in_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmadiyya_Movement_in_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmadiyya_Movement_in_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barelvi_/_Deobandi_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barelvi_/_Deobandi_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Barelvi / Deobandi split</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barelvi_/_Deobandi_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gülen_/_Hizmet_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gülen_/_Hizmet_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Gülen / Hizmet movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gülen_/_Hizmet_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Islamic modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Islamism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muslim_Brotherhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_Brotherhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.1</span> <span>Muslim Brotherhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_Brotherhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaat-e-Islami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaat-e-Islami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.2</span> <span>Jamaat-e-Islami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaat-e-Islami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hizb_ut-Tahrir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hizb_ut-Tahrir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.3</span> <span>Hizb ut-Tahrir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hizb_ut-Tahrir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quranism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quranism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Quranism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quranism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_and_progressive_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_and_progressive_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Liberal and progressive Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_and_progressive_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahdavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahdavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Mahdavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahdavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-denominational_Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-denominational_Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Non-denominational Muslims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-denominational_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salafism_and_Wahhabism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Salafism and Wahhabism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salafism_and_Wahhabism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ahle_Hadith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahle_Hadith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11.1</span> <span><i>Ahle Hadith</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahle_Hadith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salafiyya_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salafiyya_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11.2</span> <span><i>Salafiyya</i> movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salafiyya_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wahhabism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wahhabism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11.3</span> <span>Wahhabism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wahhabism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_of_the_branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_of_the_branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Population of the branches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_of_the_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic schools and branches</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="فرقة (إسلام) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرقة (إسلام)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escueles_y_ca%C3%B1es_del_islam" title="Escueles y cañes del islam – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escueles y cañes del islam" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam_t%C9%99riq%C9%99tl%C9%99ri" title="İslam təriqətləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İslam təriqətləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ایسلام مذهبلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسلام مذهبلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE" title="ইসলামি সম্প্রদায় ও শাখা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসলামি সম্প্রদায় ও শাখা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ислам ағымдары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ислам ағымдары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Клонове на исляма – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клонове на исляма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravci_u_islamu" title="Pravci u islamu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pravci u islamu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrents_de_l%27islam" title="Corrents de l'islam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Corrents de l'islam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denominace_isl%C3%A1mu" title="Denominace islámu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Denominace islámu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B8se_retninger_inden_for_islam" title="Religiøse retninger inden for islam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Religiøse retninger inden for islam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Escuelas_y_ramas_del_islam" title="Anexo:Escuelas y ramas del islam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Escuelas y ramas del islam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamaren_adar_eta_eskolak" title="Islamaren adar eta eskolak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Islamaren adar eta eskolak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="مذاهب اسلامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مذاهب اسلامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courants_de_l%27islam" title="Courants de l'islam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Courants de l'islam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correntes_do_islam" title="Correntes do islam – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Correntes do islam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantun_Musulunci_da_Rassansu" title="Makarantun Musulunci da Rassansu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Makarantun Musulunci da Rassansu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="इस्लाम के सम्प्रदाय एवं शाखाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्लाम के सम्प्रदाय एवं शाखाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhab_dan_cabang_Islam" title="Mazhab dan cabang Islam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mazhab dan cabang Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%BAf%C3%A9l%C3%B6g_m%C3%BAslima" title="Trúfélög múslima – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Trúfélög múslima" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuole_e_correnti_islamiche" title="Scuole e correnti islamiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scuole e correnti islamiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D" title="זרמים ואסכולות באסלאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זרמים ואסכולות באסלאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ислам ағымдары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ислам ағымдары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouran_di_islam" title="Kouran di islam – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kouran di islam" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezheb%C3%AAn_%C3%AEslam%C3%AA" title="Mezhebên îslamê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mezhebên îslamê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C4%81ma_atzari" title="Islāma atzari – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Islāma atzari" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="इस्लाम धर्माचे संप्रदाय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इस्लाम धर्माचे संप्रदाय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مذاهب اسلاميه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مذاهب اسلاميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabang_dan_mazhab_Islam" title="Cabang dan mazhab Islam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cabang dan mazhab Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromingen_in_de_islam" title="Stromingen in de islam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stromingen in de islam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firqa" title="Firqa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Firqa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%DA%86_%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%A8_%D8%AA%DB%92_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="اسلام وچ مذاہب تے شاخاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسلام وچ مذاہب تے شاخاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divijan_a_Izlam" title="Divijan a Izlam – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Divijan a Izlam" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исламские течения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исламские течения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkolla_Juridike_Islame" title="Shkolla Juridike Islame – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkolla Juridike Islame" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="මුස්ලිම්වරුන්ගේ උප බෙදීම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මුස්ලිම්වරුන්ගේ උප බෙදීම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Islamic schools and branches" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Правци у исламу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Правци у исламу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravci_u_islamu" title="Pravci u islamu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pravci u islamu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamin_suuntaukset" title="Islamin suuntaukset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Islamin suuntaukset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="นิกายในศาสนาอิสลาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิกายในศาสนาอิสลาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam_mezhepleri" title="İslam mezhepleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İslam mezhepleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%96%D1%97" title="Ісламські школи та течії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ісламські школи та течії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="اسلام میں مذاہب اور شاخیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسلام میں مذاہب اور شاخیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1c_chi_nh%C3%A1nh_c%E1%BB%A7a_Islam" title="Các chi nhánh của Islam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Các chi nhánh của Islam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE" title="伊斯蘭教派 – Cantonese" lang="yue" 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revealed Books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Day of Resurrection</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir"><i>Tafsir</i> (exegesis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah"><i>Aqidah</i> (creed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya"><i>Qisas al-Anbiya</i> ("Stories of the Prophets")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a> (Poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> (jurisprudence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i> (law)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246112391">.mw-parser-output .sb-ibc img{background-color:white}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image sb-ibc"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/200px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/300px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/400px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">World percentage of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> by country</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Angola" title="Islam in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Islam in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burundi" title="Islam in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cameroon" title="Islam in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cape_Verde" title="Islam in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Islam in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chad" title="Islam in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Comoros" title="Islam in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Djibouti" title="Islam in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Islam in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eswatini" title="Islam in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia" title="Islam in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Gabon" title="Islam in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Gambia" title="Islam in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ghana" title="Islam in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea" title="Islam in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Islam in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Islam in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kenya" title="Islam in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lesotho" title="Islam in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liberia" title="Islam in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Libya" title="Islam in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Madagascar" title="Islam in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malawi" title="Islam in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mali" title="Islam in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritania" title="Islam in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritius" title="Islam in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mayotte" title="Islam in Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Morocco" title="Islam in Morocco">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Western_Sahara" title="Islam in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mozambique" title="Islam in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Namibia" title="Islam in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Niger" title="Islam in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Islam in Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Rwanda" title="Islam in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Islam in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Senegal" title="Islam in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Seychelles" title="Islam in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Islam in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia" title="Islam in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Africa" title="Islam in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Sudan" title="Islam in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sudan" title="Islam in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tanzania" title="Islam in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Togo" title="Islam in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tunisia" title="Islam in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uganda" title="Islam in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zambia" title="Islam in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zimbabwe" title="Islam in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Asia" title="Islam in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bhutan" title="Islam in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brunei" title="Islam in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cambodia" title="Islam in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Japan" title="Islam in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jordan" title="Islam in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Korea" title="Islam in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Islam in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Laos" title="Islam in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Macau" title="Islam in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Maldives" title="Islam in Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mongolia" title="Islam in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palestine" title="Islam in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar" title="Islam in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Syria" title="Islam in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Taiwan" title="Islam in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Islam in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkmenistan" title="Islam in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Yemen" title="Islam in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Americas" title="Islam in the Americas">Americas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Islam in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Argentina" title="Islam in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_The_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Barbados" title="Islam in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belize" title="Islam in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bolivia" title="Islam in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chile" title="Islam in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Colombia" title="Islam in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Costa_Rica" title="Islam in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cuba" title="Islam in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Dominica" title="Islam in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Islam in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ecuador" title="Islam in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_El_Salvador" title="Islam in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_French_Guiana" title="Islam in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Grenada" title="Islam in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guatemala" title="Islam in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guyana" title="Islam in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Haiti" title="Islam in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Honduras" title="Islam in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jamaica" title="Islam in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mexico" title="Islam in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nicaragua" title="Islam in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Panama" title="Islam in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Paraguay" title="Islam in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Peru" title="Islam in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Islam in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Islam in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Islam in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Suriname" title="Islam in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Islam in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uruguay" title="Islam in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Venezuela" title="Islam in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta" title="Islam in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tatarstan" title="Islam in Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Islam in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oceania" title="Islam in Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Australia" title="Islam in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Christmas_Island" title="Islam in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Islam in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Islam in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Fiji" title="Islam in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Islam in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Caledonia" title="Islam in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand" title="Islam in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Islam in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palau" title="Islam in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Islam in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Samoa" title="Islam in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Islam in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tonga" title="Islam in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tuvalu" title="Islam in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vanuatu" title="Islam in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_by_country" title="Template:Islam by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_by_country" title="Template talk:Islam by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Islamic schools and branches</b> have different understandings of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. There are many different sects or denominations, <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools of Islamic jurisprudence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">schools of Islamic theology</a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">ʿaqīdah</a></i> (creed). Within Islamic groups themselves there may be differences, such as different orders (<i><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariqa</a></i>) within <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, and within <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī Islam</a> different schools of theology (<a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist theology (Islam)">Atharī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ashʿarī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Māturīdī</a>) and jurisprudence (<a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Ḥanafī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Mālikī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shāfiʿī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Ḥanbalī</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Geaves_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geaves_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups in Islam may be numerous (<a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnīs</a> make up 85-90% of all Muslims), or relatively small in size (<a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydīs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlīs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Differences between the groups may not be well known to Muslims outside of scholarly circles, or may have induced enough passion to have resulted in <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">religious violence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Poljarevic_2021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poljarevic_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baele_2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baele_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rickenbacher_2019_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rickenbacher_2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Badar-radical-2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badar-radical-2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are informal movements driven by ideas (such as <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>), as well as organized groups with governing bodies (<a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>). Some of the Islamic sects and groups regard certain others as deviant or <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir"> not being truly Muslim</a> (for example, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnīs</a> frequently discriminate against <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranists</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shīʿas</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Poljarevic_2021_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poljarevic_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baele_2019_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baele_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rickenbacher_2019_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rickenbacher_2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Badar-radical-2007_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badar-radical-2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Islamic sects and groups date back to the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">early history of Islam</a> between the 7th and 9th centuries CE (<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnīs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shīʿas</a>), whereas others have arisen much more recently (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_neo-traditionalism" title="Islamic neo-traditionalism">Islamic neo-traditionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">liberalism and progressivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">Salafism and Wahhabism</a>), or even in the 20th century (<a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>). Still others were influential historically, but are no longer in existence (non-Ibadi <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a>). </p><p>Muslims who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable Islamic schools and branches are known as <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">non-denominational Muslims</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History of Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_branches_and_schools..png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Islam_branches_and_schools..png/550px-Islam_branches_and_schools..png" decoding="async" width="550" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Islam_branches_and_schools..png 1.5x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing the various branches of Islam: <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnīsm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shīʿīsm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The original schism between <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnīs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shīʿas</a> among <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> was disputed over the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">political and religious succession</a> to the guidance of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> (<i>Ummah</i>) after the death of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shīʿas believe <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a> is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnīs consider <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shīʿas and the Sunnīs during the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a> (the first Islamic Civil War);<sup id="cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to <i><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfīr</a></i> (excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims to be either <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">infidels</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">kuffār</i></span>) or <a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">false Muslims</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">munafiqun</i></span>), and therefore deemed them <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">worthy of death</a> for their perceived <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostasy</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">ridda</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, there are several differences within Sunnī and Shīʿa Islam: Sunnī Islam is separated into four main schools of jurisprudence, namely <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Mālikī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Ḥanafī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shāfiʿī</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Ḥanbalī</a>; these schools are named after their founders <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Mālik ibn Anas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_an-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man">Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Idris_ash-Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi'i">Muḥammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Geaves_2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geaves_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shīʿa Islam, on the other hand, is separated into three major sects: <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%E2%80%99ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shi’ism">Twelvers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlīs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydīs</a>. The vast majority of Shīʿa Muslims are Twelvers (a 2012 estimate puts the figure as 85%),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the extent that the term "Shīʿa" frequently refers to Twelvers by default. All mainstream Twelver and Ismāʿīlī Shīʿa Muslims follow the same school of thought, the <a href="/wiki/Ja%CA%BDfari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaʽfari jurisprudence">Jaʽfari jurisprudence</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">sixth Shīʿīte Imam</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydīs</a>, also known as Fivers, follow the Zaydī school of thought (named after <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn ʿAlī</a>). <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlīsm</a> is another offshoot of Shīʿa Islam that later split into <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Ismailism" title="Musta'li Ismailism">Musta'lī</a>, and the Musta'lī further divided into <a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Ḥāfiẓi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Ṭayyibi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Öz1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Öz1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ṭayyibi Ismāʿīlīs, also known as "Bohras", are split between <a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawudi Bohras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaymani" title="Sulaymani">Sulaymani Bohras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi Bohras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> were initially divided into five major branches: <a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjarites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjarites (page does not exist)">Adjarites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadis</a>. Of these, Ibadi Muslims are the only surviving branch of Kharijites. In addition to the aforementioned groups, new schools of thought and movements like <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranist Muslims</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">African-American Muslims</a> later emerged independently. </p><p>Muslims who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable Islamic schools and branches are known as <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Muslims">non-denominational Muslims</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_branches_or_denominations">Main branches or denominations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Sects_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Islamic_Sects_Map.png/220px-Islamic_Sects_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Islamic_Sects_Map.png/330px-Islamic_Sects_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Islamic_Sects_Map.png/440px-Islamic_Sects_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of the main three Islamic branches and their schools of jurisprudence: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f07171; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shīʿīsm</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ja%CA%BDfari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaʽfari jurisprudence">Jaʿfari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydī</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#aad1f2; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnīsm</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Ḥanafī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Mālikī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shāfiʿī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Ḥanbalī</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#54ba61; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></div> </figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Gray; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Yellow; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 72.654252800536px; border-left-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Demographic distribution of the main three Islamic branches: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkGreen; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnīsm</a> (85%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shīʿīsm</a><sup id="cite_ref-PEW2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEW2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (15%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gray; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a> and others (0.5%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunnī_Islam"><span id="Sunn.C4.AB_Islam"></span>Sunnī Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islam" title="Category:Sunni Islam">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/200px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/300px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/400px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah_(Islamic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqidah (Islamic theology)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets and Messengers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Declaration of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rightly-Guided Caliphs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Sunni <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Others</span></span> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awza%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Awza'i">Awza'i</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thawri" class="mw-redirect" title="Thawri">Thawri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laythi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laythi">Laythi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jariri">Jariri</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Sunni schools of theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a>)</li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size:85%;">In terms of <a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a>:</span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> (Ahl <a href="/wiki/Wajd" title="Wajd">al-Wijdan</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">al-Kashf</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Movements">Contemporary movements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi_movement" title="Barelvi movement">Barelvi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_neo-traditionalism" title="Islamic neo-traditionalism">Neo-traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farahi">Farahi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holy sites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam#History" title="Sunni Islam">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Persecution</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sunni_Islam" title="Template talk:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī Islam</a>, also known as <i>Ahl as-Sunnah waʾl Jamāʾah</i> or simply <i>Ahl as-Sunnah</i>, is by far the largest <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denomination</a> of Islam, comprising around 85% of the Muslim population in the world. The term <i>Sunnī</i> comes from the word <i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a></i>, which means the teachings, actions, and examples of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">his companions</a> (<i>ṣaḥāba</i>). </p><p>Sunnīs believe that Muhammad did not specifically appoint a successor to lead the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> <i>(Ummah)</i> before his death in 632 CE, however they approve of the private election of the first companion, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abū Bakr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunnī Muslims regard the first four caliphs—<a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abū Bakr</a> (632–634), <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab">ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb</a> (Umar І, 634–644), <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān</a> (644–656), and <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a> (656–661)—as <i><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">al-Khulafāʾ ur-Rāshidūn</a></i> ("the Rightly-Guided Caliphs"). Sunnīs also believe that the position of caliph may be attained democratically, on gaining a majority of the votes, but after the Rashidun, the position turned into a hereditary <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynastic</a> rule because of the divisions started by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a> and others. After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1923, there has never been another caliph as widely recognized in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>. </p><p>Followers of the classical Sunnī <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools of jurisprudence</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">kalām</a></i> (rationalistic theology) on one hand, and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahle_Hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahle Hadith">Ahle Hadith</a>, who follow a literalist reading of early Islamic sources, on the other, have laid competing claims to represent the "orthodox" Sunnī Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anglophone Islamic currents of the former type are sometimes referred to as "traditional Islam".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a> is an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a> that tried to integrate modernism into Islam by being partially influenced by modern-day attempts to revive the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a> school by Islamic scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shīʿa_Islam"><span id="Sh.C4.AB.CA.BFa_Islam"></span>Shīʿa Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_Islam" title="Category:Shia Islam">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/110px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/165px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/220px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophethood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Ismaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Twelver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Zaydi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgment Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Companions" title="The Four Companions">The Four Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%CA%BDeen_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage">Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shia_days_of_remembrance" title="Shia days of remembrance">Days of remembrance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">Eid al-Ghadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Koshan" title="Omar Koshan">Omar Koshan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verse_of_purification" title="Verse of purification">Verse of purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_two_weighty_things" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the two weighty things">Two weighty things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_the_mubahala" title="Event of the mubahala">Mubahala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pond_of_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pond of Khumm">Khumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_at_Fatimah%27s_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar at Fatimah's house">Fatimah's house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Shia_Islam" title="Origin of Shia Islam">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Persecution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam#Branches" title="Shia Islam">Branches and sects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansar Allah">Houthi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%CA%BDli_Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustaʽli Ismailism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Progressive Dawoodi Bohra">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishiki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Shi'a sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa" title="Ahl al-Kisa">Ahl al-Kisa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Fatima" title="Shia view of Fatima">Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Holy women</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija bint Khuwaylid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Salama" title="Umm Salama">Umm Salama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Ali" title="Zaynab bint Ali">Zaynab bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali" title="Umm Kulthum bint Ali">Umm Kulthum bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Banin" title="Umm al-Banin">Umm al-Banin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Hasan" title="Fatima bint Hasan">Fatima bint Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Husayn" title="Ruqayya bint Husayn">Ruqayya bint Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubab_bint_Imra_al-Qais" title="Rubab bint Imra al-Qais">Rubab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrbanu" title="Shahrbanu">Shahrbanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Musa" title="Fatima bint Musa">Fatima bint Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakimah_Kh%C4%81t%C5%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakimah Khātūn">Hakimah Khātūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narjis" title="Narjis">Narjis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Asad" title="Fatimah bint Asad">Fatimah bint Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Farwah_bint_al-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim">Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Ali" title="Ruqayya bint Ali">Ruqayya bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_Nafisa" title="Sayyida Nafisa">Sayyida Nafisa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/16px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/24px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/32px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shia_Islam" title="Template:Shia Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shia_Islam" title="Template talk:Shia Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shia_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shia Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate in Shia doctrine</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shīʿa Islam</a> is the second-largest denomination of Islam, comprising around 10–15%<sup id="cite_ref-Shia_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the total Muslim population.<sup id="cite_ref-PRCPDF_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRCPDF-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a minority in the Muslim world, Shīʿa Muslims constitute the majority of the Muslim populations in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, as well as significant minorities in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> as well as in other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to believing in the supreme authority of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and teachings of Muhammad, Shīʿa Muslims believe that Muhammad's family, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i> ("People of the Household"), including his descendants known as <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imams</a>, have distinguished spiritual and political authority over the community,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and believe that <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a>, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, was the first of these Imams and the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">rightful successor</a> to Muhammad, and thus reject the legitimacy of the first three <i>Rāshidūn</i> caliphs.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_sub-denominations">Major sub-denominations</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">List of extinct Shia sects</a></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%E2%80%99ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shi’ism">Twelvers</a> believe in the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Shīʿīte Imams</a> and are the only school to comply with the <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_Twelve_Successors" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the Twelve Successors">Hadith of the Twelve Successors</a>, where Muhammad stated that he would have twelve successors. This sometimes includes the <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a> schools.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlīsm</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Sevener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Ismailism" title="Musta'li Ismailism">Musta‘lī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawudi Bohra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaymani" title="Sulaymani">Sulaymani Bohra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a> sub-denominations.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydīs</a> historically derive from the followers of <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn ʿAlī</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>, they "survive only in northern <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-cook-5_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cook-5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they are a Shīʿa sect, "in modern times" they have "shown a strong tendency to move towards the Sunni mainstream".<sup id="cite_ref-cook-5_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cook-5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> are a distinct <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religion</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (April 2024)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Talk:Islamic schools and branches">disputed</a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ethno-religious_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-religious group">ethno-religious group</a> that developed between the 9th and 10th centuries CE. Historically, Twelver Shīʿīte scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a> didn't consider Alawites as Shīʿa Muslims while condemning their beliefs, perceived as <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Heresy in Islam">heretical</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medieval Sunnī Muslim scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> also pointed out that the Alawites were not Shīʿītes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> are a distinct <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethno-religious_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-religious group">ethno-religious group</a> that developed in the 11th century CE, originally as an offshoot of Ismāʿīlīsm.<sup id="cite_ref-Timani_2021_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timani_2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Druze faith further split from Ismāʿīlīsm as it developed its own unique doctrines, and finally separated from both Ismāʿīlīsm and Islam altogether;<sup id="cite_ref-Timani_2021_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timani_2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these include the belief that the Imam <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh</a> was God incarnate.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the Druze don't identify themselves as Muslims,<sup id="cite_ref-Timani_2021_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timani_2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arab_America_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arab_America-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Incorporated-1996_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Incorporated-1996-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and aren't considered as such by Muslims either (<i>See</i>: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and Druze">Islam and Druze</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Timani_2021_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timani_2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the medieval Sunnī Muslim scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a>, the Druze were not Muslims, neither ′Ahl al-Kitāb (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>), nor <i><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">mushrikin</a></i> (polytheists); rather, he labeled them as <i><a href="/wiki/Kuffar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuffar">kuffār</a></i> (infidels).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> is a distinct <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Universal_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal religion">universal</a> <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religion</a> that developed in <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">19th-century Persia</a>, originally derived as a splinter group from <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a>, another distinct monotheistic Abrahamic religion, itself derived from Twelver Shīʿīsm.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Osborn_2021_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osborn_2021-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baháʼís believe in an utterly transcendent and inaccessible <a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Supreme Creator of the universe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nevertheless seen as conscious of the creation,<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a will and purpose that is expressed through messengers recognized in the Baháʼí Faith as the <a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">Manifestations of God</a> (all the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Judaism" title="Prophets in Judaism">Jewish prophets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, Jesus, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Muhammad in the Baháʼí Faith">Muhammad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a>, and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baháʼís believe that God communicates his will and purpose to humanity through his intermediaries, the prophets and messengers who have founded various <a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">world religions</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">beginning of humankind</a> up to the present day, and will continue to do so in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baháʼís and Bábis don't consider themselves as Muslims, since both of their religions have superseded Islam, and aren't considered as such by Muslims either; rather, they are seen as <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostates from Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Osborn_2021_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osborn_2021-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since both Baháʼís and Bábis reject the Islamic dogma that Muhammad is the <a href="/wiki/Khatam_an-Nabiyyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatam an-Nabiyyin">last prophet</a>, they have suffered <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">religious discrimination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">persecution</a> both in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> due to their beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Osborn_2021_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osborn_2021-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>See</i>: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution of Baháʼís</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ghulat_movements">Ghulat movements</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a></div> <p>Shīʿīte groups and movements who either ascribe divine characteristics to some important figures in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a> (usually members of Muhammad's family, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i>) or hold beliefs deemed deviant by mainstream Shīʿa Muslims were designated as <i>Ghulat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kharijite_Islam">Kharijite Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kharijism" title="Category:Kharijism">a series</a> on </span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitman" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitman">Kitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir#Takfir" title="Kafir">Takfir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_theology" title="Ibadi theology">Theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Early <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nahrawan" title="Battle of Nahrawan">Battle of Nahrawan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dynasties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabhani_dynasty" title="Nabhani dynasty">Nabhanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27rubids" title="Ya'rubids">Ya'rubids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Zanzibar" title="List of sultans of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Al_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Al Said">Oman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi#Ibadi_hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi Hadith Canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jami_Sahih" title="Jami Sahih">Jami Sahih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartib_al-Musnad" title="Tartib al-Musnad">Tartib al-Musnad</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Notable individuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Muljam" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam">Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Azraq" title="Nafi ibn al-Azraq">Nafi ibn al-Azraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najda_ibn_Amir_al-Hanafi" title="Najda ibn Amir al-Hanafi">Najda ibn Amir al-Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bilal_Mirdas" title="Abu Bilal Mirdas">Abu Bilal Mirdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qurra" title="Abu Qurra">Abu Qurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Ibadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Ibadh">Abdullah ibn Ibadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Zayd" title="Jabir ibn Zayd">Jabir ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abu Yazid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Yazid_al-Fazari" title="Abd Allah ibn Yazid al-Fazari">Abd Allah ibn Yazid al-Fazari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Branches and sects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acr%C3%A2diler" class="extiw" title="tr:Acrâdiler">Ajardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqah</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyhesiyye" class="extiw" title="tr:Beyhesiyye">Bayhasiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sūfrīyyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadiyyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Wahbiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muhakkima_Islam" title="Template:Muhakkima Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muhakkima_Islam" title="Template talk:Muhakkima Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muhakkima_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muhakkima Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kharijite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharijite">Kharijite</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kharijite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharijite">Kharijite</a> (literally, "those who seceded") are an extinct sect who originated during the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a>, the struggle for political leadership over the Muslim community, following the assassination in 656 of the third caliph <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kharijites originally supported the caliphate of Ali, but then later on fought against him and eventually succeeded in his martyrdom while he was praying in the mosque of Kufa. While there are few remaining Kharijite or Kharijite-related groups, the term is sometimes used to denote Muslims who refuse to compromise with those with whom they disagree. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufris</a> were a major sub-sect of Kharijite in the 7th and 8th centuries, and a part of the Kharijites. <a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a> was a sub-sect of Sufris. <a href="/wiki/Har%C5%ABr%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Harūrī">Harūrīs</a> were an early Muslim sect from the period of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Four Rightly-Guided Caliphs</a> (632–661 CE), named for their first leader, Habīb ibn-Yazīd al-Harūrī. <a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a>, and Adjarites were minor sub-sects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ibadi_Islam">Ibadi Islam</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi Islam</a></div> <p>The only Kharijite sub-sect extant today is <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a>, which developed out of the 7th century CE. There are currently two geographically separated Ibadi groups—in <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, where they constitute the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">majority of the Muslim population in the country</a>, and in North Africa where they constitute significant minorities in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>. Similarly to another Muslim minority, the <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydīs</a>, "in modern times" they have "shown a strong tendency" to move towards the Sunnī branch of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-cook-5_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cook-5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools_of_Islamic_jurisprudence">Schools of Islamic jurisprudence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madhhab</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Islamic jurisprudence">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence<br />(<i>fiqh</i>)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ALFiqh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/125px-ALFiqh.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/188px-ALFiqh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/250px-ALFiqh.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">Ritual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakat">Raka'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turbah" title="Turbah">Turbah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah_prayer" title="Sunnah prayer">Sunnah prayer</a></i> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahajjud" title="Tahajjud">Tahajjud</a></i>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witr" title="Witr">Witr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nafl_prayer" title="Nafl prayer">Nafl prayer</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ihram_clothing" title="Ihram clothing">clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj"><i>Mut'ah</i></a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj">and <i>Hajj</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Islamic leadership</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-ash-Shura">Majlis-ash-Shura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-faqih</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aman_(Islam)" title="Aman (Islam)">Aman</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Contract</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_halala" title="Nikah halala">Halala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Urfi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Mut‘ah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Khula" class="mw-redirect" title="Khula">Khula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zihar" title="Zihar">Zihar</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iddah" title="Iddah">Iddah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafa%27ah" title="Kafa'ah">Kafa'ah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_Islam" title="Breastfeeding in Islam">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Islam">Abortion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam#Purification_and_hygiene" title="Sexuality in Islam">Hygiene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Islamic_law" title="Rape in Islamic law">Rape</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_masturbation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and masturbation">Masturbation</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir"><i>Maisir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(gambling)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina"><i>Zina</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(illicit sex)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah"><i>Hirabah</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(unlawful warfare and banditry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad"><i>Fasad</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("mischief")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("spreading corruption")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("sedition")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm"><i>Rajm</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(stoning)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tazir" title="Tazir"><i>Tazir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(discretionary)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas"><i>Qisas</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(retaliation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (Islam)"><i>Diya</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(compensation)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Adab</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></i>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Bayt al-mal</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam#Hygienical_Jurisprudence" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Hygiene</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual hygienical jurisprudence">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Taharah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masah" title="Masah">Masah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Istinja" title="Istinja">Istinja</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Dietary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabihah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Pork" title="Islamic dietary laws">Pork</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Islamic_and_Jewish_dietary_laws" title="Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws">Comparison with <i>kashrut</i></a></span></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghanimah" title="Ghanimah">Ghanimah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">Hudna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istijarah" title="Istijarah"><i>Istijarah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(asylum)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_prisoners_of_war" title="Islamic views on prisoners of war">Prisoners of war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fiqh" title="Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fiqh" title="Template talk:Fiqh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Islamic schools of jurisprudence, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a></i>, differ in the <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">methodology</a> they use to derive their <a href="/wiki/Ahkam" title="Ahkam">rulings</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith"><i>ḥadīth</i> literature</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a></i> (accounts of the sayings and living habits attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> during his lifetime), and the <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir"><i>tafsīr</i> literature</a> (exegetical commentaries on the Quran). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunnī"><span id="Sunn.C4.AB"></span>Sunnī</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence.jpg/350px-Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence.jpg/525px-Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence.jpg/700px-Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madhhab#Sunni" title="Madhhab">Sunnī schools of thought</a><sup id="cite_ref-Geaves_2021_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geaves_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī Islam</a> contains numerous <a href="/wiki/Madhhab#Sunni" title="Madhhab">schools of Islamic jurisprudence</a> (<i>fiqh</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Sunnī_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">schools of Islamic theology</a> (<i>ʿaqīdah</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Geaves_2021_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geaves_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of religious jurisprudence (<i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a></i>), Sunnism contains several schools of thought (<i><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a></i>):<sup id="cite_ref-Geaves_2021_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geaves_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Ḥanafī</a> school, founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_an-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man">Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān</a> (8th century CE);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Mālikī</a> school, founded by <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Mālik ibn Anas</a> (8th century CE);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shāfiʿī</a> school, founded by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Idris_ash-Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi'i">Muḥammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī</a> (8th century CE);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Ḥanbalī</a> school, founded by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal</a> (8th century CE);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Ẓāhirī</a> school, founded by <a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dāwūd al-Ẓāhirī</a> (9th century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Osman_2014_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osman_2014-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In terms of religious creed (<i><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">ʿaqīdah</a></i>), Sunnism contains several schools of theology:<sup id="cite_ref-Geaves_2021_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geaves_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist theology (Islam)">Atharī</a> school, a scholarly movement that emerged in the late 8th century CE;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ashʿarī</a> school, founded by <a href="/wiki/Al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ash'ari">Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī</a> (10th century CE);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Māturīdī</a> school, founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī</a> (10th century CE).</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a> is a conservative reform branch and/or <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">revivalist</a> movement within Sunnī Islam whose followers do not believe in strictly following one particular <i><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a></i>. They include the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi movement</a>, an Islamic doctrine and religious movement founded by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab</a>, and the modern <a href="/wiki/Ahle_Hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahle Hadith">Ahle Hadith</a> movement, whose followers call themselves <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Ḥadīth</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shīʿa"><span id="Sh.C4.AB.CA.BFa"></span>Shīʿa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate in Shia doctrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Shīʿa_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of Islamic theology § Shīʿa schools of theology</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shīʿa Islam</a>, the major Shīʿīte school of jurisprudence is the <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Jaʿfari</a> or Imāmī school,<sup id="cite_ref-Sachedina_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sachedina-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named after <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">sixth Shīʿīte Imam</a>. The Jaʿfari jurisprudence is further divided into two branches: the <a href="/wiki/Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usuli</a> school, which favors the exercise of <i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a> school, which holds the traditions (<i>aḵbār</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shīʿīte Imams</a> to be the main source of religious knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minor Shīʿa schools of jurisprudence include the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlī</a> school (<a href="/wiki/Musta%27li" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li">Mustaʿlī</a>-<a href="/wiki/F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fāṭimid">Fāṭimid</a> <a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Ṭayyibi Ismāʿīlīs</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydī</a> school, both of which have closer affinity to Sunnī jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-Sachedina_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sachedina-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Shīʿīte clergymen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">jurists</a> usually carry the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a></i> (i.e., someone authorized to issue legal opinions in Shīʿa Islam). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ibadi">Ibadi</h3></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a></i> or jurisprudence of <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadis</a> is relatively simple. Absolute authority is given to the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith"><i>ḥadīth</i> literature</a>; new innovations accepted on the basis of <i><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">qiyas</a></i> (analogical reasoning) were rejected as <i><a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">bid'ah</a></i> (heresy) by the Ibadis. That differs from the majority of Sunnīs,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but agrees with most Shīʿa schools<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with the <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Ẓāhirī</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Ḥanbalī</a> schools of Sunnism.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools_of_Islamic_theology">Schools of Islamic theology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of Islamic theology</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></i> is an Islamic term meaning "<a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creed</a>", doctrine, or article of faith.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have existed many schools of Islamic theology, not all of which survive to the present day. Major themes of theological controversies in Islam have included <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">predestination</a> and free will, the <a href="/wiki/Quranic_createdness" title="Quranic createdness">nature of the Quran</a>, the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">divine attributes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">apparent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">esoteric</a> meaning of scripture, and the role of <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">dialectical reasoning</a> in the Islamic doctrine. </p><p><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_theology" title="Category:Islamic theology">a series</a> on </span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque02.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silhouette of a mosque"><img alt="Silhouette of a mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/110px-Mosque02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/165px-Mosque02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/220px-Mosque02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="220" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Sunni_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Sunni</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)#The_six_articles_of_the_Islamic_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">Six Articles of Iman</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">The Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_during_Ramadan" title="Fasting during Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Sunnī_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of theology</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Shia_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Shi'a</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancillaries_of_the_Faith" title="Ancillaries of the Faith">Basic Tenets of Faith</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm_of_Ramadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm of Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_what_is_just" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding what is just">Commanding what is just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong" title="Enjoining good and forbidding wrong">Forbidding what is evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawalla">Tawalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabarra">Tabarra</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Twelver_theology" title="Twelver theology">Theology of the Twelvers</a></b><sup>4,</sup> <sup>5</sup><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalah_(Islam)" title="Adalah (Islam)">Adalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_(Shia_Islam)" title="Prophecy (Shia Islam)">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Resurrection_and_final_judgement" title="Islamic eschatology">Qiyamah</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism#Beliefs" title="Isma'ilism">Theology of the Ismailis</a></b><sup>6</sup><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm_of_Ramadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm of Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Zaydism#Theology" title="Zaydism">Theology of the Zaydis</a></b></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Muhakkima" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Muhakkima</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_theology" title="Ibadi theology">Theology of the Ibadis</a></b></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabriyya" title="Jabriyya">Jabriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahmiyya" title="Jahmiyya">Jahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mujassimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadariyya">Qadariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quraniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <p><u>Including:</u><br /> </p> <div class="plainlist" style="font-weight:normal"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali school</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri school</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i school</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi school</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari school</a> (<a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akhbarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhbarism">Akhbari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a>)</li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>5</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishiki</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>6</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mustali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustali">Mustali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atba-e-Malak" title="Atba-e-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a>)</li></ul></div></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aqidah" title="Template:Aqidah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aqidah" title="Template talk:Aqidah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aqidah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aqidah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunnism">Sunnism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical">Classical</h4></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalām</a></i> is the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a> of seeking theological principles through <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a>. In Arabic, the word literally means "speech/words". A scholar of <i>kalām</i> is referred to as a <i>mutakallim</i> (Muslim theologian; plural <i>mutakallimūn</i>). There are many schools of Kalam, the main ones being the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ashʿarī</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Māturīdī</a> schools in Sunni Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_1998_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson_1998-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ashʿarī"><span id="Ash.CA.BFar.C4.AB"></span>Ashʿarī</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></div> <p>Ashʿarīsm is a school of theology founded by <a href="/wiki/Al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ash'ari">Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī</a> in the 10th century. The Ashʿarīte view was that comprehension of the unique nature and characteristics of God were beyond human capability. Ashʿarī theology is considered one of the orthodox creeds of Sunni Islam alongside the <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Māturīdī theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_1998_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson_1998-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the Ashʿarī theology prevails in <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> and was originally associated with the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Ḥanbalī</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">school of Islamic jurisprudence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_1998_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson_1998-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Māturīdīsm"><span id="M.C4.81tur.C4.ABd.C4.ABsm"></span>Māturīdīsm</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Māturīdism</a> is a school of theology founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī</a> in the 10th century, which is a close variant of the Ashʿarī school. Māturīdī theology is considered one of the orthodox creeds of Sunni Islam alongside the Ashʿarī theology,<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_1998_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson_1998-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prevails in the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Ḥanafī</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">school of Islamic jurisprudence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_1998_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson_1998-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Points which differ are the nature of belief and the place of human reason. The Māturīdites state that <i><a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">imān</a></i> (faith) does not increase nor decrease but remains static; rather it's <i><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">taqwā</a></i> (piety) which increases and decreases. The Ashʿarītes affirm that belief does in fact increase and decrease. The Māturīdites affirm that the unaided human mind is able to find out that some of the more major sins such as alcohol or murder are evil without the help of revelation. The Ashʿarītes affirm that the unaided human mind is unable to know if something is good or evil, lawful or unlawful, without divine revelation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atharism">Atharism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></div> <p>The Atharī school derives its name from the word "tradition" as a translation of the Arabic word <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a></i> or from the Arabic word <i>athar</i>, meaning "narrations". The traditionalist creed is to avoid delving into extensive theological speculation. They rely on the Qur'an, the Sunnah, and sayings of the Sahaba, seeing this as the middle path where the attributes of Allah are accepted without questioning their nature (<i><a href="/wiki/Bi-la_kaifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bi-la kaifa">bi-la kayf</a></i>). <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> is regarded as the leader of the traditionalist school of creed. The modern <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a> associates itself with the Atharī creed.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muʿtazilism"><span id="Mu.CA.BFtazilism"></span>Muʿtazilism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazilism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazilite theology</a> originated in the 8th century in <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> when <a href="/wiki/Wasil_ibn_Ata" title="Wasil ibn Ata">Wasil ibn Ata</a> left the teaching lessons of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Basri" title="Hasan al-Basri">Hasan al-Basri</a> after a theological dispute. He and his followers expanded on the logic and rationalism of <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a>, seeking to combine them with Islamic doctrines and show that the two were inherently compatible. The Muʿtazilites debated philosophical questions such as whether <a href="/wiki/Quranic_createdness" title="Quranic createdness">the Qur'an was created or co-eternal with God</a>, whether <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> was created by God, the issue of <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">predestination</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#In_Islamic_thought" title="Free will in theology">free will</a>, whether God's attributes in the Qur'an were to be interpreted allegorically or literally, and whether sinning believers would have eternal punishment in <a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">hell</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murji'ah"><span id="Murji.27ah"></span>Murji'ah</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a></div> <p>Murji'ah was a name for an early politico-religious movement which came to refer to all those who identified faith (<i>iman</i>) with belief to the exclusion of acts.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originating during the caliphates of Uthman and Ali, Murijites opposed the Kharijites, holding that only God has the authority to judge who is a true Muslim and who is not, and that Muslims should consider all other Muslims as part of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-isutzu5556_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isutzu5556-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two major Murijite sub-sects were the Karamiya and Sawbaniyya.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qadariyyah">Qadariyyah</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a></div> <p>Qadariyya is an originally derogatory term designating early Islamic theologians who asserted that humans possess free will, whose exercise makes them responsible for their actions, justifying divine punishment and absolving God of responsibility for evil in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Qadariyyah_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qadariyyah-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of their doctrines were later adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazilis</a> and rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'aris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Qadariyyah_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qadariyyah-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jabriyah">Jabriyah</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jabriyya" title="Jabriyya">Jabriyya</a></div> <p>In direct contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Qadariyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadariyyah">Qadariyyah</a>, Jabriyah was an early Islamic philosophical school based on the belief that humans are controlled by <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>, without having choice or free will. The Jabriya school originated during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>. The first representative of this school was Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham who was executed in 724.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is derived from the Arabic root j-b-r, in the sense which gives the meaning of someone who is forced or coerced by destiny.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term Jabriyah was also a derogatory term used by different Islamic groups that they considered wrong,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ariyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ariyah">Ash'ariyah</a> used the term Jabriyah in the first place to describe the followers of, <a href="/wiki/Jahm_ibn_Safwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahm ibn Safwan">Jahm ibn Safwan</a> who died in 746, in that they regarded their faith as a middle position between Qadariyah and Jabriya. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazilah">Mu'tazilah</a> considered the Ash'ariyah as Jabriyah because, in their opinion, they rejected the orthodox doctrine of free will.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shiites" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiites">Shiites</a> used the term Jabriyah to describe the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ariyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ariyah">Ash'ariyah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanbalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbalis">Hanbalis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jahmiyya">Jahmiyya</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jahmiyya" title="Jahmiyya">Jahmiyya</a></div> <p>Jahmis were the alleged followers of the early Islamic theologian <a href="/wiki/Jahm_bin_Safwan" title="Jahm bin Safwan">Jahm bin Safwan</a> who associated himself with <a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Al-Harith ibn Surayj</a>. He was an exponent of extreme <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a> according to which a man acts only metaphorically in the same way in which the sun acts or does something when it sets.<sup id="cite_ref-pest_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pest-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batiniyyah">Batiniyyah</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></div> <p>Bāṭiniyyah is a name given to an allegoristic type of scriptural interpretation developed among some Shia groups, stressing the <i><a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">bāṭin</a></i> (inward, esoteric) meaning of texts. It has been retained by all branches of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> offshoot. <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurufi">Hurufis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> practice a similar system of interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sufism">Sufism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani,_Baghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/300px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/400px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption">Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a>, Baghdad, Iraq</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdal</a></li> <li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqaa" title="Baqaa">Baqaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">Dervish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawq" title="Dhawq">Dhawq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">Fakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fana_(Sufism)" title="Fana (Sufism)">Fana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Hal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamat" title="Karamat">Karamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">Kashf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-Sitta" title="Lataif-e-Sitta">Lataif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzil" title="Manzil">Manzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27rifa" title="Ma'rifa">Ma'rifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(Sufism)" title="Maqam (Sufism)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandar_(title)" title="Qalandar (title)">Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb" title="Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silsila" title="Silsila">Silsila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Sufi cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">Sufi psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salik" title="Salik">Salik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">Tazkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqeen" title="Yaqeen">Yaqeen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Anasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Haḍra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Whirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Sufi orders</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_%27Alawiyya" title="Ba 'Alawiyya">Ba 'Alawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishti_Order" title="Chishti Order">Chishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadhili" title="Shadhili">Shadhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhrawardiyya" title="Suhrawardiyya">Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmaniyya" title="Rahmaniyya">Rahmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badawiyya" title="Badawiyya">Badawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desuqiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Desuqiyya">Desuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijaniyyah" title="Tijaniyyah">Tijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darqawiyya" title="Darqawiyya">Darqawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisiyya" title="Idrisiyya">Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusiyya" title="Senusiyya">Senusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelveti" title="Jelveti">Jelveti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maizbhandari" title="Maizbhandari">Maizbhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouride" title="Mouride">Mouridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1lar" title="Süleymancılar">Sülaymaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salihiyya" title="Salihiyya">Salihiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeemiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeemiyya">Azeemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubrawiya" title="Kubrawiya">Kubrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">Mevlevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shattari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shattari">Shattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwaisi" title="Uwaisi">Uwaisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%27matull%C4%81h%C4%AB" title="Ni'matullāhī">Ni'matullāhī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuqtavi" title="Nuqtavi">Nuqtavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahabiya" title="Zahabiya">Zahabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbariyya">Akbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqqani_Anjuman" title="Haqqani Anjuman">Haqqani Anjuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayati_Order" title="Inayati Order">Inayati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aissawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aissawa">Issawiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrahi" title="Jerrahi">Jerrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madariyya" title="Madariyya">Madari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noorbakshia_Islam" title="Noorbakshia Islam">Noorbakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikri">Zikri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List of sufis</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_saints" title="List of Sufi saints">Notable early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufis" title="List of Sufis">Notable modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_singers" title="List of Sufi singers">Singers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics in Sufism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27rifa" title="Ma'rifa">Ma'rifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sufi_art" title="Category:Sufi art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sufism" title="History of Sufism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sufism" title="Template:Sufism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sufism" title="Template talk:Sufism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">List of Sufi orders</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_saints" title="List of Sufi saints">List of Sufi saints</a></div> <p>Sufism is Islam's <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a>-<a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a> dimension and is represented by schools or orders known as <i><a href="/wiki/Tasawwuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasawwuf">Tasawwuf</a>ī-<a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%ACar%C4%ABqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṭarīqah">Ṭarīqah</a>.</i> It is seen as that aspect of Islamic teaching that deals with the purification of inner self. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of "intuitive and emotional faculties" that one must be trained to use.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The following list contains some notable Sufi orders: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Azeemiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeemiyya">Azeemiyya</a> order was founded in 1960 by <a href="/wiki/Qalandar_Baba_Auliya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalandar Baba Auliya">Qalandar Baba Auliya</a>, also known as Syed Muhammad Azeem Barkhia.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashi</a> order was founded in the 13th century by the Islamic saint <a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Haji Bektash Veli</a>, and greatly influenced during its formulative period by the <a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufi</a> Ali al-'Ala in the 15th century and reorganized by <a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1m_Sultan" title="Balım Sultan">Balım Sultan</a> in the 16th century. Because of its adherence to <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">the Twelve Imams</a> it is classified under <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> Shia Islam.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chishti" class="mw-redirect" title="Chishti">Chishti</a> order (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">چشتیہ</span>) was founded by (<a href="/wiki/Khawaja" title="Khawaja">Khawaja</a>) <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_Shami" title="Abu Ishaq Shami">Abu Ishaq Shami</a> ("the Syrian"; died 941) who brought Sufism to the town of <a href="/wiki/Chisht" class="mw-redirect" title="Chisht">Chisht</a>, some 95 miles east of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> in present-day Afghanistan. Before returning to the Levant, Shami initiated, trained and deputized the son of the local <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> <i>(Khwaja)</i> Abu Ahmad Abdal (died 966). Under the leadership of Abu Ahmad's descendants, the <i>Chishtiyya</i> as they are also known, flourished as a regional mystical order. The founder of the <a href="/wiki/Chishti_Order" title="Chishti Order">Chishti Order</a> in South Asia was <a href="/wiki/Moinuddin_Chishti" class="mw-redirect" title="Moinuddin Chishti">Moinuddin Chishti</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kubrawiya" title="Kubrawiya">Kubrawiya</a> order was founded in the 13th century by <a href="/wiki/Najmuddin_Kubra" class="mw-redirect" title="Najmuddin Kubra">Najmuddin Kubra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlevi">Mevlevi</a> order is better known in the West as the "whirling dervishes".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouride" title="Mouride">Mouride</a> is most prominent in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>, with headquarters in the holy city of <a href="/wiki/Touba,_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Touba, Senegal">Touba, Senegal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> order was founded in 1380 by <a href="/wiki/Baha-ud-Din_Naqshband_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari">Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari</a>. It is considered by some to be a "sober" order known for its silent <a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">dhikr</a> (remembrance of God) rather than the vocalized forms of dhikr common in other orders. The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1lar" title="Süleymancılar">Süleymani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khalidiyya" title="Khalidiyya">Khalidiyya</a> orders are offshoots of the Naqshbandi order.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ni%27matullahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ni'matullahi">Ni'matullahi</a> order is the most widespread Sufi order of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> today. It was founded by <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ni%27matullah_Wali" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ni'matullah Wali">Shah Ni'matullah Wali</a> (d. 1367), established and transformed from his inheritance of the <a href="/wiki/Marufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Marufi">Ma'rufiyyah</a> circle.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several suborders in existence today, the most known and influential in the West following the lineage of <a href="/wiki/Javad_Nurbakhsh" title="Javad Nurbakhsh">Javad Nurbakhsh</a>, who brought the order to the West following the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Noorbakshia_Islam" title="Noorbakshia Islam">Noorbakshia</a> order,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called Nurbakshia,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claims to trace its direct spiritual lineage and chain (silsilah) to the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, by way of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Al-Ridha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Al-Ridha">Ali Al-Ridha</a>. This order became known as Nurbakshi after <a href="/wiki/Shah_Syed_Muhammad_Nurbakhsh_Qahistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Syed Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani">Shah Syed Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani</a>, who was aligned to the <a href="/wiki/Kubrawiya" title="Kubrawiya">Kubrawiya</a> order.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oveysi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oveysi">Oveysi</a> (or Uwaiysi) order claims to have been founded 1,400 years ago by <a href="/wiki/Uwais_al-Qarni" class="mw-redirect" title="Uwais al-Qarni">Uwais al-Qarni</a> from Yemen.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Qadiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadiri">Qadiri</a> order is one of the oldest Sufi Orders. It derives its name from <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Qadir_Gilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Qadir Gilani">Abdul-Qadir Gilani</a> (1077–1166), a native of the Iranian province of <a href="/wiki/G%C4%ABl%C4%81n_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gīlān Province">Gīlān</a>. The order is one of the most widespread of the Sufi orders in the Islamic world, and can be found in Central Asia, Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and much of East and West Africa. The Qadiriyyah have not developed any distinctive doctrines or teachings outside of mainstream Islam. They believe in the fundamental principles of Islam, but interpreted through mystical experience. The <a href="/wiki/Ba_%27Alawiyya" title="Ba 'Alawiyya">Ba'Alawi</a> order is an offshoot of <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadiriyyah">Qadiriyyah</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi">Senussi</a> is a religious-political Sufi order established by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ali_as-Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi">Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi</a>. As-Senussi founded this movement due to his criticism of the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-locsanusi_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locsanusi-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Shadhili" title="Shadhili">Shadhili</a> order was founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu-l-Hassan_ash-Shadhili" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu-l-Hassan ash-Shadhili">Abu-l-Hassan ash-Shadhili</a>. Followers (<i><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">murids</a></i> Arabic: seekers) of the Shadhiliyya are often known as Shadhilis.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Suhrawardiyya" title="Suhrawardiyya">Suhrawardiyya</a> order (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سهروردية</span>) is a Sufi order founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Najib_al-Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Najib al-Suhrawardi">Abu al-Najib al-Suhrawardi</a> (1097–1168).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tijaniyyah" title="Tijaniyyah">Tijaniyyah</a> order attach a large importance to culture and education, and emphasize the individual adhesion of the disciple (<i><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">murid</a></i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_movements">Later movements</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African-American_movements">African-American movements</h3></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slaves brought from Africa to the Western Hemisphere</a> were <a href="/wiki/Muslim_slaves_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim slaves in the United States">Muslims</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_2013_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_2013-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the early 20th century saw the rise of distinct Islamic religious and political movements within the <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-American community in the United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2012_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as Darul Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_2013_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_2013-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Islamic Party of North America,<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_2013_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_2013-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Mosque of Islamic Brotherhood (MIB),<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_2013_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_2013-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Muslim Alliance in North America,<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_2013_80-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_2013-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2012_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> (NOI),<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2012_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NovaReligio_2016_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NovaReligio_2016-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berg_2011_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berg_2011-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melton_2011_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton_2011-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Ansaaru_Allah_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansaaru Allah Community">Ansaaru Allah Community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_2021_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer_2021-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sought to ascribe Islamic heritage to African-Americans, thereby giving much emphasis on racial and ethnic aspects<sup id="cite_ref-NovaReligio_2016_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NovaReligio_2016-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2012_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berg_2011_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berg_2011-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melton_2011_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton_2011-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_separatism" title="Black separatism">black separatism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_2013_80-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_2013-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_2021_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer_2021-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corbman_2020_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbman_2020-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Black_Muslims_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Black Muslims (disambiguation)">black Muslim movements</a> often differ greatly in matters of doctrine from mainstream Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2012_81-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berg_2011_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berg_2011-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_2021_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer_2021-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corbman_2020_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbman_2020-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a>, founded in 1913 by Noble Drew Ali (born Timothy Drew).<sup id="cite_ref-Melton_2011_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton_2011-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moorish Science Temple of America is characterized by a strong African-American ethnic and religious identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2012_81-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melton_2011_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton_2011-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Orthodox_Church_of_America" title="Moorish Orthodox Church of America">Moorish Orthodox Church of America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a> in Detroit in 1930,<sup id="cite_ref-aarh_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aarh-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a declared aim of "resurrecting" the spiritual, mental, social, and economic condition of the <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">black man and woman of America</a> and the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2012_81-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NovaReligio_2016_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NovaReligio_2016-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berg_2011_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berg_2011-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nation of Islam believes that Wallace Fard Muhammad was <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">God</a> on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbman_2020_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbman_2020-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aarh_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aarh-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nation of Islam doesn't consider the Arabian Muhammad as the final prophet and instead regards <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a>, successor of Wallace Fard Muhammad, as the true Messenger of Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2012_81-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NovaReligio_2016_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NovaReligio_2016-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berg_2011_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berg_2011-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warith_Deen_Mohammed" title="Warith Deen Mohammed">Warith Deen Mohammed</a> established the American Society of Muslims in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_2013_80-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_2013-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This offshoot of the Nation of Islam wanted to bring its teachings more in line with mainstream Sunni Islam, establishing mosques instead of temples, and promoting the <a href="/wiki/Five_pillars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Five pillars of Islam">Five pillars of Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-evocom_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evocom-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five-Percent Nation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Turner_2013_80-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_2013-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">United Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahmadiyya_Movement_in_Islam">Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ahmadiyya" title="Category:Ahmadiyya">a series</a> on</span></span> <br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/175px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/263px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/350px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Beliefs and practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">Six articles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Bay'ah (Ahmadiyya)">Bay'ah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Distinct views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophethood_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)">Prophethood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_view_on_Jihad" title="Ahmadiyya view on Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_views_on_evolution" title="Ahmadiyya views on evolution">Evolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Days of remembrance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Day" title="Caliphate Day">Caliphate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Messiah_Day" title="Promised Messiah Day">Promised Messiah Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Reformer_Day" title="Promised Reformer Day">Promised Reformer Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Foundational texts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">sciences</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah"><i>Aqidah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(creed)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir"><i>Tafsir</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(exegesis)</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(jurisprudence)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(law)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography"><i>Rūhānī Khazā᾽in</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malf%C5%ABz%C4%81t" title="Malfūzāt">Malfūzāt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafseer-e-Kabeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafseer-e-Kabeer"><i>Tafsīr-e-Kabīr</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqaiq_al-furqan" title="Haqaiq al-furqan"><i>Haqā'iq al-Furqān</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_Religions" title="Review of Religions">Review of Religions</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Fazl_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Fazl (newspaper)"><i>Al Fazl</i> (newspaper)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Muslim_Sunrise" title="The Muslim Sunrise">The Muslim Sunrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revelation,_Rationality,_Knowledge_%26_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth">Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Caliphate" title="Ahmadiyya Caliphate">Organizational structure</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Caliphate" title="Ahmadiyya Caliphate">Caliphs:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Noor-ud-Din" title="Hakeem Noor-ud-Din">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Basheer-ud-Din_Mahmood_Ahmad" title="Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Nasir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Nasir Ahmad">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Tahir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Tahir Ahmad">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Masroor_Ahmad" title="Mirza Masroor Ahmad">V</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya#The_Consultative_Council" title="Ahmadiyya">Majlis al-Shura </a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lajna_Ima%27illah" title="Lajna Ima'illah">Lajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuddam-ul_Ahmadiyya" title="Khuddam-ul Ahmadiyya">Khuddām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarullah_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Ansarullah (Ahmadiyya)">Ansār</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalsa_Salana" title="Jalsa Salana">Jalsa Salana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ahmadiyya_buildings_and_structures" title="List of Ahmadiyya buildings and structures">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Ahmadiyya" title="Jamia Ahmadiyya">Jamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Television_Ahmadiyya_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Television Ahmadiyya International">MTA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Hijaz</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazl_Mosque,_London" title="Fazl Mosque, London">Fazl Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baitul_Futuh_Mosque" title="Baitul Futuh Mosque">Baitul Futuh Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Mosque,_Tilford" title="Mubarak Mosque, Tilford">Mubarak Mosque</a></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Qadian" title="Qadian">Qadian</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqsa_Mosque,_Qadian" title="Aqsa Mosque, Qadian">Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret-ul-Masih" class="mw-redirect" title="Minaret-ul-Masih">Minaret-ul-Masih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Mosque,_Qadian" title="Mubarak Mosque, Qadian">Mubarak Mosque</a></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Rabwah" title="Rabwah">Rabwah</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqsa_Mosque,_Rabwah" title="Aqsa Mosque, Rabwah">Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Ahmadiyya" title="Jamia Ahmadiyya">Jamia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_by_country" title="Ahmadiyya by country">Ahmadiyya by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_and_other_faiths" title="Ahmadiyya and other faiths">Ahmadiyya and other faiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ahmadis" title="List of Ahmadis">List of Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_First" title="Humanity First">Humanity First</a> (NGO Charity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_translations_of_the_Quran" title="Ahmadiyya translations of the Quran">Ahmadiyya translations of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roza_Bal" title="Roza Bal">Roza Bal</a> (Tomb of Jesus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Mari_da_Ashtan" title="Mai Mari da Ashtan">Mai Mari da Ashtan</a> (Tomb of Mary)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ahmadiyya" title="Template:Ahmadiyya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ahmadiyya" title="Template talk:Ahmadiyya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ahmadiyya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ahmadiyya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam</a> was founded in British India in 1889 by <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Qadian" title="Qadian">Qadian</a>, who claimed to be the promised <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Christ</a>"), the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> awaited by the Muslims as well as a <a href="/wiki/Prophethood_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)">"subordinate" prophet</a> to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-Upal_2021_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upal_2021-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drover_2020_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drover_2020-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Korbel-Preckel_2016_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korbel-Preckel_2016-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turner_2003_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_2003-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmadis claim to practice the pristine form of Islam as followed by Muhammad and his <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">earliest followers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe that it was Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's task to restore the original <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i> given to Muhammad by guiding the <i><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></i> back to the "true" <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and defeat the attacks on Islam by other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-Upal_2021_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upal_2021-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drover_2020_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drover_2020-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Korbel-Preckel_2016_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korbel-Preckel_2016-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turner_2003_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_2003-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:022_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a wide variety of distinct beliefs and teachings of Ahmadis compared to those of <i>most other</i> Muslims,<sup id="cite_ref-Upal_2021_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upal_2021-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drover_2020_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drover_2020-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Korbel-Preckel_2016_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korbel-Preckel_2016-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turner_2003_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_2003-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which include the interpretation of the Quranic title <i><a href="/wiki/Khatam_an-Nabiyyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatam an-Nabiyyin">Khatam an-Nabiyyin</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Messiah's Second Coming</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Drover_2020_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drover_2020-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> complete rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)" title="Naskh (tafsir)">abrogation/cancellation of Quranic verses</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> belief that <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Jesus survived the crucifixion and died of old age in India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Drover_2020_94-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drover_2020-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Korbel-Preckel_2016_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korbel-Preckel_2016-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_view_on_Jihad" title="Ahmadiyya view on Jihad">conditions of the "<i>Jihad</i> of the Sword" are no longer met</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Drover_2020_94-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drover_2020-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> belief that <a href="/wiki/Revelation_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Revelation in Islam">divine revelation</a> (as long as no new <i>sharia</i> is given) will never end,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> belief in <a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">cyclical nature of history</a> until Muhammad,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and belief in the implausibility of a contradiction between <a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Islam and science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These perceived deviations from normative Islamic thought have resulted in severe <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">persecution of Ahmadis</a> in various <a href="/wiki/Muslim-majority_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim-majority countries">Muslim-majority countries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Drover_2020_94-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drover_2020-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Pakistan" title="Ahmadiyya in Pakistan">Pakistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Drover_2020_94-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drover_2020-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uddin_2014_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uddin_2014-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they have been branded as Non-Muslims and their Islamic religious practices are punishable by the Ahmadi-Specific laws in the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_XX" title="Ordinance XX">penal code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The followers of the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam are divided into two groups: the first being the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya Muslim Community">Ahmadiyya Muslim Community</a>, currently the dominant group, and the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Drover_2020_94-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drover_2020-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larger group takes a literalist view believing that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was the promised Mahdi and a <i>Ummati Nabi</i> subservient to Muhammad, while the latter believing that he was only a <a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">religious reformer</a> and a prophet only in an allegorical sense.<sup id="cite_ref-Drover_2020_94-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drover_2020-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Ahmadi groups are active in <i><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">dawah</a></i> or Islamic missionary work, and have produced vasts amounts of Islamic literature, including <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_translations_of_the_Quran" title="Ahmadiyya translations of the Quran">numerous translations of the Quran</a>, translations of the Hadith, <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Quranic <i>tafsirs</i></a>, a multitude of <a href="/wiki/List_of_biographies_of_Muhammad" title="List of biographies of Muhammad"><i>sirahs</i> of Muhammad</a>, and works on the subject of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Drover_2020_94-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drover_2020-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turner_2003_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_2003-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, their international influence far exceeds their number of adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-Drover_2020_94-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drover_2020-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turner_2003_96-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_2003-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims from more Orthodox sects of Islam have adopted many Ahmadi polemics and understandings of other religions,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the Ahmadi approach to reconcile Islamic and Western education as well as to establish Islamic school systems, particularly in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barelvi_/_Deobandi_split"><span id="Barelvi_.2F_Deobandi_split"></span>Barelvi / Deobandi split</h3></div> <p>Sunni Muslims of the Indian subcontinent comprising present day India, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> who are overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> have split into two schools or movements, the <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a>. While the Deobandi is revivalist in nature, the Barelvi are more traditional and inclined towards <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gülen_/_Hizmet_movement"><span id="G.C3.BClen_.2F_Hizmet_movement"></span>Gülen / Hizmet movement</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a>, usually referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Hizmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizmet">Hizmet</a> movement,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established in the 1970s as an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Nur_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur Movement">Nur Movement</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led by the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Islamic_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic scholar">Islamic scholar</a> and preacher <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> in Turkey, Central Asia, and in other parts of the world, is active in education, with private schools and universities in over 180 countries as well as with many American charter schools operated by followers. It has initiated forums for <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">interfaith dialogue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jbwhite_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbwhite-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Cemaat movement's</a> structure has been described as a flexible organizational network.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Movement schools and businesses organize locally and link themselves into informal networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Islam_in_Kazakhstan_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam_in_Kazakhstan-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the number of schools and educational institutions vary widely; it appears there are about 300 <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement_schools" title="Gülen movement schools">Gülen movement schools</a> in Turkey and over 1,000 schools worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_modernism">Islamic modernism</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a>, also sometimes referred to as "modernist Salafism",<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a movement that has been described as "the first Muslim ideological response"<sup id="cite_ref-moaddel_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moaddel-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attempting to reconcile Islamic faith with modern Western values such as <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">democracy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamism">Islamism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;font-size:88%; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism" title="Category:Islamism">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:230%;"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamism" title="History of Islamism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">Salafism by country/region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Principlism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Principlism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a><br /></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy in Islam</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><b>Scholastic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawat-e-Islami" title="Dawat-e-Islami">Dawat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nurcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Political</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Call" title="Salafist Call">Salafist Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Front" title="Salafist Front">Salafist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Labbaik_Pakistan" title="Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan">Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">List of Islamic political parties</a></li></ul> <p><b>Militant</b> </p> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Caliphate_or_the_Supreme_Imamate_(book)" title="The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)">The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Rashīd Rīďha 1922</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal 1930s</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam">Principles of State and Government</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Asad 1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)"><i>Ma'alim fi al-Tariq</i> ("Milestones")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb 1965</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government:_Governance_of_the_Jurist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist"><i>Islamic Government: <br />Governance of the Jurist</i> ("Velayat-e faqih")</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini 1970</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Heads of state</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia ul-Haq">Zia ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">House of Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key ideologues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_al-Masri" title="Abu Hamza al-Masri">Abu Hamza al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Afgh%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Faz%C4%B1l_K%C4%B1sak%C3%BCrek" title="Necip Fazıl Kısakürek">Necip Fazıl Kısakürek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Nadwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Hasan Nadwi">Abul Hasan Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Turabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Al-Turabi">Hassan Al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism of Islamism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism of Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberal and reform movements within Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_North_America" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in North America">in North America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abu_al-Fadl" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaled Abu al-Fadl">Khaled Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farag_Foda" title="Farag Foda">Farag Foda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Namazie" title="Maryam Namazie">Maryam Namazie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Maajid Nawaaz">Maajid Nawaaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassam_Tibi" title="Bassam Tibi">Bassam Tibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_al-Ashmawi" title="Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi">Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Maher" title="Shiraz Maher">Shiraz Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ranstorp" title="Magnus Ranstorp">Magnus Ranstorp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Islam and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> is a set of political <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a>, derived from various <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> views, which hold that Islam is not only a religion but a <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a> that should govern the legal, economic and social imperatives of the state. Many Islamists do not refer to themselves as such and it is not a single particular movement. Religious views and ideologies of its adherents vary, and they may be Sunni Islamists or Shia Islamists depending upon their beliefs. Islamist groups include groups such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>, the organizer of the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a> and perhaps the most prominent; and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, the largest and perhaps the oldest. Although violence is often employed by some organizations, most Islamist movements are nonviolent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muslim_Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</h4></div> <p>The <i>Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimun</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الإخوان</span></span> brethren) or <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, is an organisation that was founded by Egyptian scholar <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a>, a graduate of <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Ulum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar al-Ulum">Dar al-Ulum</a>. With its various branches, it is the largest Sunni movement in the Arab world, and an affiliate is often the largest opposition party in many Arab nations. The Muslim Brotherhood is not concerned with theological differences, accepting both, Muslims of any of the four Sunni schools of thought, and Shi'a Muslims. It is the world's oldest and largest <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> group. Its aims are to re-establish the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> and in the meantime, push for more Islamisation of society. The Brotherhood's stated goal is to instill the Qur'an and <i>sunnah</i> as the "sole reference point for... ordering the life of the Muslim family, individual, community... and state".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</h4></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></i> (or JI) is an Islamist political party in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. It was founded in Lahore, British India, by <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi</a> (with alternative spellings of last name Maudoodi) in 1941 and is <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">the oldest religious party in Pakistan</a>. Today, sister organizations with similar objectives and ideological approaches exist in India (<a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Hind" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Hind">Jamaat-e-Islami Hind</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh">Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Kashmir" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir">Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and there are "close brotherly relations" with the Islamist movements and missions "working in different continents and countries", particularly those affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> (Akhwan-al-Muslimeen). The JI envisions an Islamic government in Pakistan and Bangladesh governing by Islamic law. It opposes Westernization—including secularization, capitalism, socialism, or such practices as interest based banking, and favours an Islamic economic order and <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hizb_ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</h4></div> <p><i>Hizb ut-Tahrir</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حزب التحرير</span>) (Translation: Party of Liberation) is an international, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamist</a> political organization which describes its ideology as Islam, and its aim the re-establishment of the Islamic Khilafah (<a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>) to resume Islamic ways of life in the Muslim world. The caliphate would unite the Muslim community (<i><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-ctmwru-4-3-10_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctmwru-4-3-10-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> upon their Islamic creed and implement the <a href="/wiki/Shariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariah">Shariah</a>, so as to then carry the <a href="/wiki/Da%27wah" class="mw-redirect" title="Da'wah">proselytizing</a> of Islam to the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidCommins_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidCommins-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quranism">Quranism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Quranist_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranist Islam">Quranism</a><b><sup id="cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:38-42_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:38-42-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> or Quraniyya (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">القرآنية</span>; <i>al-Qur'āniyya</i>) is a Protestant<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> branch of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. It holds the belief that <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> guidance and law should only be based on the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Quran</a>, thus <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Hadith">opposing the religious authority and authenticity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> literature.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Quranists_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Quranists-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quranists believe that God's message is already clear and complete in the Quran and it can therefore be fully understood without referencing outside texts.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quranists claim that the vast majority of hadith literature are forged lies and believe that the Quran itself criticizes the hadith both in the technical sense and the general sense.<sup id="cite_ref-62-rida_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62-rida-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Quranists_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Quranists-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Voss_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voss-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (August 2021)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_and_progressive_Islam">Liberal and progressive Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism within Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_North_America" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in North America">Liberal and progressive Islam in North America</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberal Islam</a> originally emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revivalist movement</a> of the 18th–19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurzman_1998_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurzman_1998-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberal and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> Islamic organizations and movements are primarily based in the Western world, and have in common a religious outlook which depends mainly on <i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a></i> or re-interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">sacred scriptures of Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurzman_1998_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurzman_1998-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberal and progressive Muslims are characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalistic</a>, critical examination and re-interpretation of the sacred scriptures of Islam;<sup id="cite_ref-Kurzman_1998_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurzman_1998-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> affirmation and promotion of democracy, <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>, human rights, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage_in_Islam" title="Interfaith marriage in Islam">interfaith marriage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Leeman_2009_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeman_2009-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jahangir2017_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jahangir2017-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Kurzman_1998_138-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurzman_1998-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opposition to <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a> and total rejection of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Kurzman_1998_138-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurzman_1998-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a modern view of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">ethics</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">culture</a>, tradition, and other ritualistic practices in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurzman_1998_138-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurzman_1998-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a>, or Mahdavism, is a <a href="/wiki/Mahdiist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiist">Mahdiist</a> sect founded in late 15th century India by <a href="/wiki/Syed_Muhammad_Jaunpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri">Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri</a>, who declared himself to be the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Hidden Twelfth Imam</a> of the Twelver Shia tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They follow many aspects of the Sunni doctrine. Zikri Mahdavis, or <a href="/wiki/Zikris" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikris">Zikris</a>, are an offshoot of the Mahdavi movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Gall_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gall-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-denominational_Muslims">Non-denominational Muslims</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Muslims">Non-denominational Muslims</a></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Muslims">Non-denominational Muslims</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مسلمون بلا طائفة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa</i></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> that has been used for and by Muslims who do not belong to a specific Islamic denomination, do not self-identify with any specific Islamic denomination, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable Islamic schools and branches.<sup id="cite_ref-Benakis_2014_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benakis_2014-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Longton_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longton-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pollack_2014_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollack_2014-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">world's Muslim population</a> see themselves as "just a Muslim".<sup id="cite_ref-Pewforum_2012_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pewforum_2012-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-denominational Muslims constitute the majority of the Muslim population in seven countries, and a plurality in three others: <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (65%), <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> (64%), <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (58%), <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (56%), <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (55%), <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (54%), <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> (54%), <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (45%), Russia (45%), and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (42%).<sup id="cite_ref-Pewforum_2012_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pewforum_2012-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are found primarily in Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Pewforum_2012_146-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pewforum_2012-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> has the largest number of non-denominational Muslims, who constitute about 74% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Pewforum_2012_146-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pewforum_2012-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the majority of the population in the Middle East identify as either <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a>, a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southeastern Europe also has a large number of non-denominational Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947, the non-sectarian movement <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar">Jama'ah al-Taqrib bayna al-Madhahib al-Islamiyyah</i></span> was founded in Cairo, Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of its supporters were high-ranking scholars of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahzar_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ahzar University">Al-Ahzar University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement sought to bridge the gap between Sunnis and Shi'is.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the 1950s, the movement reached a wider public, as the Egyptian president <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> discovered the usefulness of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamism</a> for his foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salafism_and_Wahhabism">Salafism and Wahhabism</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ahle_Hadith"><i>Ahle Hadith</i></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اهل حدیث</span>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl">اہل حدیث</span>: <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> <i>People of the traditions of the Prophet</i></span>) is a movement which emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> in the mid-19th century. Its followers call themselves <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></i> and are considered to be a branch of the <i><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafiyya</a></i> school. Ahl-i Hadith is antithetical to various beliefs and mystical practices associated with folk <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>. Ahl-i Hadith shares many doctrinal similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi movement</a> and hence often classified as being synonymous with the "<a href="/wiki/Wahhabism#Definitions_and_etymology" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabis</a>" by its adversaries. However, its followers reject this designation, preferring to identify themselves as "Salafis".<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salafiyya_movement"><i>Salafiyya</i> movement</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islamic_movements" title="Category:Sunni Islamic movements"><span style="color:blue">a series</span></a> on:</span></span> <br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/200px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/300px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/400px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="1094" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Imam_Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab_Mosque" title="Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque</a>, Qatar</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Theology">Theology and Influences</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hadi" title="Ibn Abd al-Hadi">Ibn Abd al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muflih" title="Ibn Muflih">Ibn Muflih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hayya_Al-Sindhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hayya Al-Sindhi">Muhammad Hayaat Al-Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi" title="Shah Ismail Dehlvi">Ismail Dehlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Founders and key figures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal al-Din Qasimi">Jamal al-Din Qasimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ibrahim_Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh">Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jibrin" title="Ibn Jibrin">Ibn Jibrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafis" title="Salafi movement">List of Salafi scholars</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Salafi_Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Salafi Islamic universities and colleges">Notable universities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Qura_University" title="Umm al-Qura University">Umm al-Qura University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Madinah" title="Islamic University of Madinah">Islamic University of Madinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Mohammad_Ibn_Saud_Islamic_University" title="Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University">Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Salafia,_Faisalabad" title="Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad">Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Salafia,_Varanasi" title="Jamia Salafia, Varanasi">Jamia Salafia, Varanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_University" title="International Islamic University">International Islamic University</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Salafi_Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Salafi Islamic universities and colleges">List of Salafi Islamic universities</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Related ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhaj" title="Manhaj">Manhaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailaifengye" title="Sailaifengye">Sailaifengye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi-Salafi_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi-Salafi relations">Sufi-Salafi relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Associated organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takfir_wal-Hijra" title="Takfir wal-Hijra">Takfir wal-Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 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navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement"><i>Salafiyya</i> movement</a> is a conservative,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islahi</a></i> (reform)<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> movement within <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> that emerged in the second half of the 19th century and advocate a return to the traditions of the "devout ancestors" (<i><a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf al-Salih</a></i>). It has been described as the "fastest-growing Islamic movement"; with each scholar expressing diverse views across social, theological, and political spectrum. Salafis follow a doctrine that can be summed up as taking "a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamentalist approach to Islam</a>, emulating the Prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and his earliest followers—<i>al-salaf al-salih</i>, the 'pious forefathers'....They reject religious innovation, or <i><a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">bidʻah</a></i>, and support the implementation of <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></i> (Islamic law)."<sup id="cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist27Jun15-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Salafi movement is often divided into three categories: the largest group are the purists (or <a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">quietists</a>), who avoid politics; the second largest group are the <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">militant activists</a>, who get involved in politics; the third and last group are the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">jihadists</a>, who constitute a minority.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist27Jun15-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the violent Islamist groups come from the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-Jihadist movement</a> and their subgroups.<sup id="cite_ref-Homegrown_2021_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homegrown_2021-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, Jihadi-Salafist doctrines have often been associated with the armed insurgencies of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremist movements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorist organizations</a> targeting innocent civilians, both Muslims and Non-Muslims, such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Sageman2011_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sageman2011-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oliveti2002_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveti2002-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_157-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist27Jun15-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homegrown_2021_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homegrown_2021-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second largest group are the Salafi activists who have a long tradition of political activism, such as those that operate in organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>'s major <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist movement</a>. In the aftermath of widescale repressions after the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, accompanied by their political failures, the activist-Salafi movements have undergone a decline. The most numerous are the <a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">quietists</a>, who believe in disengagement from politics and accept allegiance to Muslim governments, no matter how tyrannical, to avoid <i><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">fitna</a></i> (chaos).<sup id="cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_157-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist27Jun15-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi movement</a> was founded and spearheaded by the Ḥanbalī scholar and theologian <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Peskes2012_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peskes2012-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokhari-Senzai_2013_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokhari-Senzai_2013-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ágoston-Masters_2009_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ágoston-Masters_2009-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a religious preacher from the <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">central Arabia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wagemakers_2021_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagemakers_2021-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laoust2012_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laoust2012-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haykel2013_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haykel2013-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esposito2004_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito2004-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford2020_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford2020-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was instrumental in the rise of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a> to power in the Arabian peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Peskes2012_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peskes2012-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab sought to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">revive</a> and purify <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> from what he perceived as non-Islamic popular religious beliefs and practices by returning to what, he believed, were the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamental principles of the Islamic religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laoust2012_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laoust2012-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haykel2013_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haykel2013-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esposito2004_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito2004-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford2020_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford2020-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His works were generally short, full of quotations from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith"><i>Hadith</i> literature</a>, such as his main and foremost theological treatise, <i>Kitāb at-Tawḥīd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب التوحيد</span>; "The Book of Oneness").<sup id="cite_ref-Laoust2012_165-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laoust2012-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haykel2013_166-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haykel2013-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esposito2004_167-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito2004-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford2020_168-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford2020-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught that the primary doctrine of Islam was the <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">uniqueness and oneness of God</a> (<i>tawḥīd</i>), and denounced what he held to be popular religious beliefs and practices among Muslims that he considered to be akin to <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">heretical innovation</a> (<i>bidʿah</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">polytheism</a> (<i>shirk</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Laoust2012_165-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laoust2012-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haykel2013_166-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haykel2013-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esposito2004_167-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito2004-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford2020_168-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford2020-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wahhabism has been described as a conservative, strict, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> branch of Sunnī Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-Musa_2018_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musa_2018-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Puritanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanical">puritan</a> views,<sup id="cite_ref-Musa_2018_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musa_2018-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believing in a literal interpretation of the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-Peskes2012_161-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peskes2012-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms "<a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>" are sometimes evoked interchangeably, although the designation "<a href="/wiki/Wahhabism#Definitions_and_etymology" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a>" is specifically applied to the followers of Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab and his <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reformist</a> doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-Peskes2012_161-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peskes2012-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The label "Wahhabi" was not claimed by his followers, who usually refer themselves as <i>al-Muwaḥḥidūn</i> ("affirmers of the singularity of God"), but is rather employed by Western scholars as well as his critics.<sup id="cite_ref-Peskes2012_161-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peskes2012-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokhari-Senzai_2013_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokhari-Senzai_2013-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haykel2013_166-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haykel2013-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the mid-1970s and 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">international propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism</a> within Sunnī Islam<sup id="cite_ref-Musa_2018_169-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musa_2018-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> favored by the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wagemakers_2021_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagemakers_2021-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a> has achieved what the French political scientist <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a> defined as a "preeminent position of strength in the global expression of Islam."<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>22 months after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> considered <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> as "the number one terrorist threat to the United States", journalist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Suleyman_Schwartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Suleyman Schwartz">Stephen Schwartz</a> and U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a> have explicitly stated during a hearing that occurred in June 2003 before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology, and Homeland Security of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> that "Wahhabism is the source of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-govinfo.gov_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govinfo.gov-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the global "<a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a>", Wahhabism has been accused by the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, various Western security analysts, and think tanks like the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>, as being "a source of global terrorism".<sup id="cite_ref-govinfo.gov_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govinfo.gov-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haider_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haider-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Wahhabism has been accused of causing disunity in the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> (<i>Ummah</i>) and criticized for its followers' <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">destruction of many Islamic, cultural, and historical sites</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">early history of Islam</a> and the first generation of Muslims (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Muhammad's family</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a>) in Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rabasa_2004_103,_note_60_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabasa_2004_103,_note_60-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TI_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TI-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-finn-destruction_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finn-destruction-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_of_the_branches">Population of the branches</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="left" valign="top">Denomination </th> <th style="background-color:#E9E9E9">Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> </td> <td>Varies: 75% – 90%<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational Muslim</a> </td> <td>25%<sup id="cite_ref-preface_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preface-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> </td> <td>Varies: 10% – 13%<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> </td> <td>2.7 million<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a> </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amman_Message" title="Amman Message">Amman Message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Islam-related_articles" title="Index of Islam-related articles">Index of Islam-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_Unity_Conference_(Iran)" title="International Islamic Unity Conference (Iran)">International Islamic Unity Conference (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madhhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of Islamic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_crescent" title="Shia crescent">Shia crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Geaves_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geaves_2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geaves_2021_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geaves_2021_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geaves_2021_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geaves_2021_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geaves_2021_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGeaves2021" class="citation book cs1">Geaves, Ronald (2021). "Part 1: Sunnī Traditions – Sectarianism in Sunnī Islam". In <a href="/wiki/Carole_M._Cusack" title="Carole M. Cusack">Cusack, Carole M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Afzal_Upal" title="Afzal Upal">Upal, M. Afzal</a> (eds.). <i>Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements</i>. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 25–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004435544_004">10.1163/9789004435544_004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4"><bdi>978-90-04-43554-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+1%3A+Sunn%C4%AB+Traditions+%E2%80%93+Sectarianism+in+Sunn%C4%AB+Islam&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Islamic+Sects+and+Movements&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=25-48&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004435544_004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43554-4&rft.aulast=Geaves&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebastian_Kusserow2015" class="citation book cs1">Sebastian Kusserow, Patryk Pawlak (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/EPRS-Briefing-568339-Understanding-branches-Islam-FINAL.pdf"><i>Understanding the branches of Islam</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. European parliamentary research service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+branches+of+Islam&rft.pub=European+parliamentary+research+service&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Sebastian+Kusserow&rft.aufirst=Patryk+Pawlak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2FEPRS%2FEPRS-Briefing-568339-Understanding-branches-Islam-FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poljarevic_2021-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poljarevic_2021_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poljarevic_2021_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoljarevic2021" class="citation book cs1">Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In <a href="/wiki/Carole_M._Cusack" title="Carole M. Cusack">Cusack, Carole M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Afzal_Upal" title="Afzal Upal">Upal, M. Afzal</a> (eds.). <i>Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements</i>. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 485–512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004435544_026">10.1163/9789004435544_026</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4"><bdi>978-90-04-43554-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theology+of+Violence-oriented+Takfirism+as+a+Political+Theory%3A+The+Case+of+the+Islamic+State+in+Iraq+and+Syria+%28ISIS%29&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Islamic+Sects+and+Movements&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=485-512&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004435544_026&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43554-4&rft.aulast=Poljarevic&rft.aufirst=Emin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baele_2019-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baele_2019_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baele_2019_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaele2019" class="citation journal cs1">Baele, Stephane J. 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Sage Publications: 706–734. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0261927X19868494">10.1177/0261927X19868494</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F37355">10871/37355</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1552-6526">1552-6526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195448888">195448888</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Conspiratorial+Narratives+in+Violent+Political+Actors%27+Language&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=706-734&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F37355&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195448888%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1552-6526&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0261927X19868494&rft.aulast=Baele&rft.aufirst=Stephane+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fore.exeter.ac.uk%2Frepository%2Fbitstream%2F10871%2F37355%2F2%2FConspiratorialNarratives_MainArticle_Resubmit_FINAL_CLEAN%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rickenbacher_2019-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rickenbacher_2019_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rickenbacher_2019_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickenbacher2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rickenbacher, Daniel (August 2019). Jikeli, Gunther (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10080483">"The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Religions_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions (journal)">Religions</a></i>. <b>10</b> (8: <i>The Return of Religious Antisemitism?</i>). <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>: <a href="/wiki/MDPI" title="MDPI">MDPI</a>: 483. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10080483">10.3390/rel10080483</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=The+Centrality+of+Anti-Semitism+in+the+Islamic+State%27s+Ideology+and+Its+Connection+to+Anti-Shiism&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=8%3A+%27%27The+Return+of+Religious+Antisemitism%3F%27%27&rft.pages=483&rft.date=2019-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel10080483&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=Rickenbacher&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel10080483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badar-radical-2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badar-radical-2007_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badar-radical-2007_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadaraNagataTueni2017" class="citation journal cs1">Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki; Tueni, Tiphanie (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geopoldia.org/images/bedas-tueni2.pdf">"The Radical Application of the Islamist Concept of <i>Takfir</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arab_Law_Quarterly" title="Arab Law Quarterly">Arab Law Quarterly</a></i>. <b>31</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 134–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15730255-31020044">10.1163/15730255-31020044</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0255">1573-0255</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711093513/https://www.geopoldia.org/images/bedas-tueni2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Radical+Application+of+the+Islamist+Concept+of+Takfir&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=134-162&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15730255-31020044&rft.issn=1573-0255&rft.aulast=Badara&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft.au=Nagata%2C+Masaki&rft.au=Tueni%2C+Tiphanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geopoldia.org%2Fimages%2Fbedas-tueni2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Izutsu_2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzutsu2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toshihiko_Izutsu" title="Toshihiko Izutsu">Izutsu, Toshihiko</a> (2006) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDxHG5MtLawC&pg=PA1">"The Infidel (<i>Kāfir</i>): The Khārijites and the origin of the problem"</a>. <i>The Concept of Belief in Islamic Theology: A Semantic Analysis of Imān and Islām</i>. Tokyo: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a>. pp. 1–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-9154-70-2" title="Special:BookSources/983-9154-70-2"><bdi>983-9154-70-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Infidel+%28K%C4%81fir%29%3A+The+Kh%C4%81rijites+and+the+origin+of+the+problem&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Belief+in+Islamic+Theology%3A+A+Semantic+Analysis+of+Im%C4%81n+and+Isl%C4%81m&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=1-20&rft.pub=Keio+Institute+of+Cultural+and+Linguistic+Studies+at+Keio+University&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=983-9154-70-2&rft.aulast=Izutsu&rft.aufirst=Toshihiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPDxHG5MtLawC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuidère2012" class="citation book cs1">Guidère, Mathieu (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tCvhzGiDMYsC&pg=PA319"><i>Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7965-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7965-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-7965-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Islamic+Fundamentalism&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7965-2&rft.aulast=Guid%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtCvhzGiDMYsC%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Öz1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Öz1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖz2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Öz, Mustafa (2011). <i>Mezhepler Tarihi ve Terimleri Sözlüğü</i> [<i>The History of <a href="/wiki/Madh%27hab" class="mw-redirect" title="Madh'hab">madh'habs</a> and its terminology dictionary</i>] (in Turkish). <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>: Ensar Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mezhepler+Tarihi+ve+Terimleri+S%C3%B6zl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=Ensar+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=%C3%96z&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ismailimail.blog/2017/08/23/branches-of-shia-islam-ismailis-twelvers-and-bohras/">"Branches of Shia Islam: Ismailis, Twelvers, and Bohras"</a>. <i>Ismailimail</i>. August 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ismailimail&rft.atitle=Branches+of+Shia+Islam%3A+Ismailis%2C+Twelvers%2C+and+Bohras&rft.date=2017-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fismailimail.blog%2F2017%2F08%2F23%2Fbranches-of-shia-islam-ismailis-twelvers-and-bohras%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEW2009-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PEW2009_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/">"Mapping the Global Muslim Population"</a>. October 7, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151214172939/http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2014</span>. <q>The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10–13%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10–15%.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2009%2F10%2F07%2Fmapping-the-global-muslim-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazwy" class="citation book cs1">Razwy, Sayed Ali Asgher. <i>A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims</i>. pp. 331–335.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Restatement+of+the+History+of+Islam+%26+Muslims&rft.pages=331-335&rft.aulast=Razwy&rft.aufirst=Sayed+Ali+Asgher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>History of the Islamic Caliphate</i> (in Urdu). Lahore. <q>In pre-Islamic times, the custom of the Arabs was to elect their chiefs by a majority vote...the same principle was adopted in the election of Abu Bakr.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Islamic+Caliphate&rft.place=Lahore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2009). <i>Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World</i>. Oneworld Publications (Kindle edition). p. 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadith%3A+Muhammad%27s+Legacy+in+the+Medieval+and+Modern+World&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications+%28Kindle+edition%29&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathiesen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mathiesen, Kasper (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/jais/volume/docs/vol13/v13_10_mathiesen_191-219.pdf">"Anglo-American 'Traditional Islam' and Its Discourse of Orthodoxy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies</i>. <b>13</b>: 191–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5617%2Fjais.4633">10.5617/jais.4633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Arabic+and+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Anglo-American+%27Traditional+Islam%27+and+Its+Discourse+of+Orthodoxy&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=191-219&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5617%2Fjais.4633&rft.aulast=Mathiesen&rft.aufirst=Kasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancaster.ac.uk%2Fjais%2Fvolume%2Fdocs%2Fvol13%2Fv13_10_mathiesen_191-219.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shia-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shia_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/">"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. October 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2013</span>. <q>The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10–13%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10–15%. Some previous estimates, however, have placed the number of Shias at nearly 20% of the world's Muslim population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population%3A+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Muslim+Population&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2009%2F10%2F07%2Fmapping-the-global-muslim-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121215070956/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/shi-a">"Shia"</a>. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/shi-a">the original</a> on December 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition, with up to 200 million followers who comprise around 15% of all Muslims worldwide...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shia&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fessays%2Fshi-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220203407/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html">"Religions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html">the original</a> on December 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2010</span>. <q>Shia Islam represents 10–20% of Muslims worldwide...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Religions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2122.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-PRCPDF-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PRCPDF_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091010050756/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf"><i>Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 10, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population%3A+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Muslim+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2Fnewassets%2Fimages%2Freports%2FMuslimpopulation%2FMuslimpopulation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii">"Shi'i | History & Beliefs | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. January 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Shi%27i+%26%23124%3B+History+%26+Beliefs+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FShii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corbin (1993), pp. 45–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Tabatabaei" title="Sadeq Tabatabaei">Tabatabaei</a> (1979), pp. 41–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cook-5-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cook-5_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cook-5_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cook-5_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2003" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Michael (2003). <i>Forbidding Wrong in Islam, an Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forbidding+Wrong+in+Islam%2C+an+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarfi2016" class="citation web cs1">Barfi, Barak (January 24, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-real-reason-why-iran-backs-syria-14999">"The Real Reason Why Iran Backs Syria"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Real+Reason+Why+Iran+Backs+Syria&rft.date=2016-01-24&rft.aulast=Barfi&rft.aufirst=Barak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Ffeature%2Fthe-real-reason-why-iran-backs-syria-14999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1992" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Daniel (1992). <i>Greater Syria</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195363043" title="Special:BookSources/9780195363043"><bdi>9780195363043</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Nusayris are more infidel than Jews or Christians, even more infidel than many polytheists. They have done greater harm to the community of Muhammad than have the warring infidels such as the Franks, the Turks, and others. To ignorant Muslims they pretend to be Shi'is, though in reality they do not believe in God or His prophet or His book ... Whenever possible, they spill the blood of Muslims ... They are always the worst enemies of the Muslims ... war and punishment in accordance with Islamic law against them are among the greatest of pious deeds and the most important obligations." – Ibn Taymiyyah</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+Syria&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780195363043&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timani_2021-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Timani_2021_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timani_2021_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timani_2021_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timani_2021_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimani2021" class="citation book cs1">Timani, Hussam S. (2021). "Part 5: In Between and on the Fringes of Islam – The Druze". In <a href="/wiki/Carole_M._Cusack" title="Carole M. Cusack">Cusack, Carole M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Afzal_Upal" title="Afzal Upal">Upal, M. Afzal</a> (eds.). <i>Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements</i>. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 724–742. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004435544_038">10.1163/9789004435544_038</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4"><bdi>978-90-04-43554-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+5%3A+In+Between+and+on+the+Fringes+of+Islam+%E2%80%93+The+Druze&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Islamic+Sects+and+Movements&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=724-742&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004435544_038&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43554-4&rft.aulast=Timani&rft.aufirst=Hussam+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoonawala1999" class="citation journal cs1">Poonawala, Ismail K. (July–September 1999). "Review: <i>The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning</i> by Heinz Halm". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>. <b>119</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/American_Oriental_Society" title="American Oriental Society">American Oriental Society</a>: 542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F605981">10.2307/605981</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/605981">605981</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/12032032">12032032</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47785421">47785421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Fatimids+and+Their+Traditions+of+Learning+by+Heinz+Halm&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=542&rft.date=1999-07%2F1999-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F605981%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F605981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47785421&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F12032032&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft.aulast=Poonawala&rft.aufirst=Ismail+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arab_America-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arab_America_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabamerica.com/are-the-druze-people-arabs-or-muslims-deciphering-who-they-are/">"Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are"</a>. <i>Arab America</i>. August 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+America&rft.atitle=Are+the+Druze+People+Arabs+or+Muslims%3F+Deciphering+Who+They+Are&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabamerica.com%2Fare-the-druze-people-arabs-or-muslims-deciphering-who-they-are%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Stewart2008" class="citation book cs1">J. Stewart, Dona (2008). <i>The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135980795" title="Special:BookSources/9781135980795"><bdi>9781135980795</bdi></a>. <q>Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+Today%3A+Political%2C+Geographical+and+Cultural+Perspectives&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781135980795&rft.aulast=J.+Stewart&rft.aufirst=Dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Incorporated-1996-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Incorporated-1996_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1615927387"><i>The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2015</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cults%2C+Sects%2C+and+New+Religions&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1615927387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_McLaurin1979" class="citation book cs1">De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). <i>The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michigan University Press (page does not exist)">Michigan University Press</a>. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780030525964" title="Special:BookSources/9780030525964"><bdi>9780030525964</bdi></a>. <q>Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Role+of+Minority+Groups+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Michigan+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780030525964&rft.aulast=De+McLaurin&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2010" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Shireen (2010). <i>The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253345493" title="Special:BookSources/9780253345493"><bdi>9780253345493</bdi></a>. <q>Druze - An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Islamic+Revivalism%3A+Diversity+and+Unity%3A+Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies+%28Washington%2C+D.C.%29%2C+Georgetown+University.+Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780253345493&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Shireen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Grafton2009" class="citation book cs1">D. Grafton, David (2009). <i>Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf and Stock Publishers">Wipf and Stock Publishers</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781630877187" title="Special:BookSources/9781630877187"><bdi>9781630877187</bdi></a>. <q>In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piety%2C+Politics%2C+and+Power%3A+Lutherans+Encountering+Islam+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781630877187&rft.aulast=D.+Grafton&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Williams2020" class="citation book cs1">R. Williams, Victoria (2020). <i>Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes]</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440861185" title="Special:BookSources/9781440861185"><bdi>9781440861185</bdi></a>. <q>As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Peoples%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Threats+to+Survival+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781440861185&rft.aulast=R.+Williams&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoald2011" class="citation book cs1">Roald, Anne Sofie (2011). <i>Religious Minorities in the Middle East: Domination, Self-Empowerment, Accommodation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004207424" title="Special:BookSources/9789004207424"><bdi>9789004207424</bdi></a>. <q>Therefore, many of these scholars follow Ibn Taymiyya'sfatwa from the beginning of the fourteenth century that declared the Druzes and the Alawis as heretics outside Islam ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Domination%2C+Self-Empowerment%2C+Accommodation&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004207424&rft.aulast=Roald&rft.aufirst=Anne+Sofie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabad2017" class="citation book cs1">Zabad, Ibrahim (2017). <i>Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317096733" title="Special:BookSources/9781317096733"><bdi>9781317096733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Eastern+Minorities%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Arab+Spring&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781317096733&rft.aulast=Zabad&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2009" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Michael (2009). <i>Journey to the End of Islam</i>. Soft Skull Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593765521" title="Special:BookSources/9781593765521"><bdi>9781593765521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+the+End+of+Islam&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Soft+Skull+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781593765521&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Swayd2009" class="citation book cs1">S. Swayd, Samy (2009). <i>The A to Z of the Druzes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810868366" title="Special:BookSources/9780810868366"><bdi>9780810868366</bdi></a>. <q>Subsequently, Muslim opponents of the Druzes have often relied on Ibn Taymiyya's religious ruling to justify their attitudes and actions against Druzes...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Druzes&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780810868366&rft.aulast=S.+Swayd&rft.aufirst=Samy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cole" title="Juan Cole">Cole, Juan</a> (December 30, 2012) [December 15, 1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-i">"BAHAISM i. The Faith"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. III/4. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. pp. 438–446. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2330-4804_EIRO_COM_6391">10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_6391</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-4804">2330-4804</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123112620/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-i">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BAHAISM+i.+The+Faith&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=438-446&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=2012-12-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2330-4804_EIRO_COM_6391&rft.issn=2330-4804&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbahaism-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osborn_2021-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osborn_2021_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osborn_2021_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osborn_2021_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborn2021" class="citation book cs1">Osborn, Lil (2021). "Part 5: In Between and on the Fringes of Islam – The Bahāʾī Faith". In <a href="/wiki/Carole_M._Cusack" title="Carole M. Cusack">Cusack, Carole M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Afzal_Upal" title="Afzal Upal">Upal, M. Afzal</a> (eds.). <i>Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements</i>. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 761–773. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004435544_040">10.1163/9789004435544_040</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4"><bdi>978-90-04-43554-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+5%3A+In+Between+and+on+the+Fringes+of+Islam+%E2%80%93+The+Bah%C4%81%CA%BE%C4%AB+Faith&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Islamic+Sects+and+Movements&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=761-773&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004435544_040&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43554-4&rft.aulast=Osborn&rft.aufirst=Lil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoI2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EoI2_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson1965" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hodgson, M. G. S. (1965). "GHULĀT". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i>. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. pp. 1093–1095.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GHUL%C4%80T&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=1093-1095&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=M.+G.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:176">"Sunan Ibn Majah 176 – The Book of the Sunnah – كتاب المقدمة – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"</a>. <i>sunnah.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sunnah.com&rft.atitle=Sunan+Ibn+Majah+176+%E2%80%93+The+Book+of+the+Sunnah+%E2%80%93+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9+%E2%80%93+Sunnah.com+%E2%80%93+Sayings+and+Teachings+of+Prophet+Muhammad+%28%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fibnmajah%3A176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osman_2014-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Osman_2014_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsman2014" class="citation book cs1">Osman, Amr (2014). "Dāwūd al-Ẓāhirī and the Beginnings of the Ẓāhirī <i>Madhhab</i>". <i>The Ẓāhirī Madhhab (3rd/9th-10th/16th Century): A Textualist Theory of Islamic Law</i>. Studies in Islamic Law and Society. Vol. 38. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 9–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004279650_003">10.1163/9789004279650_003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27965-0"><bdi>978-90-04-27965-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1384-1130">1384-1130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=D%C4%81w%C5%ABd+al-%E1%BA%92%C4%81hir%C4%AB+and+the+Beginnings+of+the+%E1%BA%92%C4%81hir%C4%AB+Madhhab&rft.btitle=The+%E1%BA%92%C4%81hir%C4%AB+Madhhab+%283rd%2F9th-10th%2F16th+Century%29%3A+A+Textualist+Theory+of+Islamic+Law&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Studies+in+Islamic+Law+and+Society&rft.pages=9-47&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1384-1130&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004279650_003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27965-0&rft.aulast=Osman&rft.aufirst=Amr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sachedina-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sachedina_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sachedina_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachedina2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sachedina, Abdulaziz (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121033722/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473">"Law: Shīʿī Schools of Law"</a>. <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473">the original</a> on November 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law%3A+Sh%C4%AB%CA%BF%C4%AB+Schools+of+Law&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Sachedina&rft.aufirst=Abdulaziz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe0473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Esposito, John L. (2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-2445?rskey=aEg6bX&result=1">"Usulis"</a></span>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0"><bdi>978-0-19-512558-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Usulis&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512558-0&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195125580.001.0001%2Facref-9780195125580-e-2445%3Frskey%3DaEg6bX%26result%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlberg" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kohlberg, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/akbariya">"AḴBĀRĪYA"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A%E1%B8%B4B%C4%80R%C4%AAYA&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Kohlberg&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fakbariya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussinGleaveHaykel2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iza_Hussin" title="Iza Hussin">Hussin, Iza</a>; Gleave, Robert; Haykel, Bernard (2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001/acref-9780199739356-e-0416?rskey=FRoGK8&result=6">"Schools of Jurisprudence"</a></span>. <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973935-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973935-6"><bdi>978-0-19-973935-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schools+of+Jurisprudence&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Politics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973935-6&rft.aulast=Hussin&rft.aufirst=Iza&rft.au=Gleave%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haykel%2C+Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199739356.001.0001%2Facref-9780199739356-e-0416%3Frskey%3DFRoGK8%26result%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2010" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Diane (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg"><i>Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg/page/182">182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313360251" title="Special:BookSources/9780313360251"><bdi>9780313360251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Islam%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Belief+and+Practice&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780313360251&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialislamco0000morg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabi" class="citation book cs1">Rabi, Uzi. <i>The Emergence of States</i>. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+States&rft.pages=21&rft.aulast=Rabi&rft.aufirst=Uzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mansoor Moaddel, <i>Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse</i>, p. 32. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdang2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Adang" title="Camilla Adang">Adang, Camilla</a> (2006). "This Day I have Perfected Your Religion For You: A Zahiri Conception of Religious Authority". In <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Hudrun</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Schmidtke" title="Sabine Schmidtke">Schmidtke, Sabine</a> (eds.). <i>Speaking for Islam: Religious Authorities in Muslim Societies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004149496" title="Special:BookSources/9789004149496"><bdi>9789004149496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=This+Day+I+have+Perfected+Your+Religion+For+You%3A+A+Zahiri+Conception+of+Religious+Authority&rft.btitle=Speaking+for+Islam%3A+Religious+Authorities+in+Muslim+Societies&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789004149496&rft.aulast=Adang&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Melchert" title="Christopher Melchert">Christopher Melchert</a>, The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law: 9th–10th Centuries C.E., p. 185. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chiragh_Ali" title="Chiragh Ali">Ali, Chiragh</a> (2002). 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"'Aḳīda", vol. 1, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-176">"Aqidah"</a></span>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i>. 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Vol. 154. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 426–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004329003_034">10.1163/9789004329003_034</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32511-1"><bdi>978-90-04-32511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghul%C4%81m+A%E1%B8%A5mad+al-Q%C4%81diy%C4%81n%C4%AB%3A+The+Messiah+of+the+Christians%E2%80%94Peace+upon+Him%E2%80%94in+India+%28India%2C+1908%29&rft.btitle=Religious+Dynamics+under+the+Impact+of+Imperialism+and+Colonialism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Numen+Book+Series&rft.pages=426-442&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004329003_034&rft.isbn=978-90-04-32511-1&rft.aulast=Korbel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Preckel%2C+Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZtY6DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner_2003-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_2003_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_2003_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a 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Bloomington: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01529-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01529-7"><bdi>978-0-253-01529-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907336796">907336796</a>. <q>Jama ̔at-i Ahmadiyya also asserts that the conditions of the world will not revert back to a situation that warrants violent jihad</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sufism+to+Ahmadiyya%3A+a+Muslim+minority+movement+in+South+Asia&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907336796&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01529-7&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Adil+Hussain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYa'Ocov2012" class="citation book cs1">Ya'Ocov, Yehoiakin Ben (2012). <i>Concepts of messiah: a study of the messianic concepts of Islam, Judaism, Messianic Judaism and Christianity</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teslimolanlar&rft.atitle=Hadis+%26+S%C3%BCnnet%3A+%C5%9Eeytani+Bidatler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teslimolanlar.org%2Fekler.php%3Fekid%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurzman_1998-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurzman_1998_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurzman_1998_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurzman_1998_138-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurzman_1998_138-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurzman_1998_138-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurzman_1998_138-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzman1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kurzman" title="Charles Kurzman">Kurzman, Charles</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4n8HSe9SfXMC&pg=PA1">"Liberal Islam and Its Islamic Context"</a>. In Kurzman, Charles (ed.). <i>Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and New York City: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 1–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195116229" title="Special:BookSources/9780195116229"><bdi>9780195116229</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37368975">37368975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liberal+Islam+and+Its+Islamic+Context&rft.btitle=Liberal+Islam%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York+City&rft.pages=1-26&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37368975&rft.isbn=9780195116229&rft.aulast=Kurzman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4n8HSe9SfXMC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leeman_2009-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leeman_2009_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Leeman, A. B. (Spring 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf">"Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Law_Journal" title="Indiana Law Journal">Indiana Law Journal</a></i>. <b>84</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Maurer_School_of_Law" title="Indiana University Maurer School of Law">Indiana University Maurer School of Law</a>: 743–772. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-6665">0019-6665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52224503">52224503</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123062516/https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Interfaith+Marriage+in+Islam%3A+An+Examination+of+the+Legal+Theory+Behind+the+Traditional+and+Reformist+Positions&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=743-772&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0019-6665&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52224503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Leeman&rft.aufirst=A.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filj.law.indiana.edu%2Farticles%2F84%2F84_2_Leeman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jahangir2017-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jahangir2017_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahangir2017" class="citation news cs1">Jahangir, Junaid (March 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html">"Muslim Women Can Marry Outside The Faith"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170325020231/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Muslim+Women+Can+Marry+Outside+The+Faith&rft.date=2017-03-21&rft.aulast=Jahangir&rft.aufirst=Junaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.ca%2Fjunaid-jahangir%2Fmuslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalyuzi1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hasan_M._Balyuzi" title="Hasan M. Balyuzi">Balyuzi, H.M.</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bahai-library.com/balyuzi_bab_herald_days"><i>The Báb: The Herald of the Day of Days</i></a>. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. pp. 71–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85398-048-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85398-048-9"><bdi>0-85398-048-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+B%C3%A1b%3A+The+Herald+of+the+Day+of+Days&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=George+Ronald&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-85398-048-9&rft.aulast=Balyuzi&rft.aufirst=H.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fbalyuzi_bab_herald_days&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gall-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gall_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Zikris (pronounced 'Zigris' in Baluchi) are estimated to number over 750,000 people. They live mostly in Makran and Las Bela in southern Pakistan, and are followers of a 15th-century mahdi, an Islamic messiah, called Nur Pak ('Pure Light'). Zikri practices and rituals differ from those of orthodox Islam... " Gall, Timothy L. (ed). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily Life: Vol. 3 – Asia & Oceania. Cleveland, OH: Eastword Publications Development (1998); p. 85 cited after <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050424175737/http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_673.html">adherents.com</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benakis_2014-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benakis_2014_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenakis2014" class="citation news cs1">Benakis, Theodoros (January 13, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/">"Islamophoobia in Europe!"</a>. <i>New Europe</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/">the original</a> on January 31, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims – those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Europe&rft.atitle=Islamophoobia+in+Europe%21&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft.aulast=Benakis&rft.aufirst=Theodoros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneurope.eu%2Farticle%2Fislamophobia-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Longton-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Longton_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongton2014" class="citation news cs1">Longton, Gary G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326065118/http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/isis-jihadist-group-wonder-non-denominational/story-21340790-detail/story.html">"Isis Jihadist group made me wonder about non-denominational Muslims"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sentinel_(Staffordshire)" title="The Sentinel (Staffordshire)">The Sentinel</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/Isis-Jihadist-group-wonder-non-denominational/story-21340790-detail/story.html">the original</a> on March 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2015</span>. <q>The appalling and catastrophic pictures of the so-called new extremist Isis Jihadist group made me think about someone who can say I am a Muslim of a non-denominational standpoint, and to my surprise/ignorance, such people exist. Online, I found something called the people's mosque, which makes itself clear that it's 100 per cent non-denominational and most importantly, 100 per cent non-judgmental.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Isis+Jihadist+group+made+me+wonder+about+non-denominational+Muslims&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Longton&rft.aufirst=Gary+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stokesentinel.co.uk%2FIsis-Jihadist-group-wonder-non-denominational%2Fstory-21340790-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollack_2014-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollack_2014_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Pollack" title="Kenneth M. Pollack">Pollack, Kenneth</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29"><i>Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476733937" title="Special:BookSources/9781476733937"><bdi>9781476733937</bdi></a>. <q>Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unthinkable%3A+Iran%2C+the+Bomb%2C+and+American+Strategy&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781476733937&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQGZBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pewforum_2012-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pewforum_2012_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pewforum_2012_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pewforum_2012_146-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pewforum_2012_146-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity">"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation"</a>. <i>The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity</i>. Religion & Public Life Project. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. August 9, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130193127/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Muslims%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Religious+Affiliation&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation%2F%23identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyfiMichael_Hall2020" class="citation book cs1">Seyfi, Siamak; Michael Hall, C. (September 28, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14"><i>Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000177169" title="Special:BookSources/9781000177169"><bdi>9781000177169</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+and+Heritage+Tourism+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+Complexities%2C+Management+and+Practices&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-09-28&rft.isbn=9781000177169&rft.aulast=Seyfi&rft.aufirst=Siamak&rft.au=Michael+Hall%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbujyDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnon%2BdenominationaL%2Bislam%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity">"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation"</a>. <i>The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>'s Religion & Public Life Project. August 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Muslims%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Religious+Affiliation&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation%2F%23identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail2021" class="citation book cs1">Ismail, Raihan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vOFDEAAAQBAJ&dq=non-sectarian+islam+group&pg=PA75"><i>Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi 'Ulama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-094895-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-094895-5"><bdi>978-0-19-094895-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Salafism%3A+The+Transnational+Networks+of+Salafi+%27Ulama+in+Egypt%2C+Kuwait%2C+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-094895-5&rft.aulast=Ismail&rft.aufirst=Raihan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvOFDEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnon-sectarian%2Bislam%2Bgroup%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_150-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdelnour2021" class="citation book cs1">Abdelnour, Mohammed Gamal (May 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+taqi+al+qummi&pg=PA149"><i>A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation: Inclusive Minorities, Exclusive Majorities</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004461765" title="Special:BookSources/9789004461765"><bdi>9789004461765</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+History+of+Catholic+and+A%C5%A1%27ar%C4%AB+Theologies+of+Truth+and+Salvation%3A+Inclusive+Minorities%2C+Exclusive+Majorities&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft.isbn=9789004461765&rft.aulast=Abdelnour&rft.aufirst=Mohammed+Gamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkwwEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmuhammad%2Btaqi%2Bal%2Bqummi%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Strick Van Linschoten and Felix Kuehn, <i>An Enemy We Created: The Myth of the Taliban-Al Qaeda Merger in Afghanistan</i>, p. 427. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199927319" title="Special:BookSources/9780199927319">9780199927319</a> "Ahl-e Hadith: Literally translates as 'People of the traditions of the Prophet,' and refers to a branch of Salafi Muslims who seek to emulate the traditions practiced by the Prophet (rather than the various actions referred to as accretions that had been added since). The Ahl-e Hadith tradition is antithetical, for instance, to the ideas and practice of Sufism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieven2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Lieven" title="Anatol Lieven">Lieven, Anatol</a> (2011). <i>Pakistan: A Hard Country</i>. New York: PublicAffairs. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-023-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-023-1"><bdi>978-1-61039-023-1</bdi></a>. <q>Ahl-e-Hadith ... a branch of the international Salafi ... tradition, heavily influenced by Wahabism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+A+Hard+Country&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61039-023-1&rft.aulast=Lieven&rft.aufirst=Anatol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabasa, Angel M. <i>The Muslim World After 9/11</i> By Angel M. Rabasa, p. 275, 256 "Ahl-e-Hadith is heavily influenced by Wahhabism"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahl-i Hadith, a movement founded in the nineteenth century and classi- fied as "Wahhabi" by the British, wrongly so at the time.... For example, the <i>Ahl-i Hadith</i> which "have been active since the nineteenth century on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan ... though designated as Wahhabis by their adversaries, they prefer to call themselves 'Salafis.'" (from <i>The Failure of Political Islam</i>, by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk, Harvard University Press, 1994, pp. 118–9, ISBN 0-674-29140-9)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor2015" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, Phillip (January 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SSUKBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT302"><i>North Africa Revised</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292761926" title="Special:BookSources/9780292761926"><bdi>9780292761926</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Africa+Revised&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2015-01-15&rft.isbn=9780292761926&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSSUKBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2004" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC&pg=PA275"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195125597" title="Special:BookSources/9780195125597"><bdi>9780195125597</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195125597&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6VeCWQfVNjkC%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist27Jun15-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_157-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_157-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats">"Salafism: Politics and the puritanical"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. June 27, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Salafism%3A+Politics+and+the+puritanical&rft.date=2015-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homegrown_2021-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homegrown_2021_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homegrown_2021_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeleagrou-HitchensHughesClifford2021" class="citation book cs1">Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander; Hughes, Seamus; Clifford, Bennett (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4vzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">"The Ideologues"</a>. <i>Homegrown: ISIS in America</i> (1st ed.). London and New York City: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. pp. 111–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7883-1485-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7883-1485-5"><bdi>978-1-7883-1485-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ideologues&rft.btitle=Homegrown%3A+ISIS+in+America&rft.place=London+and+New+York+City&rft.pages=111-148&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-7883-1485-5&rft.aulast=Meleagrou-Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Seamus&rft.au=Clifford%2C+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4vzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sageman2011-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sageman2011_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Sageman2011" class="citation book cs1">Marc Sageman (September 21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iCoYDUv63L8C&pg=PA61"><i>Understanding Terror Networks</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 61–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0679-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0679-1"><bdi>978-0-8122-0679-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Terror+Networks&rft.pages=61-&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011-09-21&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0679-1&rft.au=Marc+Sageman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiCoYDUv63L8C%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliveti2002-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oliveti2002_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincenzo_Oliveti2002" class="citation book cs1">Vincenzo Oliveti (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYFtQgAACAAJ"><i>Terror's Source: The Ideology of Wahhabi-Salafism and Its Consequences</i></a>. Amadeus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9543729-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9543729-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9543729-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror%27s+Source%3A+The+Ideology+of+Wahhabi-Salafism+and+Its+Consequences&rft.pub=Amadeus+Books&rft.date=2002-01&rft.isbn=978-0-9543729-0-3&rft.au=Vincenzo+Oliveti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrYFtQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peskes2012-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peskes2012_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peskes2012_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peskes2012_161-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peskes2012_161-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peskes2012_161-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeskes2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Peskes, Esther (2012) [1993]. "Wahhabis". In <a href="/wiki/Peri_Bearman" title="Peri Bearman">Bearman, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1877-5888_rpp_SIM_224015">10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_SIM_224015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004161214" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004161214"><bdi>978-9004161214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wahhabis&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1877-5888_rpp_SIM_224015&rft.isbn=978-9004161214&rft.aulast=Peskes&rft.aufirst=Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokhari-Senzai_2013-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bokhari-Senzai_2013_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokhari-Senzai_2013_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokhariSenzai2013" class="citation book cs1">Bokhari, Kamran; Senzai, Farid, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ThiuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81">"Conditionalist Islamists: The Case of the Salafis"</a>. <i>Political Islam in the Age of Democratization</i>. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA260">"Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i>. 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New York City: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. pp. 61–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845112578" title="Special:BookSources/9781845112578"><bdi>9781845112578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=61-62&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781845112578&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLvTNk75hUoC%26q%3D%2522petro-islam%2522%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-govinfo.gov-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-govinfo.gov_173-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-govinfo.gov_173-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg91326/html/CHRG-108shrg91326.htm">"Terrorism: Growing Wahhabi Influence in the United States"</a>. <i>www.govinfo.gov</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Publishing Office</a>. June 26, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215092631/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg91326/html/CHRG-108shrg91326.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2021</span>. <q>Nearly 22 months have passed since the atrocity of <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11</a>. Since then, many questions have been asked about the role in that day's terrible events and in other challenges we face in the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war against terror</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and its official sect, a separatist, exclusionary and violent form of Islam known as Wahhabism. It is widely recognized that all of the <a href="/wiki/Hijackers_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Hijackers in the September 11 attacks">19 suicide pilots</a> were Wahhabi followers. In addition, 15 of the 19 were Saudi subjects. Journalists and experts, as well as spokespeople of the world, have said that Wahhabism is the source of the overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world, from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, via Israel, Saudi Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>. In addition, Saudi media sources have identified Wahhabi agents from Saudi Arabia as being responsible for terrorist attacks on <a href="/wiki/U.S._Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Invasion of Iraq">U.S. troops in Iraq</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i> has confirmed Wahhabi involvement in attacks against U.S. forces in <a href="/wiki/Fallujah_during_the_Iraq_War" title="Fallujah during the Iraq War">Fallujah</a>. To examine the role of Wahhabism and terrorism is not to label all Muslims as extremists. Indeed, I want to make this point very, very clear. It is the exact opposite. Analyzing Wahhabism means identifying the extreme element that, although enjoying immense political and financial resources, thanks to support by a sector of the Saudi state, seeks to globally hijack Islam [...] The problem we are looking at today is the State-sponsored doctrine and funding of an extremist ideology that provides the recruiting grounds, support infrastructure and monetary life blood of today's international terrorists. The extremist ideology is Wahhabism, a major force behind terrorist groups, like <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al Qaeda</a>, a group that, according to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>, and I am quoting, is the "number one terrorist threat to the U.S. today".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.govinfo.gov&rft.atitle=Terrorism%3A+Growing+Wahhabi+Influence+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2003-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FCHRG-108shrg91326%2Fhtml%2FCHRG-108shrg91326.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haider-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haider_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaider2013" class="citation news cs1">Haider, Murtaza (July 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1029713">"European Parliament identifies Wahabi and Salafi roots of global terrorism"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. Pakistan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=European+Parliament+identifies+Wahabi+and+Salafi+roots+of+global+terrorism&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft.aulast=Haider&rft.aufirst=Murtaza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1029713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi">"Wahhābī (Islamic movement)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> June 9, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Because <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhābism</a> prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">early history of Islam</a>, such as the homes and graves of <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, were demolished under Saudi rule. <a href="/wiki/Preservationist" title="Preservationist">Preservationists</a> have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> have been razed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wahh%C4%81b%C4%AB+%28Islamic+movement%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWahhabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabasa_2004_103,_note_60-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rabasa_2004_103,_note_60_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabasaBenard2004" class="citation book cs1">Rabasa, Angel; Benard, Cheryl (2004). "The Middle East: Cradle of the Muslim World". <i>The Muslim World After 9/11</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rand_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rand Corporation">Rand Corporation</a>. p. 103, note 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8330-3712-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8330-3712-9"><bdi>0-8330-3712-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Middle+East%3A+Cradle+of+the+Muslim+World&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+World+After+9%2F11&rft.pages=103%2C+note+60&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8330-3712-9&rft.aulast=Rabasa&rft.aufirst=Angel&rft.au=Benard%2C+Cheryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TI-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TI_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowden2005" class="citation news cs1">Howden, Daniel (August 6, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111020143746/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html">"The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html">the original</a> on October 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+destruction+of+Mecca%3A+Saudi+hardliners+are+wiping+out+their+own+heritage&rft.date=2005-08-06&rft.aulast=Howden&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fthe-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finn-destruction-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-finn-destruction_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinn2002" class="citation web cs1">Finn, Helena Kane (October 8, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904022946/http://www.cfr.org/world/cultural-terrorism-wahhabi-islam/p5234">"Cultural Terrorism and Wahhabi Islam"</a>. <i>Council on Foreign Relations</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/world/cultural-terrorism-wahhabi-islam/p5234">the original</a> on September 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2014</span>. <q>It is the undisputed case that the Taliban justification for this travesty [the destruction of the Buddha statues at Bamiyan] can be traced to the Wahhabi indoctrination program prevalent in the Afghan refugee camps and Saudi-funded Islamic schools (madrasas) in Pakistan that produced the Taliban. ...In Saudi Arabia itself, the destruction has focused on the architectural heritage of Islam's two holiest cities, Mecca and Medina, where Wahhabi religious foundations, with state support, have systematically demolished centuries-old mosques and mausolea, as well as hundreds of traditional Hijazi mansions and palaces.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Cultural+Terrorism+and+Wahhabi+Islam&rft.date=2002-10-08&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Helena+Kane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fworld%2Fcultural-terrorism-wahhabi-islam%2Fp5234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307175501/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/401.html">"Field Listing :: Religions — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/401.html">the original</a> on March 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.atitle=Field+Listing+%3A%3A+Religions+%E2%80%94+The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F401.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/">"Mapping the Global Muslim Population"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. October 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2009%2F10%2F07%2Fmapping-the-global-muslim-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-preface-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-preface_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-preface/">"Preface"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i>. August 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-preface%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/">"Mapping the Global Muslim Population"</a>. Pew Research Center. October 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2009%2F10%2F07%2Fmapping-the-global-muslim-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenton_Betts2013" class="citation book cs1">Brenton Betts, Robert (July 31, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vFq_KUqqWJMC&pg=PA15"><i>The Sunni-Shi'a Divide: Islam's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences</i></a>. Potomac Books. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612345222" title="Special:BookSources/9781612345222"><bdi>9781612345222</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2015</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sunni-Shi%27a+Divide%3A+Islam%27s+Internal+Divisions+and+Their+Global+Consequences&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft.isbn=9781612345222&rft.aulast=Brenton+Betts&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFq_KUqqWJMC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+schools+and+branches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_theology" title="Template talk:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="FieldsTheologiansBooks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Fields</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></li><li>Books</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">‘Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">al-Ash'ari</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Al-Baqillani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Al-Qushayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Taftazani" title="Al-Taftazani">Al-Taftazani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maziri">Al-Maziri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Furak" title="Ibn Furak">Ibn Furak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani" title="Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani">Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariyya_al-Ansari" title="Zakariyya al-Ansari">Zakariyya al-Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Isfara%27ini" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini">Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Aqil" title="Ibn Aqil">Ibn Aqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Abu al-Walid al-Baji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Qadi Ayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_al-Amidi" title="Sayf al-Din al-Amidi">Sayf al-Din al-Amidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam" title="Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam">Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taqi al-Din al-Subki">Taqi al-Din al-Subki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Gharnati" title="Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati">Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Arafa">Ibn Arafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sha%27rani" title="Al-Sha'rani">Al-Sha'rani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Dawani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din al-Dawani">Jalal al-Din al-Dawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqqari_al-Tilmisani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani">Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fasi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi">Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ashir" title="Ibn Ashir">Ibn Ashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bah%C5%ABt%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bahūtī">Al-Bahūtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mayyara" title="Muhammad Mayyara">Muhammad Mayyara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Hassan_al-Yusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi">Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Illish" class="mw-redirect" title="'Illish">'Illish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Bajuri" title="Ibrahim al-Bajuri">Ibrahim al-Bajuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad">Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Dardir" title="Ahmad al-Dardir">Ahmad al-Dardir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Arafa_al-Desouki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki">Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools">Sunni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafiyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi‘i</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Al-Maturidi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi" title="Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi">Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bazdawi" title="Al-Bazdawi">Al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Yusr_al-Bazdawi" title="Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi">Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi">Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Saffar_al-Bukhari" title="Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari">Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi" title="Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi">Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ala%27_al-Din_al-Bukhari" title="'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari">'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Jurjani" title="Al-Sharif al-Jurjani">Al-Sharif al-Jurjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akmal_al-Din_al-Babarti" title="Akmal al-Din al-Babarti">Akmal al-Din al-Babarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi">Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Sabuni" title="Nur al-Din al-Sabuni">Nur al-Din al-Sabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Nasafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi">Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Ushi" title="Siraj al-Din al-Ushi">Siraj al-Din al-Ushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi" title="Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi">Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr_Bey" title="Khidr Bey">Khidr Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Ibn Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Qari" title="Ali al-Qari">Ali al-Qari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Ghunaymi_al-Maydani" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Ghunaymi al-Maydani">Al-Maydani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri" title="Anwar Shah Kashmiri">Anwar Shah Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Aziz">Shah Abdul Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Ahmad_Saharanpuri" title="Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri">Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zakariya_Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi">Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmatullah_Kairanawi" title="Rahmatullah Kairanawi">Rahmatullah Kairanawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murtada_al-Zabidi" title="Murtada al-Zabidi">Murtada al-Zabidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Zahra" title="Muhammad Abu Zahra">Muhammad Abu Zahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanthapuram_A._P._Aboobacker_Musliyar" title="Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar">Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">Mu'attila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Dscha%CA%BFd_ibn_Dirham" class="extiw" title="de:al-Dschaʿd ibn Dirham">Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabriyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabriyah">Mu'jbira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahm_bin_Safwan" title="Jahm bin Safwan">Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahmi">Jahmīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Mu'jassimā</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muqatil_ibn_Sulayman" title="Muqatil ibn Sulayman">Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>ī (Muqātilīyya)</li> <li>Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-<a href="/wiki/Juzjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juzjan">Juzjan</a>ī al-<a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kūf</a>ī <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Jawālikīyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Rum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Karram" title="Ibn Karram">Ibn Karram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karramiyya</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī an-<a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a> al-Qībtī (<a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murjī</a>-<a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Wasil_ibn_%27Ata%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasil ibn 'Ata'">Wasil ibn 'Ata'</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām</a> (Nazzāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm</li> <li>Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)</li> <li>Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jubba%27i" title="Al-Jubba'i">Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī</a> (Jubbāīyya)</li> <li>Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Harb</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī</a> (Jāhizīyya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Jabbar_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad">Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Husayn_al-Basri" title="Abu al-Husayn al-Basri">Abu al-Husayn al-Basri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Al-Zamakhshari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Ubayd" title="Amr ibn Ubayd">Amr ibn Ubayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi%27l-Hadid" title="Ibn Abi'l-Hadid">Ibn Abi'l-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahib_ibn_Abbad" title="Sahib ibn Abbad">Sahib ibn Abbad</a></li> <li>Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neccariyye" class="extiw" title="tr:Neccariyye">Najjārīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard</li> <li>Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)</li> <li>Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)</li> <li>Mustadrakīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibnul_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibnul Qayyim">Ibnul Qayyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_Al-Hawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Safar Al-Hawali">Safar Al-Hawali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Jihadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Jihadism">Salafi Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Umar_al-Hazimi" title="Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi">Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasir_Qadhi" title="Yasir Qadhi">Yasir Qadhi</a> <ul><li>Post-Salafism</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">Muhammad al-Jawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al-Murtaza" title="Sharif al-Murtaza">Sharif al-Murtaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah_Al-Hilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Allamah Al-Hilli">Allamah Al-Hilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurarah_ibn_A%27yan" title="Zurarah ibn A'yan">Zurarah ibn A'yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Hakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham ibn Hakam">Hisham ibn Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_Zia_ol_Din_Araghi" title="Agha Zia ol Din Araghi">Agha Zia ol Din Araghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Ja'far Sobhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilayat_al-faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayat al-faqih">Wilayat al-faqih</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani">Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fawaris_Ahmad_ibn_Ya%27qub" title="Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub">Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu%27ayb_ibn_Musa" title="Dhu'ayb ibn Musa">Dhu'ayb ibn Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ala_Dhikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam">Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Imad_al-Din" title="Idris Imad al-Din">Idris Imad al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Walid" title="Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid">Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Jarud_al-Hamdani" title="Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani">Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Isa_ibn_Zayd" title="Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd">Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qasim_al-Rassi" title="Al-Qasim al-Rassi">Al-Qasim al-Rassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya" title="Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya">Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_al-Qasim" title="Al-Mansur al-Qasim">Al-Mansur al-Qasim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Sunni books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asas_al-Taqdis" title="Asas al-Taqdis">Asas al-Taqdis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baz_al-Ashhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baz al-Ashhab">Al-Baz al-Ashhab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq" title="Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq">Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief" title="A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief">Al-Irshad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqidah_al-Tahawiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah">Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawad_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Sawad al-A'zam">Al-Sawad al-A'zam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Tawhid_(Al-Maturidi)" title="Kitab al-Tawhid (Al-Maturidi)">Kitab al-Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabsirat_al-Adilla" title="Tabsirat al-Adilla">Tabsirat al-Adilla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fihi_Ma_Fihi" title="Fihi Ma Fihi">Fihi Ma Fihi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divan-i_Shams-i_Tabrizi" title="Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi">Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">The Moderation in Belief</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">Shia books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/E%CA%BFteq%C4%81d%C4%81tal-Em%C4%81m%C4%ABya" title="Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya">Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Khisal" title="Al-Khisal">Al-Khisal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awail_Al_Maqalat" title="Awail Al Maqalat">Awail Al Maqalat</a></i></li> <li><i>Tashih al-I'tiqad</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tajrid_al-I%27tiqad" title="Tajrid al-I'tiqad">Tajrid al-I'tiqad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Majmu" title="Kitab al-Majmu">Kitab al-Majmu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alawis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawis">Alawis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malf%C5%ABz%C4%81t" title="Malfūzāt">Malfūzāt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-kitab_(Shi%27i_book)" title="Umm al-kitab (Shi'i book)">Umm al-kitab</a> of <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li Isma'ilism</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early Muslim scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_Muslim_scholars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam">List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islamic_schools_and_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamic schools and branches</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kullabiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kullab" title="Ibn Kullab">Ibn Kullab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abu_Ya%27la" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la">Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Political_trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Other Salafi trends</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Modernism">Salafi Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri">Muhammad bin Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqrizi">Maqrizi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_ar-Ra%27y" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl ar-Ra'y">Ahl ar-Ra'y</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Malikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'is</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari" title="Abdullah al-Harari">Abdullah al-Harari</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Raza Khan">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi">Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi" title="Rashid Ahmad Gangohi">Rashid Ahmad Gangohi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Zaydism" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarudiyya" title="Jarudiyya">Jarudiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batriyya" title="Batriyya">Batriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties of northern Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Utrush" title="Hasan al-Utrush">Hasan al-Utrush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Umar" title="Yahya ibn Umar">Yahya ibn Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Zaydi_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukayniyya_Shia" title="Dukayniyya Shia">Dukayniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalafiyya_Shia" title="Khalafiyya Shia">Khalafiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdiist</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sects_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sects in Islam">Sects in</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Haydar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Haydar">Sheikh Haydar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail">Shah Ismail</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pir_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pir Sultan">Pir Sultan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kul_Nes%C3%AEm%C3%AE" title="Kul Nesîmî">Kul Nesîmî</a> – <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṣībī">al-Khaṣībī</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">ibn Nusayr</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Astarabadi (Naimi)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Imadaddin_Nasimi" title="Imadaddin Nasimi">Imadaddin Nasimi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Baktāshism_(Bektaşilik)" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Baktāshism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demir_Baba_Teke" title="Demir Baba Teke">Demir Bābā</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Rexheb" title="Baba Rexheb">Bābā Rexheb</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arabati_Baba_Te%E1%B8%B1e" title="Arabati Baba Teḱe">Hārābātīs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathite">Fathite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Aftah" title="Abdallah al-Aftah">Abdallah al-Aftah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Batiniyyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Sevener</a> <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">ad-Darazi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw_al-Qubadiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani">Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani</a> – <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> <a href="/wiki/Pamiris#Religion" title="Pamiris">Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan-i Sabbah">Hassan-i Sabbah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nizaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizaris">Nizaris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Khojas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojas">Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Sadardin" title="Pir Sadardin">Pir Sadardin</a> – <a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kaysanites_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaysanites Shia">Kaysanites<br />Shia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtār</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Amra_Kaysan" title="Abu Amra Kaysan">Abū ʿAmra Kaysān</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a> <ul><li>Hārbīyya <ul><li>ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi</li> <li>Janāhiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Mu%27awiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya">Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya</a></li> <li>Hārithīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Riyāhīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Sam‘ānīyya <ul><li>Bayān ibn Sam‘ān</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawendis" title="Rawendis">Rawendis</a> <ul><li>Rezāmīyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunpadh" title="Sunpadh">Sunpadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammirah">Muḥammirah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazyar" title="Mazyar">Mazyar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqanna" title="Al-Muqanna">al-Muqanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_al-Turk" title="Ishaq al-Turk">Ishaq al-Turk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashabiyya_Shia" title="Khashabiyya Shia">Khashabiyya Shia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/wiki/Mahdiist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiist">Mahdiists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An-Nafs_Az-Zakiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah">An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurufiyya">Hurufiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Pasikhani" title="Mahmoud Pasikhani">Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nuktawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuktawiyya">Nuktawiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayki">Shayki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuqta-yi_Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuqta-yi Ula">Nuqta-yi Ula</a> – <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bis#Antecedents" class="mw-redirect" title="Bábis">Bábīyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawussite_Shia" title="Tawussite Shia">Tawussite Shia</a> <ul><li>ʿAjlan ibn Nawus</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqifite_Shia" title="Waqifite Shia">Waqifite Shia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin#Arbitration" title="Battle of Siffin">Arbitration</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ajardi <ul><li>Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād</li> <li>Maymunīyyah</li> <li>Sa'labīyyah</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Azraq" title="Nafi ibn al-Azraq">Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bayhasīyyah <ul><li>Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Najdah_ibn_%27Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Najdah ibn 'Amir">Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qurra" title="Abu Qurra">Abu Qurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Ibad" title="Abdallah ibn Ibad">'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Zayd" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Zayd">Jābir ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakkariyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakkariyyah">Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Wahb_al-Rasibi" title="Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi">Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Wahbiyyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Hasan ibn<br />Muḥāmmad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">ibn al-<br />Hanafiyyah</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karrāmīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī <ul><li>ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)</li> <li>Dhīmmīyya</li> <li>Hakāiqīyya</li> <li>Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)</li> <li>Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)</li> <li>Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)</li> <li>Maʿīyya</li> <li>Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)</li> <li>Nūnīyya</li> <li>Razīnīyya</li> <li>Sauwāqīyya</li> <li>Sūramīyya</li> <li>Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)</li> <li>Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)</li> <li>Wāhidīyya</li> <li>Zarībīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gaylānīyya <ul><li>Gaylān ibn Marwān</li></ul></li> <li>Yūnusīyya <ul><li>Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī</li></ul></li> <li>Gassānīyya <ul><li>Gassān al-Kūfī</li></ul></li> <li>Tūmanīyya <ul><li>Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī</li></ul></li> <li>Sawbānīyya <ul><li>Abū Sawbān al-Murjī</li></ul></li> <li>Sālehīyya <ul><li>Sāleh ibn Umar</li></ul></li> <li>Shamrīyya <ul><li>Abū Shamr</li></ul></li> <li>Ubaydīyya <ul><li>Ubayd al-Mūktaib</li></ul></li> <li>Ziyādīyya <ul><li>Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other Murjīs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Al-Harith ibn Surayj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Jubayr" title="Sa'id ibn Jubayr">Sa'id ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li>Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān</li> <li>Muhārīb ibn Dithār</li> <li>Sābit Kutna</li> <li>Awn ibn Abdullāh</li> <li>Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr</li> <li>Umar ibn Zar</li> <li>Salm ibn Sālem</li> <li>Hālaf ibn Ayyūb</li> <li>Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf</li> <li>Nusayr ibn Yahyā</li> <li>Ahmad ibn Hārb</li> <li>Amr ibn Murrah</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mu'shabbiha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Tamsīl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jawārībīyya <ul><li>Dāwūd al-Jawāribî</li></ul></li> <li>Hāshwīyya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Hulmānīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hulmān al-<a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fāris</a>ī ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalandars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalandars">Kalandars</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Baba" class="extiw" title="tr:Barak Baba">Bārāq Bābā</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Anthropopathy_in_the_history_of_Ghulāt_Shīʿīsm" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Tajsīm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khattabiyya" title="Khattabiyya">Khaṭṭābiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Khattab" title="Abu al-Khattab">Abu al-Khattab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazighiyya_Shia" title="Bazighiyya Shia">Bāzīghiyya</a> <ul><li>Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā</li></ul></li> <li>Muʿāmmarīyya <ul><li>Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar</li></ul></li> <li>ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya <ul><li>Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufaddaliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufaddaliyya">Mufaḍḍaliyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi" title="Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi">al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurabiya" title="Ghurabiya">Ghurābīyya</a></li> <li>Mānsūrīyya <ul><li>Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Ghulat_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Mughīrīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī</li></ul></li> <li>Mukhāmmīsa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Namiriya">Namiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammiyya_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammiyya Shia">‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya</a></li> <li>Saba'īyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saba%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saba'">Abdullah ibn Saba'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ma%27bad_al-Juhani" title="Ma'bad al-Juhani">Ma'bad<br />al-Juhani</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_ad-D%C4%ABn_Haydar" title="Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar">Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Ishak" title="Baba Ishak">Baba Ishak</a> – <a href="/wiki/Babai_revolt" title="Babai revolt">Babai revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1m_Sultan" title="Balım Sultan">Balım Sultan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galip_Hassan_Kuscuoglu" title="Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu">Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mā’marīyya <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishriyya" title="Bishriyya">Bishriyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Du%27ad" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad">Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahshamiyya" title="Bahshamiyya">Bahshamiyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī</li></ul></li> <li>Huzaylīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī <ul><li>Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Ikhshīdiyya</li> <li>Nazzāmīyya <ul><li>Ali al-Aswarī</li> <li>Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī</li> <li>Hābītīyya <ul><li>Ahmad ibn Hābīt</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Sumamīyya <ul><li>Sumāma ibn Ashras</li></ul></li> <li>Kā‘bīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Ahle Qur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_Kato" title="Kala Kato">Kala Kato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolu-e-Islam_(organization)" title="Tolu-e-Islam (organization)">Tolu-e-Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Submitters_International" class="mw-redirect" title="United Submitters International">United Submitters International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_Khalifa" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edip_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br /><a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Muslim<br />beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Messianism#Islam" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography">Mirza Ghulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiani" title="Qadiani">Qadiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalist">Kabbalist</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dönmes">Dönmes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sabbatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatean">Sabbatean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavīyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jaunpuri" title="Muhammad Jaunpuri">Muhammad Jaunpuri</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syed_Khundmir" title="Syed Khundmir">Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zikris" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikris">Zikris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam" title="Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam">doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nur movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" title="Said Nursî">Said Nursî</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hizmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizmet">Hizmet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist Salafism">Modernist Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_al-Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani">Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic modernist">Islamic modernists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%A3awwuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Taṣawwuf">Taṣawwuf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">Tariqah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Hilmi_Tunahan" title="Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan">Hilmi Tunahan</a> – <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleymancı">Süleymancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Other orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Other beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewafuq" title="Tewafuq">Tewafuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other scholars of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools_of_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools of jurisprudence">Sunni schools of jurisprudence</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template:Hanbali scholars">Hanbali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Zahiri_scholars" title="Template:Zahiri scholars">Zahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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