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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>By appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pseudomembranous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudomembranous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Pseudomembranous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudomembranous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erythematous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erythematous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Erythematous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erythematous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hyperplastic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyperplastic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Hyperplastic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyperplastic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_lesions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_lesions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Associated lesions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_lesions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Angular_cheilitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angular_cheilitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Angular cheilitis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angular_cheilitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denture-related_stomatitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denture-related_stomatitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Denture-related stomatitis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denture-related_stomatitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Median_rhomboid_glossitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Median_rhomboid_glossitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Median rhomboid glossitis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Median_rhomboid_glossitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linear_gingival_erythema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linear_gingival_erythema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Linear gingival erythema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linear_gingival_erythema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chronic_multifocal_oral_candidiasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronic_multifocal_oral_candidiasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Chronic multifocal oral candidiasis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronic_multifocal_oral_candidiasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronic_mucocutaneous_candidiasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronic_mucocutaneous_candidiasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronic_mucocutaneous_candidiasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Signs and symptoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predisposing_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predisposing_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Predisposing factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predisposing_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immunodeficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immunodeficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Immunodeficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immunodeficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denture_wearing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denture_wearing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Denture wearing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denture_wearing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dry_mouth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dry_mouth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Dry mouth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dry_mouth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smoking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smoking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Smoking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smoking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antibiotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antibiotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Antibiotics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antibiotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>Other factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Denture_hygiene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denture_hygiene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Denture hygiene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denture_hygiene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A" title="داء المبيضات الفموي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="داء المبيضات الفموي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muguet_(malaltia)" title="Muguet (malaltia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Muguet (malaltia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_kandid%C3%B3za" title="Orální kandidóza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Orální kandidóza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llindag_y_geg" title="Llindag y geg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llindag y geg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ske_(infektion)" title="Trøske (infektion) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trøske (infektion)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapito" title="Sapito – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sapito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="برفک دهان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برفک دهان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muguet_buccal" title="Muguet buccal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Muguet buccal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EA%B5%AC%EC%B0%BD" title="아구창 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아구창" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughetto_(malattia)" title="Mughetto (malattia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mughetto (malattia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%80%E7%97%87" title="口腔カンジダ症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="口腔カンジダ症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ple%C5%9Bniawka_(choroba)" title="Pleśniawka (choroba) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pleśniawka (choroba)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candid%C3%ADase_oral" title="Candidíase oral – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Candidíase oral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oral candidiasis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammas" title="Sammas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sammas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamuk%C3%A7uk" title="Pamukçuk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pamukçuk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baez_Bakhanq" title="Baez Bakhanq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Baez Bakhanq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B5%9D%E5%8F%A3%E7%98%A1" title="鵝口瘡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鵝口瘡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2886899#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fungal infection</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Oral candidiasis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">oral candidosis, oral thrush,<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oropharyngeal candidiasis, moniliasis,<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_medicine_textbook_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_medicine_textbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> candidal stomatitis, muguet</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_tongue_infected_with_oral_candidiasis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Human_tongue_infected_with_oral_candidiasis.jpg/220px-Human_tongue_infected_with_oral_candidiasis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Human_tongue_infected_with_oral_candidiasis.jpg/330px-Human_tongue_infected_with_oral_candidiasis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Human_tongue_infected_with_oral_candidiasis.jpg/440px-Human_tongue_infected_with_oral_candidiasis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1934" data-file-height="2513" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Oral candidiasis patient showing characteristic white slough on the tongue.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">Infectious disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">dermatology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Oral candidiasis (Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis)</b>, which is also known as <b>oral thrush,</b> among other names,<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is <a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">candidiasis</a> that occurs in the mouth. That is, oral candidiasis is a <a href="/wiki/Mycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">mycosis</a> (yeast/fungal infection) of <a href="/wiki/Candida_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida (genus)"><i>Candida</i></a> species on the <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membranes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans">Candida albicans</a></i> is the most commonly implicated organism in this condition. <i>C. albicans</i> is carried in the mouths of about 50% of the world's population as a normal component of the oral microbiota.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerawala_2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerawala_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This candidal carriage state is not considered a disease, but when <i>Candida</i> species become pathogenic and invade host tissues, oral candidiasis can occur. This change usually constitutes an <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">opportunistic infection</a> by normally harmless micro-organisms because of local (i.e., mucosal) or systemic factors altering host immunity. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="float:right; width:230px; border:1px solid #BBB; font-size:85%; margin:0.46em 0.2em"> <tbody><tr> <th>Traditional classification of oral candidiasis.<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_medicine_textbook_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_medicine_textbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><i>Acute candidiasis:</i> <ul><li>pseudomembranous candidiasis (oral thrush)</li> <li>atrophic candidiasis</li></ul></li> <li><i>Chronic candidiasis:</i> <ul><li>atrophic candidiasis</li> <li>hyperplastic candidiasis <ul><li>chronic oral candidiasis (Candida leukoplakia)</li> <li>candidiasis endocrinopathy syndrome</li> <li>chronic localized mucocutaneous candidiasis</li> <li>chronic diffuse candidiasis.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Classification of oral candidiasis.<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_medicine_textbook_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_medicine_textbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><i>Primary oral candidiasis (group I)</i> <ul><li>Pseudomembranous (acute or chronic)</li> <li>Erythematous (acute or chronic)</li> <li>Hyperplastic: plaque-like, nodular</li> <li>Candida-associated lesions: Denture related stomatitis, angular stomatitis, median rhomboid glossitis, linear gingival erythema</li></ul></li> <li><i>Secondary oral candidiasis (group II)</i> <ul><li>Oral manifestations of systemic mucocutaneous candidiasis (due to diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Thymic_aplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thymic aplasia">thymic aplasia</a> and candidiasis endocrinopathy syndrome)</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Oral candidiasis is a <a href="/wiki/Mycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">mycosis</a> (fungal infection). Traditionally, oral candidiasis is classified using the Lehner system, originally described in the 1960s, into acute and chronic forms (see table). Some of the subtypes almost always occur as acute (e.g., acute pseudomembranous candidiasis), and others chronic. However, these typical presentations do not always hold true, which created problems with this system. A more recently proposed classification of oral candidiasis distinguishes <i>primary oral candidiasis</i>, where the condition is confined to the mouth and perioral tissues, and <i>secondary oral candidiasis</i>, where there is involvement of other parts of the body in addition to the mouth. The global <a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">human immunodeficiency virus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Acquired_immunodeficiency_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome">acquired immunodeficiency syndrome</a> (HIV/AIDS) <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> has been an important factor in the move away from the traditional classification since it has led to the formation of a new group of patients who present with atypical forms of oral candidiasis.<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_medicine_textbook_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_medicine_textbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_appearance">By appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three main clinical appearances of candidiasis are generally recognized: pseudomembranous, erythematous (atrophic) and hyperplastic.<sup id="cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most often, affected individuals display one clear type or another, but sometimes there can be more than one clinical variant in the same person.<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_path_textbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/CandidiasisFromCDCinJPEG03-18-06.JPG/255px-CandidiasisFromCDCinJPEG03-18-06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/CandidiasisFromCDCinJPEG03-18-06.JPG/340px-CandidiasisFromCDCinJPEG03-18-06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1763" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pseudomembranous candidiasis in a person with HIV</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pseudomembranous">Pseudomembranous</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pseudomembranous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis is a classic form of oral candidiasis,<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly referred to as thrush.<sup id="cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, this is the most common type of oral candidiasis,<sup id="cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruch_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accounting for about 35% of oral candidiasis cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodus_2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is characterized by a coating or individual patches of pseudomembranous white slough that can be easily wiped away to reveal <a href="/wiki/Erythematous" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythematous">erythematous</a> (reddened), and sometimes minimally bleeding, mucosa beneath.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruch_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These areas of pseudomembrane are sometimes described as "curdled milk",<sup id="cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "cottage cheese".<sup id="cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruch_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The white material is made up of debris, <a href="/wiki/Fibrin" title="Fibrin">fibrin</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desquamated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desquamated (page does not exist)">desquamated</a> epithelium that has been invaded by yeast cells and hyphae that invade to the depth of the stratum spinosum.<sup id="cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an erythematous surface is revealed beneath the pseudomembranes, some consider pseudomembranous candidiasis and erythematous candidiasis stages of the same entity.<sup id="cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources state that if there is bleeding when the pseudomembrane is removed, then the mucosa has likely been affected by an underlying process such as lichen planus or chemotherapy.<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_path_textbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pseudomembraneous candidiasis can involve any part of the mouth, but usually it appears on the tongue, buccal mucosae or palate.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruch_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is classically an acute condition, appearing in infants, people taking antibiotics or immunosuppressant medications, or immunocompromising diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, sometimes it can be chronic and intermittent, even lasting for many years. Chronicity of this subtype generally occurs in <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunocompromised</a> states, (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a>, HIV) or in persons who use corticosteroids topically or by aerosol.<sup id="cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acute and chronic pseudomembranous candidiasis are indistinguishable in appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Erythematous">Erythematous</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Erythematous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erythematous (atrophic) candidiasis is when the condition appears as a red, raw-looking lesion.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodus_2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources consider denture-related stomatitis, angular stomatitis, median rhomboid glossitis, and antibiotic-induced stomatitis as subtypes of erythematous candidiasis, since these lesions are commonly erythematous/atrophic. It may precede the formation of a pseudomembrane, be left when the membrane is removed, or arise without prior pseudomembranes.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources state that erythematous candidiasis accounts for 60% of oral candidiasis cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodus_2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where it is associated with inhalation steroids (often used for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>), erythematous candidiasis commonly appears on the palate or the dorsum of the tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the tongue, there is loss of the <a href="/wiki/Lingual_papillae" title="Lingual papillae">lingual papillae</a> (depapillation), leaving a smooth area.<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_path_textbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acute erythematous candidiasis usually occurs on the dorsum of the tongue in persons taking long term corticosteroids or antibiotics, but occasionally it can occur after only a few days of using a topical antibiotic.<sup id="cite_ref-Soames_1999_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soames_1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is usually termed "antibiotic sore mouth", "antibiotic sore tongue",<sup id="cite_ref-Soames_1999_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soames_1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "antibiotic-induced stomatitis" because it is commonly painful as well as red. </p><p>Chronic erythematous candidiasis is more usually associated with denture wearing (see denture-related stomatitis).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hyperplastic">Hyperplastic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hyperplastic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This variant is also sometimes termed "plaque-like candidiasis" or "nodular candidiasis".<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common appearance of hyperplastic candidiasis is a persistent white plaque that does not rub off. The lesion may be rough or nodular in texture.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulthard_2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulthard_2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyperplastic candidiasis is uncommon, accounting for about 5% of oral candidiasis cases,<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodus_2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is usually chronic and found in adults. The most common site of involvement is the commissural region of the <a href="/wiki/Buccal_mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Buccal mucosa">buccal mucosa</a>, usually on both sides of the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulthard_2008_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulthard_2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another term for hyperplastic candidiasis is "candidal leukoplakia". This term is a largely historical synonym for this subtype of candidiasis, rather than a true <a href="/wiki/Leukoplakia" title="Leukoplakia">leukoplakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12907694_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12907694-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, it can be clinically indistinguishable from true leukoplakia, but tissue biopsy shows candidal hyphae invading the epithelium. Some sources use this term to describe leukoplakia lesions that become colonized secondarily by <i>Candida</i> species, thereby distinguishing it from hyperplastic candidiasis.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulthard_2008_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulthard_2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known that <i>Candida</i> resides more readily in mucosa that is altered, such as may occur with dysplasia and hyperkeratosis in an area of leukoplakia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_lesions">Associated lesions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Associated lesions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Candida</i>-associated lesions are primary oral candidiases (confined to the mouth), where the causes are thought to be multiple.<sup id="cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, bacteria as well as <i>Candida</i> species may be involved in these lesions.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequently, antifungal therapy alone does not permanently resolve these lesions, but rather the underlying predisposing factors must be addressed, in addition to treating the candidiasis.<sup id="cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Angular_cheilitis">Angular cheilitis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Angular cheilitis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angular_cheilitis1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Angular_cheilitis1.jpg/220px-Angular_cheilitis1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Angular_cheilitis1.jpg/330px-Angular_cheilitis1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Angular_cheilitis1.jpg/440px-Angular_cheilitis1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>Angular cheilitis</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Angular_cheilitis" title="Angular cheilitis">Angular cheilitis</a></div> <p>Angular cheilitis is inflammation at the corners (angles) of the mouth, very commonly involving <i>Candida</i> species, when sometimes the terms "<i>Candida</i>-associated angular cheilitis",<sup id="cite_ref-Soames_1999_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soames_1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or less commonly "monilial perlèche" are used.<sup id="cite_ref-Park_2011_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park_2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Candida</i> organisms alone are responsible for about 20% of cases,<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_path_textbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a mixed infection of <i>C. albicans</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i> for about 60% of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerawala_2010_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerawala_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signs and symptoms include soreness, <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">erythema</a> (redness), and fissuring of one, or more commonly both the angles of the mouth, with edema (swelling) seen intraorally on the commissures (inside the corners of the mouth). Angular cheilitis generally occurs in elderly people and is associated with <a href="/wiki/Denture_related_stomatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Denture related stomatitis">denture related stomatitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denture-related_stomatitis">Denture-related stomatitis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Denture-related stomatitis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Denture-related_stomatitis" title="Denture-related stomatitis">Denture-related stomatitis</a></div> <p>This term refers to a mild inflammation and erythema of the mucosa beneath a <a href="/wiki/Denture" class="mw-redirect" title="Denture">denture</a>, usually an upper denture in elderly <a href="/wiki/Edentulous" class="mw-redirect" title="Edentulous">edentulous</a> individuals (with no natural teeth remaining). Some report that up to 65% of denture wearers have this condition to some degree.<sup id="cite_ref-Salerno_2011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salerno_2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 90% of cases are associated with <i>Candida</i> species,<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where sometimes the terms "<i>Candida</i>-associated denture stomatitis",<sup id="cite_ref-Salerno_2011_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salerno_2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "<i>Candida</i>-associated denture-induced stomatitis" (CADIS),<sup id="cite_ref-Tyldesley_2003_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyldesley_2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are used. Some sources state that this is by far the most common form of oral candidiasis.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyldesley_2003_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyldesley_2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this condition is also known as "denture sore mouth",<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_path_textbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is rarely any pain.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyldesley_2003_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyldesley_2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Candida</i> is associated with about 90% of cases of denture related stomatitis.<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_medicine_textbook_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_medicine_textbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Median_rhomboid_glossitis">Median rhomboid glossitis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Median rhomboid glossitis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glossitis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Glossitis.jpg/220px-Glossitis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Glossitis.jpg/330px-Glossitis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Glossitis.jpg/440px-Glossitis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Median_rhomboid_glossitis" title="Median rhomboid glossitis">Median rhomboid glossitis</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Median_rhomboid_glossitis" title="Median rhomboid glossitis">Median rhomboid glossitis</a></div> <p>This is an elliptical or rhomboid lesion in the center of the dorsal tongue, just anterior (in front) of the <a href="/wiki/Circumvallate_papillae" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumvallate papillae">circumvallate papillae</a>. The area is depapillated, reddened (or red and white) and rarely painful. There is frequently <i>Candida</i> species in the lesion, sometimes mixed with bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linear_gingival_erythema">Linear gingival erythema</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Linear gingival erythema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linear_gingival_erythema" title="Linear gingival erythema">Linear gingival erythema</a></div> <p>This is a localized or generalized, linear band of erythematous <a href="/wiki/Gingivitis" title="Gingivitis">gingivitis</a> (inflammation of the gums). It was first observed in HIV infected individuals and termed "HIV-gingivitis", but the condition is not confined to this group.<sup id="cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Candida</i> species are involved, and in some cases the lesion responds to antifungal therapy, but it is thought that other factors exist, such as oral hygiene and <a href="/wiki/Human_herpesvirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human herpesvirus">human herpesviruses</a>. This condition can develop into <a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_periodontal_diseases" title="Necrotizing periodontal diseases">necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman_2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chronic_multifocal_oral_candidiasis">Chronic multifocal oral candidiasis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chronic multifocal oral candidiasis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is an uncommon form of chronic (more than one month in duration) candidal infection involving multiple areas in the mouth, without signs of candidiasis on other mucosal or cutaneous sites. The lesions are variably red and/or white. Unusually for candidal infections, there is an absence of predisposing factors such as immunosuppression, and it occurs in apparently healthy individuals, normally elderly males. Smoking is a known risk factor.<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chronic_mucocutaneous_candidiasis">Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chronic_mucocutaneous_candidiasis" title="Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis">Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis</a></div> <p>This refers to a group of rare syndromes characterized by chronic candidal lesions on the skin, in the mouth and on other mucous membranes (i.e., a secondary oral candidiasis). These include Localized chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, diffuse mucocutaneous candidiasis (Candida granuloma), candidiasis–endocrinopathy syndrome and candidiasis thymoma syndrome. About 90% of people with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis have candidiasis in the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Signs and symptoms are dependent upon the type of oral candidiasis. Often, apart from the appearance of the lesions, there are usually no other signs or symptoms. Most types of oral candidiasis are painless, but a burning sensation may occur in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodus_2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Candidiasis can, therefore, sometimes be misdiagnosed as <a href="/wiki/Burning_mouth_syndrome" title="Burning mouth syndrome">burning mouth syndrome</a>. A burning sensation is more likely with erythematous (atrophic) candidiasis, whilst hyperplastic candidiasis is normally entirely asymptomatic.<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_path_textbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acute atrophic candidiasis may feel like the mouth has been scalded with a hot liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_path_textbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another potential symptom is a metallic, acidic, salty or bitter taste in the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_path_textbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodus_2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pseudomembranous type rarely causes any symptoms apart from possibly some discomfort or bad taste due to the presence of the membranes.<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_path_textbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the patient describes the raised pseudomembranes as "blisters."<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_path_textbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally there can be <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">dysphagia</a> (difficulty swallowing), which indicates that the candidiasis involves the <a href="/wiki/Oropharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Oropharynx">oropharynx</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruch_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the mouth. The <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">trachea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> may also be involved where there is oral candidiasis, and this may cause hoarseness of the voice.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyldesley_2003_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyldesley_2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species">Species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The causative organism is usually <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans">Candida albicans</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_path_textbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or less commonly other Candida species such as (in decreasing order of frequency) <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_tropicalis" title="Candida tropicalis">Candida tropicalis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghom_2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghom_2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_glabrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida glabrata">Candida glabrata</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghom_2010_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghom_2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_parapsilosis" title="Candida parapsilosis">Candida parapsilosis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghom_2010_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghom_2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_krusei" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida krusei">Candida krusei</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghom_2010_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghom_2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other species (<i><a href="/wiki/Candida_stellatoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida stellatoidea">Candida stellatoidea</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghom_2010_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghom_2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_pseudotropicalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida pseudotropicalis">Candida pseudotropicalis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghom_2010_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghom_2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_famata" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida famata">Candida famata</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghom_2010_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghom_2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_rugosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida rugosa">Candida rugosa</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghom_2010_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghom_2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Geotrichum_candidum" title="Geotrichum candidum">Candida geotrichium</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_dubliniensis" title="Candida dubliniensis">Candida dubliniensis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_guilliermondii" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida guilliermondii">Candida guilliermondii</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ghom_2010_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghom_2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>C. albicans</i> accounts for about 50% of oral candidiasis cases,<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and together <i>C. albicans</i>, <i>C. tropicalis</i> and <i>C. glabrata</i> account for over 80% of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Candidiasis caused by non-<i>C. albicans</i> Candida (NCAC) species is associated more with immunodeficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in HIV/AIDS, <i>C. dubliniensis</i> and <i>C. geotrichium</i> can become pathogenic.<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 35-50% of humans possess <i>C. albicans</i> as part of their normal oral <a href="/wiki/Microbiota_(microbiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbiota (microbiology)">microbiota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_path_textbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With more sensitive detection techniques, this figure is reported to rise to 90%.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This candidal carrier state is not considered a disease, since there are no lesions or symptoms of any kind. Oral carriage of <i>Candida</i> is pre-requisite for the development of oral candidiasis. For <i>Candida</i> species to colonize and survive as a normal component of the oral microbiota, the organisms must be capable of adhering to the <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial</a> surface of the <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membrane</a> lining the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-Naglik_2011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naglik_2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This adhesion involves <a href="/wiki/Fungal_adhesin" title="Fungal adhesin">adhesins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hwp1" title="Hwp1">hyphal wall protein 1</a>), and extracellular polymeric materials (e.g., mannoprotein).<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, strains of <i>Candida</i> with more adhesion capability have more pathogenic potential than other strains.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence of <i>Candida</i> carriage varies with geographic location,<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many other factors. Higher carriage is reported during the summer months,<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in females,<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in hospitalized individuals,<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in persons with blood group O and in non-secretors of blood group antigens in saliva.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased rates of <i>Candida</i> carriage are also found in people who eat a diet high in carbohydrates, people who wear dentures, people with xerostomia (dry mouth), in people taking broad spectrum antibiotics, smokers, and in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., due to HIV/AIDS, diabetes, cancer, <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a> or <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Age also influences oral carriage, with the lowest levels occurring in newborns, increasing dramatically in infants, and then decreasing again in adults. Investigations have quantified oral carriage of <i>Candida albicans</i> at 300-500 <a href="/wiki/Colony_forming_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony forming unit">colony forming units</a> in healthy persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch_1994_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch_1994-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More <i>Candida</i> is detected in the early morning and the late afternoon. The greatest quantity of <i>Candida</i> species are harbored on the posterior dorsal tongue,<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the palatal and the buccal mucosae.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch_1994_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch_1994-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mucosa covered by an oral appliance such as a denture harbors significantly more candida species than uncovered mucosa.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch_1994_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch_1994-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <i>Candida</i> species cause lesions - the result of invasion of the host tissues - this is termed candidiasis.<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_medicine_textbook_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_medicine_textbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naglik_2011_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naglik_2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some consider oral candidiasis a change in the normal oral environment rather than an exposure or true "infection" as such.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruch_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact process by which <i>Candida</i> species switch from acting as normal oral commensals (saprophytic) state in the carrier to acting as a pathogenic organism (parasitic state) is not completely understood.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <i>Candida</i> species are polymorphogenic,<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_2011_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is, capable of growing in different forms depending on the environmental conditions. <i>C. albicans</i> can appear as a yeast form (<a href="/wiki/Blastospore" title="Blastospore">blastospores</a>), which is thought to be relatively harmless; and a <a href="/wiki/Hyphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyphae">hyphal</a> form associated with invasion of host tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_path_textbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from true hyphae, <i>Candida</i> can also form pseudohyphae — elongated filamentous cells, lined end to end.<sup id="cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a general rule, candidiasis presenting with white lesions is mainly caused by <i>Candida</i> species in the hyphal form and red lesions by yeast forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>C. albicans</i> and <i>C. dubliniensis</i> are also capable of forming germ tubes (incipient hyphae) and chlamydospores under the right conditions. <i>C. albicans</i> is categorized serologically into A or B serotypes. The prevalence is roughly equal in healthy individuals, but type B is more prevalent in immunocompromised individuals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predisposing_factors">Predisposing factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Predisposing factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Common local and systemic predisposing factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_2011_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><i>Local host factors</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denture" class="mw-redirect" title="Denture">Dentures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroid</a> inhalers</li> <li>Reduced salivary flow</li> <li>High sugar diet</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Systemic host factors</i> <ul><li>Extremes of age</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine disorder">Endocrine disorders</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">Immunosuppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_spectrum_antibiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad spectrum antibiotic">Broad spectrum antibiotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">tetracycline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutritional deficiency">Nutritional deficiencies</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The host defenses against opportunistic infection of candida species are </p> <ul><li>The oral epithelium, which acts both as a physical barrier preventing micro-organisms from entering the tissues, and is the site of <a href="/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity" title="Cell-mediated immunity">cell mediated immune reactions</a>.</li> <li>Competition and inhibition interactions between candida species and other micro-organisms in the mouth, such as the many hundreds of different kinds of bacteria.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">Saliva</a>, which possesses both mechanical cleansing action and immunologic action, including salivary <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A" title="Immunoglobulin A">immunoglobulin A</a> antibodies, which aggregate candida organisms and prevent them adhering to the epithelial surface; and <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymatic</a> components such as <a href="/wiki/Lysozyme" title="Lysozyme">lysozyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactoperoxidase" title="Lactoperoxidase">lactoperoxidase</a> and antileukoprotease.<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Disruption to any of these local and systemic host defense mechanisms constitutes a potential susceptibility to oral candidiasis, which rarely occurs without predisposing factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often described as being "a disease of the diseased",<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_medicine_textbook_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_medicine_textbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurring in the very young, the very old, or the very sick.<sup id="cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scully_1994_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_1994-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thrush2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Thrush2010.JPG/220px-Thrush2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Thrush2010.JPG/330px-Thrush2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Thrush2010.JPG/440px-Thrush2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1733" /></a><figcaption>Oral candidiasis in an infant. At very young ages, the immune system is yet to develop fully.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immunodeficiency">Immunodeficiency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Immunodeficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">Immunodeficiency</a> is a state of reduced function of the immune system, which can be caused by medical conditions or treatments. </p><p>Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis occurs in about 5% of <a href="/wiki/Newborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Newborn">newborn</a> infants.<sup id="cite_ref-Soames_1999_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soames_1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Candida species are acquired from the mother's vaginal canal during birth. At very young ages, the immune system is yet to develop fully and there is no individual immune response to candida species,<sup id="cite_ref-Soames_1999_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soames_1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an infants antibodies to the fungus are normally supplied by the mother's <a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">breast milk</a>. </p><p>Other forms of immunodeficiency which may cause oral candidiasis include <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>/<a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2013_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> active <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> and treatment, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerawala_2010_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerawala_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Epstein_2012_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epstein_2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroid</a> medications may contribute to the appearance of oral candidiasis,<sup id="cite_ref-Odell_2010_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odell_2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they cause suppression of immune function either systemically or on a local/mucosal level, depending on the route of administration. Topically administered corticosteroids in the mouth may take the form of mouthwashes, dissolving lozenges or mucosal gels; sometimes being used to treat various forms of <a href="/wiki/Stomatitis" title="Stomatitis">stomatitis</a>. Systemic corticosteroids may also result in candidiasis. </p><p>Inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>), are not intended to be administered topically in the mouth, but inevitably there is contact with the oral and oropharyngeal mucousa as it is inhaled. In asthmatics treated with inhaled steroids, clinically detectable oral candidiasis may occur in about 5-10% of adults and 1% of children.<sup id="cite_ref-Inhaledsteroids2001_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inhaledsteroids2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where inhaled steroids are the cause, the candidal lesions are usually of the erythematous variety.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Candidiasis appears at the sites where the steroid has contacted the mucosa, typically the dorsum of the tongue (median rhomboid glossitis) and sometimes also on the palate.<sup id="cite_ref-DaSilva2007_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaSilva2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lin2014_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Candidal lesions on both sites are sometimes termed "kissing lesions"<sup id="cite_ref-DaSilva2007_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaSilva2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lin2014_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because they approximate when the tongue is in contact with the palate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denture_wearing">Denture wearing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Denture wearing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Denture" class="mw-redirect" title="Denture">Denture</a> wearing and poor denture hygiene, particularly wearing the denture continually rather than removing it during sleep,<sup id="cite_ref-Kerawala_2010_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerawala_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is another risk factor for both candidal carriage and oral candidiasis. Dentures provide a relative acidic, moist and anaerobic environment because the mucosa covered by the denture is sheltered from oxygen and saliva.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarçın_2011_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarçın_2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loose, poorly fitting dentures may also cause minor trauma to the mucosa,<sup id="cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is thought to increase the permeability of the mucosa and increase the ability of <i>C. albicans</i> to invade the tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarçın_2011_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarçın_2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gendreau_2011_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gendreau_2011-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These conditions all favor the growth of <i>C. albicans</i>. Sometimes dentures become very worn, or they have been constructed to allow insufficient lower facial height (occlusal vertical dimension), leading to over-closure of the mouth (an appearance sometimes described as "collapse of the jaws"). This causes deepening of the skin folds at the corners of the mouth (nasolabial crease), in effect creating <a href="/wiki/Intertriginous" title="Intertriginous">intertriginous</a> areas where another form of candidiasis, angular cheilitis, can develop. Candida species are capable of adhering to the surface of dentures, most of which are made from <a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">polymethylacrylate</a>. They exploit micro-fissures and cracks in the surface of dentures to aid their retention. Dentures may therefore become covered in a <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_2011_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and act as reservoirs of infection,<sup id="cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruch_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continually re-infecting the mucosa. For this reason, disinfecting the denture is a vital part of treatment of oral candidiasis in persons who wear dentures, as well as correcting other factors like inadequate lower facial height and fit of the dentures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dry_mouth">Dry mouth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dry mouth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the quantity and quality of saliva are important oral defenses against candida.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decreased salivary flow rate or a change in the composition of saliva,<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodus_2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> collectively termed salivary hypofunction or hyposalivation is an important predisposing factor. <a href="/wiki/Xerostomia" title="Xerostomia">Xerostomia</a> is frequently listed as a cause of candidiasis,<sup id="cite_ref-Kerawala_2010_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerawala_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but xerostomia can be subjective or objective, i.e., a symptom present with or without actual changes in the saliva consistency or flow rate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diet">Diet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kerawala_2010_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerawala_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whether by <a href="/wiki/Malabsorption" title="Malabsorption">malabsorption</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghom_2010_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghom_2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or poor diet, especially <a href="/wiki/Hematinic" title="Hematinic">hematinic</a> deficiencies (iron, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a>) can predispose to oral candidiasis,<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by causing diminished host defense and epithelial integrity. For example, iron deficiency <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> is thought to cause depressed cell-mediated immunity.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarçın_2011_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarçın_2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources state that deficiencies of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine" title="Pyridoxine">pyridoxine</a> are also linked.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghom_2010_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghom_2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is limited evidence that a diet high in <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> predisposes to oral candidiasis.<sup id="cite_ref-Soames_1999_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soames_1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">In vitro</a></i> and studies show that Candidal growth, adhesion and biofilm formation is enhanced by the presence of carbohydrates such as <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarçın_2011_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarçın_2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smoking">Smoking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Smoking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">Smoking</a>, especially heavy smoking, is an important predisposing factor but the reasons for this relationship are unknown. One hypothesis is that cigarette smoke contains nutritional factors for <i>C. albicans</i>, or that local epithelial alterations occur that facilitate colonization of candida species.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarçın_2011_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarçın_2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antibiotics">Antibiotics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Antibiotics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Broad-spectrum_antibiotic" title="Broad-spectrum antibiotic">Broad-spectrum antibiotics</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">tetracycline</a>) eliminate the competing bacteria and disrupt the normally balanced ecology of oral microorganisms,<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_path_textbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can cause antibiotic-induced candidiasis.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerawala_2010_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerawala_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_factors">Other factors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several other factors can contribute to infection, including <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine disorder">endocrine disorders</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> when poorly controlled),<sup id="cite_ref-Rautemaa_2011_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rautemaa_2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and/or the presence of certain other mucosal lesions, especially those that cause <a href="/wiki/Hyperkeratosis" title="Hyperkeratosis">hyperkeratosis</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">dysplasia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">lichen planus</a>). Such changes in the mucosa predispose it to secondary infection with candidiasis.<sup id="cite_ref-Soames_1999_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soames_1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Odell_2010_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odell_2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other physical mucosal alterations are sometimes associated with candida overgrowth, such as <a href="/wiki/Fissured_tongue" title="Fissured tongue">fissured tongue</a> (rarely),<sup id="cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruch_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tongue_piercing" title="Tongue piercing">tongue piercing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atopy" title="Atopy">atopy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and/or <a href="/wiki/Hospitalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospitalization">hospitalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diagnosis can typically be made from the clinical appearance alone,<sup id="cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruch_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not always. As candidiasis can be variable in appearance, and present with white, red or combined white and red lesions, the <a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">differential diagnosis</a> can be extensive. In pseudomembraneous candidiasis, the membranous slough can be wiped away to reveal an erythematous surface underneath. This is helpful in distinguishing pseudomembraneous candidiasis from other white lesions in the mouth that cannot be wiped away, such as lichen planus, <a href="/wiki/Oral_hairy_leukoplakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral hairy leukoplakia">oral hairy leukoplakia</a>. Erythematous candidiasis can mimic <a href="/wiki/Geographic_tongue" title="Geographic tongue">geographic tongue</a>. Erythematous candidiasis usually has a diffuse border that helps distinguish it from <a href="/wiki/Erythroplakia" title="Erythroplakia">erythroplakia</a>, which normally has a sharply defined border.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Special investigations to detect the presence of candida species include oral swabs, oral rinse or oral smears.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumaraswamy_2012_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumaraswamy_2012-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smears are collected by gentle scraping of the lesion with a spatula or tongue blade and the resulting debris directly applied to a glass slide. Oral swabs are taken if culture is required. Some recommend that swabs be taken from 3 different oral sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerawala_2010_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerawala_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oral rinse involves rinsing the mouth with phosphate-buffered saline for 1 minute and then spitting the solution into a vessel that examined in a pathology laboratory. Oral rinse technique can distinguish between commensal candidal carriage and candidiasis. If candidal leukoplakia is suspected, a <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> may be indicated.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumaraswamy_2012_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumaraswamy_2012-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smears and biopsies are usually stained with <a href="/wiki/Periodic_acid-Schiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic acid-Schiff">periodic acid-Schiff</a>, which stains carbohydrates in fungal cell walls in magenta. <a href="/wiki/Gram_stain" title="Gram stain">Gram staining</a> is also used as Candida stains are strongly Gram positive.<sup id="cite_ref-Odell_2010_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odell_2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes an underlying medical condition is sought, and this may include blood tests for full blood count and <a href="/wiki/Hematinic" title="Hematinic">hematinics</a>. </p><p>If a biopsy is taken, the <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">histopathologic</a> appearance can be variable depending upon the clinical type of candidiasis. Pseudomembranous candidiasis shows hyperplastic <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> with a superficial parakeratotic desquamating (i.e., separating) layer.<sup id="cite_ref-Purkait_2011_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purkait_2011-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyphae penetrate to the depth of the stratum spinosum,<sup id="cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appear as weakly basophilic structures. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymorphonuclear_cell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polymorphonuclear cell (page does not exist)">Polymorphonuclear cells</a> also infiltrate the epithelium, and chronic inflammatory cells infiltrate the <a href="/wiki/Lamina_propria" title="Lamina propria">lamina propria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Purkait_2011_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purkait_2011-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atrophic candidiasis appears as thin, <a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">atrophic</a> epithelium, which is non-keratinized. Hyphae are sparse, and inflammatory cell infiltration of the epithelium and the lamina propria. In essence, atrophic candidiasis appears like pseudomembranous candidiasis without the superficial desquamating layer.<sup id="cite_ref-Purkait_2011_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purkait_2011-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hyperplastic candidiasis is variable. Usually there is hyperplastic and acanthotic epithelium with parakeratosis. There is an inflammatory cell infiltrate and hyphae are visible. Unlike other forms of candidiasis, hyperplastic candidiasis may show dysplasia.<sup id="cite_ref-Purkait_2011_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purkait_2011-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oral candidiasis can be treated with topical <a href="/wiki/Antifungal_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal medication">anti-fungal</a> drugs, such as <a href="/wiki/Nystatin" title="Nystatin">nystatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miconazole" title="Miconazole">miconazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentian_violet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentian violet">Gentian violet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amphotericin_B" title="Amphotericin B">amphotericin B</a>. Surgical excision of the lesions may be required in cases that do not respond to anti-fungal medications.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Underlying immunosuppression may be medically manageable once it is identified, and this helps prevent recurrence of candidal infections. </p><p>Patients who are immunocompromised, either with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> or as a result of <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, may require systemic prevention or treatment with oral or <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a> administered anti-fungals. However, there is strong evidence that drugs that are absorbed or partially absorbed from the GI tract can prevent candidiasis more effectively than drugs that are not absorbed in the same way.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If candidiasis is secondary to corticosteroid or antibiotic use, then use may be stopped, although this is not always a feasible option. Candidiasis secondary to the use of inhaled steroids may be treated by rinsing out the mouth with water after taking the steroid.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyldesley_2003_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyldesley_2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of a spacer device to reduce the contact with the oral mucosa may greatly reduce the risk of oral candidiasis.<sup id="cite_ref-Inhaledsteroids2001_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inhaledsteroids2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recurrent oral candidiasis, the use of azole antifungals risks selection and enrichment of drug-resistant strains of candida organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Rautemaa_2011_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rautemaa_2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Drug_resistance" title="Drug resistance">Drug resistance</a> is increasingly more common and presents a serious problem in persons who are immunocompromised.<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prophylaxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophylaxis">Prophylactic</a> use of antifungals is sometimes employed in persons with HIV disease, during radiotherapy, during immunosuppressive or prolonged antibiotic therapy as the development of candidal infection in these groups may be more serious.<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_medicine_textbook_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_medicine_textbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The candidal load in the mouth can be reduced by improving <a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">oral hygiene</a> measures, such as regular toothbrushing and use of anti-microbial mouthwashes.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_2011_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since smoking is associated with many forms of oral candidiasis, cessation may be beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denture_hygiene">Denture hygiene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Denture hygiene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Denture-related_stomatitis#Treatment" title="Denture-related stomatitis">Denture-related stomatitis § Treatment</a></div> <p>Good denture hygiene involves regular cleaning of the dentures, and leaving them out of the mouth during sleep. This gives the mucosa a chance to recover, while wearing a denture during sleep is often likened to sleeping in one's shoes. In oral candidiasis, the dentures may act as a reservoir of Candida species known as denture stomatitis<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruch_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which continually reinfects the mucosa once antifungal medication is stopped. Therefore, they must be disinfected as part of the treatment for oral candidiasis. There are commercial <a href="/wiki/Denture_cleaner" title="Denture cleaner">denture cleaner</a> preparations for this purpose, but it is readily accomplished by soaking the denture overnight in a 1:10 solution of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milton_sterilizing_fluid" title="Milton sterilizing fluid">Milton</a>, or household <a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleach</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruch_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bleach may corrode metal components,<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so if the denture contains metal, soaking it twice daily in <a href="/wiki/Chlorhexidine" title="Chlorhexidine">chlorhexidine</a> solution can be carried out instead. An alternative method of disinfection is to use a 10% solution of <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> (vinegar) as an overnight soak, or to microwave the dentures in 200mL water for 3 minutes at 650 watts.<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microwave sterilization is only suitable if no metal components are present in the denture. Antifungal medication can also be applied to the fitting surface of the denture before it is put back in the mouth. Other problems with the dentures, such as inadequate occlusal vertical dimension may also need to be corrected in the case of angular cheilitis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The severity of oral candidiasis is subject to great variability from one person to another and in the same person from one occasion to the next.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodus_2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prognosis of such infection is usually excellent after the application of topical or systemic treatments. However, oral candidiasis can be recurrent.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodus_2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals continue to be at risk of the condition if underlying factors such as reduced salivary flow rate or immunosuppression are not rectifiable.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodus_2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Candidiasis can be a marker for underlying disease,<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch_1994_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch_1994-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the overall prognosis may also be dependent upon this. For example, a transient erythematous candidiasis that developed after antibiotic therapy usually resolves after antibiotics are stopped (but not always immediately),<sup id="cite_ref-Tyldesley_2003_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyldesley_2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore carries an excellent prognosis—but candidiasis may occasionally be a sign of more sinister undiagnosed pathology, such as HIV/AIDS or leukemia. </p><p>It is possible for candidiasis to spread to/from the mouth, from sites such as the pharynx, esophagus, lungs, liver, anogenital region, skin or the nails.<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spread of oral candidiasis to other sites usually occurs in debilitated individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyldesley_2003_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyldesley_2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also possible that candidiasis is spread by sexual contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2013_13-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rarely, a superficial candidal infection such as oral candidiasis can cause <a href="/wiki/Invasive_candidiasis" title="Invasive candidiasis">invasive candidiasis</a>, and even prove fatal. The observation that Candida species are normally harmless commensals on the one hand, but are also occasionally capable of causing fatal invasive candidiases has led to the description "<a href="/wiki/Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde">Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Gow_2002_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gow_2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The role of thrush in the hospital and ventilated patients is not entirely clear, however, there is a theoretical risk of positive interaction of candida with topical bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-Peleg_2010_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peleg_2010-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In humans, oral candidiasis is the most common form of candidiasis,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghom_2010_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghom_2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by far the most common fungal infection of the mouth,<sup id="cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMF_path_textbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it also represents the most common opportunistic oral infection in humans<sup id="cite_ref-Lalla_2013_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lalla_2013-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with lesions only occurring when the environment favors pathogenic behavior. </p><p>Oropharyngeal candidiasis is common during cancer care,<sup id="cite_ref-Epstein_2012_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epstein_2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is a very common oral sign in individuals with HIV.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2013_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oral candidiasis occurs in about two thirds of people with concomitant AIDS and esophageal candidiasis.<sup id="cite_ref-Yamada_2009_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamada_2009-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The incidence of all forms of candidiasis have increased in recent decades. This is due to developments in medicine, with more invasive medical procedures and surgeries, more widespread use of broad spectrum antibiotics and immunosuppression therapies. The HIV/AIDs global <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> has been the greatest factor in the increased incidence of oral candidiasis since the 1980s. The incidence of candidiasis caused by NCAC species is also increasing, again thought to be due to changes in medical practise (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">organ transplantation</a> and use of <a href="/wiki/Indwelling_catheter" class="mw-redirect" title="Indwelling catheter">indwelling catheters</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_2011_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oral candidiasis has been recognized throughout recorded history.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_2011_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first description of this condition is thought to have occurred in the 4th century B.C. in "Epidemics" (a treatise that is part of the <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_corpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocratic corpus">hippocratic corpus</a>), where descriptions of what sounds like oral candidiasis are stated to occur with severe underlying disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch_1994_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch_1994-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ID10_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ID10-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colloquial term "thrush" is of unknown origin but may stem from an unrecorded Old English word <i>*þrusc</i> or from a Scandinavian root. The term is not related to the bird of the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> claims by proponents of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> surround the topic of candidiasis. Oral candidiasis is sometimes presented in this manner as a symptom of a widely prevalent <i>systemic candidiasis</i>, <i>candida hypersensitivity syndrome</i>, <i>yeast allergy</i>, or <i>gastrointestinal candida overgrowth</i>, which are medically unrecognized conditions. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>(See: <a href="/wiki/Candidiasis#Alternative_medicine" title="Candidiasis">Alternative medicine in Candidiasis</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Alternative medicine) has been deleted. (2024-07-31)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Andrews-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJamesElstonBergerAndrews2006" class="citation book cs1">James WD, Elston DM, Berger TG, Andrews GC (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewsdiseasess00mdwi_659"><i>Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewsdiseasess00mdwi_659/page/n318">308</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-2921-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-2921-6"><bdi>978-0-7216-2921-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62736861">62736861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrews%27+Diseases+of+the+Skin%3A+Clinical+Dermatology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Saunders+Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62736861&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=WD&rft.au=Elston%2C+DM&rft.au=Berger%2C+TG&rft.au=Andrews%2C+GC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewsdiseasess00mdwi_659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOral+candidiasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OMF_medicine_textbook-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_medicine_textbook_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_medicine_textbook_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_medicine_textbook_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_medicine_textbook_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_medicine_textbook_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_medicine_textbook_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_medicine_textbook_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_medicine_textbook_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScully2008" class="citation book cs1">Scully C (2008). <i>Oral and maxillofacial medicine: the basis of diagnosis and treatment</i> (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 191–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780443068188" title="Special:BookSources/9780443068188"><bdi>9780443068188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oral+and+maxillofacial+medicine%3A+the+basis+of+diagnosis+and+treatment&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=191-199&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780443068188&rft.aulast=Scully&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOral+candidiasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kerawala_2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kerawala_2010_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerawala_2010_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerawala_2010_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerawala_2010_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerawala_2010_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerawala_2010_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerawala_2010_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerawala_2010_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerawalaNewlands2010" class="citation book cs1">Kerawala C, Newlands C, eds. (2010). <i>Oral and maxillofacial surgery</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 446, 447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199204830" title="Special:BookSources/9780199204830"><bdi>9780199204830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oral+and+maxillofacial+surgery&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=446%2C+447&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780199204830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOral+candidiasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samaranayake_2009-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaranayake_2009_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamaranayake2009" class="citation book cs1">Samaranayake LP (2009). <i>Essential microbiology for dentistry</i> (3rd ed.). Elseveier. pp. 178–180, 247, 293–297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0702041679" title="Special:BookSources/978-0702041679"><bdi>978-0702041679</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+microbiology+for+dentistry&rft.pages=178-180%2C+247%2C+293-297&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Elseveier&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0702041679&rft.aulast=Samaranayake&rft.aufirst=LP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOral+candidiasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OMF_path_textbook-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMF_path_textbook_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouquotNevilleDammAllen2002" class="citation book cs1">Bouquot BW, Neville DD, Damm CM, Allen JE (2002). <i>Oral & maxillofacial pathology</i> (2. ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 189–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0721690032" title="Special:BookSources/978-0721690032"><bdi>978-0721690032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oral+%26+maxillofacial+pathology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=189-197&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=W.B.+Saunders&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0721690032&rft.aulast=Bouquot&rft.aufirst=BW&rft.au=Neville%2C+DD&rft.au=Damm%2C+CM&rft.au=Allen%2C+JE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOral+candidiasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenberg_2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_2008_6-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenbergGlickShip2008" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg MS, Glick M, Ship JA (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2SP8cOZPvkC&q=oral+candidiasis&pg=PA79"><i>Burket's oral medicine</i></a> (11th ed.). Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker. pp. 79–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781550093452" title="Special:BookSources/9781550093452"><bdi>9781550093452</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burket%27s+oral+medicine&rft.place=Hamilton%2C+Ont.&rft.pages=79-84&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=BC+Decker&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781550093452&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.au=Glick%2C+M&rft.au=Ship%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ2SP8cOZPvkC%26q%3Doral%2Bcandidiasis%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOral+candidiasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruch_2010-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruch_2010_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreisterBruch2010" class="citation book cs1">Treister NS, Bruch JM (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clinicaloralmedi00bruc"><i>Clinical oral medicine and pathology</i></a></span>. New York: Humana Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clinicaloralmedi00bruc/page/n29">19</a>, 21, 92, 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60327-519-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60327-519-4"><bdi>978-1-60327-519-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+oral+medicine+and+pathology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=19%2C+21%2C+92%2C+93&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60327-519-4&rft.aulast=Treister&rft.aufirst=NS&rft.au=Bruch%2C+JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclinicaloralmedi00bruc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOral+candidiasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhodus_2012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodus_2012_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodus2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rhodus NL (Mar–Apr 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102013504/http://www.mndental.org/_asset/ywd54g/2012_MA_Rhodus.pdf">"Treatment of oral candidiasis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Northwest Dentistry</i>. <b>91</b> (2): 32–33. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22662470">22662470</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mndental.org/_asset/ywd54g/2012_MA_Rhodus.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northwest+Dentistry&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+oral+candidiasis&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=32-33&rft.date=2012-03%2F2012-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22662470&rft.aulast=Rhodus&rft.aufirst=NL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mndental.org%2F_asset%2Fywd54g%2F2012_MA_Rhodus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOral+candidiasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soames_1999-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soames_1999_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soames_1999_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soames_1999_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soames_1999_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soames_1999_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soames_1999_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soames_1999_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoamesSoutham1999" class="citation book cs1">Soames JV, Southam JC (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oralpathology0003soam/page/147"><i>Oral pathology</i></a> (3rd ed.). 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Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masterdentistry0000unse/page/180">180, 181194–195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780443068966" title="Special:BookSources/9780443068966"><bdi>9780443068966</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+dentistry+volume+1%2C+oral+and+maxillofacial+surgery%2C+radiology%2C+pathology+and+oral+medicine&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=180%2C+181194-195&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone%2FElsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780443068966&rft.aulast=Coulthard&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Horner%2C+K&rft.au=Sloan%2C+P&rft.au=Theaker%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmasterdentistry0000unse%2Fpage%2F180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOral+candidiasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12907694-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12907694_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitheequeSamaranayake2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sitheeque MA, Samaranayake LP (2003). 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Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/textbookgastroen00yama_718/page/n836">814</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6911-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6911-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-6911-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+gastroenterology&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=814&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Blackwell+Pub.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6911-0&rft.aulast=Yamada&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Alpers%2C+DH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftextbookgastroen00yama_718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOral+candidiasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ID10-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ID10_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandellDouglasBennett2010" class="citation book cs1">Mandell GL, Douglas RG, Bennett JE (2010). <i>Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases</i> (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. Chapter 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3"><bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandell%2C+Douglas%2C+and+Bennett%27s+principles+and+practice+of+infectious+diseases&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=Chapter+250&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone%2FElsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-443-06839-3&rft.aulast=Mandell&rft.aufirst=GL&rft.au=Douglas%2C+RG&rft.au=Bennett%2C+JE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOral+candidiasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> “Thrush, N. (2).” Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, July 2023, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1201547560">https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1201547560</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_candidiasis&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2886899" class="extiw" title="d:Q2886899">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/B37.0">B37.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=112.0">112.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002180">D002180</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb29743.htm">29743</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000966.htm">000966</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/derm/68-overview">derm/68</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2245.htm#">ped/2245</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" title="Oral and maxillofacial pathology">Oral and maxillofacial pathology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lips" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lips</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheilitis" title="Cheilitis">Cheilitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinic_cheilitis" title="Actinic cheilitis">Actinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_cheilitis" title="Angular cheilitis">Angular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_cell_gingivitis" title="Plasma cell gingivitis">Plasma cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleft_lip" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft lip">Cleft lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_lip_pit" title="Congenital lip pit">Congenital lip pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclabium" title="Eclabium">Eclabium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_labialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes labialis">Herpes labialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrocheilia" title="Macrocheilia">Macrocheilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcheilia" title="Microcheilia">Microcheilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasolabial_cyst" title="Nasolabial cyst">Nasolabial cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun poisoning">Sun poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpeter%27s_wart" title="Trumpeter's wart">Trumpeter's wart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table 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title="Foliate papillitis">Foliate papillitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossitis" title="Glossitis">Glossitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_tongue" title="Geographic tongue">Geographic tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_rhomboid_glossitis" title="Median rhomboid glossitis">Median rhomboid glossitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_lingual_papillitis" title="Transient lingual papillitis">Transient lingual papillitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossoptosis" title="Glossoptosis">Glossoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossia" title="Hypoglossia">Hypoglossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_dysgenesis" title="Thyroid dysgenesis">Lingual thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroglossia" title="Macroglossia">Macroglossia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microglossia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microglossia (page does not exist)">Microglossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyoma" title="Rhabdomyoma">Rhabdomyoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Palate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">Palate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bednar%27s_aphthae" title="Bednar's aphthae">Bednar's aphthae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleft_palate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft palate">Cleft palate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-arched_palate" title="High-arched palate">High-arched palate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatal_cysts_of_the_newborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal cysts of the newborn">Palatal cysts of the newborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_papillary_hyperplasia" title="Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia">Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomatitis_nicotina" title="Stomatitis nicotina">Stomatitis nicotina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torus_palatinus" title="Torus palatinus">Torus palatinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Oral_mucosa_–_Lining_of_mouth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">Oral mucosa</a> – <i>Lining of mouth</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalgam_tattoo" title="Amalgam tattoo">Amalgam tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angina_bullosa_haemorrhagica" title="Angina bullosa haemorrhagica">Angina bullosa haemorrhagica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beh%C3%A7et%27s_disease" title="Behçet's disease">Behçet's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohn%27s_nodules" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohn's nodules">Bohn's nodules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_mouth_syndrome" title="Burning mouth syndrome">Burning mouth syndrome</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condyloma_acuminatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Condyloma acuminatum">Condyloma acuminatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darier%27s_disease" title="Darier's disease">Darier's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epulis_fissuratum" title="Epulis fissuratum">Epulis fissuratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_multiforme" title="Erythema multiforme">Erythema multiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythroplakia" title="Erythroplakia">Erythroplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroma" title="Fibroma">Fibroma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant-cell_fibroma" title="Giant-cell fibroma">Giant-cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_epithelial_hyperplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Focal epithelial hyperplasia">Focal epithelial hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordyce_spots" title="Fordyce spots">Fordyce spots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy_leukoplakia" title="Hairy leukoplakia">Hairy leukoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand,_foot_and_mouth_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand, foot and mouth disease">Hand, foot and mouth disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_benign_intraepithelial_dyskeratosis" title="Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis">Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpangina" title="Herpangina">Herpangina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes zoster">Herpes zoster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraoral_dental_sinus" title="Intraoral dental sinus">Intraoral dental sinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritation_fibroma" title="Irritation fibroma">Irritation fibroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukoedema" title="Leukoedema">Leukoedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukoplakia" title="Leukoplakia">Leukoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linea_alba_(cheek)" title="Linea alba (cheek)">Linea alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus" title="Lupus erythematosus">Lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocytic_nevus" title="Melanocytic nevus">Melanocytic nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocytic_oral_lesion" title="Melanocytic oral lesion">Melanocytic oral lesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum" title="Molluscum contagiosum">Molluscum contagiosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morsicatio_buccarum" title="Morsicatio buccarum">Morsicatio buccarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer" title="Oral cancer">Oral cancer</a> <ul><li><i>Benign:</i> <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_papilloma" title="Squamous cell papilloma">Squamous cell papilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratoacanthoma" title="Keratoacanthoma">Keratoacanthoma</a></li> <li><i>Malignant:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adenosquamous_carcinoma" title="Adenosquamous carcinoma">Adenosquamous carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaloid_squamous_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaloid squamous carcinoma">Basaloid squamous carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucosal_melanoma" title="Mucosal melanoma">Mucosal melanoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_cell_carcinoma" title="Spindle cell carcinoma">Spindle cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">Squamous cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucous_carcinoma" title="Verrucous carcinoma">Verrucous carcinoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_florid_papillomatosis" title="Oral florid papillomatosis">Oral florid papillomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_melanosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral melanosis">Oral melanosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoker%27s_melanosis" title="Smoker's melanosis">Smoker's melanosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigoid" title="Pemphigoid">Pemphigoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benign_mucous_membrane_pemphigoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid">Benign mucous membrane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmoacanthoma" title="Plasmoacanthoma">Plasmoacanthoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomatitis" title="Stomatitis">Stomatitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis" title="Aphthous stomatitis">Aphthous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denture-related_stomatitis" title="Denture-related stomatitis">Denture-related</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetic_gingivostomatitis" title="Herpetic gingivostomatitis">Herpetic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeless_tobacco_keratosis" title="Smokeless tobacco keratosis">Smokeless tobacco keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_submucous_fibrosis" title="Oral submucous fibrosis">Submucous fibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_ulcer" title="Mouth ulcer">Ulceration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riga%E2%80%93Fede_disease" title="Riga–Fede disease">Riga–Fede disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verruca_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Verruca vulgaris">Verruca vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verruciform_xanthoma" title="Verruciform xanthoma">Verruciform xanthoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_sponge_nevus" title="White sponge nevus">White sponge nevus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Teeth_(pulp,_dentin,_enamel)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tooth_pathology" title="Tooth pathology">Teeth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pulp_(tooth)" title="Pulp (tooth)">pulp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">dentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amelogenesis_imperfecta" title="Amelogenesis imperfecta">Amelogenesis imperfecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_ankylosis" title="Tooth ankylosis">Ankylosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anodontia" title="Anodontia">Anodontia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_caries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental caries">Caries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_caries" title="Early childhood caries">Early childhood caries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrescence" title="Concrescence">Concrescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_of_eruption_of_teeth" title="Failure of eruption of teeth">Failure of eruption of teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dens_evaginatus" title="Dens evaginatus">Dens evaginatus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talon_cusp" title="Talon cusp">Talon cusp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentin_dysplasia" title="Dentin dysplasia">Dentin dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentin_hypersensitivity" title="Dentin hypersensitivity">Dentin hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentinogenesis_imperfecta" title="Dentinogenesis imperfecta">Dentinogenesis imperfecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilaceration" title="Dilaceration">Dilaceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_discoloration" title="Tooth discoloration">Discoloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_enamel" title="Ectopic enamel">Ectopic enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamel_hypocalcification" title="Enamel hypocalcification">Enamel hypocalcification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamel_hypoplasia" title="Enamel hypoplasia">Enamel hypoplasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turner%27s_hypoplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Turner's hypoplasia">Turner's hypoplasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamel_pearl" title="Enamel pearl">Enamel pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_fluorosis" title="Dental fluorosis">Fluorosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_fusion" title="Tooth fusion">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_gemination" title="Tooth gemination">Gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperdontia" title="Hyperdontia">Hyperdontia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypodontia" title="Hypodontia">Hypodontia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_lateral_incisor_agenesis" title="Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis">Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_impaction" title="Tooth impaction">Impaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impacted_wisdom_teeth" title="Impacted wisdom teeth">Wisdom tooth impaction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrodontia_(tooth)" title="Macrodontia (tooth)">Macrodontia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meth_mouth" title="Meth mouth">Meth mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdontia" title="Microdontia">Microdontia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odontogenic_tumor" title="Odontogenic tumor">Odontogenic tumors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keratocystic_odontogenic_tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratocystic odontogenic tumour">Keratocystic odontogenic tumour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odontoma" title="Odontoma">Odontoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dens_invaginatus" title="Dens invaginatus">Dens in dente</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_contact" title="Open contact">Open contact</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Premature_eruption&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Premature eruption (page does not exist)">Premature eruption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_teeth" title="Neonatal teeth">Neonatal teeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_calcification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulp calcification (page does not exist)">Pulp calcification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_stone" title="Pulp stone">Pulp stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_canal_obliteration" title="Pulp canal obliteration">Pulp canal obliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_necrosis" title="Pulp necrosis">Pulp necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_polyp" title="Pulp polyp">Pulp polyp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpitis" title="Pulpitis">Pulpitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_odontodysplasia" title="Regional odontodysplasia">Regional odontodysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_resorption" title="Tooth resorption">Resorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shovel-shaped_incisors" title="Shovel-shaped incisors">Shovel-shaped incisors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernumerary_root" title="Supernumerary root">Supernumerary root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurodontism" title="Taurodontism">Taurodontism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_trauma" title="Dental trauma">Trauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dental_avulsion" title="Dental avulsion">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracked_tooth_syndrome" title="Cracked tooth syndrome">Cracked tooth syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_root_fracture" title="Vertical root fracture">Vertical root fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occlusal_trauma" title="Occlusal trauma">Occlusal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_loss" title="Tooth loss">Tooth loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edentulism" class="mw-redirect" title="Edentulism">Edentulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_wear" title="Tooth wear">Tooth wear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(dental)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasion (dental)">Abrasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abfraction" title="Abfraction">Abfraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_erosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid erosion">Acid erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_(dental)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attrition (dental)">Attrition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Periodontium_(gingiva,_periodontal_ligament,_cementum,_alveolus)_–_Gums_and_tooth-supporting_structures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodontal_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodontal pathology">Periodontium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">gingiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periodontal_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodontal ligament">periodontal ligament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cementum" title="Cementum">cementum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_alveolus" title="Dental alveolus">alveolus</a>) – <i>Gums and tooth-supporting structures</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cementicle" title="Cementicle">Cementicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cementoblastoma" title="Cementoblastoma">Cementoblastoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gigantiform_cementoma" title="Gigantiform cementoma">Gigantiform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cementoma" title="Cementoma">Cementoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruption_cyst" title="Eruption cyst">Eruption cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epulis" title="Epulis">Epulis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyogenic_granuloma" title="Pyogenic granuloma">Pyogenic granuloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_epulis" title="Congenital epulis">Congenital epulis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_enlargement" title="Gingival enlargement">Gingival enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_cyst_of_the_adult" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingival cyst of the adult">Gingival cyst of the adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_cyst_of_the_newborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingival cyst of the newborn">Gingival cyst of the newborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingivitis" title="Gingivitis">Gingivitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desquamative_gingivitis" title="Desquamative gingivitis">Desquamative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granulomatous_gingivitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granulomatous gingivitis (page does not exist)">Granulomatous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_cell_gingivitis" title="Plasma cell gingivitis">Plasma cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_gingival_fibromatosis" title="Hereditary gingival fibromatosis">Hereditary gingival fibromatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercementosis" title="Hypercementosis">Hypercementosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocementosis" title="Hypocementosis">Hypocementosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_gingival_erythema" title="Linear gingival erythema">Linear gingival erythema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_periodontal_diseases" title="Necrotizing periodontal diseases">Necrotizing periodontal diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_necrotizing_ulcerative_gingivitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis">Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericoronitis" title="Pericoronitis">Pericoronitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peri-implantitis" title="Peri-implantitis">Peri-implantitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontal_abscess" title="Periodontal abscess">Periodontal abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodontal_trauma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periodontal trauma (page does not exist)">Periodontal trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodontitis">Periodontitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_periodontitis" title="Aggressive periodontitis">Aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontitis_as_a_manifestation_of_systemic_disease" title="Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease">As a manifestation of systemic disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_periodontitis" title="Chronic periodontitis">Chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_periodontic-endodontic_lesions" title="Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions">Perio-endo lesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teething" title="Teething">Teething</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Periapical,_mandibular_and_maxillary_hard_tissues_–_Bones_of_jaws" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Periapical, <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandibular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxillary</a> hard tissues – <i>Bones of jaws</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnathia" title="Agnathia">Agnathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_osteitis" title="Alveolar osteitis">Alveolar osteitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccal_exostosis" title="Buccal exostosis">Buccal exostosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherubism" title="Cherubism">Cherubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_osteosclerosis" title="Idiopathic osteosclerosis">Idiopathic osteosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_fracture" title="Mandibular fracture">Mandibular fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgenia" title="Microgenia">Microgenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrognathia" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathia">Micrognathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysts_of_the_jaws" title="Cysts of the jaws">Intraosseous cysts</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontogenic_cyst" title="Odontogenic cyst">Odontogenic</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Periapical_cyst" title="Periapical cyst">periapical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentigerous_cyst" title="Dentigerous cyst">Dentigerous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccal_bifurcation_cyst" title="Buccal bifurcation cyst">Buccal bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_periodontal_cyst" title="Lateral periodontal cyst">Lateral periodontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globulomaxillary_cyst" title="Globulomaxillary cyst">Globulomaxillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcifying_odontogenic_cyst" title="Calcifying odontogenic cyst">Calcifying odontogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glandular_odontogenic_cyst" title="Glandular odontogenic cyst">Glandular odontogenic</a></li> <li><i>Non-odontogenic:</i> <a href="/wiki/Nasopalatine_duct_cyst" title="Nasopalatine duct cyst">Nasopalatine duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_mandibular_cyst" title="Median mandibular cyst">Median mandibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_palatal_cyst" title="Median palatal cyst">Median palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bone_cyst" title="Traumatic bone cyst">Traumatic bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoma" title="Osteoma">Osteoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteomyelitis_of_the_jaws" title="Osteomyelitis of the jaws">Osteomyelitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteonecrosis_of_the_jaw" title="Osteonecrosis of the jaw">Osteonecrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate-associated_osteonecrosis_of_the_jaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw">Bisphosphonate-associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuralgia-inducing_cavitational_osteonecrosis" title="Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis">Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoradionecrosis" title="Osteoradionecrosis">Osteoradionecrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoporotic_bone_marrow_defect" title="Osteoporotic bone marrow defect">Osteoporotic bone marrow defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paget%27s_disease_of_bone" title="Paget's disease of bone">Paget's disease of bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_abscess" title="Dental abscess">Periapical abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_abscess" title="Phoenix abscess">Phoenix abscess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periapical_periodontitis" title="Periapical periodontitis">Periapical periodontitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafne_defect" title="Stafne defect">Stafne defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torus_mandibularis" title="Torus mandibularis">Torus mandibularis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Temporomandibular_joints,_muscles_of_mastication_and_malocclusions_–_Jaw_joints,_chewing_muscles_and_bite_abnormalities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Temporomandibular_joint#Disorders" title="Temporomandibular joint">Temporomandibular joints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_mastication" title="Muscles of mastication">muscles of mastication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malocclusion" title="Malocclusion">malocclusions</a> – <i>Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruxism" title="Bruxism">Bruxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condylar_resorption" title="Condylar resorption">Condylar resorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dislocation_of_jaw" title="Dislocation of jaw">Mandibular dislocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malocclusion" title="Malocclusion">Malocclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossbite" title="Crossbite">Crossbite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_bite_malocclusion" title="Open bite malocclusion">Open bite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overbite" title="Overbite">Overbite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overeruption" title="Overeruption">Overeruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overjet" title="Overjet">Overjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognathia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prognathia">Prognathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrognathia" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrognathia">Retrognathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scissor_bite" title="Scissor bite">Scissor bite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_hypoplasia" title="Maxillary hypoplasia">Maxillary hypoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporomandibular_joint_dysfunction" title="Temporomandibular joint dysfunction">Temporomandibular joint dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condylar_hypoplasia" title="Condylar hypoplasia">Condylar hypoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condylar_hyperplasia" title="Condylar hyperplasia">Condylar hyperplasia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Salivary_glands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland_disease" title="Salivary gland disease">Salivary glands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benign_lymphoepithelial_lesion" title="Benign lymphoepithelial lesion">Benign lymphoepithelial lesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_salivary_gland_tissue" title="Ectopic salivary gland tissue">Ectopic salivary gland tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frey%27s_syndrome" title="Frey's syndrome">Frey's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_salivary_gland_disease" title="HIV salivary gland disease">HIV salivary gland disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_sialometaplasia" title="Necrotizing sialometaplasia">Necrotizing sialometaplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_mucocele" title="Oral mucocele">Mucocele</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranula" title="Ranula">Ranula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoparotitis" title="Pneumoparotitis">Pneumoparotitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_duct_stricture" title="Salivary duct stricture">Salivary duct stricture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland_aplasia" title="Salivary gland aplasia">Salivary gland aplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland_atresia" title="Salivary gland atresia">Salivary gland atresia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland_diverticulum" class="mw-redirect" title="Salivary gland diverticulum">Salivary gland diverticulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland_fistula" title="Salivary gland fistula">Salivary gland fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland_hyperplasia" title="Salivary gland hyperplasia">Salivary gland hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland_hypoplasia" title="Salivary gland hypoplasia">Salivary gland hypoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland_neoplasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Salivary gland neoplasm">Salivary gland neoplasms</a> <ul><li><i>Benign:</i> <a href="/wiki/Basal_cell_adenoma" title="Basal cell adenoma">Basal cell adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canalicular_adenoma" title="Canalicular adenoma">Canalicular adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductal_papilloma" title="Ductal papilloma">Ductal papilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monomorphic_adenoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Monomorphic adenoma">Monomorphic adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoepithelioma" class="mw-redirect" title="Myoepithelioma">Myoepithelioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncocytoma" title="Oncocytoma">Oncocytoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papillary_cystadenoma_lymphomatosum" class="mw-redirect" title="Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum">Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleomorphic_adenoma" title="Pleomorphic adenoma">Pleomorphic adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_adenoma" title="Sebaceous adenoma">Sebaceous adenoma</a></li> <li><i>Malignant:</i> <a href="/wiki/Acinic_cell_carcinoma" title="Acinic cell carcinoma">Acinic cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenoid_cystic_carcinoma" title="Adenoid cystic carcinoma">Adenoid cystic carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoma_ex_pleomorphic_adenoma" title="Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma">Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">Lymphoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma" title="Mucoepidermoid carcinoma">Mucoepidermoid carcinoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerosing_polycystic_adenosis" title="Sclerosing polycystic adenosis">Sclerosing polycystic adenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialadenitis" title="Sialadenitis">Sialadenitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parotitis" title="Parotitis">Parotitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_sclerosing_sialadenitis" title="Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis">Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialectasis" title="Sialectasis">Sialectasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialocele" title="Sialocele">Sialocele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialodochitis" title="Sialodochitis">Sialodochitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sialosis">Sialosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialolithiasis" title="Sialolithiasis">Sialolithiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjögren's syndrome">Sjögren's syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Stomatognathic_system_–_Teeth,_jaws,_tongue_and_associated_soft_tissues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stomatognathic_system" title="Stomatognathic system">Stomatognathic system</a> – <i>Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruxism" title="Bruxism">Bruxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_breathing" title="Mouth breathing">Mouth breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">Sleep apnea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catathrenia" title="Catathrenia">Catathrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_hypoventilation_syndrome" title="Central hypoventilation syndrome">Central hypoventilation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_hypoventilation_syndrome" title="Obesity hypoventilation syndrome">Obesity hypoventilation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea" title="Obstructive sleep apnea">Obstructive sleep apnea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_breathing" title="Periodic breathing">Periodic breathing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoring" title="Snoring">Snoring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Orofacial_soft_tissues_–_Soft_tissues_around_the_mouth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Orofacial soft tissues – <i>Soft tissues around the mouth</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycosis" title="Actinomycosis">Actinomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal cell carcinoma">Basal cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_sinus_of_dental_origin" title="Cutaneous sinus of dental origin">Cutaneous sinus of dental origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystic_hygroma" title="Cystic hygroma">Cystic hygroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathophyma" title="Gnathophyma">Gnathophyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig%27s_angina" title="Ludwig's angina">Ludwig's angina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrostomia" title="Macrostomia">Macrostomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkersson%E2%80%93Rosenthal_syndrome" title="Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome">Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microstomia" title="Microstomia">Microstomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noma_(disease)" title="Noma (disease)">Noma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Oral Crohn's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orofacial_granulomatosis" title="Orofacial granulomatosis">Orofacial granulomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perioral_dermatitis" title="Perioral dermatitis">Perioral dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyostomatitis_vegetans" title="Pyostomatitis vegetans">Pyostomatitis vegetans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_syndrome" title="Eagle syndrome">Eagle syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemifacial_hypertrophy" title="Hemifacial hypertrophy">Hemifacial hypertrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_hemiatrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Facial hemiatrophy">Facial hemiatrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_manifestations_of_systemic_disease" title="Oral manifestations of systemic disease">Oral manifestations of systemic disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fungal_infection_and_mesomycetozoea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mycoses" title="Template:Mycoses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mycoses" title="Template talk:Mycoses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mycoses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mycoses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fungal_infection_and_mesomycetozoea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Fungal infection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesomycetozoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesomycetozoea">mesomycetozoea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Superficial_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Superficial</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Cutaneous_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">cutaneous</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Dermatomycosis" title="Dermatomycosis">dermatomycosis</a>):<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea">Tinea</a> = <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Piedra" title="Piedra">Piedra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Exothrix" title="Exothrix">exothrix</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Endothrix" title="Endothrix">endothrix</a>) = <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermatophyte" title="Dermatophyte">Dermatophyte</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Dermatophytosis" title="Dermatophytosis">Dermatophytosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_barbae" title="Tinea barbae">Tinea barbae</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tinea_capitis" title="Tinea capitis">tinea capitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerion" title="Kerion">Kerion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis" title="Tinea corporis">Tinea corporis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophytosis" title="Dermatophytosis">Ringworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophytid" title="Dermatophytid">Dermatophytids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_cruris" title="Tinea cruris">Tinea cruris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_manuum" title="Tinea manuum">Tinea manuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot" title="Athlete's foot">Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychomycosis" title="Onychomycosis">Tinea unguium/onychomycosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_superficial_onychomycosis" title="White superficial onychomycosis">White superficial onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_subungual_onychomycosis" title="Distal subungual onychomycosis">Distal subungual onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximal_subungual_onychomycosis" title="Proximal subungual onychomycosis">Proximal subungual onychomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis_gladiatorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea corporis gladiatorum">Tinea corporis gladiatorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_faciei" title="Tinea faciei">Tinea faciei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_imbricata" title="Tinea imbricata">Tinea imbricata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_incognito" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea incognito">Tinea incognito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favus" title="Favus">Favus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By organism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epidermophyton_floccosum" title="Epidermophyton floccosum">Epidermophyton floccosum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsporum_canis" title="Microsporum canis">Microsporum canis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsporum_audouinii" title="Microsporum audouinii">Microsporum audouinii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_interdigitale" title="Trichophyton interdigitale">Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_tonsurans" title="Trichophyton tonsurans">Trichophyton tonsurans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton" title="Trichophyton">Trichophyton schoenleini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_rubrum" title="Trichophyton rubrum">Trichophyton rubrum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_verrucosum" title="Trichophyton verrucosum">Trichophyton verrucosum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hortaea_werneckii" title="Hortaea werneckii">Hortaea werneckii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_nigra" title="Tinea nigra">Tinea nigra</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piedraia_hortae" title="Piedraia hortae">Piedraia hortae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_piedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Black piedra">Black piedra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Malassezia" title="Malassezia">Malassezia furfur</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_versicolor" title="Tinea versicolor">Tinea versicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malassezia_folliculitis" title="Malassezia folliculitis">Malassezia folliculitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichosporon" title="Trichosporon">Trichosporon</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_piedra" title="White piedra">White piedra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Subcutaneous_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Subcutaneous</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Systemic_mycoses_due_to_primary_pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">systemic</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Systemic_mycoses_due_to_opportunistic_pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">opportunistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dimorphic_fungus" title="Dimorphic fungus">Dimorphic</a><br />(yeast+mold)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Onygenales" title="Onygenales">Onygenales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coccidioides_immitis" title="Coccidioides immitis">Coccidioides immitis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Coccidioides_posadasii" title="Coccidioides posadasii">Coccidioides posadasii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">Coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disseminated_coccidioidomycosis" title="Disseminated coccidioidomycosis">Disseminated coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_coccidioidomycosis" title="Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis">Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Primary_pulmonary_coccidioidomycosis" title="Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis">Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Histoplasma_capsulatum" title="Histoplasma capsulatum">Histoplasma capsulatum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">Histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_histoplasmosis" title="Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis">Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_pulmonary_histoplasmosis" title="Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis">Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_disseminated_histoplasmosis" title="Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis">Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Histoplasma_duboisii" title="Histoplasma duboisii">Histoplasma duboisii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_histoplasmosis" title="African histoplasmosis">African histoplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lacazia" title="Lacazia">Lacazia loboi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobomycosis" title="Lobomycosis">Lobomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis" title="Paracoccidioides brasiliensis">Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis" title="Paracoccidioidomycosis">Paracoccidioidomycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blastomyces_dermatitidis" title="Blastomyces dermatitidis">Blastomyces dermatitidis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blastomycosis" title="Blastomycosis">Blastomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastomycosis" title="Blastomycosis">North American blastomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis" title="Paracoccidioidomycosis">South American blastomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sporothrix_schenckii" title="Sporothrix schenckii">Sporothrix schenckii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sporotrichosis" title="Sporotrichosis">Sporotrichosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talaromyces_marneffei" title="Talaromyces marneffei">Talaromyces marneffei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talaromycosis" title="Talaromycosis">Talaromycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scedosporiosis" title="Scedosporiosis">Scedosporiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmonsiosis" title="Emmonsiosis">Emmonsiosis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emmonsia_parva" title="Emmonsia parva">Emmonsia parva</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiaspiromycosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adiaspiromycosis (page does not exist)">Adiaspiromycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a>-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans">Candida albicans</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis" title="Esophageal candidiasis">Esophageal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_vulvovaginitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidal vulvovaginitis">Vulvovaginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_mucocutaneous_candidiasis" title="Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis">Chronic mucocutaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic candidiasis">Antibiotic candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_intertrigo" title="Candidal intertrigo">Candidal intertrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_onychomycosis" title="Candidal onychomycosis">Candidal onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Candidal paronychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidid" title="Candidid">Candidid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaper_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaper candidiasis">Diaper candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_cutaneous_candidiasis" title="Congenital cutaneous candidiasis">Congenital cutaneous candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianal_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Perianal candidiasis">Perianal candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic candidiasis">Systemic candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosio_interdigitalis_blastomycetica" title="Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica">Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candida_auris" title="Candida auris">C. auris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candida_glabrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida glabrata">C. glabrata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candida_lusitaniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida lusitaniae">C. lusitaniae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candida_tropicalis" title="Candida tropicalis">C. tropicalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_jirovecii" title="Pneumocystis jirovecii">Pneumocystis jirovecii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystosis" title="Pneumocystosis">Pneumocystosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">Pneumocystis pneumonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">Mold</a>-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">Aspergillus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspergillosis" title="Aspergillosis">Aspergillosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspergilloma" title="Aspergilloma">Aspergilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_aspergillosis" title="Primary cutaneous aspergillosis">Primary cutaneous aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exophiala_jeanselmei" title="Exophiala jeanselmei">Exophiala jeanselmei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eumycetoma" title="Eumycetoma">Eumycetoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fonsecaea_pedrosoi" title="Fonsecaea pedrosoi">Fonsecaea pedrosoi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fonsecaea_compacta" title="Fonsecaea compacta">Fonsecaea compacta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Phialophora_verrucosa" title="Phialophora verrucosa">Phialophora verrucosa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromoblastomycosis" title="Chromoblastomycosis">Chromoblastomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geotrichum_candidum" title="Geotrichum candidum">Geotrichum candidum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geotrichosis" title="Geotrichosis">Geotrichosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudallescheria_boydii" title="Pseudallescheria boydii">Pseudallescheria boydii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudallescheria_boydii" title="Pseudallescheria boydii">Allescheriasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_neoformans" title="Cryptococcus neoformans">Cryptococcus neoformans</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcosis" title="Cryptococcosis">Cryptococcosis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichosporon" title="Trichosporon">Trichosporon</a></i> spp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichosporonosis" title="Trichosporonosis">Trichosporonosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Zygomycosis" title="Zygomycosis">Zygomycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mucorales" title="Mucorales">Mucorales</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Mucormycosis" title="Mucormycosis">Mucormycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizopus_oryzae" title="Rhizopus oryzae">Rhizopus oryzae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucor_indicus" title="Mucor indicus">Mucor indicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lichtheimia_corymbifera" title="Lichtheimia corymbifera">Lichtheimia corymbifera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syncephalastrum_racemosum" title="Syncephalastrum racemosum">Syncephalastrum racemosum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apophysomyces_variabilis" title="Apophysomyces variabilis">Apophysomyces variabilis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Entomophthorales" title="Entomophthorales">Entomophthorales</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Entomophthoramycosis" title="Entomophthoramycosis">Entomophthoramycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Basidiobolus_ranarum" title="Basidiobolus ranarum">Basidiobolus ranarum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basidiobolomycosis" title="Basidiobolomycosis">Basidiobolomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conidiobolus_coronatus" title="Conidiobolus coronatus">Conidiobolus coronatus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Conidiobolus_incongruus" title="Conidiobolus incongruus">Conidiobolus incongruus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conidiobolomycosis" title="Conidiobolomycosis">Conidiobolomycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Microsporidiosis" title="Microsporidiosis">Microsporidiosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterocytozoon_bieneusi" title="Enterocytozoon bieneusi">Enterocytozoon bieneusi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Encephalitozoon_intestinalis" title="Encephalitozoon intestinalis">Encephalitozoon intestinalis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesomycetozoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhinosporidium_seeberi" title="Rhinosporidium seeberi">Rhinosporidium seeberi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhinosporidiosis" title="Rhinosporidiosis">Rhinosporidiosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternariosis" title="Alternariosis">Alternariosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_folliculitis" title="Fungal folliculitis">Fungal folliculitis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusariosis" title="Fusariosis">Fusariosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_gluteale_infantum" title="Granuloma gluteale infantum">Granuloma gluteale infantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyalohyphomycosis" title="Hyalohyphomycosis">Hyalohyphomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomycosis" title="Otomycosis">Otomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratomycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratomycosis">Keratomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeohyphomycosis" title="Phaeohyphomycosis">Phaeohyphomycosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2886899#identifiers" title="Edit this 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