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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> Nepotism is the act of granting an <a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">advantage</a>, privilege, or position to <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">relatives</a> or friends in an occupation or field - for instance business, politics, academia, entertainment, religion or <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>. In concept it is similar to <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronyism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The term originated with the assignment of nephews, sons, or other relatives to important positions by Catholic popes and bishops.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It has often been witnessed in <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracies</a>, whereby <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">traditional aristocracies</a> usually contested amongst themselves in order to obtain leverage, status, etc. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Harrison_Astley_Cooper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Benjamin_Harrison_Astley_Cooper.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Harrison_Astley_Cooper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Benjamin_Harrison_Astley_Cooper.jpg/330px-Benjamin_Harrison_Astley_Cooper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Benjamin_Harrison_Astley_Cooper.jpg/440px-Benjamin_Harrison_Astley_Cooper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="2339"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_(hospital_administrator)" title="Benjamin Harrison (hospital administrator)">Benjamin Harrison</a>, treasurer of <a href="/wiki/Guy%27s_Hospital" title="Guy's Hospital">Guy's Hospital</a> in London, was shown as a dominant presiding figure, with the nepotism of <a href="/wiki/Astley_Cooper" title="Astley Cooper">Sir Astley Cooper</a> having his tacit approval.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> Nepotism has been criticized since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a> by philosophers including <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, condemning it as both evil and unwise.<a href="#cite_note-PSSundaram_Kural-4">[4]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins">1 Origins</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Mention_in_ancient_literature">1.1 Mention in ancient literature</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Types">2 Types</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Political">2.1 Political</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Economic">2.2 Economic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Organizational">2.3 Organizational</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#In_employment">2.3.1 In employment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#In_entertainment">2.3.2 In entertainment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#In_sports">2.3.3 In sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#In_academia">2.3.4 In academia</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Selected_examples_by_country">3 Selected examples by country</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Argentina">3.1 Argentina</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Australia">3.2 Australia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Azerbaijan">3.3 Azerbaijan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Belgium">3.4 Belgium</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Brazil">3.5 Brazil</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Cambodia">3.6 Cambodia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#China">3.7 China</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#France">3.8 France</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Greece">3.9 Greece</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#India">3.10 India</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Nepotism_in_Indian_politics">3.10.1 Nepotism in Indian politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Judiciary">3.10.2 Judiciary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Indian_film_industry">3.10.3 Indian film industry</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Indonesia">3.11 Indonesia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Mauritius">3.12 Mauritius</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Malaysia">3.13 Malaysia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Malta">3.14 Malta</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Romania">3.15 Romania</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Singapore">3.16 Singapore</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Sri_Lanka">3.17 Sri Lanka</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Spain">3.18 Spain</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#United_Kingdom">3.19 United Kingdom</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#United_States">3.20 United States</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Politics">3.20.1 Politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Legality">3.20.2 Legality</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Venezuela">3.21 Venezuela</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Zimbabwe">3.22 Zimbabwe</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Types_of_partiality">4 Types of partiality</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-nephew" title="Cardinal-nephew">Cardinal-nephew</a></div> The term comes from Italian word nepotismo,<a href="#cite_note-dictionary-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> which is based on Latin root nepos meaning nephew.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and until the late 17th century, some <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a> popes and bishops – who had taken vows of <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chastity</a> and, therefore, usually had no legitimate offspring of their own – gave their nephews such positions of preference as were often accorded by fathers to sons.<a href="#cite_note-Article_Nepotism-8">[8]</a> They would also do the same with children who were the illegitimate result of broken celibacy vows, and who were claimed to be "nephews" instead of sons.<a href="#cite_note-Papal_Crimes-9">[9]</a> Several popes <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-nephew" title="Cardinal-nephew">elevated nephews</a> and other relatives to the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinalate</a>. Often, such appointments were a means of continuing a papal "dynasty".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Pope Callixtus III</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Borgia" title="House of Borgia">Borgia</a> family, made two of his nephews cardinals; one of them, Rodrigo, later used his position as a cardinal as a stepping stone to the papacy, becoming <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Alexander then elevated Alessandro Farnese, his mistress's brother, to cardinal; Farnese would later go on to become <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Paul III also engaged in nepotism, appointing, for instance, two nephews, aged 14 and 16, as cardinals. The practice was finally limited when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Pope Innocent XII</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanum_decet_Pontificem" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanum decet Pontificem">Romanum decet Pontificem</a>, in 1692.<a href="#cite_note-Article_Nepotism-8">[8]</a> The papal bull prohibited popes in all times from bestowing estates, offices, or revenues on any relative, with the exception that one qualified relative (at most) could be made a cardinal.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mention_in_ancient_literature">Mention in ancient literature</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mention in ancient literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Porul" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Porul">second book</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkural">Kural literature</a>, which forms a manual for governments and corporations, <a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a> suggests about nepotism and favouritism thus: <blockquote>If you choose an unfit person for your job just because you love and you like him, he will lead you to endless follies.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </blockquote> According to him, nepotism is both evil and unwise.<a href="#cite_note-PSSundaram_Kural-4">[4]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Nepotism is a common accusation in politics when the relative of a powerful figure ascends to similar power seemingly without appropriate qualifications. The <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> expression "<a href="/wiki/Bob%27s_your_uncle" title="Bob's your uncle">Bob's your uncle</a>" is thought to have originated when <a href="/wiki/Robert_Arthur_Talbot_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a>, promoted his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a>, to the esteemed post of <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a>, which was widely seen as an act of nepotism.<a href="#cite_note-Trahair-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a> has been viewed by some as a form of nepotism.<a href="#cite_note-e543-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizational">Organizational</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Organizational" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Nepotism in organizations leads to <a href="/wiki/Monopolization" title="Monopolization">monopolization</a> of power because when members involved in institutional <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a> are related, decisions made within institutions risk favoring a group of closely connected people.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Nepotism can also occur within organizations, when a person is employed due to their familial ties.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> It is generally seen as unethical, both on the part of the employer and employee.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> One of the consequences of nepotism in an organization is the creation of a limitation in the organization's network of contacts, reducing the opportunities for negotiation with other social circles, which can lead to a reduction in the success and duration of organizations in the long term.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_employment">In employment</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In employment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Nepotism at work can mean increased opportunity at a job, attaining a job or being paid more than other similarly situated people.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Arguments are made both for and against employment granted due to a family connection, which is most common in small, <a href="/wiki/Family_business" title="Family business">family run businesses</a>. On one hand, nepotism can provide stability and continuity. Critics cite studies that demonstrate decreased morale and commitment from non-related employees,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and a generally negative attitude towards superior positions filled through nepotism. An article from <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> magazine stated "there is no ladder to climb when the top rung is reserved for people with a certain name."<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Employing intimate people favors perpetuating the ideas or goals of those who employ them, knowing that the people around them will face up to them. However, it can lead to a lack of competent staff or a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> because even if the employees are not the best options for their functions, they will be protected by those who employ them.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Some businesses forbid nepotism as an ethical matter, considering it too troublesome and disruptive. Most Companies' Codes of Conduct include severe disciplinary sanction for <a href="/wiki/Conflicts_of_Interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflicts of Interest">Conflicts of Interest</a>. However, in Nepotistic practices, these are rarely observed or implemented. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_entertainment">In entertainment</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In entertainment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Outside of national politics, accusations of "nepotism" are made in instances of prima facie favoritism to relatives. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peaches_Geldof" title="Peaches Geldof">Peaches Geldof</a>'s role as magazine editor in an <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> reality show – produced by a company owned by her father <a href="/wiki/Bob_Geldof" title="Bob Geldof">Bob Geldof</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tori_Spelling" title="Tori Spelling">Tori Spelling</a> being cast on the TV series <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills_90210" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Hills 90210">Beverly Hills 90210</a> as a result of her father <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Spelling" title="Aaron Spelling">Aaron Spelling</a>'s involvement with the show<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li>Hollywood's <a href="/wiki/Coppola_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Coppola family tree">Coppola family</a> includes many distinguished filmmakers and actors. The careers of <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Coppola" title="Sofia Coppola">Sofia Coppola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Cage" title="Nicolas Cage">Nicolas Cage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jason_Schwartzman" title="Jason Schwartzman">Jason Schwartzman</a> have been attributed to aid by director <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a>. He cast his daughter Sofia in <a href="/wiki/The_Godfather_Part_III" title="The Godfather Part III">The Godfather Part III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Cage changed his last name to distance himself from such charges.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Platt" title="Ben Platt">Ben Platt</a>'s role as high schooler <a href="/wiki/Evan_Hansen" title="Evan Hansen">Evan Hansen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dear_Evan_Hansen_(film)" title="Dear Evan Hansen (film)">2021 film adaptation</a> of the musical <a href="/wiki/Dear_Evan_Hansen" title="Dear Evan Hansen">Dear Evan Hansen</a> as a result of his winning the <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Musical" title="Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical">Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical</a> for originating the role on Broadway in 2016, as well as the involvement of his father, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Platt_(producer)" title="Marc Platt (producer)">Marc Platt</a>, as one of the film's producers. The latter was never involved on the producing team of the stage version. The casting sparked controversy due to Ben Platt being ten years older than his character at the time of filming, resulting in critics and viewers deeming him too old to reprise his role.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> He would go on to be nominated for two <a href="/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Awards" title="Golden Raspberry Awards">Golden Raspberry Awards</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award_for_Worst_Actor" title="Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor">Worst Actor</a>, for his performance.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a> magazine’s December 2022 cover (calling 2022 'The Year of the <a href="/wiki/Nepo_baby" title="Nepo baby">Nepo Baby</a>') featured notable celebrities (<a href="/wiki/Maude_Apatow" title="Maude Apatow">Maude Apatow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lily-Rose_Depp" title="Lily-Rose Depp">Lily-Rose Depp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_Hawke" title="Maya Hawke">Maya Hawke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Johnson" title="Dakota Johnson">Dakota Johnson</a>, Ben Platt, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Quaid" title="Jack Quaid">Jack Quaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Kravitz" title="Zoë Kravitz">Zoë Kravitz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_David_Washington" title="John David Washington">John David Washington</a>) whose career successes have been achieved through nepotism.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_sports">In sports</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thanasis_Antetokounmpo" title="Thanasis Antetokounmpo">Thanasis Antetokounmpo</a> has been labeled the beneficiary of nepotism due to his brother being <a href="/wiki/Giannis_Antetokounmpo" title="Giannis Antetokounmpo">Giannis Antetokounmpo</a>, even though his play is deemed by some to not be good enough for him to occupy a roster spot on the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks" title="Milwaukee Bucks">Milwaukee Bucks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers" title="Los Angeles Lakers">Los Angeles Lakers</a> encountered allegations of nepotism when they selected <a href="/wiki/Bronny_James" title="Bronny James">Bronny James</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/LeBron_James" title="LeBron James">LeBron James</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/2024_NBA_draft" title="2024 NBA draft">2024 NBA draft</a>. Although other NBA prospects exemplified greater athletic promise, experts questioned Bronny’s NBA readiness due to his lackluster performance during his only NCAA season. Reports revealed that LeBron’s agent, Rich Paul, actively discouraged other teams from drafting Bronny, even going so far as to suggest that he might play overseas if selected.”<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_academia">In academia</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In academia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Nepotism is in academia where it is common for professors to have their partners, and sometimes children, hired by the same faculty in which they work.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In the second half of the 20th century, in the United States at least, this was far less frequent as universities typically held very strict anti-nepotism policies.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Countries with high levels of corruption and higher education systems with low competition between universities are generally have higher levels of corruption in academia.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Italy has been noted for having particularly high levels of nepotism in its academic system, when compared to other developed nations.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Nepotism is often praised for favoring female employment in academia.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Selected_examples_by_country">Selected examples by country</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Selected examples by country" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Argentina" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, nepotism is a common practice. Although there have been various attempts at reducing it,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> it is difficult in a country where state jobs are used as a token of gratitude or party favoritism. Former president <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri">Mauricio Macri</a> has been investigated for nepotism after allegedly extending a tax amnesty to his family.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Nonetheless, in 2018, the government of Mauricio Macri set a limit on nepotism through Decree 93/2018<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> establishing that "appointments of people could no longer be made, under any modality, throughout the National Public Sector, who have some kinship link both in straight line as well as in a collateral line up to the second degree, with the President and Vice President of the Nation, Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers, Ministers and other officials with the rank and hierarchy of Minister. The spouse and the Cohabitant Union are included. " The <a href="/wiki/Kirchnerist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirchnerist">Kirchnerist</a> movement has been openly accused that it believes in nepotism, treating meritocracy as a pejorative concept.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The government's ministries and secretariats are reportedly plagued with friends, family and supporters of the current party leaders, many of whom have been criticized for being incompetent at their jobs.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> On December 10, 2023, the libertarian president <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a> takes office - who campaigned criticizing the political "caste", an entelechy built to denigrate traditional political parties and among whose characteristics is that of appointing friends and family to public positions on a discretionary basis - and in one of his first measures he modifies the Mauricio Macri's Decree 93/2018 to be able to grant his sister, <a href="/wiki/Karina_Milei" title="Karina Milei">Karina Milei</a>, the position of General Secretary of the Presidency.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Less than two months later, Francisco Adorni, the brother of the government spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Adorni" title="Manuel Adorni">Manuel Adorni</a>, took a position as an advisor in the Ministry of Defense.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Shortly after his appointment as the Anglican Archbishop of Sydney in 2001, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jensen_(bishop)" title="Peter Jensen (bishop)">Peter Jensen</a> was accused, in an Australian Broadcasting Corporation interview, of nepotism after nominating his brother <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Jensen" title="Phillip Jensen">Phillip Jensen</a> as Dean of Sydney and appointing his wife Christine Jensen to an official position in the Sydney diocese.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Bligh" title="Anna Bligh">Anna Bligh</a>, who won the 2009 Queensland State election, has been accused of nepotism by giving her husband Greg Withers a position as the Office of Climate Change head.<a href="#cite_note-houghton-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Football_Federation_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Federation Australia">Football Federation Australia</a> was led by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lowy" title="Frank Lowy">Frank Lowy</a> from its inception in 2004 until his <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term limit</a> exit in 2015. His son, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Lowy" title="Steven Lowy">Steven Lowy</a>, who had little direct involvement in high level sports governance was nominated as his replacement by Frank, and was elected unopposed by a board strongly loyal to Frank. Steven's introduction exacerbated existing governance issues, with factional opposition led by <a href="/wiki/City_Football_Group" title="City Football Group">City Football Group</a> causing <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> intervention to be threatened. Eventually governance reforms were forced through despite opposition from the Lowy family, and it ended with Steven Lowy resigning from the role. Lowy had also been accused of nepotism regarding his sons in his corporate dealings as founder of <a href="/wiki/Westfield_Group" title="Westfield Group">Westfield Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Azerbaijan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On 21 February 2017, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">President of Azerbaijan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a> created the position of <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Azerbaijan" title="Vice President of Azerbaijan">Vice President of Azerbaijan</a>, then appointed his wife <a href="/wiki/Mehriban_Aliyeva" title="Mehriban Aliyeva">Mehriban Aliyeva</a> to the position.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Since 1993, the presidency of Azerbaijan has always been in the hands of a member of the Aliyev family: in 1993, <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a> was elected president of Azerbaijan, and after his death in a United States hospital in 2003, his son Ilham Aliyev became president and has been since then. His regime has been accused for a lack of democratic freedoms and press freedom.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Belgium" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Over the past decade, criticism has been growing over the creation of political dynasties in Belgium. This phenomenon has been explained by the fact that prominent party members control the ranking of candidates on party lists for elections and a candidate's place on a list determines who is elected. Another justification for the phenomenon is the importance of name recognition for collecting votes.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-66">[66]</a> Claims of nepotism have been made against <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Tobback" title="Bruno Tobback">Bruno Tobback</a>, the son of senator and former minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_Tobback" title="Louis Tobback">Louis Tobback</a>, a member of the Flemish socialists, became the Belgian federal government's minister for the pensions and environment at 35 in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_De_Croo" title="Alexander De Croo">Alexander De Croo</a>, the son of former speaker of the Belgian parliament Herman De Croo, ran for the leadership of his father's party Open VLD at age 33.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Finally there is the example of <a href="/wiki/Maya_Deti%C3%A8ge" title="Maya Detiège">Maya Detiège</a>, the daughter of former mayor of the city of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> Leona Detiège, who herself is the daughter of the former mayor of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> Frans Detiège.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-66">[66]</a> Among other examples are former minister <a href="/wiki/Freya_Van_den_Bossche" title="Freya Van den Bossche">Freya Van Den Bossche</a> and senator <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_De_Gucht" title="Jean-Jacques De Gucht">Jean-Jacques De Gucht</a>, being the daughter and son of respectively former minister <a href="/wiki/Luc_Van_den_Bossche" title="Luc Van den Bossche">Luc Vandenbossche</a> and former minister <a href="/wiki/Karel_De_Gucht" title="Karel De Gucht">Karel De Gucht</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Brazil" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Brazil, nepotism heavily affects the integrity of public institutions, including <a href="/wiki/Tribunal_de_Contas_da_Uni%C3%A3o" title="Tribunal de Contas da União">audit bodies</a> responsible for overseeing executive decisions. Studies indicate that around 30% of audit judges are directly related to other politicians, creating a network of familial ties that can lead to conflicts of interest and reduce the effectiveness of independent oversight (Transparency International, 2023).<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> This high rate of nepotism often results in biased audit outcomes, eroding public trust and obstructing fair governance. The presence of such familial networks within regulatory bodies not only compromises transparency but also perpetuates inefficiency and corruption, limiting reform efforts across Brazil’s political landscape (Instituto Não Aceito Corrupção, 2022).<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cambodia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Hun_Sen" title="Hun Sen">Hun Sen</a> and senior members of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Cambodia" title="Parliament of Cambodia">Parliament</a> are known for their hand in getting family members into government positions. In the <a href="/wiki/2013_Cambodian_general_election" title="2013 Cambodian general election">2013 Cambodian parliamentary elections</a>, at least eight candidates were sons of high-ranking <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a> officials.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> All sons of the ruling party lost but were eventually appointed into high-ranking government positions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Princelings" title="Princelings">Princelings</a></div> For the past 3,000 years, nepotism has been common in China's clan and extended family-based culture. <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> wrote about the importance of balancing "filial piety with merit". The <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Feudal_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal society">feudal system</a> collapsed during Confucius' lifetime, yet nepotism has continued through the modern age.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: France" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In October 2009, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sarkozy" title="Jean Sarkozy">Jean Sarkozy</a>, the second son of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of the French Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>, was poised to become the director of the major <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tablissement_public_pour_l%27am%C3%A9nagement_de_la_r%C3%A9gion_de_la_D%C3%A9fense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Établissement public pour l'aménagement de la région de la Défense (page does not exist)">EPAD</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_public_pour_l%27am%C3%A9nagement_de_la_r%C3%A9gion_de_la_D%C3%A9fense" class="extiw" title="fr:Établissement public pour l'aménagement de la région de la Défense">fr</a>] authority despite lacking any higher education degree and professional experience.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In 2008 he was voted regional councillor of <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a>, the town of which his father had previously been mayor.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In September 2009, <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rap</a>-producer Pierre Sarkozy, the first son of then-President Nicolas Sarkozy, asked <a href="/w/index.php?title=SCPP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCPP (page does not exist)">SCPP</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_civile_des_producteurs_phonographiques" class="extiw" title="fr:Société civile des producteurs phonographiques">fr</a>] for a financial contribution of around €10000 towards an €80000 artistic project. Because he was not a SCPP member, the request was automatically rejected. Pierre Sarkozy then went to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Élysée">Élysée</a> which led to an Élysée aide contacting the SCPP, and SCPP president Marc Guez assuring the issue would soon be favorably resolved.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abeille_Music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abeille Music (page does not exist)">Abeille Music</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeille_Musique" class="extiw" title="fr:Abeille Musique">fr</a>] president and SCPP member Yves Riesel, however, this would not happen as SCPP's financial help has been restricted to members only for months.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Greece" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Greece it is common practice for family members of current or former party leaders to be party members and get appointed as ministers when the party is in government.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In addition, there have been three prime ministers from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_Greece#P" title="List of political families in Greece">Papandreou family</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> two from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_Greece#M" title="List of political families in Greece">Mitsotakis family</a> (one currently serving),<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> two from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_Greece#K" title="List of political families in Greece">Karamanlis family</a> (a third one was serving as minister of transportation until February 2023, quitting his position following the worst rail disaster in the history of the country). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: India" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nepotism##" title="Talk:Nepotism">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (October 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Nepotism in India is common in politics, judiciary, business, the film industry, religious circles, and many other types of organizations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepotism_in_Indian_politics">Nepotism in Indian politics</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nepotism in Indian politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepotism_in_Indian_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepotism in Indian politics">Nepotism in Indian politics</a></div> Since the 1980s, Indian politics has become dynastic, possibly due to the absence of elected party organization, independent civil society associations that mobilize support for a party, and centralized financing of elections.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> One example of dynastic politics has been the <a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Nehru–Gandhi family</a> which produced <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">three</a> Indian prime ministers. Family members have also led the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</a> for most of the period since 1978 when <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> floated the then Congress(I) faction of the party.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The ruling <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> also features several senior leaders who are dynasts.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Dynastic politics is prevalent also in a number of political parties with regional presence such as <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a> (DMK), <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Lok_Dal" title="Indian National Lok Dal">Indian National Lok Dal</a> (INLD), <a href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conference" title="Jammu & Kashmir National Conference">Jammu & Kashmir National Conference</a> (JKNC), <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Peoples_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party">Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party</a> (JKPDP), <a href="/wiki/All_India_Majlis-e-Ittehadul_Muslimeen" title="All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen">All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen</a> (AIMIM), <a href="/wiki/Desiya_Murpokku_Dravida_Kazhagam" title="Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam">Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam</a> (DMDK), <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)" title="Janata Dal (Secular)">Janata Dal (Secular)</a> (JD(s)), <a href="/wiki/Jannayak_Janta_Party" title="Jannayak Janta Party">Jannayak Janta Party</a> (JJP) <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Mukti_Morcha" title="Jharkhand Mukti Morcha">Jharkhand Mukti Morcha</a> (JMM), <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(India)" title="National People's Party (India)">National People's Party</a> (NPP), <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party" title="Nationalist Congress Party">Nationalist Congress Party</a> (NCP), <a href="/wiki/Pattali_Makkal_Katchi" title="Pattali Makkal Katchi">Pattali Makkal Katchi</a> (PMK), <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Janata_Dal" title="Rashtriya Janata Dal">Rashtriya Janata Dal</a> (RJD), <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Dal" title="Rashtriya Lok Dal">Rashtriya Lok Dal</a> (RLD), <a href="/wiki/Samajwadi_Party" title="Samajwadi Party">Samajwadi Party</a> (SP), <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a> (SKD), <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(UBT)" title="Shiv Sena (UBT)">Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)</a> (SS(UBT)), <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Rashtra_Samithi" title="Bharat Rashtra Samithi">Bharat Rashtra Samithi</a> (BRS), <a href="/wiki/Yuvajana_Shramika_Rythu_Congress_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuvajana Shramika Rythu Congress Party">Yuvajana Shramika Rythu Congress Party</a> (YSRCP) and <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Party" title="Telugu Desam Party">Telugu Desam Party</a> (TDP).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2016131,_136-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judiciary">Judiciary</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Judiciary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many judges and advocates of the <a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">high courts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> are alleged to be appointed by exercising casteism, nepotism,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and favoritism, primarily due to the Supreme Court and the high court appointment process called <a href="/wiki/Collegium_system" title="Collegium system">Collegium</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> which recommends to the President, in a legally binding manner, the names of judges to be appointed or promoted to the higher judiciary. The various judicial services exams are also infamous for these practices.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_film_industry">Indian film industry</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Indian film industry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Indian_film_clans" title="Lists of Indian film clans">Lists of Indian film clans</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Kapoor_family" title="Kapoor family">Kapoor family</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> one of the most prolific generational families involved in Indian cinema, have been known for bringing their children into the industry with their endorsements and influence.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In June 2020, a fresh debate on nepotism followed soon after the <a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Sushant_Singh_Rajput" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide of Sushant Singh Rajput">suicide</a> of actor <a href="/wiki/Sushant_Singh_Rajput" title="Sushant Singh Rajput">Sushant Singh Rajput</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> which fans believe was in reaction to efforts by <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> insiders to boycott him.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Karan_Johar" title="Karan Johar">Karan Johar</a>, who Rajput had worked with in the <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> film <a href="/wiki/Drive_(2019_film)" title="Drive (2019 film)">Drive</a> (2019), was quickly accused of nepotism by actress <a href="/wiki/Kangana_Ranaut" title="Kangana Ranaut">Kangana Ranaut</a>, with Rajput's fans calling for a boycott of Johar and his studio, <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Productions" title="Dharma Productions">Dharma Productions</a>, as well as of actor <a href="/wiki/Salman_Khan" title="Salman Khan">Salman Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salim_Khan_family" title="Salim Khan family">his brothers</a>, who were accused of bullying outsiders in the past.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Actors and actresses <a href="/wiki/Alia_Bhatt" title="Alia Bhatt">Alia Bhatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varun_Dhawan" title="Varun Dhawan">Varun Dhawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janhvi_Kapoor" title="Janhvi Kapoor">Janhvi Kapoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishaan_Khatter" title="Ishaan Khatter">Ishaan Khatter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ananya_Pandey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananya Pandey">Ananya Pandey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athiya_Shetty" title="Athiya Shetty">Athiya Shetty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Shroff" title="Tiger Shroff">Tiger Shroff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arjun_Kapoor" title="Arjun Kapoor">Arjun Kapoor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sara_Ali_Khan" title="Sara Ali Khan">Sara Ali Khan</a>, all of whom hail from film families, were also widely criticized.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Indonesia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>, Indonesia's second president, is involved in nepotism, alongside corruption and <a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">collusion</a> (together, they are known as the KKN in <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme). Companies belonging to Suharto's children, particularly Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana ("Tutut"), Hutomo Mandala Putra ("Tommy"), and Bambang Trihatmodjo, were given lucrative government contracts and protected from market competition by monopolies. Examples include the toll-expressway company <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasamarga" class="extiw" title="id:Jasamarga">Jasamarga</a> (monopolized by Tutut), the national car project <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> (monopolized by Bambang and Tommy), and the cinema market (monopolized by <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Cineplex" class="extiw" title="id:21 Cineplex">21 Cineplex</a>, which is owned by Suharto's cousin Sudwikatmono). The family is said to control about 36,000 km2 (14,000 sq mi) of real estate in Indonesia, including 100,000 m2 (1,100,000 sq ft) of prime office space in Jakarta and nearly 40% of the land in <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>. Additionally, Suharto's family members received free shares in 1,251 of Indonesia's most lucrative domestic companies (mostly run by Suharto's ethnic-Chinese cronies), while foreign-owned companies were encouraged to establish "strategic partnerships" with the former Indonesian president's family companies.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_20040325-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Global_Corruption_Report-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauritius">Mauritius</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mauritius" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Specifically, the text contains unnecessary details, is very long compared to the other sections, and would seriously benefit from being trimmed. Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>. (February 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mauritius" title="Corruption in Mauritius">Corruption in Mauritius</a></div> Nepotism is common in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mauritius" title="Politics of Mauritius">Mauritian politics</a>, with many relatives and friends of high-ranking politicians being appointed high-ranking positions and associated companies being granted government contracts. Since the <a href="/wiki/1948_Mauritian_general_election" title="1948 Mauritian general election">first democratic elections in 1948</a>, the field of politics in Mauritius has been marked by a handful of families who have controlled the four major political parties which exist to this day. They are often referred to as the "modern dynasties" of Mauritian politics such as the Duval, Bérenger, Curé, Uteem, Mohamed, Boolell, Ramgoolam and Jugnauth families. The Boolell family's involvement in politics started with <a href="/wiki/Satcam_Boolell" title="Satcam Boolell">Satcam Boolell</a> in 1955, paving the way for his son <a href="/wiki/Arvin_Boolell" title="Arvin Boolell">Arvin Boolell</a>, nephews Satish Boolell, Anil Gayan, and Sanjay Bhuckory, and son-in-law Sushil Kushiram to enter politics. The Duval dynasty started with ex-<a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">Lord mayor</a> and minister Gaetan Duval, followed by his sons Xavier and Richard as well as grandson Adrien. Lall Jugnauth was the first of his clan to enter politics in the 1950s and was followed by his cousins Aneerood and Ashock as well as nephew Pravind. Abdool Razack Mohamed, who migrated from India in the 1930s, became Lord Mayor and minister; his son Yousuf and grandson Shakeel were also elected and served as ministers.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roshi_Bhadain" title="Roshi Bhadain">Roshi Bhadain</a>, who was a minister of the <a href="/wiki/Militant_Socialist_Movement" title="Militant Socialist Movement">MSM</a> government, is the nephew of former Labour Party minister <a href="/wiki/Vasant_Bunwaree" title="Vasant Bunwaree">Vasant Bunwaree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roshi_Bhadain" title="Roshi Bhadain">Roshi Bhadain</a> and Akilesh Deerpalsing (Bhadain's advisor and campaign manager, who is also the son of former minister <a href="/wiki/Kishore_Deerpalsing" title="Kishore Deerpalsing">Kishore Deerpalsing</a>), were investigated by <a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Mauritius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Mauritius)">ICAC</a> in 2019 for suspicious recruitment practices when he was a minister.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In March 2020 Harry Ganoo, the retired brother of Minister <a href="/wiki/Alan_Ganoo" title="Alan Ganoo">Alan Ganoo</a>, was nominated as the new president du Civil Service College Mauritius a few months after the November 2019 General Elections.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Until mid-2020, construction company PAD & Co. Ltd was awarded a string of major contracts such as constructing the new airport control tower, a new weather radar at <a href="/wiki/Trou_aux_Cerfs" title="Trou aux Cerfs">Trou aux Cerfs</a>, renovating the Bank of Mauritius, rehabilitating the coast line of <a href="/wiki/Cap_Malheureux" title="Cap Malheureux">Cap Malheurueux</a>, renovating the <a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a> waterfront, upgrading roads, constructing the Harbour Cruise Terminal in Port Louis for the Mauritius Port Authority, and upgrading the navigation channels at <a href="/wiki/Port_Mathurin" title="Port Mathurin">Port Mathurin</a>, Pointe La Gueule, and <a href="/wiki/Baie_aux_Hu%C3%AEtres" title="Baie aux Huîtres">Baie aux Huîtres</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rodrigues" title="Rodrigues">Rodrigues</a>, among other projects.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> PAD & Co. Ltd's owner, Alain Hao Thyn Voon, is the son of Philippe Hao Thyn Voon, president of the Olympic Committee, with close ties to the MSM.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/St_Louis_gate" title="St Louis gate">St Louis gate</a> scandal and discovery of fake bank guarantees, PAD & Co. Ltd went under <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Voluntary administration">voluntary administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In June 2020, MP Eshan Juman revealed details of a contract between the Ministry of Land and Housing and a private firm called Smart Clinics Ltd. The firm is partly owned by MSM Parliamentary Private Secretary Ismaël Rawoo and his family. The contract was a lease of 60 years on 2 acres of prime beachfront state-owned land in Grande Rivière Noire, in the exclusive precinct of <a href="/wiki/Tamarin,_Mauritius" title="Tamarin, Mauritius">Tamarin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_Noire_District" title="Rivière Noire District">Black River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> As part of the deal, Rawoo's family will acquire the lease for Rs 15.05 million and will onsell the lease for Rs 250 million, generating a profit of around Rs 235 million.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In August 2020, V. Gobin, a 75-year-old retired schoolteacher and father of Attorney General Maneesh Gobin, was nominated as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> Institute and the <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> Institute. Maneesh Gobin was elected to Parliament within the ruling MSM government in 2014 and 2019 and his father V. Gobin was elected once in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> A week earlier, Rishikesh Hurdoyal, the brother of MSM Minister of Civil Service Vikram Hurdoyal, was nominated as chairman and President of the Mauritius Shipping Corporation Ltd, in addition to being a director of the <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Mauritius" title="State Bank of Mauritius">State Bank of Mauritius</a>. The new nomination will allow Rishikesh Hurdoyal to receive an extra Rs 54,540 per month, as well as an additional Rs 10,125 per month as entertainment allowance, with access to a chauffeured company car with 245 litres of fuel per month.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Malaysia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The appointment of Nurul Izzah as a senior economic and finance advisor by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a> resulted in accusations of nepotism.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The action was widely criticized by intellectuals, NGOs and even members of Pakatan Harapan party, who claimed it contravened principles of merit and fairness.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malta">Malta</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Malta" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malta" title="Corruption in Malta">Corruption in Malta</a></div> Due to its small native population, Malta has an entrenched culture of nepotism which became more evident since the country gained independence from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In a Eurobarometer survey published in 2023, 55% of Maltese businesses reported that nepotism and patronage were the primary problems they faced in their operations. Furthermore, 70% of Maltese businesses have also stated that close links between businessmen and politicians lead to corruption.<a href="#cite_note-:0-119">[119]</a> These rates were higher compared to those of other EU member states, of which only 37% (nepotism and patronage) and 35% (corruption) felt that such issues were problematic.<a href="#cite_note-:0-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Romania" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romanian Communist</a> dictator <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>'s family members "dominated" the country for decades.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elena_B%C4%83sescu" title="Elena Băsescu">Elena Băsescu</a>, the daughter of President <a href="/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu" title="Traian Băsescu">Traian Băsescu</a>, was elected in 2009 to the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, despite the fact that she had no significant professional or political experience.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Singapore" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Singapore's government</a> has been the target of numerous charges of nepotism, with several members of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a>'s family holding high ranking posts. <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>, who was prime minister from 1959 to 1990, preceded his son <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong" title="Lee Hsien Loong">Lee Hsien Loong</a>. Other family members holding high positions include the elder Lee’s daughter, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Wei_Ling" title="Lee Wei Ling">Lee Wei Ling</a>, the director of the National Neurological Institute, his other son, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Yang" title="Lee Hsien Yang">Lee Hsien Yang</a>, the chief executive officer of <a href="/wiki/Singtel" title="Singtel">Singapore Telecommunications</a> from 1995 to 2007 and the younger Lee's wife <a href="/wiki/Ho_Ching" title="Ho Ching">Ho Ching</a>, who was appointed <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> of state holding investment company <a href="/wiki/Temasek_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Temasek Holdings">Temasek Holdings</a>. The family members dispute the charges as they arise.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rajapaksa_family" title="Rajapaksa family">Rajapaksa family</a></div> Former President of Sri Lanka, <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Mahinda Rajapaksa</a>, has been accused of nepotism, appointing three brothers to run important ministries and giving out other political positions to relatives, regardless of their merit. During his presidency, the Rajapaksa family held the ministries of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_and_Planning_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Finance and Planning (Sri Lanka)">finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defence_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence minister">defence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ports_and_Aviation_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Ministry of Ports and Aviation (Sri Lanka)">ports and aviation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Highways_and_Road_Development_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Highways and Road Development (Sri Lanka)">highways and road development</a>. The president's brother, <a href="/wiki/Gotabhaya_Rajapaksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotabhaya Rajapaksa">Gotabhaya Rajapaksa</a>, was given the post of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)">Defence Secretary</a>. He also controlled the armed forces, the police and the Coast Guard, and was responsible for immigration and emigration. Rajapaksa appointed his brother <a href="/wiki/Basil_Rajapaksa" title="Basil Rajapaksa">Basil Rajapaksa</a> as minister of Economic Development. Together, the Rajapaksa brothers controlled over 70% of Sri Lanka's public budget. Mahinda Rajapaksa's eldest brother, <a href="/wiki/Chamal_Rajapaksa" title="Chamal Rajapaksa">Chamal Rajapaksa</a>, was appointed as the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka">Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka</a>, and has held many other posts before, while his eldest son, Namal Rajapaksa, is also a member of the parliament and holds undisclosed portfolios.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-atimes1-125">[125]</a> Others include: his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Shashindra_Rajapaksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shashindra Rajapaksa">Shashindra Rajapaksa</a>, who is the former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Uva" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Uva">Chief Minister of Uva</a>; one of his cousins, former Sri Lankan ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaliya_Wickramasuriya" title="Jaliya Wickramasuriya">Jaliya Wickramasuriya</a>; and another cousin, <a href="/wiki/Udayanga_Weeratunga" title="Udayanga Weeratunga">Udayanga Weeratunga</a>, who is the former ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. Dozens of nephews, nieces, cousins, and in-laws have also been appointed as heads of banks, boards, and corporations.<a href="#cite_note-atimes1-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Kumaratunga" title="Chandrika Kumaratunga">Chandrika Kumaratunga</a>, who served as the former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President of Sri Lanka</a> from 1994 to 2005 and former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Prime Minister of Sri Lanka</a> in 1994, is the daughter of <a href="/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike" title="S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike">S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a> who both served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Ceylon">Prime Ministers of Ceylon</a> from 1956 to 1959, 1960 to 1965, 1970 to 1977 and 1994 to 2000. Her brother <a href="/wiki/Anura_Bandaranaike" title="Anura Bandaranaike">Anura Bandaranaike</a> served as the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka">Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka</a> from 2000 to 2001 Also, former president Ranasinghe Premadasa's son Sajith Premadasa is the Opposition leader of Sri Lanka who ran for presidential election in 2019 as well.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Also <a href="/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe" title="Ranil Wickremesinghe">Ranil Wickremesinghe</a> who served as prime minister of Sri Lanka from 1993 to 1994, 2001 to 2004, 2015 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019 is a nephew of former Sri Lankan president <a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">J. R. Jayewardene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Also a defense state minister of his government <a href="/wiki/Ruwan_Wijewardene" title="Ruwan Wijewardene">Ruwan Wijewardene</a> is also a cousin of <a href="/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe" title="Ranil Wickremesinghe">Ranil Wickremesinghe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Also <a href="/wiki/Ruwan_Wijewardene" title="Ruwan Wijewardene">Ruwan</a> is the great grandson of UNP founder and Sri Lanka's first Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/D._S._Senanayake" title="D. S. Senanayake">D. S. Senanayake</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ruwan_Wijewardene" title="Ruwan Wijewardene">Ruwan</a> has been given a high priority in the party by <a href="/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe" title="Ranil Wickremesinghe">Ranil</a> by giving leadership roles.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Spain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Nepotism occurred in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish Colonial America</a> when offices were given to family members.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE">example needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch_Salisachs" title="Juan Antonio Samaranch Salisachs">Juan Antonio Samaranch Salisachs</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch" title="Juan Antonio Samaranch">Juan Antonio Samaranch</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) from 1980 to 2001, has been a member of the International Olympic Committee since 2001, and his daughter, Maria Teresa Samaranch Salisachs, has been president of the Spanish Federation of Sports on Ice since 2005.<a href="#cite_note-ElPais-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Marquess of Salisbury</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> for three separate occasions from 1885 to 1902 for a total of approximately 14 years, appointed his nephew <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a> in 1887 and later as Prime Minister in 1902. This is supposedly the origin of the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Bob%27s_your_uncle" title="Bob's your uncle">Bob's your uncle</a>".<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In February 2010, Sir Christopher Kelly, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Standards_in_Public_Life" title="Committee on Standards in Public Life">Committee on Standards in Public Life</a>, said that more than 200 MPs used Parliamentary allowances to employ their own relatives in a variety of office roles. He suggested that the practice should be banned.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In 2005, Councillor Ann Reid of York arranged for all nine sets of traffic lights on her daughter Hannah's wedding route through York to be switched to green for the five-car convoy. As a result, the wedding party took only 10 minutes to pass through the city.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> North Yorkshire Police's Chief Constable <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grahame_Maxwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grahame Maxwell (page does not exist)">Grahame Maxwell</a> was disciplined by the IPCC in 2011, but refused to resign, after admitting that he assisted a relative through the first stages of a recruitment process.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Many Northern Irish politicians employ family members. In 2008, 19 elected politicians of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a> (DUP) directly employed family members and relatives comprising 27 of its 136 staff.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, the former Prime Minister was accused of nepotism for having appointed his brother <a href="/wiki/Jo_Johnson" title="Jo Johnson">Jo Johnson</a> to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, having previously also appointed him to his Cabinet as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Universities,_Science,_Research_and_Innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State for Universities, Science, Research and Innovation">Minister of State for Universities, Science, Research and Innovation</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2020 <a href="/wiki/Kate_Bingham" title="Kate Bingham">Kate Bingham</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">British Conservative Party</a> politician and then-<a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Financial Secretary to the Treasury">Financial Secretary to the Treasury</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Norman" title="Jesse Norman">Jesse Norman</a>, was appointed chair of the UK's Vaccine Taskforce—the group set up to lead UK efforts to find and manufacture a <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">COVID-19</a> vaccine — despite other more qualified people being proposed.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_County,_Florida" title="Palm Beach County, Florida">Palm Beach County, Florida</a> schools reinforced nepotism rules as of 2012 to ensure an "equitable work environment".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In December 2012, a report from <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> indicated various nepotism practices from the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> and Northern <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Washington_Airports_Authority" title="Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority">Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority</a> (MWAA), including one family with five members working for the MWAA. One of the reasons given by the associate general counsel to defend the alleged nepotism was "if [the employees are] qualified and competed for [the positions] on their own, I don't see a problem with relatives working in the same organization."<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The inspector general of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">U.S. Department of Transportation</a> and the US Congress pressured the MWAA to resolve practices of nepotism. Authority employees are no longer allowed to directly or indirectly influence hiring or promotion of relatives, as documented in their ethics policy.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Politics">Politics</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> appointed his son <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Germany" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Germany">United States Minister to Prussia</a>. Around 30 family members or relatives of President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> prospered financially in some way from either government appointments or employment.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> President Franklin Roosevelt submitted the name of his son <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(general)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (general)">Elliott Roosevelt</a> to the Senate for promotion to brigadier general. Following threats of resignation and pressure, Elliott Roosevelt was made a rated pilot during World War II. A suitable vacancy could not be found for him after his father's death, and his last day of service was <a href="/wiki/VJ-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="VJ-Day">VJ-Day</a>. Franklin Roosevelt also appointed his son <a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt">James Roosevelt</a> as administrative assistant to the president and secretary to the president. James Roosevelt was the White House coordinator for 18 federal agencies. Time magazine suggested that he might be considered "Assistant President of the United States". President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> made his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a>, the first director of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a> and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, Attorney General.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/John_Eisenhower" title="John Eisenhower">John Eisenhower</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Belgium" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Belgium">United States Ambassador to Belgium</a>. Richard Nixon was the father to Eisenhower's daughter-in-law. In 1979, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, within weeks of being newly elected as Governor of Arkansas, appointed his wife <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary</a> to chair of the Rural Health Advisory Committee.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In 1993, newly elected as President of the United States, he again <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton#Health_care_and_other_policy_initiatives" title="Hillary Clinton">appointed</a> his wife to chair a Task Force on National Health Care Reform. In 2013, Bill appointed his daughter <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Clinton" title="Chelsea Clinton">Chelsea</a> a member of the governing board of the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Foundation" title="Clinton Foundation">Clinton Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Foundation#Clinton_Global_Initiative_(CGI)_and_CGI_U" title="Clinton Foundation">Clinton Global Initiative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trump_With_Family_February_1_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Trump_With_Family_February_1_2016.jpg/400px-Trump_With_Family_February_1_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4312" data-file-height="1434"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Trump_With_Family_February_1_2016.jpg/400px-Trump_With_Family_February_1_2016.jpg" data-width="400" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Trump_With_Family_February_1_2016.jpg/600px-Trump_With_Family_February_1_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Trump_With_Family_February_1_2016.jpg/800px-Trump_With_Family_February_1_2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Trump family</figcaption></figure> In 2017, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> was <a href="/wiki/Hiring_and_personnel_concerns_about_Donald_Trump#Family_members_in_major_roles" title="Hiring and personnel concerns about Donald Trump">accused of nepotism</a> after appointing both his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Jared_Kushner" title="Jared Kushner">Jared Kushner</a> and his daughter <a href="/wiki/Ivanka_Trump" title="Ivanka Trump">Ivanka</a> (married to Kushner) into <a href="/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Senior Advisor to the President of the United States">advisory roles to the president</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Neither Jared nor Ivanka had any experience in public service. In 2020, President Trump appointed his son <a href="/wiki/Eric_Trump" title="Eric Trump">Eric Trump</a>'s brother-in-law, Kyle Yunaska, to the position of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Deputy Chief of Staff. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legality">Legality</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Legality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Current (since 1995)<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> US court rulings have held that the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> itself does not constitute an "agency" for the purposes of adhering to existing anti-nepotism laws on the books.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Venezuela" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Nepotism is known to be practiced by President of the Venezuela National Assembly, <a href="/wiki/Cilia_Flores" title="Cilia Flores">Cilia Flores</a>. Nine positions in the National Assembly were filled by Flores' family members, including a mother-in-law, aunt, three siblings, a cousin and her mother, and two nephews.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The late <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> was reported to be preparing his wife <a href="/wiki/Grace_Mugabe" title="Grace Mugabe">Grace Mugabe</a> to be the next president of Zimbabwe while he was president.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joice_Mujuru" title="Joice Mujuru">Joice Mujuru</a> was previously considered to be the favored successor to Mugabe.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Types_of_partiality">Types of partiality</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Types of partiality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Nepotism refers to partiality to family whereas <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronyism</a> refers to partiality to an associate or <a href="/wiki/Friend" class="mw-redirect" title="Friend">friend</a>. <a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">Favoritism</a>, the broadest of the terms, refers to partiality based upon being part of a favored group, rather than job performance.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_families" class="mw-redirect" title="Political families">Political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">Bastard feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blat_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blat (term)">Blat (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabal" title="Cabal">Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_narcissism" title="Collective narcissism">Collective narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugal dictatorship">Conjugal dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanxi" title="Guanxi">Guanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingroup_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingroup bias">Ingroup bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cardinal-nephews" title="List of cardinal-nephews">List of cardinal-nephews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_entertainment_industry_dynasties" title="List of entertainment industry dynasties">List of entertainment industry dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_system" title="Merit system">Merit system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepo_baby" title="Nepo baby">Nepo baby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_networking" title="Business networking">Networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_courtesy" title="Professional courtesy">Professional courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_boy_network" title="Old boy network">Old boy network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">Simony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">Spoils system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasta" title="Wasta">Wasta</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/nepotism">"nepotism"</a>. NEPOTISM | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary. Cambridge Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112042128/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/nepotism">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=NEPOTISM+%26%23124%3B+meaning+in+the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fnepotism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/nepotism">"nepotism"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adam+Bellow+Booknotes+interview+transcript&rft.atitle=In+Praise+of+Nepotism%3A+A+Natural+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooknotes.org%2FTranscript%2F%3FProgramID%3D1742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ablemedia.com/ctcweb/glossary/glossaryn.html#nepos">"Article nepos"</a>. CTCWeb Glossary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000408143615/http://www.ablemedia.com/ctcweb/glossary/glossaryn.html#nepos">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2000. 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Retrieved 6 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apr%C3%A8s+Jean%2C+l%27Elys%C3%A9e+se+met+au+service+de+Pierre+Sarkozy&rft.pub=Liberation.fr&rft.date=2009-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fpolitiques%2F0101601841-apres-jean-l-elysee-se-met-au-service-de-pierre-sarkozy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifo.gr/now/politics/255152/to-fainomeno-tis-oikogeneiokratias-sti-voyli-apo-ti-metapoliteysi-mexri-simera"><bdi lang="el">To φαινόμενο της "οικογενειοκρατίας" στη Βουλή από τη Μεταπολίτευση μέχρι σήμερα</bdi></a>. Lifo (in Greek). 15 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625052428/https://www.lifo.gr/now/politics/255152/to-fainomeno-tis-oikogeneiokratias-sti-voyli-apo-ti-metapoliteysi-mexri-simera">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lifo&rft.atitle=To+%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%22%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82%22+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AE+%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C+%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7+%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%87%CF%81%CE%B9+%CF%83%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifo.gr%2Fnow%2Fpolitics%2F255152%2Fto-fainomeno-tis-oikogeneiokratias-sti-voyli-apo-ti-metapoliteysi-mexri-simera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2011" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Landon Jr (12 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/13/business/global/papandreou-family-shapes-history-in-greece.html">"Family Differences, Global Issues"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023850/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/13/business/global/papandreou-family-shapes-history-in-greece.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Family+Differences%2C+Global+Issues&rft.date=2011-07-12&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Landon+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F07%2F13%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2Fpapandreou-family-shapes-history-in-greece.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-48902766">"Greece elections: Centre-right regains power under Kyriakos Mitsotakis"</a>. BBC News. 8 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711134534/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-48902766">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Greece+elections%3A+Centre-right+regains+power+under+Kyriakos+Mitsotakis&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-48902766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChhibber2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chhibber, Pradeep (March 2013). "Dynastic parties Organization, finance and impact". Party Politics. 19 (2): 277–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354068811406995">10.1177/1354068811406995</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144781444">144781444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Party+Politics&rft.atitle=Dynastic+parties+Organization%2C+finance+and+impact&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=277-295&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354068811406995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144781444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chhibber&rft.aufirst=Pradeep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasuChandra2016" class="citation book cs1">Basu, Amrita; Chandra, Kanchan (2016). Democratic Dynasties: State, Party and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-12344-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-12344-1"><bdi>978-1-107-12344-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Dynasties%3A+State%2C+Party+and+Family+in+Contemporary+Indian+Politics&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-12344-1&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Amrita&rft.au=Chandra%2C+Kanchan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/918234/is-the-bjp-less-dynastic-than-the-congress-not-so-lok-sabha-data-shows">"Is the BJP less dynastic than the Congress? Not so, Lok Sabha data shows"</a>. 29 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515135823/https://scroll.in/article/918234/is-the-bjp-less-dynastic-than-the-congress-not-so-lok-sabha-data-shows">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+the+BJP+less+dynastic+than+the+Congress%3F+Not+so%2C+Lok+Sabha+data+shows&rft.date=2019-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F918234%2Fis-the-bjp-less-dynastic-than-the-congress-not-so-lok-sabha-data-shows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2016131,_136-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra2016131,_136_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChandra2016">Chandra 2016</a>, pp. 131, 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kanchan_Chandra" title="Kanchan Chandra">Chandra, Kanchan</a> (28 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR10">Democratic Dynasties: State, Party, and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-59212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-59212-0"><bdi>978-1-316-59212-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204023606/https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR10">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Dynasties%3A+State%2C+Party%2C+and+Family+in+Contemporary+Indian+Politics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-04-28&rft.isbn=978-1-316-59212-0&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Kanchan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVwbFDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527103301/https://www.jansatta.com/national/around-50-percent-high-court-and-33-percent-supreme-court-judges-are-family-members-of-those-in-higher-echelony-of-judiciary-says-a-research-by-mumbai-based-lawyer-news-and-updates/1388885/"><bdi lang="hi">सर्वे: हाईकोर्ट के 50 और सुप्रीम कोर्ट के 33% जज चंद घरानों के बेटे-भतीजे, भारत में ज्यूडिशरी का हाल</bdi></a>. <bdi lang="hi">जनसत्ता</bdi>. 26 April 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jansatta.com/national/around-50-percent-high-court-and-33-percent-supreme-court-judges-are-family-members-of-those-in-higher-echelony-of-judiciary-says-a-research-by-mumbai-based-lawyer-news-and-updates/1388885/">the original</a> on 27 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%3A+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+50+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+33%25+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%9C+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%2C+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&rft.date=2020-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jansatta.com%2Fnational%2Faround-50-percent-high-court-and-33-percent-supreme-court-judges-are-family-members-of-those-in-higher-echelony-of-judiciary-says-a-research-by-mumbai-based-lawyer-news-and-updates%2F1388885%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704141249/https://thewire.in/law/nepotism-and-casteism-in-collegium-system-alleges-allahabad-hc-judge-in-letter-to-modi">"'Nepotism' in Collegium System, Alleges Allahabad HC Judge in Fawning Letter to Modi"</a>. The Wire. 4 July 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/law/nepotism-and-casteism-in-collegium-system-alleges-allahabad-hc-judge-in-letter-to-modi">the original</a> on 4 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Nepotism%27+in+Collegium+System%2C+Alleges+Allahabad+HC+Judge+in+Fawning+Letter+to+Modi&rft.date=2019-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Flaw%2Fnepotism-and-casteism-in-collegium-system-alleges-allahabad-hc-judge-in-letter-to-modi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801074758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-gives-collegium-proof-of-nepotism-in-picks-for-hc-judges/articleshow/65220425.cms">"Govt gives collegium 'proof' of nepotism in picks for HC judges"</a>. The Times of India. 1 August 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-gives-collegium-proof-of-nepotism-in-picks-for-hc-judges/articleshow/65220425.cms">the original</a> on 1 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Govt+gives+collegium+%27proof%27+of+nepotism+in+picks+for+HC+judges&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fgovt-gives-collegium-proof-of-nepotism-in-picks-for-hc-judges%2Farticleshow%2F65220425.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608145502/https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/who-s-the-judge-166438.html">"Who's the Judge?"</a>. The Statesman. 21 September 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/who-s-the-judge-166438.html">the original</a> on 8 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who%27s+the+Judge%3F&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestatesman.com%2Fopinion%2Fwho-s-the-judge-166438.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627022013/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/check-complaints-of-judges-children-clearing-judicial-exam-sadananda-gowda-to-chief-justice/">"Check complaints of judges' children clearing judicial exam: Sadananda Gowda asks Chief Justice"</a>. The Indian Express. 26 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/check-complaints-of-judges-children-clearing-judicial-exam-sadananda-gowda-to-chief-justice/">the original</a> on 27 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Check+complaints+of+judges%27+children+clearing+judicial+exam%3A+Sadananda+Gowda+asks+Chief+Justice&rft.date=2015-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Findia-others%2Fcheck-complaints-of-judges-children-clearing-judicial-exam-sadananda-gowda-to-chief-justice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/when-ranbir-kapoor-confessed-he-was-a-product-of-nepotism-said-i-would-like-to-work-hard-for-my-children-so-that-they-get-the-right-opportunity/story-L3s4WQHjpA58elsiq2gR8K.html">"When Ranbir Kapoor confessed he was a product of nepotism, said 'I would like to work hard for my children so that they get the right opportunity'"</a>. Hindustan Times. 20 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620192833/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/when-ranbir-kapoor-confessed-he-was-a-product-of-nepotism-said-i-would-like-to-work-hard-for-my-children-so-that-they-get-the-right-opportunity/story-L3s4WQHjpA58elsiq2gR8K.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=When+Ranbir+Kapoor+confessed+he+was+a+product+of+nepotism%2C+said+%27I+would+like+to+work+hard+for+my+children+so+that+they+get+the+right+opportunity%27&rft.date=2020-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fbollywood%2Fwhen-ranbir-kapoor-confessed-he-was-a-product-of-nepotism-said-i-would-like-to-work-hard-for-my-children-so-that-they-get-the-right-opportunity%2Fstory-L3s4WQHjpA58elsiq2gR8K.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam2023" class="citation news cs1">Alam, Anan (2 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thred.com/culture/a-deep-dive-into-nepotism-in-bollywood/">"A deep dive into nepotism in Bollywood"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippe+Hao+Thyn+Voon+poura-t-il+renouveler+un+nouveau+mandat%3F&rft.pub=Zinfos+Moris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zinfos-moris.com%2FPhilippe-Hao-Thyn-Voon-pourra-t-il-renouveler-un-nouveau-mandat-au-sein-du-comite-olympique_a15311.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://defimedia.info/retombees-de-laffaire-st-louis-pad-co-ltd-passe-sous-administration-volontaire">"Retombées de l'affaire St-Louis: Pad & Co Ltd passe sous administration volontaire"</a>. Defimedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707213601/https://defimedia.info/retombees-de-laffaire-st-louis-pad-co-ltd-passe-sous-administration-volontaire">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Retomb%C3%A9es+de+l%27affaire+St-Louis%3A+Pad+%26+Co+Ltd+passe+sous+administration+volontaire&rft.pub=Defimedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdefimedia.info%2Fretombees-de-laffaire-st-louis-pad-co-ltd-passe-sous-administration-volontaire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.5plus.mu/actualite/deux-arpents-de-pas-geometriques-alloues-la-famille-rawoo-le-depute-ismael-rawoo-garde-le">"Deux arpents de Pas Géométriques alloués à la famille Rawoo"</a>. 5 Plus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810014848/https://www.5plus.mu/actualite/deux-arpents-de-pas-geometriques-alloues-la-famille-rawoo-le-depute-ismael-rawoo-garde-le">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deux+arpents+de+Pas+G%C3%A9om%C3%A9triques+allou%C3%A9s+%C3%A0+la+famille+Rawoo&rft.pub=5+Plus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.5plus.mu%2Factualite%2Fdeux-arpents-de-pas-geometriques-alloues-la-famille-rawoo-le-depute-ismael-rawoo-garde-le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilbert" class="citation web cs1">Hilbert, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://defimedia.info/polemique-autour-dun-terrain-sur-les-pas-geometriques-loue-par-letat-une-compagnie-dont-le-pps-rawoo-est-actionnaire">"Polémique autour d'un terrain sur les pas géométriques loué par l'Etat à une compagnie dont le PPS Rawoo est actionnaire"</a>. Le Defi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616013153/https://defimedia.info/polemique-autour-dun-terrain-sur-les-pas-geometriques-loue-par-letat-une-compagnie-dont-le-pps-rawoo-est-actionnaire">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pol%C3%A9mique+autour+d%27un+terrain+sur+les+pas+g%C3%A9om%C3%A9triques+lou%C3%A9+par+l%27Etat+%C3%A0+une+compagnie+dont+le+PPS+Rawoo+est+actionnaire&rft.pub=Le+Defi&rft.aulast=Hilbert&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdefimedia.info%2Fpolemique-autour-dun-terrain-sur-les-pas-geometriques-loue-par-letat-une-compagnie-dont-le-pps-rawoo-est-actionnaire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLismore" class="citation web cs1">Lismore, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zinfos-moris.com/Paul-Lismore-The-dentist-with-the-weird-smile-extracting-a-fortune-from-the-sale-of-the-lease-of-our-land_a15383.html">"PPS and dentist Rawoo with the weid smile extracting a fortune from selling the lease of our land"</a>. Zinfos Moris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803004233/https://www.zinfos-moris.com/Paul-Lismore-The-dentist-with-the-weird-smile-extracting-a-fortune-from-the-sale-of-the-lease-of-our-land_a15383.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PPS+and+dentist+Rawoo+with+the+weid+smile+extracting+a+fortune+from+selling+the+lease+of+our+land&rft.pub=Zinfos+Moris&rft.aulast=Lismore&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zinfos-moris.com%2FPaul-Lismore-The-dentist-with-the-weird-smile-extracting-a-fortune-from-the-sale-of-the-lease-of-our-land_a15383.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRédaction2018" class="citation news cs1">Rédaction, La (8 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexpress.mu/article/329327/vishwadeo-gobin-il-faut-assurer-un-meilleur-apprentissage-langlais">"Vishwadeo Gobin: Il faut assurer un meilleur apprentissage de l'anglais"</a>. Lexpress.mu. 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Retrieved 8 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lexpress.mu&rft.atitle=Vishwadeo+Gobin%3A+Il+faut+assurer+un+meilleur+apprentissage+de+l%27anglais&rft.date=2018-04-08&rft.aulast=R%C3%A9daction&rft.aufirst=La&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexpress.mu%2Farticle%2F329327%2Fvishwadeo-gobin-il-faut-assurer-un-meilleur-apprentissage-langlais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zinfos-moris.com/Enter-le-pere-de-Maneesh-Gobin-a-la-tete-du-MGI-et-du-RTI_a17135.html">"Enter the father of Maneesh Gobin"</a>. Zinfos Moris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920002546/https://www.zinfos-moris.com/Enter-le-pere-de-Maneesh-Gobin-a-la-tete-du-MGI-et-du-RTI_a17135.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enter+the+father+of+Maneesh+Gobin&rft.pub=Zinfos+Moris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zinfos-moris.com%2FEnter-le-pere-de-Maneesh-Gobin-a-la-tete-du-MGI-et-du-RTI_a17135.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexpress.mu/article/381740/nomination-frere-vikram-hurdoyal-est-chairman-mauritius-shipping-corporation">"Nomination: le frère de Vikram Hurdoyal est le Chairman de la Mauritius Shipping Corporation"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomination%3A+le+fr%C3%A8re+de+Vikram+Hurdoyal+est+le+Chairman+de+la+Mauritius+Shipping+Corporation&rft.pub=L%27Express&rft.date=2020-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexpress.mu%2Farticle%2F381740%2Fnomination-frere-vikram-hurdoyal-est-chairman-mauritius-shipping-corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaizan2023" class="citation news cs1">Haizan, Yasmine (31 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-anwar-ibrahim-nurul-izzah-controversy-senior-economic-finance-adviser-3243226">"Appointment of Anwar's daughter as senior economic and finance adviser sparks controversy in Malaysia"</a>. CNA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201064400/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-anwar-ibrahim-nurul-izzah-controversy-senior-economic-finance-adviser-3243226">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Appointment+of+Anwar%27s+daughter+as+senior+economic+and+finance+adviser+sparks+controversy+in+Malaysia&rft.date=2023-01-31&rft.aulast=Haizan&rft.aufirst=Yasmine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fasia%2Fmalaysia-anwar-ibrahim-nurul-izzah-controversy-senior-economic-finance-adviser-3243226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/653310">"'Legally right but morally wrong' to appoint Nurul Izzah as PM's adviser - PKR MP"</a>. Malaysiakini. 30 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201011418/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/653310">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Legally+right+but+morally+wrong%27+to+appoint+Nurul+Izzah+as+PM%27s+adviser+-+PKR+MP&rft.date=2023-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaysiakini.com%2Fnews%2F653310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordina2022" class="citation web cs1">Cordina, John Paul (19 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsbook.com.mt/en/addressing-nepotism-requires-education-and-fixing-our-politics/">"Addressing nepotism requires education – and fixing our politics"</a>. Newsbook.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsbook&rft.atitle=Addressing+nepotism+requires+education+%E2%80%93+and+fixing+our+politics&rft.date=2022-09-19&rft.aulast=Cordina&rft.aufirst=John+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsbook.com.mt%2Fen%2Faddressing-nepotism-requires-education-and-fixing-our-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theshiftnews.com/2023/07/08/84-of-businesses-see-favouritism-corruption-as-hampering-competition/">"84% of businesses see favouritism, corruption as hampering competition"</a>. Retrieved 24 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=84%25+of+businesses+see+favouritism%2C+corruption+as+hampering+competition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheshiftnews.com%2F2023%2F07%2F08%2F84-of-businesses-see-favouritism-corruption-as-hampering-competition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Bellow2004" class="citation book cs1">Adam Bellow (13 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z8wSCZG9O6AC">In Praise of Nepotism</a>. 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Retrieved 16 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+war+strange+as+fiction&rft.date=2007-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F9299003%3Fstory_id%3D9299003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atimes1-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atimes1_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atimes1_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudha_Ramachandran2010" class="citation news cs1">Sudha Ramachandran (11 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101113055510/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LK11Df02.html">"Feuds start in Sri Lanka's first family"</a>. Asia Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LK11Df02.html">the original</a> on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=Feuds+start+in+Sri+Lanka%27s+first+family&rft.date=2010-11-11&rft.au=Sudha+Ramachandran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FSouth_Asia%2FLK11Df02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan2019" class="citation news cs1">Srinivasan, Meera (26 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/unp-declares-sajith-premadasa-as-presidential-candidate/article29519171.ece">"UNP names Sajith Premadasa as presidential candidate"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221103014837/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/unp-declares-sajith-premadasa-as-presidential-candidate/article29519171.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=UNP+names+Sajith+Premadasa+as+presidential+candidate&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Meera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Funp-declares-sajith-premadasa-as-presidential-candidate%2Farticle29519171.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan2018" class="citation news cs1">Srinivasan, Meera (22 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/ranil-wickremesinghe-who-has-just-made-another-comeback/article25807913.ece">"Ranil Wickremesinghe, who has just made another comeback, looks ahead"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013020101/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/ranil-wickremesinghe-who-has-just-made-another-comeback/article25807913.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Ranil+Wickremesinghe%2C+who+has+just+made+another+comeback%2C+looks+ahead&rft.date=2018-12-22&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Meera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Franil-wickremesinghe-who-has-just-made-another-comeback%2Farticle25807913.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymirror.lk/61073/new-cabinet-ministers-sworn-in">"You are being redirected..."</a> www.dailymirror.lk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126233443/https://www.dailymirror.lk/61073/new-cabinet-ministers-sworn-in">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dailymirror.lk&rft.atitle=You+are+being+redirected...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymirror.lk%2F61073%2Fnew-cabinet-ministers-sworn-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymirror.lk/top_story/Ruwan-Wijewardene-elected-Deputy-Leader-of-UNP/155-195851">"You are being redirected..."</a> www.dailymirror.lk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205015445/https://www.dailymirror.lk/top_story/Ruwan-Wijewardene-elected-Deputy-Leader-of-UNP/155-195851">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dailymirror.lk&rft.atitle=You+are+being+redirected...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymirror.lk%2Ftop_story%2FRuwan-Wijewardene-elected-Deputy-Leader-of-UNP%2F155-195851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtharindu" class="citation web cs1">tharindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srilankamirror.com/news/19179-ranil-s-focus-on-giving-unp-leadership-to-ruwan">"Ranil's focus on giving UNP leadership to Ruwan?"</a>. www.srilankamirror.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528021405/https://www.srilankamirror.com/news/19179-ranil-s-focus-on-giving-unp-leadership-to-ruwan">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.srilankamirror.com&rft.atitle=Ranil%27s+focus+on+giving+UNP+leadership+to+Ruwan%3F&rft.au=tharindu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.srilankamirror.com%2Fnews%2F19179-ranil-s-focus-on-giving-unp-leadership-to-ruwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancelot2020" class="citation web cs1">Lancelot (14 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lankabusinessonline.com/opinion-its-ruwan-wijewardene-in-line-to-lead-the-unp/">"Opinion: It's Ruwan! – Wijewardene in line to lead the UNP"</a>. Lanka Business Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526011928/https://www.lankabusinessonline.com/opinion-its-ruwan-wijewardene-in-line-to-lead-the-unp/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lanka+Business+Online&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+It%27s+Ruwan%21+%E2%80%93+Wijewardene+in+line+to+lead+the+UNP&rft.date=2020-09-14&rft.au=Lancelot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lankabusinessonline.com%2Fopinion-its-ruwan-wijewardene-in-line-to-lead-the-unp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_R._Freitang,_Ashli_Quesinberry_StokesAshli_Quesinberry_Stokes2008" class="citation book cs1">Alan R. Freitang, Ashli Quesinberry Stokes; Ashli Quesinberry Stokes (22 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kPrOtG3lv0QC&pg=PA208">Global Public Relations: Spanning Borders, Spanning Cultures</a>. Routledge. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-06129-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-06129-7"><bdi>978-1-134-06129-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Public+Relations%3A+Spanning+Borders%2C+Spanning+Cultures&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-12-22&rft.isbn=978-1-134-06129-7&rft.au=Alan+R.+Freitang%2C+Ashli+Quesinberry+Stokes&rft.au=Ashli+Quesinberry+Stokes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkPrOtG3lv0QC%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElPais-133"><a href="#cite_ref-ElPais_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/deportes/larga/carrera/hombre/polifacetico/elpepudep/20100421elpepudep_9/Tes">"La larga carrera de un hombre polifacético"</a>. El País. 21 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513114249/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/deportes/larga/carrera/hombre/polifacetico/elpepudep/20100421elpepudep_9/Tes">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=La+larga+carrera+de+un+hombre+polifac%C3%A9tico&rft.date=2010-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpais.com%2Farticulo%2Fdeportes%2Flarga%2Fcarrera%2Fhombre%2Fpolifacetico%2Felpepudep%2F20100421elpepudep_9%2FTes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988">. (in Spanish) </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangguth1981" class="citation book cs1">Langguth, A. J. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B4K8AAAAIAAJ">Saki, a life of Hector Hugh Munro: with six short stories never before collected</a>. Saki, 1870–1916. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671247157" title="Special:BookSources/9780671247157"><bdi>9780671247157</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7554446">7554446</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204023610/https://books.google.com/books?id=B4K8AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2023. 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BBC News. 17 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204023608/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8520548.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ban+on+MP+spouse+jobs+%27essential%27&rft.date=2010-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F8520548.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2005" class="citation news cs1">Stokes, Paul (18 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1500864/Councillor-turns-lights-green-for-daughters-wedding.html">"Councillor turns lights green for daughter's wedding"</a>. The Telegraph. 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Retrieved 9 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Councillor+turns+lights+green+for+daughter%27s+wedding&rft.date=2005-10-18&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1500864%2FCouncillor-turns-lights-green-for-daughters-wedding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-13369301">"Chief constable remains despite calls for resignation"</a>. BBC News. North Yorkshire, UK. 12 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512100328/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-13369301">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Chief+constable+remains+despite+calls+for+resignation&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-york-north-yorkshire-13369301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/dups-two-tribes-13387086.html">"DUP's two tribes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph" title="Belfast Telegraph">Belfast Telegraph</a>. 22 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327010154/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/dups-two-tribes-13387086.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=DUP%27s+two+tribes&rft.date=2008-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fdups-two-tribes-13387086.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.herefordvoice.co.uk/forums/topic/4128-kate-bingham-appointed-chair-of-uk-vaccine-taskforce/">"Kate Bingham Appointed Chair of UK Vaccine Taskforce"</a>. Hereford Voice. 16 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101052450/https://www.herefordvoice.co.uk/forums/topic/4128-kate-bingham-appointed-chair-of-uk-vaccine-taskforce/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hereford+Voice&rft.atitle=Kate+Bingham+Appointed+Chair+of+UK+Vaccine+Taskforce&rft.date=2020-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.herefordvoice.co.uk%2Fforums%2Ftopic%2F4128-kate-bingham-appointed-chair-of-uk-vaccine-taskforce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403190136/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-04-12/news/fl-nepotism-palm-schools-20120412_1_nepotism-relatives-indirect-supervision">"Palm Beach County School Board reinforces nepotism rules"</a>. sun-sentinel.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-04-12/news/fl-nepotism-palm-schools-20120412_1_nepotism-relatives-indirect-supervision">the original</a> on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=sun-sentinel.com&rft.atitle=Palm+Beach+County+School+Board+reinforces+nepotism+rules&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.sun-sentinel.com%2F2012-04-12%2Fnews%2Ffl-nepotism-palm-schools-20120412_1_nepotism-relatives-indirect-supervision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2012" class="citation news cs1">Thomson, Cheryl W. (8 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/dc-airport-authority-employment-is-frequently-a-family-affair/2012/12/08/e29ab88a-3eef-11e2-a2d9-822f58ac9fd5_story.html">"D.C. airport authority employment is frequently a family affair"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140216091224/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/dc-airport-authority-employment-is-frequently-a-family-affair/2012/12/08/e29ab88a-3eef-11e2-a2d9-822f58ac9fd5_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=D.C.+airport+authority+employment+is+frequently+a+family+affair&rft.date=2012-12-08&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fcrime%2Fdc-airport-authority-employment-is-frequently-a-family-affair%2F2012%2F12%2F08%2Fe29ab88a-3eef-11e2-a2d9-822f58ac9fd5_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial_Board2012" class="citation news cs1">Editorial Board (10 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/airports-authority-must-clean-up-its-act-on-nepotism/2012/12/10/dc217b7a-4308-11e2-8061-253bccfc7532_story.html">"Airports authority must clean up its act on nepotism"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121213193356/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/airports-authority-must-clean-up-its-act-on-nepotism/2012/12/10/dc217b7a-4308-11e2-8061-253bccfc7532_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Airports+authority+must+clean+up+its+act+on+nepotism&rft.date=2012-12-10&rft.au=Editorial+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fairports-authority-must-clean-up-its-act-on-nepotism%2F2012%2F12%2F10%2Fdc217b7a-4308-11e2-8061-253bccfc7532_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalinger2005" class="citation book cs1">Salinger, Lawrence M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P41ij0GoFL4C&q=James+Watson+Webb+Scandal+in+Brazil&pg=PA374">Encyclopedia of white-collar & corporate crime, Volume 2</a>. Vol. 2. pp. 374–375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761930044" title="Special:BookSources/9780761930044"><bdi>9780761930044</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204023608/https://books.google.com/books?id=P41ij0GoFL4C&q=James+Watson+Webb+Scandal+in+Brazil&pg=PA374">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+white-collar+%26+corporate+crime%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=374-375&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780761930044&rft.aulast=Salinger&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP41ij0GoFL4C%26q%3DJames%2BWatson%2BWebb%2BScandal%2Bin%2BBrazil%26pg%3DPA374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliotAli2007" class="citation book cs1">Elliot, Jeffrey M.; Ali, Sheikh R. (1 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ppIIbWkftv4C&pg=PA88">The Presidential Congressional Political Dictionary</a>. Wildside Press LLC. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-9140-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-9140-4"><bdi>978-1-4344-9140-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidential+Congressional+Political+Dictionary&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Wildside+Press+LLC&rft.date=2007-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4344-9140-4&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft.au=Ali%2C+Sheikh+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DppIIbWkftv4C%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1993" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kelly_(editor)" title="Michael Kelly (editor)">Kelly, Michael</a> (20 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/20/us/the-inauguration-the-first-couple-a-union-of-mind-and-ambition.html">"The First Couple: A Union of Mind and Ambition"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170524190132/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/20/us/the-inauguration-the-first-couple-a-union-of-mind-and-ambition.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+First+Couple%3A+A+Union+of+Mind+and+Ambition&rft.date=1993-01-20&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F01%2F20%2Fus%2Fthe-inauguration-the-first-couple-a-union-of-mind-and-ambition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGann2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eileen_McGann_(author)" title="Eileen McGann (author)">McGann, Eileen</a> (5 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehillarydaily.com/nepotism-princess-chelsea-clinton-to-write-book-for-young-people-on-most-important-issues-no-mention-of-jobs-and-student-loans-debt/">"Nepotism Princess Chelsea Clinton To Write Book For Young People On Most Important Issues; No Mention Of Jobs And Student Loans Debt"</a>. The Hillary Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430015038/http://thehillarydaily.com/nepotism-princess-chelsea-clinton-to-write-book-for-young-people-on-most-important-issues-no-mention-of-jobs-and-student-loans-debt/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nepotism+Princess+Chelsea+Clinton+To+Write+Book+For+Young+People+On+Most+Important+Issues%3B+No+Mention+Of+Jobs+And+Student+Loans+Debt&rft.pub=The+Hillary+Daily&rft.date=2015-05-05&rft.aulast=McGann&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehillarydaily.com%2Fnepotism-princess-chelsea-clinton-to-write-book-for-young-people-on-most-important-issues-no-mention-of-jobs-and-student-loans-debt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuhas2017" class="citation news cs1">Yuhas, Alan (10 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/09/jared-kushner-senior-adviser-donald-trump">"Trump names son-in-law Jared Kushner as senior adviser, testing anti-nepotism law"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009125621/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/09/jared-kushner-senior-adviser-donald-trump">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Trump+names+son-in-law+Jared+Kushner+as+senior+adviser%2C+testing+anti-nepotism+law&rft.date=2017-01-10&rft.aulast=Yuhas&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2017%2Fjan%2F09%2Fjared-kushner-senior-adviser-donald-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200217030703/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12409994638406990093">"Haddon v. Walters, 43 F. 3d 1488 - Court of Appeals, Dist. of Columbia"</a>. archive.ph. 17 February 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12409994638406990093">the original</a> on 17 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.ph&rft.atitle=Haddon+v.+Walters%2C+43+F.+3d+1488+-+Court+of+Appeals%2C+Dist.+of+Columbia&rft.date=2020-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar_case%3Fcase%3D12409994638406990093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheth2017" class="citation web cs1">Sheth, Sonam (25 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ivanka-trump-white-house-west-wing-donald-trump-ethics-legal-2017-3">"Ivanka Trump's new White House position could be an ethical minefield"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215205954/https://www.businessinsider.com/ivanka-trump-white-house-west-wing-donald-trump-ethics-legal-2017-3">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Ivanka+Trump%27s+new+White+House+position+could+be+an+ethical+minefield&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft.aulast=Sheth&rft.aufirst=Sonam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fivanka-trump-white-house-west-wing-donald-trump-ethics-legal-2017-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Romero2007" class="citation news cs1">Simon Romero (18 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/18/world/americas/18iht-venez.html?_r=0">"Chávez family dogged by nepotism claims"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805145626/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/18/world/americas/18iht-venez.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ch%C3%A1vez+family+dogged+by+nepotism+claims&rft.date=2007-02-18&rft.au=Simon+Romero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F02%2F18%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F18iht-venez.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2008/07/08/pol_ava_cilia-flores-niega-i_08A1777279.shtml">"Nacional y Política - eluniversal.com"</a> (in Spanish). Buscador.eluniversal.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515041514/http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2008/07/08/pol_ava_cilia-flores-niega-i_08A1777279.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nacional+y+Pol%C3%ADtica+-+eluniversal.com&rft.pub=Buscador.eluniversal.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuscador.eluniversal.com%2F2008%2F07%2F08%2Fpol_ava_cilia-flores-niega-i_08A1777279.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornycroftBlair2014" class="citation news cs1">Thornycroft, Peta; Blair, David (31 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/11201716/Mugabe-accused-of-bedroom-coup-as-he-prepares-his-wife-for-presidency.html">"Mugabe accused of 'bedroom coup' as he prepares his wife for presidency"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/11201716/Mugabe-accused-of-bedroom-coup-as-he-prepares-his-wife-for-presidency.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Mugabe+accused+of+%27bedroom+coup%27+as+he+prepares+his+wife+for+presidency&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft.aulast=Thornycroft&rft.aufirst=Peta&rft.au=Blair%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fzimbabwe%2F11201716%2FMugabe-accused-of-bedroom-coup-as-he-prepares-his-wife-for-presidency.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> JR ASAP BEATZ,ASAP PRESS </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudy_Nadler_and_Miriam_Schulman" class="citation web cs1">Judy Nadler and Miriam Schulman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/government_ethics/introduction/cronyism.html">"Favoritism, Cronyism, and Nepotism"</a>. Santa Clara University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612111602/http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/government_ethics/introduction/cronyism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Favoritism%2C+Cronyism%2C+and+Nepotism&rft.pub=Santa+Clara+University&rft.au=Judy+Nadler+and+Miriam+Schulman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scu.edu%2Fethics%2Fpracticing%2Ffocusareas%2Fgovernment_ethics%2Fintroduction%2Fcronyism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2711635">"American Calendar"</a> in American Quarterly 25.4 (October 1973): 493–96.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149577/">Cardinal Giovanni Battista De Luca: Nepotism in the Seventeenth-century Catholic Church and De Luca's Efforts to Prohibit the Practice</a> University of North Texas Digital Library.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728160914/http://www.newstatesman.com/200309290012">"Nepotism: is it back?"</a> New Statesman, 29 September 2003.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610222851/http://www.psypress.com/books/details/9780415882767/">Nepotism in Organizations</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 10 June 2015)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiwanHaidar2021" class="citation journal cs1">Diwan, Ishac; Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/112109/1/MPRA_paper_112109.pdf">"Political Connections Reduce Job Creation: Firm-level Evidence from Lebanon"</a> (PDF). Journal of Development Studies. 57 (8): 1373–1396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00220388.2020.1849622">10.1080/00220388.2020.1849622</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229717871">229717871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Development+Studies&rft.atitle=Political+Connections+Reduce+Job+Creation%3A+Firm-level+Evidence+from+Lebanon&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1373-1396&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00220388.2020.1849622&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229717871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Diwan&rft.aufirst=Ishac&rft.au=Haidar%2C+Jamal+Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F112109%2F1%2FMPRA_paper_112109.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepotism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nepotism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:nepotism">nepotism</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nepotism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Nepotism">Nepotism</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913105158/http://hollywoodnepotism.net/">Hollywoodnepotism.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?177312-1/praise-nepotism">Booknotes interview with Adam Bellow on In Praise of Nepotism: A Natural History, 24 August 2003.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&oldid=1259021752">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&oldid=1259021752</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepotism&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 22 November 2024, at 23:23 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotisme" title="Nepotisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nepotisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="محسوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محسوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotizm" title="Nepotizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nepotizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Непатызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Непатызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Непотизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Непотизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotegezh" title="Nepotegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nepotegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotisme" title="Nepotisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nepotisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismus" title="Nepotismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nepotismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotiaeth" title="Nepotiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nepotiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotisme" title="Nepotisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nepotisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetternwirtschaft" title="Vetternwirtschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vetternwirtschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onupojapoliitika" title="Onupojapoliitika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Onupojapoliitika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Νεποτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεποτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismo" title="Nepotismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nepotismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismo" title="Nepotismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nepotismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismo" title="Nepotismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nepotismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="خویشاوندسالاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خویشاوندسالاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9potisme" title="Népotisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Népotisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin%C3%ADochas" title="Finíochas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Finíochas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismo" title="Nepotismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nepotismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B1%EB%B2%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="족벌주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="족벌주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ընտանեվարություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ընտանեվարություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="भाई-भतीजावाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भाई-भतीजावाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotizam" title="Nepotizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nepotizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismo" title="Nepotismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nepotismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotisme" title="Nepotisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nepotisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A6ndhygli" title="Frændhygli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frændhygli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismo" title="Nepotismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nepotismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="נפוטיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נפוטיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ნეპოტიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეპოტიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Непотизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Непотизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepot%C3%AEzm" title="Nepotîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nepotîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismus" title="Nepotismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nepotismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotisms" title="Nepotisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nepotisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotizmas" title="Nepotizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nepotizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotizmus" title="Nepotizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nepotizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Непотизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Непотизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ნეპოტიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნეპოტიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotisme" title="Nepotisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nepotisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotisme" title="Nepotisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nepotisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="नातावाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नातावाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="जहानियावाद – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जहानियावाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B8%81%E6%95%85%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="縁故主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="縁故主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotisme" title="Nepotisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nepotisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotisme" title="Nepotisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nepotisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotisme" title="Nepotisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nepotisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotizm" title="Nepotizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nepotizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="خپلپالنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خپلپالنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotyzm" title="Nepotyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nepotyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismo" title="Nepotismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nepotismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nepotism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Непотизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Непотизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotizmi" title="Nepotizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nepotizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nepotism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotizmus" title="Nepotizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nepotizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotizem" title="Nepotizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nepotizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%85%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="خزمگەریەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خزمگەریەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotizam" title="Nepotizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nepotizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotizam" title="Nepotizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nepotizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismi" title="Nepotismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nepotismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nepotism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismo" title="Nepotismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nepotismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="คติเห็นแก่ญาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คติเห็นแก่ญาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotizm" title="Nepotizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nepotizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Непотизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Непотизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اقرباء پروری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اقرباء پروری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_gia_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Chủ nghĩa gia đình trị – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa gia đình trị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%99%E5%B8%A6%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="裙带关系 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="裙带关系" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%99%E5%B8%B6%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="裙帶關係 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="裙帶關係" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 23:23 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a 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class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6d7kv","wgBackendResponseTime":221,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.846","walltime":"2.093","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10107,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":516435,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6213,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":643675,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1725.414 1 -total"," 42.18% 727.749 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.81% 289.999 1 Template:Discrimination_sidebar"," 16.69% 287.958 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 15.93% 274.777 84 Template:Cite_web"," 15.55% 268.367 9 Template:Excerpt"," 8.56% 147.741 39 Template:Cite_news"," 4.96% 85.574 1 Template:Langx"," 4.72% 81.361 1 Template:Political_corruption_sidebar"," 4.69% 80.890 1 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.231","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19668878,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbramoD\u0026#039;AngeloRosati2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdam_Bellow2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAlam2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlan_R._Freitang,_Ashli_Quesinberry_StokesAshli_Quesinberry_Stokes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllesina2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnura_Gurugé2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasuChandra2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorba2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandra2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChhibber2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiari\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordina2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroot2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiwanHaidar2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunkle1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEditorial_Board2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_Behr1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliotAli2007\"] = 1,\n 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