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class="content-area" id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-91" class="post-91 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-pediatric-jaundice tag-ct-scans tag-endoscopic tag-mri tag-neonatal-hepatology tag-neonatal-jaundice tag-paediatric tag-paediatric-health tag-paediatric-hepatitis-hepatitis tag-paediatric-jaundice tag-paediatric-liver tag-pediatric-liver-imaging tag-physiological tag-ultrasonography" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="800" height="419" src="https://neonatalbiology.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/banner-8-01.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://neonatalbiology.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/banner-8-01.jpg 800w, https://neonatalbiology.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/banner-8-01-300x157.jpg 300w, https://neonatalbiology.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/banner-8-01-768x402.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Advancements in Imaging Techniques for Pediatric Jaundice</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-10-08T19:11:05+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">October 8, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://neonatalbiology.com/archive/author/neonatalbiology/" title="View all posts by neonatalbiology" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">neonatalbiology</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Neonatal jaundice is a typical symptom in newborn children and may be related to a number of pathological conditions that range from non-dangerous, for example, physiological jaundice, to dangerous ones such as biliary atresia or hepatobiliary disease. Early and correct diagnosis of the definite causes of jaundice is vital since several types demand unique treatment. In the course of time, global developments pertaining to imaging technology have strengthened the diagnosis of pediatric health. They are a useful supplement to realize better visualization of the liver and biliary tree, and they contribute to the early identification and/or treatment of etiologies that cause jaundice. In this article, traditional approaches toward the diagnosis of emancipation in children, together with the new technologies that are accorded with the new directions towards handling childhood jaundice, are also discussed. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></p> <h3><b>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Therefore, MRI is increasingly becoming one of the main imaging options for pediatric liver diseases. As a result of new changes in the design that concern the approach to reducing the degree of motion, it is possible to achieve both high efficiency and a fast dynamic imaging process. As a result of the number of children having reduced artifacts with the occasion of periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction (PROPELLER) and other fast imaging sequences, MRI has become safer for children since it does not use radiation.</span></p> <h3><b>MR Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) </b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Although MRCP is a specific type of MRI, it has evolved tremendously and is now an essential diagnostic modality in the assessment of biliary systems. This endoscopic approach offers high-quality imaging of the biliary by passing through and visualizing the pancreaticobiliary tree, which is essential in the diagnosis of biliary atresia, choledochal cysts, and other diseases that can cause obstructive jaundice. As pointed out above, making use of MRCP offers the advantages of visualizing both the intra- and extrahepatic ducts without the necessity of using contrast agents, which is well suited for repeated follow-up examinations where the patient’s growth is considered and pediatric patients. </span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://neonatalbiology.com/publication-trends/index/pediatric jaundice" target="_blank" title="pediatric jaundice - yearwise publication trends">pediatric jaundice</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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if (!statistics || Object.keys(statistics).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var tableHTML = `<div class='pub-scroll'> <table class='tablediv' border='1' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='0'> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Publication Count</th> </tr>`; Object.entries(statistics).sort(([yearA], [yearB]) => yearB - yearA).forEach(([year, count]) => { const displayCount = count === 0 ? 'NA' : count; tableHTML += ` <tr> <td>${year}</td> <td>${displayCount}</td> </tr> `; }); tableHTML += '</table></div>'; resultsContainer.innerHTML = tableHTML; } function displayLineChart(statistics) { var years = Object.keys(statistics); var counts = Object.values(statistics); var ctx = document.getElementById('publicationChart').getContext('2d'); // Destroy existing chart instance if it exists if (chart !== null) { chart.destroy(); } // Create a new chart instance chart = new Chart(ctx, { type: 'line', data: { labels: years, datasets: [{ label: 'Publication Counts', data: counts, fill: false, borderColor: 'rgba(75, 192, 192, 1)', tension: 0.1 }] }, options: { scales: { y: { beginAtZero: true } }, plugins: { legend: { display: true, position: 'top' } } } }); } function displayKeywordStats(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-stats'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://neonatalbiology.com/publication-trends/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - yearwise publication trends">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var statistics = { "2014": 9, "2015": 13, "2016": 9, "2017": 15, "2018": 10, "2019": 17, "2020": 27, "2021": 40, "2022": 77, "2023": 85, "2024": 53 }; var keywordsArray = ["Paediatric","Neonatal jaundice","physiological","paediatric health","paediatric liver","MRI","endoscopic","ultrasonography","CT scans","paediatric hepatitis","paediatric jaundice","Pediatric Liver Imaging","Neonatal Hepatology"]; displayResults(statistics); displayLineChart(statistics); displayKeywordStats(keywordsArray); </script></p> <h3><b>Ultrasonography</b><b><br /> </b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Therefore, ultrasonography remains the first-line imaging method in cases of pediatric jaundice due to its availability, affordability, and non-invasive nature because it does not use ionizing radiation. New high-resolution ultrasound equipment and high-resolution ultrasounds have made the process more accurate in differentiating between liver consistency and visualizing vascular and biliary structural entities. Methods like the utilization of high-frequency transducers are effective in producing higher details, something that is key to the early detection of diseases. </span></p> <h3><b>Hepatic Scintigraphy</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Despite being less frequently used than MRI or US, hepatic scintigraphy also has its own functions in the diagnosis of neonatal jaundice. It is most helpful when there is a need for differentiation between biliary atresia and neonatal hepatitis. This operation entails giving the patient a radioactive isotope that the liver processes, and the scan yields working information about the liver and bile ducts that structural techniques cannot. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></p> <h3><b>Computed Tomography (CT) </b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Hence, the use of CT scans in pediatric cases has been limited because of concerns over radiation exposure; however, the development in this sector has been targeted at minimizing the amounts needed. Also, advanced multi-detector CT scanners can produce a good picture even with less radiation, thus minimizing the risks of exposure to radiation in children whenever the need arises. These scanners are very useful in emergency cases where quick results are needed or in cases where other imaging modalities have not been conclusive. </span></p> <h3><b>Integrated Imaging Approaches</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Multimodality imaging means the coordinated use of a variety of different imaging techniques where each method’s superior characteristics are utilized. For example, the use of ultrasound in conjunction with MRI or MRCP enables the clinician to obtain structural as well as function data, thus enhancing the diagnostic process and helping in formulating an individualized management plan. </span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://neonatalbiology.com/recent-publications/index/pediatric jaundice" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="pediatric jaundice - yearwise publication list">pediatric jaundice</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .publication-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #000!important; } .publication-block a { font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; color: #000; padding: 0px; } .publication-block a:hover{ color: #227cdc; text-decoration:underline; } .article-scroll { max-height: 445px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #ababab; border-radius:30px; } .publication-block p { margin-bottom: .5em; font-size: 15px; color: #000; } h3 { font-size: 18px !important; margin-bottom: 20px; line-height: 1.2em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; } a { padding: 5px; color: #a71c49; } #keyword-papers{ margin-top: 20px; text-align: center; } </style> <script> function decodeString(str) { str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); return str; } function displayResults_recent(papers) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_recent'); if (!papers || papers.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No recent publications found.</p>'; return; } papers.forEach(paper => { var publicationBlock = document.createElement('div'); publicationBlock.className = 'publication-block'; var title_de = decodeString(paper.title); var publicationHTML = ` <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;"><a href="${paper.url}" target="_blank" title="${title_de}">${title_de}</a></div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> ${paper.publishedDate}</p> `; publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://neonatalbiology.com/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "Liver Histopathology in Pediatric Patients with Choledochal Cyst.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38912034", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Comparison of Mir122 expression in children with biliary atresia and healthy group.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38915454", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Metastatic Hepatoblastoma in Adolescence: A Clinical Case Report and Literature Review.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38765389", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "COVID-19 presenting as severe acute hepatitis in a pediatric patient with thalassemia minor: A case report.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38799536", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Effect of Omicron infection on maternal and neonatal delivery outcomes: A retrospective cohort study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39299496", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Morio Kasai Corrects the Uncorrectable: Hepatic Portoenterostomy for Biliary Atresia.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39277499", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Reasons for Neonatal Presentations to Pediatric Emergency Departments in Catania: Multicentric Cross-Sectional Analysis and Exhaustive Review of the Literature.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39315701", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Exploring gastrointestinal manifestations in childhood onset systemic lupus erythematosus - Insights from a multicenter study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39186467", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Biliary Tract in Children: Analysis of Single Center Experience.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39272968", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Retrospective, single-center analysis of autoimmune hepatitis in Jordanian children: clinical features, treatments, and outcomes.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38331749", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Case Report: Robotic pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy for periampullary rhabdomyosarcoma in a 3-year-old patient.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38440415", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Prognostic markers in hepatitis A-related pediatric acute liver failure and validation of the Peds-hepatitis A virus prognostic model.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38568354", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Prolonged Jaundice in a Premature Breastfed Infant With Gilbert\\\\\\'s Syndrome.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38334089", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Diving into the Digital Landscape: Assessing the Quality of Online Information on Neonatal Jaundice for Parents.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39062327", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Outcome and Prognostic Factors of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Children: Experience From a Low- and Middle-Income Country.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39022463", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Proteomics Defines Plasma Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis of Biliary Atresia.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38569191", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Rapid in vivo evaluation system for cholestasis-related genes in mice with humanized bile acid profiles.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38517206", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Probiotics\\\\\\' effects on gut microbiota in jaundiced neonates: a randomized controlled trial protocol.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38523836", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Clinical symptoms, biochemistry, and liver histology during the native liver period of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38341604", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Unmasking the Rarity: A Case Report on Type B Lactic Acidosis in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38939285", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["Paediatric","Neonatal jaundice","physiological","paediatric health","paediatric liver","MRI","endoscopic","ultrasonography","CT scans","paediatric hepatitis","paediatric jaundice","Pediatric Liver Imaging","Neonatal Hepatology"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h3><b>Future Directions </b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Looking to the future, the possibilities of applying artificial intelligence and machine learning to the imaging of pediatric jaundice appear quite promising. Such technologies are deemed to complement traditional modes of imaging by providing ways of analyzing imaging data and possibly even prescribing likely disorders’ likely growth rate and potential solutions. Also, constant studies to provide non-invasive imaging biomarkers and portable imaging devices will enhance the prospects of early diagnosis as a result of modern technologies. </span></p> <h3><b>Conclusion </b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There is a great deal of change in pediatric imaging now. What is the reason for this? The development of new technologies and discoveries in the diseases of children. This imaging improvement has not only raised the diagnostic quality but also the innocence and tolerance of juvenile patients. With the development of these technologies, better and more effective solutions for identifying this sickness at an earlier stage and better treatment for kids with jaundice are coming true.</span></p> <p></p> <h3><b>References</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /> </span></h3> <ol> <li>Burgard, M., Kotilea, K., Mekhael, J., Miendje‐Deyi, V.Y., De Prez, C., Vanderpas, J., Cadranel, S. and Bontems, P., 2019. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/hel.12629">Evolution of Helicobacter pylori associated with gastroduodenal ulcers or erosions in children over the past 23 years: Decline or steady state?.</a> <i>Helicobacter</i>, <i>24</i>(5), p.e12629.</li> <li>Suoh, M., Hagihara, A., Yamamura, M., Maruyama, H., Taira, K., Enomoto, M., Tamori, A., Fujiwara, Y. and Kawada, N., 2021. <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/internalmedicine/60/4/60_5097-20/_article/-char/ja/">Obstructive jaundice due to duodenal ulcer induced by lenvatinib therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> <i>Internal Medicine</i>, <i>60</i>(4), pp.545-552.</li> <li>Peck, J., Kimsey, K.M., Harris, E., Monforte, H. and Wilsey Jr, M., 2020. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7444993/">Solitary duodenal ulcer causing biliary obstruction requiring rendezvous procedure in a pediatric patient with eosinophilic gastroenteritis.</a> <i>Cureus</i>, <i>12</i>(7).</li> <li>Darge, K., Anupindi, S.A. and Jaramillo, D., 2011. <a href="https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/abs/10.1148/radiol.11101922">MR imaging of the abdomen and pelvis in infants, children, and adolescents.</a> <i>Radiology</i>, <i>261</i>(1), pp.12-29.</li> <li>Thukral, B.B., 2015. <a href="https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.4103/0971-3026.169466">Problems and preferences in pediatric imaging.</a> <i>Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging</i>, <i>25</i>(04), pp.359-364.</li> <li>Shamir, S.B., Kurian, J., Kogan-Liberman, D. and Taragin, B.H., 2017. <a href="https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/abs/10.1148/radiol.2017170305">Hepatic imaging in neonates and young infants: state of the art.</a> <i>Radiology</i>, <i>285</i>(3), pp.763-777.</li> <li>Liu, B., Cai, J., Xu, Y., Peng, X., Zheng, H., Huang, K. and Yang, J., 2014. <a href="https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/abs/10.1148/radiol.2017170305">Three-dimensional magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for the diagnosis of biliary atresia in infants and neonates</a>. <i>PLoS One</i>, <i>9</i>(2), p.e88268.</li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">pediatric jaundice</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://neonatalbiology.com/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; 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Diakit\u00e9", "citation_count": 4, "hindex": 1, "paper_count": 10, "affiliation": "Department of Pediatrics CHU Gabriel Toure - Bamako, Mali. 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