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<li id="toc-Algeciras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algeciras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Algeciras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algeciras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phases_of_the_siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phases_of_the_siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phases of the siege</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phases_of_the_siege-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phases of the siege subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phases_of_the_siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opening_moves:_August_–_October_1342" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening_moves:_August_–_October_1342"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Opening moves: August – October 1342</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_moves:_August_–_October_1342-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_winter:_November_1342_–_April_1343" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_winter:_November_1342_–_April_1343"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First winter: November 1342 – April 1343</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_winter:_November_1342_–_April_1343-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Both_sides_receive_reinforcements:_May_–_September_1343" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Both_sides_receive_reinforcements:_May_–_September_1343"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Both sides receive reinforcements: May – September 1343</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Both_sides_receive_reinforcements:_May_–_September_1343-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moroccan_troops_cross_the_strait:_October_–_November_1343" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moroccan_troops_cross_the_strait:_October_–_November_1343"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Moroccan troops cross the strait: October – November 1343</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moroccan_troops_cross_the_strait:_October_–_November_1343-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_River_Palmones:_December_1343" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_River_Palmones:_December_1343"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Battle of the River Palmones: December 1343</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_River_Palmones:_December_1343-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blockade_and_capitulation:_January_–_March_1344" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blockade_and_capitulation:_January_–_March_1344"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Blockade and capitulation: January – March 1344</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blockade_and_capitulation:_January_–_March_1344-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Algeciras (1342–1344)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_(1342)" title="حصار الجزيرة الخضراء (1342) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصار الجزيرة الخضراء (1342)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setge_d%27Algesires" title="Setge d'Algesires – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Setge d'Algesires" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio_de_Algeciras_(1342-1344)" title="Sitio de Algeciras (1342-1344) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sitio de Algeciras (1342-1344)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algecirasko_setioa_(1342-1344)" title="Algecirasko setioa (1342-1344) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Algecirasko setioa (1342-1344)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Alg%C3%A9siras_(1342-1344)" title="Siège d'Algésiras (1342-1344) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège d'Algésiras (1342-1344)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)" title="Pengepungan Algeciras (1342–1344) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengepungan Algeciras (1342–1344)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90_(1342-1344)" title="ალხესირასის ალყა (1342-1344) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალხესირასის ალყა (1342-1344)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerco_de_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)" title="Cerco de Algeciras (1342–1344) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerco de Algeciras (1342–1344)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_(1342%E2%80%941344)" title="Осада Альхесираса (1342—1344) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осада Альхесираса (1342—1344)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_(1342%E2%80%941344)" title="Облога Альхесіраса (1342—1344) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Облога Альхесіраса (1342—1344)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°07′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">05°27′14″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.12750°N 5.45389°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.12750; -5.45389</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Castilian siege of the Marinid Empire capital</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Algeciras (1342–1344)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait" title="Battle of the Strait">Battle of the Strait</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Algeciras_satelite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Algeciras_satelite.jpg/240px-Algeciras_satelite.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Algeciras_satelite.jpg/360px-Algeciras_satelite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Algeciras_satelite.jpg/480px-Algeciras_satelite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span><br />Satellite pictures of Algeciras</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>3 August 1342 – 26 March 1344</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&params=36_07_39_N_05_27_14_W_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°07′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">05°27′14″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.12750°N 5.45389°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.12750; -5.45389</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Castillian victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_(1258-1420)_(1554-1659).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Merinid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Merinid Dynasty">Merinid Dynasty</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg/25px-Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg/38px-Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg/50px-Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="222" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Castilla.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Castilla.png/25px-Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Castilla.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Castilla.png/38px-Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Castilla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Castilla.png/50px-Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Castilla.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="949" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Genoa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aragon_Arms-crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Aragon_Arms-crown.svg/25px-Aragon_Arms-crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Aragon_Arms-crown.svg/38px-Aragon_Arms-crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Aragon_Arms-crown.svg/50px-Aragon_Arms-crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1368" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PortugueseFlag1248.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PortugueseFlag1248.svg/23px-PortugueseFlag1248.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PortugueseFlag1248.svg/35px-PortugueseFlag1248.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PortugueseFlag1248.svg/46px-PortugueseFlag1248.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navarre_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Navarre_Arms.svg/25px-Navarre_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Navarre_Arms.svg/38px-Navarre_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Navarre_Arms.svg/50px-Navarre_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1368" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross-Pattee-red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Cross-Pattee-red.svg/25px-Cross-Pattee-red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Cross-Pattee-red.svg/38px-Cross-Pattee-red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Cross-Pattee-red.svg/50px-Cross-Pattee-red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> European <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">crusaders</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_(1258-1420)_(1554-1659).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Othman" title="Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman">Abu al-Hasan Ali</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg/25px-Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg/38px-Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg/50px-Royal_Standard_of_Nasrid_Dynasty_Kingdom_of_Grenade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="222" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_I,_Sultan_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada">Yusuf I</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Castilla.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Castilla.png/22px-Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Castilla.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Castilla.png/33px-Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Castilla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Castilla.png/44px-Estandarte_de_la_Corona_de_Castilla.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="949" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Algeciras is located in Spain"><img alt="Algeciras is located in Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg/220px-Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg/330px-Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg/440px-Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="1355" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.284%;left:30.246%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Algeciras"><img alt="Algeciras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Algeciras</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg" title="File:Spain location map with provinces.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location in Spain</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div 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id="Battles_in_the_Reconquista" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Battles in the <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>8th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Covadonga" title="Battle of Covadonga">Covadonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roncevaux_Pass" title="Battle of Roncevaux Pass">1st Roncevaux Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Burbia_River" title="Battle of the Burbia River">Burbia River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orbieu_River" title="Battle of Orbieu River">Orbieu River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lutos" title="Battle of Lutos">Lutos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Babias" title="Battle of Las Babias">Las Babias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_Quir%C3%B3s" title="Battle of Río Quirós">Río Quirós</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Oviedo" title="Capture of Oviedo">Oviedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Lisbon_(798)" title="Sack of Lisbon (798)">1st Lisbon</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>9th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Barcelona_(801)" title="Siege of Barcelona (801)">1st Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tortosa_(808%E2%80%93809)" title="Siege of Tortosa (808–809)">1st Tortosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pancorbo_(816)" title="Battle of Pancorbo (816)">Pancorbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roncevaux_Pass_(824)" title="Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824)">2nd Roncevaux Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clavijo" title="Battle of Clavijo">Clavijo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albelda_(851)" title="Battle of Albelda (851)">Albelda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalacete" title="Battle of Guadalacete">Guadalacete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Laturce" title="Battle of Monte Laturce">Monte Laturce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Morcuera" title="Battle of the Morcuera">Morcuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Polvoraria" title="Battle of Polvoraria">Polvoraria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Cellorigo" title="First Battle of Cellorigo">1st Cellorigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cellorigo" title="Second Battle of Cellorigo">2nd Cellorigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_of_897_against_Barcelona" title="Raid of 897 against Barcelona">2nd Barcelona</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>10th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Zamora" title="Day of Zamora">Day of Zamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Majorca" title="Muslim conquest of Majorca">1st Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_of_904_in_Pallars_and_Ribagorza" title="Raid of 904 in Pallars and Ribagorza">Pallars and Ribagorza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Esteban_de_Gormaz_(917)" title="Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz (917)">1st San Esteban de Gormaz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_San_Esteban_de_Gormaz_(919)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz (919) (page does not exist)">2nd San Esteban de Gormaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valdejunquera" title="Battle of Valdejunquera">Valdejunquera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toledo_(930%E2%80%9332)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toledo (930–32)">1st Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alhandic" title="Battle of Alhandic">Alhandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Simancas" title="Battle of Simancas">Simancas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Estercuel" title="Battle of Estercuel">Estercuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torrevicente" title="Battle of Torrevicente">Torrevicente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rueda" title="Battle of Rueda">Rueda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Barcelona_(985)" title="Sack of Barcelona (985)">3rd Barcelona</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>11th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cervera" title="Battle of Cervera">Cervera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calata%C3%B1azor" title="Battle of Calatañazor">Calatañazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tor%C3%A0" title="Battle of Torà">Torà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albesa" title="Battle of Albesa">Albesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aqbat_al-Bakr" title="Battle of Aqbat al-Bakr">Aqbat al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graus" title="Battle of Graus">Graus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coimbra_(1064)" title="Siege of Coimbra (1064)">Coimbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Barbastro" title="Crusade of Barbastro">Barbastro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paterna" title="Battle of Paterna">Paterna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Llantada" title="Battle of Llantada">Llantada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golpejera" title="Battle of Golpejera">Golpejera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cabra" title="Battle of Cabra">Cabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piedra_Pisada" title="Battle of Piedra Pisada">Piedra Pisada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morella" title="Battle of Morella">Morella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toledo_(1085)" title="Siege of Toledo (1085)">2nd Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1086)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1086) (page does not exist)">1st Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sagrajas" title="Battle of Sagrajas">Sagrajas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tudela" title="Siege of Tudela">Tudela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_T%C3%A9var&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tévar (page does not exist)">Tévar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aledo" title="Siege of Aledo">Aledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toledo_(1090)" title="Siege of Toledo (1090)">3rd Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Almod%C3%B3var_del_R%C3%ADo_(1091)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Almodóvar del Río (1091) (page does not exist)">Almodóvar del Río</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1092%E2%80%931094)" title="Siege of Valencia (1092–1094)">1st Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cuarte" title="Battle of Cuarte">Quart de Poblet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Lisbon_(1093)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Lisbon (1093) (page does not exist)">2nd Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alcoraz" title="Battle of Alcoraz">Alcoraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bair%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bairén">Bairén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Consuegra" title="Battle of Consuegra">Consuegra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Toledo_(1099)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Toledo (1099) (page does not exist)">4th Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Toledo_(1100)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Toledo (1100) (page does not exist)">5th Toledo</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>12th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Valencia_(1101%E2%80%931102)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Valencia (1101–1102) (page does not exist)">2nd Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mollerussa" title="Battle of Mollerussa">Mollerussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Balaguer" title="Conquest of Balaguer">Balaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ucl%C3%A9s_(1108)" title="Battle of Uclés (1108)">Uclés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Crusade#In_mainland_Iberia_(1108-09)" title="Norwegian Crusade">Norwegian raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lisbon_(1109)" title="Siege of Lisbon (1109)">3rd Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Talavera_de_la_Reina_(1109)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occupation of Talavera de la Reina (1109) (page does not exist)">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formentera_(1109)" title="Battle of Formentera (1109)">Formentera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ibiza_(1109)" title="Battle of Ibiza (1109)">Ibiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Crusade#In_the_Balearics_(1109)" title="Norwegian Crusade">1st Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Toledo_(1110)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Toledo (1110) (page does not exist)">6th Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Candespina" title="Battle of Candespina">Candespina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vatalandi" title="Battle of Vatalandi">Vatalandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Santar%C3%A9m_(1111)" title="Capture of Santarém (1111)">1st Santarém</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1113%E2%80%931115_Balearic_Islands_expedition" title="1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition">2nd Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martorell_(1114)" title="Battle of Martorell (1114)">Martorell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coimbra_(1117)" title="Siege of Coimbra (1117)">Coimbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Zaragoza_(1118)" title="Conquest of Zaragoza (1118)">2nd Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cutanda" title="Battle of Cutanda">Cutanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lleida_(1122%E2%80%931123)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Lleida (1122–1123) (page does not exist)">1st Lleida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_campaign_(1125%E2%80%931126)" title="Granada campaign (1125–1126)">1st Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbins" title="Battle of Corbins">Corbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alcal%C3%A1_(1129)" title="Battle of Alcalá (1129)">Alcalá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_(1130)" title="Battle of Valencia (1130)">3rd Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aceca" title="Capture of Aceca">Aceca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badajoz_(1134)" title="Battle of Badajoz (1134)">1st Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fraga" title="Battle of Fraga">Fraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Leiria_(1137)" title="Capture of Leiria (1137)">Leiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coria_(1138)" title="Siege of Coria (1138)">1st Coria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ourique" title="Battle of Ourique">Ourique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oreja" title="Siege of Oreja">Oreja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trancoso_(1140)" title="Battle of Trancoso (1140)">Trancoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coria_(1142)" title="Siege of Coria (1142)">2nd Coria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lisbon_(1142)" title="Siege of Lisbon (1142)">4th Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montiel_(1143)" title="Battle of Montiel (1143)">1st Montiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Soure_(1144)" title="Capture of Soure (1144)">Soure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albacete" title="Battle of Albacete">Albacete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almer%C3%ADa_(1147)" title="Siege of Almería (1147)">1st Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_al-Ludjdj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of al-Ludjdj (page does not exist)">Al-Ludjdj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Santar%C3%A9m" title="Conquest of Santarém">2nd Santarém</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacav%C3%A9m" title="Battle of Sacavém">Sacavém</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lisbon" title="Siege of Lisbon">5th Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacav%C3%A9m" title="Battle of Sacavém">Sacavém</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tortosa_(1148)" title="Siege of Tortosa (1148)">2nd Tortosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lleida_(1149)" title="Siege of Lleida (1149)">2nd Lleida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almer%C3%ADa_(1157)" title="Siege of Almería (1157)">2nd Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_do_Sal_(1161)" title="Battle of Alcácer do Sal (1161)">1st Alcácer do Sal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palmela" title="Battle of Palmela">Palmela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_%C3%89vora" title="Conquest of Évora">1st Évora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1169)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1169)">2nd Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Juromenha" title="Capture of Juromenha">Juromenha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santar%C3%A9m_(1171)" title="Siege of Santarém (1171)">3rd Santarém</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Christian%E2%80%93Muslim_War_of_1172%E2%80%931212" title="Spanish Christian–Muslim War of 1172–1212">Central Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_Tarragona_(1174)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conquest of Tarragona (1174) (page does not exist)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Cuenca" title="Conquest of Cuenca">Cuenca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calatrava" title="Battle of Calatrava">Calatrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Triana_Raid" title="Great Triana Raid">2nd Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Abrantes" title="Siege of Abrantes">Abrantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%C3%89vora_(1181)" title="Siege of Évora (1181)">2nd Évora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santar%C3%A9m_(1184)" title="Siege of Santarém (1184)">4th Santarém</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvor_massacre" title="Alvor massacre">Alvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Silves_(1189)" title="Siege of Silves (1189)">1st Silves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Silves_(1190)" title="Siege of Silves (1190)">2nd Silves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tomar" title="Siege of Tomar">Tomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_do_Sal_(1191)" title="Siege of Alcácer do Sal (1191)">2nd Alcácer do Sal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Silves_(1191)" title="Siege of Silves (1191)">2nd Silves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alarcos" title="Battle of Alarcos">Alarcos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Talamanca_(1196)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sack of Talamanca (1196) (page does not exist)">Talamanca</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>13th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Al-D%C4%81m%C5%ABs" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Al-Dāmūs">Al-Dāmūs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Las Navas de Tolosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_do_Sal" title="Siege of Alcácer do Sal">3rd Alcácer do Sal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ja%C3%A9n_(1225)" title="Siege of Jaén (1225)">1st Jaén</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pen%C3%ADscola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Peníscola (page does not exist)">Peníscola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aragonese_expedition_to_Andalusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aragonese expedition to Andalusia (page does not exist)">Aragonese raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Majorca" title="Conquest of Majorca"> 2nd Majorca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Portop%C3%AD" title="Battle of Portopí">Portopí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Art%C3%A0" title="Siege of Artà">Artà</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ja%C3%A9n_(1230)" title="Siege of Jaén (1230)">2nd Jaén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerez" title="Battle of Jerez">1st Jerez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_Ares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conquest of Ares (page does not exist)">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burriana" title="Siege of Burriana">Burriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(1236)" title="Siege of Córdoba (1236)">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Puig" title="Battle of the Puig">El Puig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1238)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Valencia (1238)">4th Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Conquest_of_Algarve" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Conquest of Algarve">Algarve</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_X%C3%A0tiva_(1239)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Xàtiva (1239) (page does not exist)">1st Xàtiva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_X%C3%A0tiva_(1240)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Xàtiva (1240) (page does not exist)">2nd Xàtiva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Biar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Biar (page does not exist)">Biar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ja%C3%A9n_(1245%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jaén (1245–46)">3rd Jaén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seville" title="Siege of Seville">3rd Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Faro_(1249)" title="Siege of Faro (1249)">Faro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerez_(1261)" title="Siege of Jerez (1261)">2nd Jerez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_revolt_of_1264%E2%80%931266" title="Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266">Mudéjar revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerez_(1264)" title="Siege of Jerez (1264)">3rd Jerez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Murcia_(1265%E2%80%9366)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Murcia (1265–66)">1st Murcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%89cija_(1275)" title="Battle of Écija (1275)">Écija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martos" title="Battle of Martos">Martos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merinid_campaign_of_Andalusia_(1277-1278)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merinid campaign of Andalusia (1277-1278) (page does not exist)">Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Algeciras_(1278)" title="Battle of Algeciras (1278)">1st Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Algeciras_(1278)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Algeciras (1278)">2nd Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mocl%C3%ADn_(1280)" title="Battle of Moclín (1280)">Moclín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iznalloz" title="Battle of Iznalloz">Iznalloz</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>14th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="First siege of Gibraltar">1st Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Algeciras_(1309)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Algeciras (1309)">3rd Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almer%C3%ADa_(1309)" title="Siege of Almería (1309)">3rd Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Second siege of Gibraltar">2nd Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vega_of_Granada" title="Battle of the Vega of Granada">Vega de Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1320)">Shepherds' Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teba" title="Battle of Teba">Teba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Third siege of Gibraltar">3rd Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Fourth siege of Gibraltar">4th Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vega_de_Pagana" title="Battle of Vega de Pagana">Vega de Pagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Getares" title="Battle of Getares">Getares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_Salado" title="Battle of Río Salado">Río Salado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Estepona" title="Battle of Estepona">Estepona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalmes%C3%AD" title="Battle of Guadalmesí">Guadalmesí</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">4th Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Fifth siege of Gibraltar">5th Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Linuesa" title="Battle of Linuesa">Linuesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadix" title="Battle of Guadix">Guadix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montiel" title="Battle of Montiel">2nd Montiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Algeciras_(1369)" title="Siege of Algeciras (1369)">5th Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrid_raid_on_Murcia_(1392)" title="Nasrid raid on Murcia (1392)">2nd Murcia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>15th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Collejares" title="Battle of Collejares">Collejares</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Antequera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Antequera (page does not exist)">Antequera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Sixth siege of Gibraltar">6th Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Higueruela" title="Battle of La Higueruela">La Higueruela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Seventh siege of Gibraltar">7th Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Alporchones" title="Battle of Los Alporchones">Los Alporchones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Eighth siege of Gibraltar">8th Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Ninth siege of Gibraltar">9th Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">2nd Granada campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lucena" title="Battle of Lucena">Lucena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_M%C3%A1laga_(1487)" title="Siege of Málaga (1487)">Málaga</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Post-Reconquista Rebellions</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras_(1499%E2%80%931501)" title="Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501)">1st Alpujarras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras_(1568%E2%80%931571)" title="Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)">2nd Alpujarras</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>North Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Battle of Salé">Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait" title="Battle of the Strait">Strait</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceuta_(1309)" title="Battle of Ceuta (1309)">1st Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceuta_(1339)" title="Battle of Ceuta (1339)">2nd Ceuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Ceuta">3nd Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_T%C3%A9touan_(1399)" title="Sack of Tétouan (1399)">Tétouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ceuta_(1419)" title="Siege of Ceuta (1419)">4nd Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1437)" title="Battle of Tangier (1437)">1st Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Asilah" title="Conquest of Asilah">Asilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Melilla" title="Conquest of Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Tangier" title="Portuguese conquest of Tangier">2nd Tangier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>siege of Algeciras (1342–1344)</b> was undertaken during the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquest of Spain</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castillian</a> forces of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI</a> assisted by the fleets of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>. The objective was to capture the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> city of Al-Jazeera Al-Khadra, called <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a> by Christians. The city was the capital and the main port of the European territory of the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Empire">Marinid Empire</a>. </p><p>The siege lasted for twenty one months. The population of the city, about 30,000 people including civilians and <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> soldiers, suffered from a land and sea blockade that prevented the entry of food into the city. The <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a> sent an army to relieve the city, but it was defeated beside the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Palmones" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Palmones">Río Palmones</a>. Following this, on 26 March 1344 the city surrendered and was incorporated into the Crown of Castile. This was one of the first military engagements in Europe where <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> was used. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the remarkable significance of the siege and fall of Algeciras, there are few contemporary written sources that recount the events. The most important work is the <i>Chronicle of Alfonso XI</i>, which tells the main events of the reign of King Alfonso XI, and whose chapters describing the siege of Algeciras were written by the royal scribes in the Christian camp. This book recounts in detail the events as seen from outside the city, devoting a chapter to each month. Other Castillian works are the <i>Poem of Alfonso Onceno</i>, called the "rhyming chronicle", written by Rodrigo Yáñez, and the <i>Letters of Mateo Merced, Vice Admiral of Aragon</i>, with a report to his king on the entry of the troops into the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarifa_y_el_Poema_de_Alfonso_XI_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarifa_y_el_Poema_de_Alfonso_XI-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez_Rosado2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez_Rosado2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of these sources tell of the siege of the city from the perspective of the besiegers. No accounts of the events as seen from inside the city have survived to modern times. There is a total absence of Muslim sources, perhaps because of the absence of good writers in the city or perhaps due to a desire not to dwell on the loss of such an important city. Translations of some of the few Arabic texts that refer indirectly to the loss of the city are all that is available to cover this aspect of the history of the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra20055_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra20055-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moorish_threat_to_Castile">Moorish threat to Castile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Moorish threat to Castile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Algeciras was formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a>. In 1329 the city was taken over by the King of Morocco, who made it the capital of his European domains. Forces from Granada and Morocco recovered the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> in 1333. In 1338 Abd-Al-Malik, son of the king of Morocco and ruler of Algeciras and <a href="/wiki/Ronda" title="Ronda">Ronda</a>, launched raids against the Castilian territories in the south of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. In one of these raids he was killed by Castilian soldiers and his body taken back to Algeciras, where it was buried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndalucia_entre_Oriente_y_Occidente108_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndalucia_entre_Oriente_y_Occidente108-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abd-Al-Malik's father <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Othman" title="Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman">Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman</a> crossed the strait in 1340, defeated a Spanish fleet and landed in the city. On the grave of his son he swore to defeat the Castilian king. He first went to the town of <a href="/wiki/Tarifa" title="Tarifa">Tarifa</a>, to which he laid siege. King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI of Castile</a>, overwhelmed by the incursions of the new North African force and the possibility of losing the city of Tarifa, gathered an army with the help of King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_IV_of_Portugal" title="Afonso IV of Portugal">Afonso IV of Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860144_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero1860144-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two armies, Castilian-Portuguese and Moroccan-Granadan, clashed near Tarifa's <a href="/wiki/Los_Lances_beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Lances beach">Los Lances beach</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_Salado" title="Battle of Río Salado">Battle of Río Salado</a> (30 October 1340). The defeat of the Muslims in this battle encouraged Alfonso XI and convinced him of the need to take the city of Algeciras, since it was the main port of entry of troops from Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001199_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001199-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparations">Preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estrecho_arabe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Estrecho_arabe.jpg/240px-Estrecho_arabe.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Estrecho_arabe.jpg/360px-Estrecho_arabe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Estrecho_arabe.jpg/480px-Estrecho_arabe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Strait of Gibraltar during the Siege of Algeciras</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_Near_Algeciras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tower_Near_Algeciras.jpg/240px-Tower_Near_Algeciras.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tower_Near_Algeciras.jpg/360px-Tower_Near_Algeciras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tower_Near_Algeciras.jpg/480px-Tower_Near_Algeciras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Torre_de_los_Adalides" title="Torre de los Adalides">Torre de los Adalides</a> (Tower of the Champions)</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in 1341, Alfonso XI began to prepare the necessary troops to lay siege to the city. He ordered construction of several ships and secured the services of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> fleet of <a href="/wiki/Egidio_Boccanegra" title="Egidio Boccanegra">Egidio Boccanegra</a> and squadrons from Portugal and Aragon. On land, besides his Castilian troops and troops from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, there were many European crusaders, and he was supported by the kings of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantacana_y_Mensayas190150_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantacana_y_Mensayas190150-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign was financed by extending the <i>alcabala</i> tax on bread, wine, fish, and clothing to include sales of all goods. The courts of <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain" title="León, Spain">León</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81vila,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ávila, Spain">Ávila</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zamora,_Spain" title="Zamora, Spain">Zamora</a> were called in 1342 to approve the new tax.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011243_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011243-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alfonso XI met with the Portuguese Admiral Carlos Pessanha in <a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">El Puerto de Santa María</a> and heard from Pero de Montada, Admiral of the Aragon squadron, that it was heading for Algeciras. He then left for <a href="/wiki/Playa_de_Getares" title="Playa de Getares">Getares Cove</a>, just 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the city, to check the status of the galleys at his disposal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno487_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno487-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno489_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno489-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his arrival at Getares, Pero de Montada informed the king that he had intercepted several ships carrying food to the city, and that the galleys of Portugal and Genoa had engaged eighty Moorish galleys in combat, captured twenty-six of them and forced the others to take refuge in African ports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860149_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero1860149-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Castilian knights, this was the time to encircle the city, since it should have limited supplies. The king, however, felt he still had too few troops in place. Most of his forces were in <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez de la Frontera</a> awaiting his orders, while the troops defending Algeciras had already been warned of their arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno490_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno490-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The king returned to Jerez, assembled his council and informed them of the state of the city. He sent orders to the admirals at Getares to intercept any boats trying to supply the city and to try to capture some Algecireño who could inform them about the condition of the two towns. He also sent orders to his <a href="/wiki/Almogavars" title="Almogavars">almogavars</a> to do the same on land. The king's knights advised him about the best places to establish the main base where the King and nobles would live, and the vulnerable points where they could do most damage to the city's defenses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno492_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno492-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only needed to move troops to Algeciras, build bridges over the <a href="/wiki/Barbate_(river)" title="Barbate (river)">Barbate River</a> and over a stream near Jerez, and send ships to the <a href="/wiki/Guadalete" title="Guadalete">Guadalete</a> River to carry food for the troops. </p><p>On 25 July 1342 Alfonso XI left Jerez accompanied by his troops and the officials and knights who were to assist him in the siege of Algeciras. These included the Archbishop of Toledo, the Bishop of Cádiz, the Master of Santiago, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Alonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Coronel" title="Juan Alonso Pérez de Guzmán y Coronel">Juan Alonso Pérez de Guzmán y Coronel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pero_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pero Ponce de León (page does not exist)">Pero Ponce de León</a>, Joan Núñez, Master of Calatrava, Nuño Chamizo, Master of Alcántara, Fray Alfonso Ortiz Calderón, Prior of San Juan, and the councils of <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Cordoba</a>, Jerez, <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cija" title="Écija">Écija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmona,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmona, Andalusia">Carmona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niebla,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Niebla, Andalusia">Niebla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno493_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno493-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 August the Castilian troops and their allies arrived at Getares, comprising a force of 1,600 mounted soldiers and 4,000 archers and lancers. The troops and squadrons of Aragon, Genoa, and Castile took their positions. </p><p>On 3 August the headquarters were established on a knoll to the north of Algeciras. The king lived in the tower there in the early months of the siege surrounded by the knights and nobles who accompanied him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra200512_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra200512-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Torre_de_los_Adalides" title="Torre de los Adalides">Torre de los Adalides</a></i> (Tower of the Champions), named for that time, gave an excellent view of the Muslim city and of the roads that communicate with Gibraltar and eastern Andalusia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno494_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno494-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algeciras">Algeciras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Algeciras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlgecirasArabe2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AlgecirasArabe2.jpg/250px-AlgecirasArabe2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AlgecirasArabe2.jpg/375px-AlgecirasArabe2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AlgecirasArabe2.jpg/500px-AlgecirasArabe2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>Location of the Algeciras Villas. North is to the right.</figcaption></figure> <p>Al-Jazeera Al-Khadra was the first city founded by Muslims when they arrived in the Iberian peninsula in 711. In the fourteenth century the city was two separate towns with their own walls and defenses. Between the two towns was the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Miel" title="Río de la Miel">Río de la Miel</a>. The river mouth formed a wide inlet which acted as a natural harbor protected by the Isla Verde ("green island"), which the Muslims called Yazirat Umm Al-Hakim. The north town, Al-Madina, called Villa Vieja ("old town") by the Spaniards, was the older of the two and was founded in 711. It was surrounded by a wall with towers and a deep moat protected by a <a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">barbican</a> and a parapet. The entrance to the Villa Vieja from the Gibraltar road was protected by a massive gateway called the Fonsario, near the main city cemetery. This entrance was the weakest point of the defensive works and therefore the best defended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra200511_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra200511-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The south town, Al-Binya, called Villa Nueva ("new town") by the Spaniards, was built by the Marinids of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_ibn_Abd_Al-Haqq" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq">Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq</a> in 1285. It was on a plateau that had once held the industrial neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Iulia_Traducta" title="Iulia Traducta">Iulia Traducta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> Algeciras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra2005_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The steepness of its perimeter helped its defense, so it was not necessary to build such strong defenses as those of the Villa Vieja. The Villa Nueva housed the fortress and the troops who had been established in the city. Algeciras had about eight hundred horsemen and twelve thousand crossbowmen and archers, with a total population of thirty thousand people, according to information from captives given to the King of Castile in the early days of the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno496_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno496-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phases_of_the_siege">Phases of the siege</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phases of the siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening_moves:_August_–_October_1342"><span id="Opening_moves:_August_.E2.80.93_October_1342"></span>Opening moves: August – October 1342</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Opening moves: August – October 1342"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algeciras_Arabe_grande6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Algeciras_Arabe_grande6.jpg/300px-Algeciras_Arabe_grande6.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Algeciras_Arabe_grande6.jpg/450px-Algeciras_Arabe_grande6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Algeciras_Arabe_grande6.jpg/600px-Algeciras_Arabe_grande6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>Major structures and places named in the text</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algeciras_Sitio_de_Alfonso_XI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Algeciras_Sitio_de_Alfonso_XI.jpg/300px-Algeciras_Sitio_de_Alfonso_XI.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Algeciras_Sitio_de_Alfonso_XI.jpg/450px-Algeciras_Sitio_de_Alfonso_XI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Algeciras_Sitio_de_Alfonso_XI.jpg/600px-Algeciras_Sitio_de_Alfonso_XI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>Location of King Alfonso XI during the siege, and of his troops</figcaption></figure> <p>From 3 August 1342, after the main camp had been established, the king of Castile commanded the Royal Engineers to study the places where troops were to be positioned. The main aim was to prevent the departure of troops from the city and the entry of reinforcements from the Tarifa and Gibraltar roads. Algeciras was to fall from hunger rather than by force of arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno497_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno497-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There followed a period of skirmishing between the two armies. One day as dawn broke a force of three hundred cavalry and a thousand foot sallied out from Algeciras towards a section of the siege lines occupied by the Master of Santiago, Juan Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, Pero Ponce de León, and the Seville contingent. While the Christians prepared to meet this attack, a visiting German count accompanied by six fellow countrymen rode forward without waiting for the others. Seeing the Moors fall back, the foreigners charged in pursuit and, falling for the Moorish stratagem, the handful of knights was almost overwhelmed as the retreating defenders counterattacked. The count was killed and his companions were only saved by the arrival of their Spanish allies who drove the Moors back into the city, under a hail of arrows from the ramparts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno497_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno497-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the king had seen the damage that could be done, in the next few days he had a trench dug around the Villa Vieja from the Río de la Miel to the sea to prevent attacks from the city. Shelters were built next to the trenches and soldiers were posted at regular intervals to stand guard at night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king moved his headquarters closer to the city and sent several of his men to conquer the Cartagena Tower in the city of <a href="/wiki/Carteia" title="Carteia">Carteia</a>, from where they could observe the movements of the Marinids of Gibraltar. </p><p>With war between <a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon" title="Peter IV of Aragon">Peter IV of Aragon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a> imminent, the Aragonese fleet left the siege in September 1342.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011196_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011196-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siege engines were sent to a position near the northwest gate of the city, where two great towers prevented attack and protected the defenders. During construction of these machines, several of the defenders attacked from the Puerta de Xerez to prevent placement of the engines. The Algecireños' strategy was to provoke the besiegers into coming closer to the walls. This technique, with which they had killed the Count of Lous, was not known to the Christian knights unaccustomed to the border war, and many men died during the early months of the siege. In the raid on the siege towers, the king's <a href="/wiki/Equerry" title="Equerry">equerry</a> Joan Niño died, as did the Master of Santiago<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno502_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno502-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The siege dragged on, and the King of Castile sent several of his men to seek help in order to maintain the siege. The Archbishop of Toledo was sent to meet with the King of France while the Prior of St. Joan went to call on <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a>, who had just been installed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno504_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno504-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The besiegers had more problems than they had expected at the start of the siege. During the first days of October there was a huge storm. The camp in the northwest was sited in a traditionally flooded area, and turned into a swamp. The defenders took advantage of the confusion created by the storm to attack during the night, causing extensive damage. Floods in the camp and in the encircling lines required the headquarters and the larger part of the troops to move to the mouth of the river Palmones, where they spent the remainder of October 1342. Soon after the main Christian camp had moved, the Algecireños gathered all their forces in the Villa Vieja to make a desperate attack against their besiegers. The Muslim knights were able to reach the newly established Christian camp and kill many Christian knights including Gutier Díaz de Sandoval and Lope Fernández de Villagrand, vassals of Joan Núñez and Ruy Sánchez de Rojas, vassal of the Master of Santiago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalazar_y_Castro1697203_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalazar_y_Castro1697203-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_winter:_November_1342_–_April_1343"><span id="First_winter:_November_1342_.E2.80.93_April_1343"></span>First winter: November 1342 – April 1343</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First winter: November 1342 – April 1343"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bola%C3%B1os.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bola%C3%B1os.jpg/240px-Bola%C3%B1os.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bola%C3%B1os.jpg/360px-Bola%C3%B1os.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bola%C3%B1os.jpg/480px-Bola%C3%B1os.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1387" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><i>bolaños</i>, stone projectiles used during the 1342 siege, from a preserved section of the city's Marinid walls</figcaption></figure> <p>The situation deteriorated gradually in both the city and the besieging camp. Food was scarce in the Christian camp after the flooding and the crowd of troops and animals in unsanitary conditions caused the spread of diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERojas_Gabriel1972887_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERojas_Gabriel1972887-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November, Peter IV of Aragon sent ten galleys commanded by Mateu Mercer to meet his treaty obligation. The Portuguese king <a href="/wiki/Afonso_IV_of_Portugal" title="Afonso IV of Portugal">Afonso IV</a> sent another ten galleys under Admiral Carlos Pessanha, but they stayed for only three weeks, and their departure boosted the morale of the defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011196_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011196-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Castilian forces continued to have difficulty maintaining an adequate fleet for supply and offense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011197_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011197-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Algeciras grew short of food due to the sea blockade. </p><p>During the first months of siege the Spaniards continued to launch rocks at the walls of the city, while the defenders tried to cause losses in direct combat or with weapons such as <a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">ballistae</a>, which could shoot large projectiles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1342, troops sent by the councils of Castile and <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a> reached the Christian camp, and with them the siege became tighter. They began to place a large number of Genoese ballistic engines around the city, while the defenders continued to shoot arrows at those installing the machines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno515_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno515-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During January 1343 the continuing struggles in the lines round the city weakened both sides. A large fortified <i>bastida</i>, a wooden tower commanded by Iñigo López de Orozco, was built facing the Puerta del Fonsario, and from this tower missiles could be shot over the city wall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860152_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero1860152-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <i>bastida</i> was soon burned by a force that sallied from the city, but another was built and continued shooting against the city throughout the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva20041.2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva20041.2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_I,_Sultan_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada">Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada</a>, was preparing to send supplies and relief to the city. With the threat of troops from Granada, the attacks escalated against the Puerta del Fonsario in the Villa Vieja, the weakest point but also the best defended. In front of it Alfonso XI ordered construction of new covered trenches, which allowed approach to the city walls to place siege engines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Algeciras, meanwhile, the defenders fired iron projectiles from primitive gunpowder <a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">bombards</a>, which caused extensive damage. These are said to have been the first pieces of artillery with gunpowder to be used in the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.4_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trenches continued to be built around the city until they surrounded the entire perimeter by March 1343. Behind the trenches were earthen banks, and on these wooden walls were erected to protect the besieging soldiers, with strong towers erected at intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">Trebuchets</a> in the Castilian camp hurled large numbers of stone balls, or <i>bolaños</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.3_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trebuchets had a maximum range of 300 metres (980 ft), and were vulnerable to parties of besiegers that were able to cross the trenches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERojas_Gabriel1972883_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERojas_Gabriel1972883-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So many <i>bolaños</i> were launched during the siege that in 1487 King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> sent an expedition to the ruins of Algeciras to retrieve them so they could be used again in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_M%C3%A1laga_(1487)" title="Siege of Málaga (1487)">siege of Málaga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrescott1854215_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrescott1854215-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pulgar1780304_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Pulgar1780304-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.3_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reinforcements arrived at the Christian camp from the various councils of Castile, including the knights <a href="/wiki/Juan_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_III_de_Lara" title="Juan Núñez III de Lara">Juan Núñez III de Lara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel,_Prince_of_Villena" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena">Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena</a>. The fresh troops replaced the soldiers who had been injured or were weakened by hunger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860152_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero1860152-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in February 1343, the besiegers began to extend the encircling line to block the sea approaches to the city and thus prevent the arrival of food from Gibraltar. The aim was to block the sea approach to Algeciras with logs connected by chains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boom eventually extended from the Rodeo point to the south of the city to the Isla Verde, and from there to the <a href="/wiki/Playa_de_Los_Ladrillos" title="Playa de Los Ladrillos">Playa de Los Ladrillos</a> to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001203_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001203-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in late March 1343 a storm broke up the boom and the logs were washed on shore, providing a useful supply of wood to the besieged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s2_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Both_sides_receive_reinforcements:_May_–_September_1343"><span id="Both_sides_receive_reinforcements:_May_.E2.80.93_September_1343"></span>Both sides receive reinforcements: May – September 1343</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Both sides receive reinforcements: May – September 1343"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torrelamirante.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Torrelamirante.JPG/240px-Torrelamirante.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Torrelamirante.JPG/360px-Torrelamirante.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Torrelamirante.JPG/480px-Torrelamirante.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Torre_del_Almirante" title="Torre del Almirante">Torre del Almirante</a>, residence during the siege of <a href="/wiki/Egidio_Boccanegra" title="Egidio Boccanegra">Egidio Boccanegra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1343 a large army under the Sultan of Granada passed the <a href="/wiki/Guadiaro_(river)" title="Guadiaro (river)">Guadiaro</a> River and approached the city. Alfonso XI sent for his knights to see how they could deal with this new threat. He sent letters informing Granada he would lift the siege of the city if it paid him tribute. The Sultan of Granada offered a truce, but it was not enough for the Castilians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno542_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno542-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same month saw the arrival of numerous European knights: from England came the earls of <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster">Derby</a> and of <a href="/wiki/William_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury">Salisbury</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1873165_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1873165-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Germany came Count Bous; from France came <a href="/wiki/Gaston_II,_Count_of_Foix" title="Gaston II, Count of Foix">Gaston II, Count of Foix</a>, and his brother Roger-Bernard, Viscount of Castelbon, and King <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Navarre" title="Philip III of Navarre">Philip III of Navarre</a> with supplies and troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860153_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero1860153-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The troops of Granada held their position, waiting for the right moment to approach the city. During the months of June and July the situation remained unchanged. More fortified siege towers and trenches were built as fighting continued around the city. The defenders used ballistae, engines that were probably similar to catapults, and the "thunders", as the new gunpowder bombards were called by the Muslims, causing major damage to the siege forces and mainly targeting the siege towers and trenches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva1987248_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva1987248-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1343, while negotiations were continuing between Castile and Granada, news arrived that in Morocco King <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Othman" title="Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman">Abu al-Hasan Ali</a> was preparing a fleet to come to the aid of the city. Faced with the imminent entry into the struggle of forces from Granada and Morocco, it became urgent for the Christians to accelerate plans for the conquest of Algeciras. Simultaneously, Alfonso de Castilla heard that the Pope would give the kingdom 20,000 florins to defray the expenses of the campaign, and the King of France through the Archbishop of Toledo, <a href="/wiki/Gil_%C3%81lvarez_Carrillo_de_Albornoz" title="Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz">Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz</a>, would supply 50,000 florins. With this money the Spaniards could pay the Genoese mercenaries, who had long been demanding their pay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno561_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno561-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difficulties of the Christians in the siege and the urgency of battle with Granada and Morocco were known throughout the kingdom. The King of Castile had to pawn his crown and send several of his silver belongings to be melted in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> after a fire reduced the camp's store of flour to ashes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860154_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero1860154-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, Aragon provided new ships to help maintain the siege: the Vice Admiral of Valencia, Jaime Escribano, arrived in mid-August with ten Aragonese galleys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2000440_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2000440-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These boats and another fifteen Castilian ships commanded by Admiral Egidio Boccanegra were sent to <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> to do as much damage as possible to the fleet of the King of Morocco, who was waiting at this port for the arrival of the fleet from Granada to go to Algeciras' aid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno567_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno567-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first encounter, the Christians tried to surprise the Muslim fleet by sending into combat only the fifteen Castilian ships, while the Aragonese ships maneuvered as if preparing to go to the aid of the Moroccans. The strategy would have been expensive to the Moroccans had they not captured a Castilian sailor before the final encounter, who warned them of the ruse. The ships from Ceuta quickly returned to port and the Christian fleet had to return to the Bay of Algeciras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno568_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno568-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his return at the siege, Egidio Boccanegra sent twenty of his ships to wait at Getares, ready to intercept the Moors if they decided to attack the encirclement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moroccan_troops_cross_the_strait:_October_–_November_1343"><span id="Moroccan_troops_cross_the_strait:_October_.E2.80.93_November_1343"></span>Moroccan troops cross the strait: October – November 1343</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Moroccan troops cross the strait: October – November 1343"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puente_merini2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Puente_merini2.jpg/240px-Puente_merini2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Puente_merini2.jpg/360px-Puente_merini2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Puente_merini2.jpg/480px-Puente_merini2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Access bridge to the Fonsario gate</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1343 the Moroccan fleet crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and reached Getares. As soon as the first warning fires of the Christian beacons were seen, forty Castilian and Aragonese ships stationed themselves at the southern entrance of the city, but the boats from North Africa did not head to Algeciras, instead taking shelter in the nearby port of Gibraltar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno589_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno589-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A battle between the galleys threatened to break out. Warned of this, the Genoese squadron began to embark all that belonged to them in order to leave. With all their equipment in their ships, the Admiral Egidio Boccanegra informed the king that if they were not paid four months of arrears for service they would leave the siege. It was already known that the Genoese sailors had been dealing with the Marinids of Gibraltar and Ceuta, and the relations between them were far from hostile. It was feared in the headquarters that, not having been paid, the soldiers of Genoa would help the Muslims in the coming battle, as had happened during the time of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalderón_Ortega2001331_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalderón_Ortega2001331-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The king resolved to pay the soldiers of Genoa from his own resources, and the soldiers decided to continue the siege and remain loyal to the king. An important factor was the loans that Genoese merchants made to the King of Castile during the siege, which allowed him to quell the complaints of his soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2000442_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2000442-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two squadrons did not meet in the bay, but the ships commanded by the Sultan of Morocco docked in the city of Gibraltar, where they left a large number of soldiers: forty thousand infantry and twelve thousand horsemen according to some chroniclers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860156_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero1860156-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November the Sultan of Granada and the Prince of Morocco advanced to the bank of the <a href="/wiki/Palmones_(river)" title="Palmones (river)">Río Palmones</a>. The movement of troops from Gibraltar to the Palmones were protected by a squadron of ships of the Emir of Morocco, which stood in the middle of the bay to prevent the Castilian-Aragonese fleet from landing troops to oppose them. The Castilian command then ordered attempts to set fire to the enemy ships by means of vessels full of flammable material and burning arrows, taking advantage of the strong east wind that was blowing. The Muslims avoided the fire by placing wet sails on deck and using long poles to fend off the enemy ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860156_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero1860156-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Castillian command had been warned of the arrival of the troops by signals to the Tower of Champions. The Islamic army sent a first expeditionary force across the river to reconnoiter the Castilians, which was observed from the tower. Alfonso XI ordered that none of his men attack the Granadans until all their troops had crossed the river. The Muslims also knew the terrain and after an initial inspection and a minor brush with a small group of Christians, returned to their side of the river waiting for news.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno601_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno601-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Granada camp they were in no hurry to start fighting because in a few days they would receive reinforcements from their capital, and could then face the Castilians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_River_Palmones:_December_1343">Battle of the River Palmones: December 1343</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battle of the River Palmones: December 1343"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Palmones.jpg/240px-Palmones.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Palmones.jpg/360px-Palmones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Palmones.jpg/480px-Palmones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Palmones" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Palmones">Río Palmones</a> marshes</figcaption></figure> <p>On 12 December 1343 the raids against the walls of the city were especially strong. The city was using "thunder" to bombard the Christian camp from cannons, while in return the Christians launched many arrows against the defenders. Shortly after dawn the Christian siege weapons made a break in the defenses, and through it an attack was launched on the city, but the besiegers were not able to penetrate. At this point the defenders of Algeciras in panic made smoke signals from the tower of the main mosque of the city indicating that the situation was untenable. At the camp of Granada they saw the signals, heard the noise, and understood that the city was being attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELafuente_Alcántara1852391_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELafuente_Alcántara1852391-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moorish troops from Gibraltar were quickly mobilized to join those who were in combat formation beside the Río Palmones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno609_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno609-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the Tower of the Champions, Alfonso XI directed his army to form. Don Joan Núñez was placed at the place where the river could be crossed near the mountains. Muslim troops that passed the ford had to battle the Spaniards, and were overwhelmed by the large numbers of troops that had come from the tower. Under the command of the King, all the Christian troops crossed the river and pursued the Moorish forces in their retreat. The Muslim cavalry were soon badly depleted. The Moors fled in disorder, ignoring orders to withdraw to Gibraltar. Many fled to the mountains of Algeciras, others towards the Almoraima tower, pursued by the Castilians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860158_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero1860158-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The allied forces of Granada and Morocco had been defeated, but Río Palmones marshes contained many corpses from both sides. It was not a total defeat and there was a possibility that the Muslims would reorganize their troops. The Christians needed the city to fall soon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860158_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero1860158-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blockade_and_capitulation:_January_–_March_1344"><span id="Blockade_and_capitulation:_January_.E2.80.93_March_1344"></span>Blockade and capitulation: January – March 1344</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Blockade and capitulation: January – March 1344"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfonso_XI,_king_of_Leon_and_Castile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alfonso_XI%2C_king_of_Leon_and_Castile.jpg/240px-Alfonso_XI%2C_king_of_Leon_and_Castile.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alfonso_XI%2C_king_of_Leon_and_Castile.jpg/360px-Alfonso_XI%2C_king_of_Leon_and_Castile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alfonso_XI%2C_king_of_Leon_and_Castile.jpg/480px-Alfonso_XI%2C_king_of_Leon_and_Castile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI of Castile</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the disastrous battle of the river Palmones, the sultan of Granada wanted to prepare a second attack on the Christian hosts, but the morale of the troops was low. The emissary of the Moroccan Sultan convinced him to try to resolve the conflict with the King of Castile by a peace treaty, and a letter was sent to the Christians at Algeciras offering a truce, but Alfonso XI did not want peace on any terms other than that the city became part of his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELafuente_Alcántara1852391_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELafuente_Alcántara1852391-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1344 Alfonso decided to restore the naval boom, since the blockade was often violated by small boats from Gibraltar. The new barrier was formed by strong ropes supported by floating barrels, maintained in position by ship masts weighted at one end with millstones and with the other end protruding several meters from the sea surface.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s2_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Installation of the barrier took two months, during which there was continued violation by small boats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva1987252_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva1987252-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January the Muslims sent a ship loaded with provisions, but it was captured before it could reach the city. Another attempt in February was successful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'CallaghanKagayVann1998160_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'CallaghanKagayVann1998160-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 February five boats reached Algeciras with provisions. The passage of boats into the city of Algeciras was definitely cut off in early March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s2_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was now only a matter of time before hunger forced the city to capitulate or to offer a satisfactory agreement to the besiegers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva1987252_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva1987252-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By March, the situation in the city was desperate. There was no bread or any other food for its people, and only enough defenders to cover part of the wall. On Sunday 2 March Hazán Algarrafe, sent by the King of Granada, arrived with news for the King of Castile: the King of Granada was prepared to surrender the city. His conditions were simple: all who remained in the city should be allowed to leave under the protection of Alfonso XI with all their belongings; there would be a fifteen-year truce between Castile and the Moorish kingdoms; Granada would pay an annual tribute of twelve thousand doubloons of gold to Castile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno621_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno621-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The king's knights recommended continuing the siege, since reinforcements would soon arrive from Seville and Toledo, and the trenches around the city ensured that it would soon be starving. However, Alfonso XI did not want to continue fighting since the cost was so high in both money and lives. He accepted the proposed conditions apart from the duration of the truce, which would be for only ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno621_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno621-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Treaty of Algeciras was then signed, ending twenty one months of siege.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001204_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001204-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 March 1344 the inhabitants of Villa Nueva passed, with their belongings, to the Villa Vieja, yielding the Villa Nueva to the prince Don Juan Manuel. The next day, the eve of Palm Sunday, the Villa Vieja was handed over to King Alfonso XI empty of its occupants. The towers of the city were decked with the banners of the king, the prince Don Pedro, Don Enrique, the Master of Santiago, Don Fernando, Don Tello and Don Juan. Accompanying the delegation were the king's main commanders, including Egidio Boccanegra, who was appointed Lord of the Estado de la Palma in appreciation for his work in the encirclement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrtiz_de_Zúñiga1795304_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtiz_de_Zúñiga1795304-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day a mass was held in the mosque of the city, consecrated as a cathedral dedicated to Santa Maria de La Palma, still the patron saint of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno623_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno623-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Arab historian recorded that Alfonso gave good treatment to the Moorish generals and the inhabitants who were expelled from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1873166_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1873166-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of them moved across the bay to Gibraltar, swelling the population of that remaining stronghold of the Sultan of Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1873167_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1873167-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Castilian nobles who had died in the siege included Rui López de Rivera, former Castilian ambassador in Morocco, Diego López de Zúñiga y Haro, lord of <a href="/wiki/La_Rioja_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Rioja (Spain)">La Rioja</a>, Gonzalo Yáñez de Aguilar and Fernán González de Aguilar, lords of Aguilar, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrtiz_de_Zúñiga1795112_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtiz_de_Zúñiga1795112-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algecirasdestruida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Algecirasdestruida.jpg/240px-Algecirasdestruida.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Algecirasdestruida.jpg/360px-Algecirasdestruida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Algecirasdestruida.jpg/480px-Algecirasdestruida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of Algeciras in an eighteenth-century engraving </figcaption></figure> <p>The fall of Algeciras was a decisive step in the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, giving the Crown of Castile the main port on the north coast of the Strait of Gibraltar. To ensure the prosperity of the new Castilian city, in 1345 King Alfonso XI issued a charter that provided farmland and tax benefits to anyone who wanted to settle in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001278_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001278-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He added "King of Algeciras" to his titles, and asked <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a> to move the Cathedral of Cádiz to Algeciras, creating the diocese of Cadiz and Algeciras and converting the main mosque of the city into a cathedral dedicated to the Virgen de la Palma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001310_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001310-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIgartuburu1847121_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgartuburu1847121-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city would thereafter be the primary basis of action of the Christian armies. </p><p>After the loss of Al-Jazeera Al-Khadra, the only remaining Iberian port of Morocco was Gibraltar. All the efforts of the reconquest would now focus on taking this port. In 1349 Alfonso XI began the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Fifth siege of Gibraltar">fifth siege of Gibraltar</a>, again relying on the fleets of Aragon and Genoa, which established their main base in Algeciras, but this time the fate of the city did not depend on military actions: on 26 March of that year the king died during an epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a> in the Castilian camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayer186247_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayer186247-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This unexpected death resulted in a civil war among claimants to the throne of Castile. The consequences of the war on Algeciras were swift. In 1369, during the war between <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter the Cruel</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a>, the garrison was reduced and some of the troops sent north. <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_V,_Sultan_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed V, Sultan of Granada">Muhammed V, Sultan of Granada</a>, took the opportunity to recapture Al-Jazeera Al-Khadra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcía_Torres1851376_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_Torres1851376-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslims rebuilt the defenses and established a large force to defend the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlmedo200620_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmedo200620-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fate of the city changed again with the end of the disputes in Castile. In 1379, when the Christian armies regrouped, the Moors foresaw their inability to defend the city in case of another siege, and the danger if it again fell into Castilian hands. That year they undertook the destruction of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlmedo200620_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmedo200620-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They threw down the harbor walls and burned all buildings. In three days Algeciras was completely destroyed. It would remain so until the British conquest of Gibraltar in 1704, when some of the exiles from Gibraltar settled the barren fields of the former Villa Vieja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadoz1849567_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadoz1849567-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>alcabala</i> tax was extended in 1345 after the fall of the city to cover the cost of defending Algeciras and to fund the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Fifth siege of Gibraltar">fifth siege of Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011243_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011243-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Santiago" title="Order of Santiago">Order of Santiago</a>, Alfonso Méndez de Guzmán, was the brother of the mistress of Alfonso XI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallego_Blanco197127_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallego_Blanco197127-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After he died, Alsonso installed his illegitimate son, the young Infante Don Fadrique, as the new master.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallego_Blanco197128_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallego_Blanco197128-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarifa_y_el_Poema_de_Alfonso_XI-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarifa_y_el_Poema_de_Alfonso_XI_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarifa_y_el_Poema_de_Alfonso_XI">Tarifa y el Poema de Alfonso XI</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez_Rosado2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez_Rosado2013_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez_Rosado2013">Pérez Rosado 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra20055-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra20055_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra2005">Jiménez-Camino Álvarez & Tomassetti Guerra 2005</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndalucia_entre_Oriente_y_Occidente108-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndalucia_entre_Oriente_y_Occidente108_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndalucia_entre_Oriente_y_Occidente">Andalucia entre Oriente y Occidente</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero1860144-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860144_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontero1860">Montero 1860</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001199-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001199_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001">Torremocha Silva & Sáez Rodríguez 2001</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESantacana_y_Mensayas190150-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantacana_y_Mensayas190150_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSantacana_y_Mensayas1901">Santacana y Mensayas 1901</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011243-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011243_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011243_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Callaghan2011">O'Callaghan 2011</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno487-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno487_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno489-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno489_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero1860149-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860149_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontero1860">Montero 1860</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno490-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno490_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno492-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno492_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno493-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno493_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra200512-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra200512_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra2005">Jiménez-Camino Álvarez & Tomassetti Guerra 2005</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno494-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno494_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 494.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra200511-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra200511_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra2005">Jiménez-Camino Álvarez & Tomassetti Guerra 2005</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra2005-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra2005_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra2005">Jiménez-Camino Álvarez & Tomassetti Guerra 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno496-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno496_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 496.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno497-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno497_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno497_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.1_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorremocha_Silva2004">Torremocha Silva 2004</a>, p. s1.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011196-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011196_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011196_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Callaghan2011">O'Callaghan 2011</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallego_Blanco197127-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallego_Blanco197127_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallego_Blanco1971">Gallego Blanco 1971</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallego_Blanco197128-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallego_Blanco197128_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallego_Blanco1971">Gallego Blanco 1971</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno502-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno502_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno504-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno504_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalazar_y_Castro1697203-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalazar_y_Castro1697203_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalazar_y_Castro1697">Salazar y Castro 1697</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERojas_Gabriel1972887-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERojas_Gabriel1972887_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRojas_Gabriel1972">Rojas Gabriel 1972</a>, p. 887.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011197-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2011197_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Callaghan2011">O'Callaghan 2011</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.3-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.3_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.3_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.3_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorremocha_Silva2004">Torremocha Silva 2004</a>, p. s1.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno515-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno515_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero1860152-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860152_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860152_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontero1860">Montero 1860</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva20041.2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva20041.2_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorremocha_Silva2004">Torremocha Silva 2004</a>, p. 1.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.4-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s1.4_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorremocha_Silva2004">Torremocha Silva 2004</a>, p. s1.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERojas_Gabriel1972883-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERojas_Gabriel1972883_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRojas_Gabriel1972">Rojas Gabriel 1972</a>, p. 883.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrescott1854215-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrescott1854215_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrescott1854">Prescott 1854</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Pulgar1780304-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Pulgar1780304_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDel_Pulgar1780">Del Pulgar 1780</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s2_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s2_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s2_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2004s2_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorremocha_Silva2004">Torremocha Silva 2004</a>, p. s2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001203-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001203_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001">Torremocha Silva & Sáez Rodríguez 2001</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno542-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno542_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 542.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1873165-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1873165_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens1873">Stephens 1873</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero1860153-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860153_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontero1860">Montero 1860</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva1987248-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva1987248_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorremocha_Silva1987">Torremocha Silva 1987</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno561-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno561_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero1860154-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860154_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontero1860">Montero 1860</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2000440-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2000440_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorremocha_Silva2000">Torremocha Silva 2000</a>, p. 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno567-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno567_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 567.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno568-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno568_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 568.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno589-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno589_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalderón_Ortega2001331-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalderón_Ortega2001331_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalderón_Ortega2001">Calderón Ortega 2001</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2000442-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva2000442_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorremocha_Silva2000">Torremocha Silva 2000</a>, p. 442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero1860156-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860156_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860156_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontero1860">Montero 1860</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno601-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno601_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 601.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELafuente_Alcántara1852391-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELafuente_Alcántara1852391_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELafuente_Alcántara1852391_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLafuente_Alcántara1852">Lafuente Alcántara 1852</a>, p. 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno609-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno609_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 609.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero1860158-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860158_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero1860158_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontero1860">Montero 1860</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva1987252-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva1987252_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_Silva1987252_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorremocha_Silva1987">Torremocha Silva 1987</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'CallaghanKagayVann1998160-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'CallaghanKagayVann1998160_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'CallaghanKagayVann1998">O'Callaghan, Kagay & Vann 1998</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno621-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno621_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno621_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 621.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001204-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001204_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001">Torremocha Silva & Sáez Rodríguez 2001</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtiz_de_Zúñiga1795304-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrtiz_de_Zúñiga1795304_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrtiz_de_Zúñiga1795">Ortiz de Zúñiga 1795</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno623-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno623_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno">Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</a>, p. 623.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1873166-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1873166_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens1873">Stephens 1873</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1873167-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1873167_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens1873">Stephens 1873</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtiz_de_Zúñiga1795112-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrtiz_de_Zúñiga1795112_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrtiz_de_Zúñiga1795">Ortiz de Zúñiga 1795</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001278-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001278_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001">Torremocha Silva & Sáez Rodríguez 2001</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001310-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001310_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001">Torremocha Silva & Sáez Rodríguez 2001</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgartuburu1847121-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIgartuburu1847121_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIgartuburu1847">Igartuburu 1847</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESayer186247-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayer186247_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSayer1862">Sayer 1862</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_Torres1851376-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcía_Torres1851376_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarcía_Torres1851">García Torres 1851</a>, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmedo200620-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlmedo200620_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlmedo200620_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlmedo2006">Olmedo 2006</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadoz1849567-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadoz1849567_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadoz1849">Madoz 1849</a>, p. 567.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_2">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndalucia_entre_Oriente_y_Occidente" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cabrera, Emilio (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R0UxAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA108"><i>Andalucia entre Oriente y Occidente (1236–1492) : actas del quinto coloquio internacional de historia medieval de Andalucia</i></a> (in Spanish). p. 108<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andalucia+entre+Oriente+y+Occidente+%281236%E2%80%931492%29+%3A+actas+del+quinto+coloquio+internacional+de+historia+medieval+de+Andalucia&rft.pages=108&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Cabrera&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR0UxAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalderón_Ortega2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Calderón Ortega, José Manuel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/ghi/02143038/articulos/ELEM0101110311A.PDF">"Los almirantes del "siglo de oro" de la Marina castellana medieval"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>España Medieval</i> (in Spanish) (24). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0214-3038">0214-3038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Espa%C3%B1a+Medieval&rft.atitle=Los+almirantes+del+%22siglo+de+oro%22+de+la+Marina+castellana+medieval&rft.issue=24&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0214-3038&rft.aulast=Calder%C3%B3n+Ortega&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucm.es%2FBUCM%2Frevistas%2Fghi%2F02143038%2Farticulos%2FELEM0101110311A.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrónica_de_Alfonso_Onceno" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coleccindelascr01unkngoog"><i>Crónica de Alfonso Onceno</i></a>. Madrid: Imprenta de Don Antonio de Sancha (Francisco Cerdá y Rico Second edition). 1787. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coleccindelascr01unkngoog/page/n668">630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cr%C3%B3nica+de+Alfonso+Onceno&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=630&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+Don+Antonio+de+Sancha+%28Francisco+Cerd%C3%A1+y+Rico+Second+edition%29&rft.date=1787&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoleccindelascr01unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Pulgar1780" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Del Pulgar, Hernando (1780). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RB9nAr9N5AkC"><i>Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragón</i></a> (in Spanish). Imprenta de Benito Monfort. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RB9nAr9N5AkC/page/n142">304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cr%C3%B3nica+de+los+Se%C3%B1ores+Reyes+Cat%C3%B3licos+Don+Fernando+y+Do%C3%B1a+Isabel+de+Castilla+y+de+Arag%C3%B3n&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+Benito+Monfort&rft.date=1780&rft.aulast=Del+Pulgar&rft.aufirst=Hernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_RB9nAr9N5AkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallego_Blanco1971" class="citation book cs1">Gallego Blanco, Enrique (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T8wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA27"><i>The Rule of the Spanish Military Order of St. James</i></a>. Brill Archive. GGKEY:J904YWQAEF2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rule+of+the+Spanish+Military+Order+of+St.+James&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Gallego+Blanco&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT8wUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_Torres1851" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">García Torres, Vicente (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CTUWAAAAYAAJ"><i>Instrucción para el pueblo: Colección de tratados sobre todos los conocimientos humanos</i></a> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instrucci%C3%B3n+para+el+pueblo%3A+Colecci%C3%B3n+de+tratados+sobre+todos+los+conocimientos+humanos&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Torres&rft.aufirst=Vicente&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCTUWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgartuburu1847" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Igartuburu, Luis de (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=334elek0q6YC"><i>Manual de la provincia de Cádiz: Trata de sus límites, su categoría, sus divisiones en lo Civil, Judicial, militar i eclesiástico para la Protección I Seguridad Pública</i></a> (in Spanish). Imprenta de la revista médica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+de+la+provincia+de+C%C3%A1diz%3A+Trata+de+sus+l%C3%ADmites%2C+su+categor%C3%ADa%2C+sus+divisiones+en+lo+Civil%2C+Judicial%2C+militar+i+eclesi%C3%A1stico+para+la+Protecci%C3%B3n+I+Seguridad+P%C3%BAblica&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+la+revista+m%C3%A9dica&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Igartuburu&rft.aufirst=Luis+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D334elek0q6YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiménez-Camino_ÁlvarezTomassetti_Guerra2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jiménez-Camino Álvarez, Rafael; Tomassetti Guerra, José María (2005). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Allende el río..." sobre la ubicación de las villas de Algeciras en la Edad Media". <i>Boletín de arqueología yazirí</i> (in Spanish) (1). pp.435–457.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+de+arqueolog%C3%ADa+yazir%C3%AD&rft.atitle=%22Allende+el+r%C3%ADo...%22+sobre+la+ubicaci%C3%B3n+de+las+villas+de+Algeciras+en+la+Edad+Media&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Jim%C3%A9nez-Camino+%C3%81lvarez&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft.au=Tomassetti+Guerra%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafuente_Alcántara1852" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lafuente Alcántara, Miguel (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfINAAAAQAAJ"><i>Historia de Granada</i></a> (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Paris: Baudry, Librería europea.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Granada&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Baudry%2C+Librer%C3%ADa+europea&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Lafuente+Alc%C3%A1ntara&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfINAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadoz1849" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Madoz, Pascual (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zngNAAAAQAAJ"><i>Diccionario geográfico-estadístico-histórico de España y sus posesiones de Ultramar</i></a> (in Spanish). Imprenta del diccionario geográfico.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+geogr%C3%A1fico-estad%C3%ADstico-hist%C3%B3rico+de+Espa%C3%B1a+y+sus+posesiones+de+Ultramar&rft.pub=Imprenta+del+diccionario+geogr%C3%A1fico&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Madoz&rft.aufirst=Pascual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzngNAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontero1860" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montero, Francisco María (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4_AqUai2tkIC"><i>Historia de Gibraltar y su campo</i></a> (in Spanish). Cádiz: Imprenta de la revista médica. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4_AqUai2tkIC/page/n463">454</a>. <q>historia de gibraltar y de su campo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Gibraltar+y+su+campo&rft.place=C%C3%A1diz&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+la+revista+m%C3%A9dica&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Montero&rft.aufirst=Francisco+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4_AqUai2tkIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'CallaghanKagayVann1998" class="citation book cs1">O'Callaghan, Joseph F.; Kagay, Donald J.; Vann, Theresa M. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv.php?pid=bibliuned:ETF94EC234F-D126-F019-4C3B-D97D47D3D31C&dsID=PDF">the original</a> on 3 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNED.+Tiempo+y+Forma%2C+Serie+III%2C+Historia+Medieval&rft.atitle=Relaciones+comerciales+entre+la+corona+de+Arag%C3%B3n+y+Algeciras+a+mediados+del+siglo+XIV&rft.volume=13&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Torremocha+Silva&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-spacio.uned.es%2Ffez%2Feserv.php%3Fpid%3Dbibliuned%3AETF94EC234F-D126-F019-4C3B-D97D47D3D31C%26dsID%3DPDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorremocha_SilvaSáez_Rodríguez2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torremocha Silva, Antonio; Sáez Rodríguez, Ángel (2001). <i>Historia de Algeciras</i> (in Spanish). Vol. I. Cádiz: Diputación de Cádiz. pp. 177–323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-95388-35-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-95388-35-9"><bdi>84-95388-35-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Algeciras&rft.place=C%C3%A1diz&rft.pages=177-323&rft.pub=Diputaci%C3%B3n+de+C%C3%A1diz&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=84-95388-35-9&rft.aulast=Torremocha+Silva&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=S%C3%A1ez+Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+%C3%81ngel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorremocha_Silva2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torremocha Silva, Antonio (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alyamiah.com/cema2/?p=66">"Cerco y defensa de Algeciras: el uso de la pólvor"</a>. <i>Centro de Estudios Moriscos de Andalucía</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centro+de+Estudios+Moriscos+de+Andaluc%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=Cerco+y+defensa+de+Algeciras%3A+el+uso+de+la+p%C3%B3lvor&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Torremocha+Silva&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falyamiah.com%2Fcema2%2F%3Fp%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?portal=0&Ref=27112"><i>Poema de Alfonso Onceno</i></a>, Alicante, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 2008. Reproducción digital de la ed. facsímil de Tomás Antonio Sánchez, <i>Poetas castellanos anteriores al siglo XV</i>, Madrid, Rivadeneyra, 1864, págs. 477–551. (Biblioteca de Autores Espyearles, 58).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Castro_y_Rossy1858" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Castro y Rossy, Adolfo (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bb2CAAAAIAAJ"><i>Historia de Cádiz y su provincia</i></a> (in Spanish). Cádiz: Imprenta de la Revista Médica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+C%C3%A1diz+y+su+provincia&rft.place=C%C3%A1diz&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+la+Revista+M%C3%A9dica&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=De+Castro+y+Rossy&rft.aufirst=Adolfo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbb2CAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorremocha_Silva1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torremocha Silva, Antonio; et al. (1999). <i>Al-Binya, La Ciudad Palatina Meriní de Algeciras</i> (in Spanish). Algeciras: Fundación municipal de cultura José Luis Cano. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-89227-20-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-89227-20-0"><bdi>978-84-89227-20-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Binya%2C+La+Ciudad+Palatina+Merin%C3%AD+de+Algeciras&rft.pub=Algeciras%3A+Fundaci%C3%B3n+municipal+de+cultura+Jos%C3%A9+Luis+Cano&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-84-89227-20-0&rft.aulast=Torremocha+Silva&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRequena1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Requena, Fermín (1956). <i>Muhammad y Al-Qasim 'Emires de Algeciras'<span></span></i> (in Spanish). Tipografía San Nicolás de Bari.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+y+Al-Qasim+%27Emires+de+Algeciras%27&rft.pub=Tipograf%C3%ADa+San+Nicol%C3%A1s+de+Bari&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Requena&rft.aufirst=Ferm%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelgado_Gómez1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Delgado_G%C3%B3mez" title="Cristóbal Delgado Gómez">Delgado Gómez, Cristóbal</a> (1971). <i>Algeciras, pasado y presente de la ciudad de la bella bahía</i> (in Spanish). Algeciras: Gráficasal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-400-2196-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-400-2196-0"><bdi>978-84-400-2196-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algeciras%2C+pasado+y+presente+de+la+ciudad+de+la+bella+bah%C3%ADa&rft.pub=Algeciras%3A+Gr%C3%A1ficasal&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-84-400-2196-0&rft.aulast=Delgado+G%C3%B3mez&rft.aufirst=Crist%C3%B3bal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorremocha_Silva1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torremocha Silva, Antonio (1993). <i>Algeciras, Entre la Cristiandad y el Islam</i> (in Spanish). Instituto de Estudios Campogibraltareños. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-88556-07-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-88556-07-1"><bdi>84-88556-07-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algeciras%2C+Entre+la+Cristiandad+y+el+Islam&rft.pub=Instituto+de+Estudios+Campogibraltare%C3%B1os&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=84-88556-07-1&rft.aulast=Torremocha+Silva&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_Jiménez1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">García Jiménez, Guillermo (1989). <i>Capricho árabe</i> (in Spanish). Algeciras: Alba S.A. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-86209-22-6" title="Special:BookSources/84-86209-22-6"><bdi>84-86209-22-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capricho+%C3%A1rabe&rft.pub=Algeciras%3A+Alba+S.A.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=84-86209-22-6&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Jim%C3%A9nez&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazouk1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Razouk, Mohammed (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/fichero_articulo?codigo=993863&orden=78454">"Observaciones acerca de la contribución meriní para la conservación de las fronteras del Reino de Granada"</a>. <i>Actas del Congreso la Frontera Oriental Nazarí Como Sujeto Histórico (S. XIII–XIV)</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8108-141-8" title="Special:BookSources/84-8108-141-8"><bdi>84-8108-141-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Actas+del+Congreso+la+Frontera+Oriental+Nazar%C3%AD+Como+Sujeto+Hist%C3%B3rico+%28S.+XIII%E2%80%93XIV%29&rft.atitle=Observaciones+acerca+de+la+contribuci%C3%B3n+merin%C3%AD+para+la+conservaci%C3%B3n+de+las+fronteras+del+Reino+de+Granada&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=84-8108-141-8&rft.aulast=Razouk&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Ffichero_articulo%3Fcodigo%3D993863%26orden%3D78454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Algeciras+%281342%E2%80%931344%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Algeciras" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Algeciras" title="Template:Algeciras"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Algeciras" title="Template talk:Algeciras"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Algeciras" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Algeciras"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Algeciras" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeciras" title="History of Algeciras">History of Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Algeciras Campaign">Algeciras Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_Palmones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Río Palmones (page does not exist)">Battle of Río Palmones</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caetaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caetaria (page does not exist)">Caetaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_fish_salting_factory" title="Roman fish salting factory">Roman fish salting factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerte_de_San_Diego" title="Fuerte de San Diego">Fuerte de San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerte_de_San_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Fuerte de San García">Fuerte de San García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_kilns_of_El_Rinconcillo" title="Roman kilns of El Rinconcillo">Roman kilns of El Rinconcillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Algeciras_(1278%E2%80%931279)" title="Siege of Algeciras (1278–1279)">Siege of Algeciras (1278–1279)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Algeciras_(1278)" title="Battle of Algeciras (1278)">Battle of Algeciras (1278)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Algeciras_(1309)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Algeciras (1309)">Siege of Algeciras (1309)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siege of Algeciras (1342–1344)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Algeciras_(1369)" title="Siege of Algeciras (1369)">Siege of Algeciras (1369)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Algeciras Campaign">Battle of Algeciras (1801)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Algeciras" title="Taifa of Algeciras">Taifa of Algeciras</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras"><img alt="Algeciras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_maritime_algeciras.svg/89px-Flag_maritime_algeciras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="89" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_maritime_algeciras.svg/134px-Flag_maritime_algeciras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_maritime_algeciras.svg/178px-Flag_maritime_algeciras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Gibraltar" title="Bay of Gibraltar">Bay of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cala_Arenas" title="Cala Arenas">Cala Arenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_del_Centenario" title="Parque del Centenario">Parque del Centenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_de_las_Acacias_de_Algeciras" title="Parque de las Acacias de Algeciras">Parque de las Acacias de Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_de_la_Conferencia" title="Parque de la Conferencia">Parque de la Conferencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_Mar%C3%ADa_Cristina" title="Parque María Cristina">Parque María Cristina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paseo_Cornisa" title="Paseo Cornisa">Paseo Cornisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Pelayo" title="El Pelayo">El Pelayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playa_del_Barranco" title="Playa del Barranco">Playa del Barranco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playa_de_El_Chinarral" title="Playa de El Chinarral">Playa de El Chinarral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playa_de_Getares" title="Playa de Getares">Playa de Getares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playa_de_Los_Ladrillos" title="Playa de Los Ladrillos">Playa de Los Ladrillos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playa_de_El_Rinconcillo" title="Playa de El Rinconcillo">Playa de El Rinconcillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Miel" title="Río de la Miel">Río de la Miel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_P%C3%ADcaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Pícaro">Río Pícaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Palmones" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Palmones">Río Palmones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Heliport" title="Algeciras Heliport">Algeciras Heliport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Municipal_Library" title="Algeciras Municipal Library">Algeciras Municipal Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Town_Hall" title="Algeciras Town Hall">Algeciras Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Algeciras" title="Aqueduct of Algeciras">Aqueduct of Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahia_Park" title="Bahia Park">Bahia Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilla_de_la_Caridad_(Algeciras)" title="Capilla de la Caridad (Algeciras)">Capilla de la Caridad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilla_del_Cristo_de_la_Alameda_(Algeciras)" title="Capilla del Cristo de la Alameda (Algeciras)">Capilla del Cristo de la Alameda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe" title="Chapel of Our Lady of Europe">Chapel of Our Lady of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermita_Sagrado_Coraz%C3%B3n_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Ermita Sagrado Corazón de Jesús">Ermita Sagrado Corazón de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerte_de_Isla_Verde" title="Fuerte de Isla Verde">Fuerte de Isla Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_de_la_Caridad_(Algeciras)" title="Hospital de la Caridad (Algeciras)">Hospital de la Caridad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital_Punta_de_Europa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hospital Punta de Europa (page does not exist)">Hospital Punta de Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Palma" class="mw-redirect" title="Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Palma">Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursaal_of_Algeciras" title="Kursaal of Algeciras">Kursaal of Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Villa_Vieja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Villa Vieja (page does not exist)">La Villa Vieja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Isla_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouse of Isla Verde">Lighthouse of Isla Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Punta_Carnero" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouse of Punta Carnero">Lighthouse of Punta Carnero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_Walls_of_Algeciras" title="Marinid Walls of Algeciras">Marinid Walls of Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Museum_of_Algeciras" title="Municipal Museum of Algeciras">Municipal Museum of Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Florida" title="Teatro Florida">Teatro Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_de_los_Adalides" title="Torre de los Adalides">Torre de los Adalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Almirante" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower of Almirante">Tower of Almirante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_del_Arroyo_del_Lobo" title="Torre del Arroyo del Lobo">Torre del Arroyo del Lobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_del_Fraile" title="Torre del Fraile">Torre del Fraile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Algeciras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economy of Algeciras (page does not exist)">Economy of Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotel_AC_Algeciras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hotel AC Algeciras (page does not exist)">Hotel AC Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Anglo-Hispano" title="Hotel Anglo-Hispano">Hotel Anglo-Hispano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Reina_Cristina" title="Hotel Reina Cristina">Hotel Reina Cristina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Sevilla_(Algeciras)" title="Hotel Sevilla (Algeciras)">Hotel Sevilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercado_de_abastos_de_Algeciras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercado de abastos de Algeciras (page does not exist)">Mercado de abastos de Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezquita_Aljama_de_Algeciras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezquita Aljama de Algeciras (page does not exist)">Mezquita Aljama de Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patio_del_Coral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patio del Coral (page does not exist)">Patio del Coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Alta_(Algeciras)" title="Plaza Alta (Algeciras)">Plaza Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Andaluc%C3%ADa" title="Plaza de Andalucía">Plaza de Andalucía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_toros_de_Las_Palomas" title="Plaza de toros de Las Palomas">Plaza de toros de Las Palomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%ADgono_Industrial_Cortijo_Real" title="Polígono Industrial Cortijo Real">Polígono Industrial Cortijo Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Algeciras" title="Port of Algeciras">Port of Algeciras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escuela_de_Artes_y_Oficios_de_Algeciras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escuela de Artes y Oficios de Algeciras (page does not exist)">Escuela de Artes y Oficios de Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiestas_of_Algeciras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiestas of Algeciras (page does not exist)">Fiestas of Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orquesta_Sinf%C3%B3nica_de_Algeciras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orquesta Sinfónica de Algeciras (page does not exist)">Orquesta Sinfónica de Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Fair_of_Algeciras" title="Royal Fair of Algeciras">Royal Fair of Algeciras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_CF" title="Algeciras CF">Algeciras CF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_BM" title="Algeciras BM">Algeciras Balonmano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balonmano_Ciudad_de_Algeciras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balonmano Ciudad de Algeciras (page does not exist)">Balonmano Ciudad de Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Baloncesto_Ciudad_de_Algeciras" class="mw-redirect" title="Club Baloncesto Ciudad de Algeciras">Club Baloncesto Ciudad de Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Nuevo_Mirador" title="Estadio Nuevo Mirador">Estadio Nuevo Mirador</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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