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class="mw-page-title-main">Lupus Servatus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Лупус Серват – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лупус Серват" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_Servatus" title="Lupus Servatus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lupus Servatus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_Servatus" title="Lupus Servatus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lupus Servatus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_Servatus" title="Lupus Servatus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lupus Servatus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_Servatus" title="Lupus Servatus – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lupus Servatus" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loup_de_Ferri%C3%A8res" title="Loup de Ferrières – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Loup de Ferrières" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupo_Servato" title="Lupo Servato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lupo Servato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_Servatus" title="Lupus Servatus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lupus Servatus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servatus_Lupus" title="Servatus Lupus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Servatus Lupus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_van_Ferri%C3%A8res" title="Lupus van Ferrières – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lupus van Ferrières" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupo_Servato" title="Lupo Servato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lupo Servato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BF_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Луп Серват – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Луп Серват" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupo_Servat" title="Lupo Servat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lupo Servat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_Servatus" title="Lupus Servatus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lupus Servatus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Benedictine monk during the Carolingian dynasty</div> <p><b>Lupus Servatus</b>, also <b>Servatus Lupus</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 805 – c. 862), in French <b>Loup</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ferri%C3%A8res_Abbey" title="Ferrières Abbey">Ferrières Abbey</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a>, who was also a member of <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>'s court and a noted theological author of the 9th century. He is sometimes regarded as the first humanist of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> because of the quality of his literary style, his love of learning, and his work as a scribe and textual critic.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupus_Servatus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lupus was born into an influential family within the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Sens" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Sens">Archdiocese of Sens</a>. Many of his family held influential positions in the Church or court. His father was <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> and his mother <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a>. He assumed the nickname of Servatus in commemoration of his miraculous escape from danger either in a serious illness or on the battlefield.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He began his education at the Abbey of Saints Peter and Paul in <a href="/wiki/Ferri%C3%A8res-en-G%C3%A2tinais" title="Ferrières-en-Gâtinais">Ferrières-en-Gâtinais</a> under <a href="/wiki/Aldric_of_Le_Mans" title="Aldric of Le Mans">St. Aldric</a>, then abbot of the monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here he was educated in the <a href="/wiki/Trivium_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivium (education)">trivium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">quadrivium</a>. </p><p>Lupus was not fond of the required learning but developed a passion for Classical studies. Abbot Aldric saw fit to send him to deepen his theological education at the Abbey of <a href="/wiki/Fulda" title="Fulda">Fulda</a> under <a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a>. Spending years in study and writing he developed a reputation as a scholar. Rabanus made use of his pupil, having him translate and compose bodies or works. During his residence at Fulda (c. 830–36) he became an intimate friend and disciple of the learned <a href="/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard">Einhard</a>, whose <i><a href="/wiki/Vita_Karoli_magni" class="mw-redirect" title="Vita Karoli magni">Vita Karoli magni</a></i> he was one of the first to read and praised it because of its style (epist. 1, 5). Lupus had written a letter to Einhard expressing his admiration and asked for a loan of Einhard's secular works (this would become a common practice of Lupus).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His opinion was that education should be esteemed and intended not for a certain purpose, but as a good of its own value (epist. 1, 5). He was interested therefore not only in Christian but also in pagan classical authors and even those who did not belong to the reading canon of the Carolingian schools, such as <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, of whom he was one of very few readers in the early Middle Ages, and Cicero, whose works he seems to know almost in their entirety, not only his better known rhetorical writings, and whom he mentions and cites very often. He borrowed manuscripts from Einhard (epist. 1, 6) and from the library of the monastery of Fulda and corresponded therefore with Abbot Markward (epist. 10, 4; 91, 4). </p><p>Even before Lupus returned to France he had become favourably known at court and was especially esteemed by the Empress Judith, the second wife of <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lupus returned to Ferrières in 836 and followed the normal life of a monk, although he became recognized as the literary leader of Ferrières, until his election as abbot on 22 November 840. He owed his election to Empress Judith and her son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>, whose political interests he always defended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lupus_as_abbot">Lupus as abbot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupus_Servatus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lupus as abbot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Louis the Pious died in 840, there were widespread uprisings and rivalries. One of his other sons, <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair</a>, recently named as emperor, invaded the western territories of Charles, Louis' designated heir. The current Abbot of Ferrières, Odo, was uncertain which ruler had rights to his fealty. Eventually Odo supported Lothair either because he seemed far more likely to provide support for Ferrières or because he saw him as the legitimate heir and representative of the unity of the empire. When the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> was negotiated, Lothair gave up to Charles authority over the lands where Ferrières was situated. </p><p>As a result of Odo's past support of Lothair, Charles had him removed from the abbacy. Lupus was left in charge of the abbey in Odo's absence. His position of abbot was formalized because of an election prompted by Charles the Bald, due to Lupus' ties to his family. Subsequently, Lupus took a prominent part in contemporary political and ecclesiastical events. As Abbot of Ferrières he devoted himself to the spiritual and earthly concerns of the monastery. He waged a war of letters to try to regain the land of Ferrieres which had been handed over to a private owner thereby causing the monastery's revenue to drop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_service">Military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupus_Servatus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In these days it was common for abbots to serve as military commanders who supplied their own forces, if the king decided to go to war. Ferrières was one of these monasteries that had to provide soldiers and accommodate them. Lupus was not fond of leading soldiers into battle. He wrote a letter to the Bishop of Pordalus, begging him to use his authority to influence the king so that he could carry on as an abbot, not as a military leader. </p><p>During the war between Charles the Bald and <a href="/wiki/Pepin_II_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin II of Aquitaine">Pepin II of Aquitaine</a>, Lupus was captured at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(844)" title="Battle of Toulouse (844)">Battle of Toulouse</a> and held prisoner. Shortly after his capture he was ransomed with several other high ranking men. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_affairs">Public affairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupus_Servatus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Public affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 844 Lupus was sent to <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a> to carry out the monastic reforms decreed by the Synod of <a href="/wiki/Germigny-des-Pr%C3%A9s" title="Germigny-des-Prés">Germigny</a> (843),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attended the Synod of <a href="/wiki/Verneuil-en-Halatte" title="Verneuil-en-Halatte">Verneuil</a> on the Oise, whose resulting <a href="/wiki/Canon_(canon_law)" title="Canon (canon law)">canons</a> had been written by him. He was also present at several other Church councils, notably that of <a href="/wiki/Soissons" title="Soissons">Soissons</a> in 853, and played an important part in the contemporary controversy regarding <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>. He believed in a twofold predestination, not indeed in the sense that God predestined some men to damnation, but that he foreknew the sins of men and foreordained consequent punishment. "Lupus not only took part in the most lively ecclesiastical controversy of his age, but also, by the method of his treatment, showed himself a skilled dialectician at the time when dialectics were still very imperfectly developed."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 847 Lupus accompanied Charles the Bald to a conference at <a href="/wiki/Meerssen" title="Meerssen">Meerssen</a>, whereby the three brothers again swore peace with one other. He was sent on a mission to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Pope Leo IV</a> in 849. Following the invasion by Nominoe, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Brittany" title="Governor of Brittany">Governor of Brittany</a>, Lupus composed the letter of censure. His last civic appearance was in 862 at the Synod of Pistes where he drew up a sentence against Robert, Archbishop of Mans. </p><p>The closing years of the life of Lupus were saddened by the threatened devastation of his monastery by the invading <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>. He occupies a prominent place in medieval literary history, being one of the most cultured and refined men of the ninth century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupus_Servatus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the reign of Charles the Bald an enormous amount of written material was produced. Lupus' letters, of which 132 remain, are distinguished for literary elegance and valuable historical information. Most of these letters were written to church officials, monks in neighboring monasteries, clergymen, Popes <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a>, Charles the Bald and Lothair. His own writings show him as a classicist and admirer of the Ciceronian style. He made his vast translation of Cicero's letters serve as a code of communicating with other well-read individuals. </p><p>Lupus was requested in 839 by Waldo, the Abbot of St. Maximin of Treves, to write the <i>Life of St. Maximin</i> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Trier" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Trier">Bishop of Trier</a> (d. 349) and a "Life of St. Wigbert", Abbot of <a href="/wiki/Fritzlar" title="Fritzlar">Fritzlar</a> in Hesse (d. 747). He also wrote his <i>Epistolae</i> in which almost on every page had forms of direct quotations and paraphrases revealing his familiarity of the Vulgate edition.<sup id="cite_ref-Regenos_1966,_p._IX_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regenos_1966,_p._IX-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the controversy on predestination he wrote his <i>De tribus quaestionibus</i>, a work which treated of the threefold question of free will, predestination, and the universality of redemption. To illustrate the teaching of the Church on these topics he brought together pertinent passages from the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> in his "Collectaneum de tribus quaestionibus".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_contribution">Literary contribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupus_Servatus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literary contribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lupus made a tireless quest of manuscripts of classic authors, as it has long been known to readers of his letters.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is because of his passion for copying and preserving manuscripts so that they may be passed on that he is regarded as an influential literate figure and the first humanist. Though his personal works and letters discuss theological matters it was not his chief interest.<sup id="cite_ref-Regenos_1966,_p._IX_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regenos_1966,_p._IX-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a> was his desired area of expertise. Scholars have increasingly become aware of the detailed examination that Lupus undertook when studying his acquired texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Regenos_1966,_p._IX_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regenos_1966,_p._IX-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholar E.K. Rand of Harvard University reveals: "no less than five manuscripts that contain the corrections or collations of Lupus and one that is entirely written by that scholar himself." </p><p>These manuscripts are rewrites of Cicero's <i>De Oratore</i>, his <i>De Inventione</i> and his <i>Letters</i>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(philology)" title="Commentary (philology)">Commentary</a> on Virgil</i> and a revision of <i>Codex Bernensis 366</i>. </p><p>Over the years modern scholars have made investigations as to what Lupus had participated in. <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Beeson" title="Charles H. Beeson">Charles H. Beeson</a> has been the foremost scholar on Lupus Servatus. Beeson took to studying the different handwriting styles of manuscripts according to area of the Early Middle Ages. He concluded that Lupus had written or been a part of copying texts more than originally thought. Lupus had a rigid adherence to the rules of the Roman grammarians for the division of syllables, whereby any pronounceable group of consonants is placed with the following vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-Rand_1931_p._473_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rand_1931_p._473-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lupus not only conformed to this rule in his personal practice, but also made the texts that he collected adhere to the style.<sup id="cite_ref-Rand_1931_p._473_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rand_1931_p._473-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupus_Servatus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodgers1987">Rodgers (1987)</a>, p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGariepy1967">Gariepy (1967)</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGariepy1967">Gariepy (1967)</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGariepy1967">Gariepy (1967)</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLouis_de_Mas_Latrie1836" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Mas_Latrie" title="Louis de Mas Latrie">Louis de Mas Latrie</a> (1836). <i>Chronologie historique des papes, des conciles généraux et des conciles des Gaules et de France</i>. P. H. Krabbe. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3R9MAAAAMAAJ/page/n373">362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronologie+historique+des+papes%2C+des+conciles+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux+et+des+conciles+des+Gaules+et+de+France&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=P.+H.+Krabbe&rft.date=1836&rft.au=Louis+de+Mas+Latrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALupus+Servatus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaistner1931">Laistner (1931)</a>, p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Regenos_1966,_p._IX-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Regenos_1966,_p._IX_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Regenos_1966,_p._IX_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Regenos_1966,_p._IX_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRegenos1966">Regenos (1966)</a>, p. IX</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGariepy1967">Gariepy (1967)</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRand1931">Rand (1931)</a>, p. 471</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rand_1931_p._473-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rand_1931_p._473_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rand_1931_p._473_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRand1931">Rand (1931)</a>, p. 473</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupus_Servatus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeson1948" class="citation journal cs1">Beeson, Charles H. (1948). "Lupus of Ferrières and Hadoard". <i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Philology_(journal)" title="Classical Philology (journal)">Classical Philology</a></i>. <b>43</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">190–</span>191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F363110">10.1086/363110</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/266987">266987</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161856843">161856843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=Lupus+of+Ferri%C3%A8res+and+Hadoard&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161856843%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F266987%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F363110&rft.aulast=Beeson&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALupus+Servatus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGariepy1967" class="citation book cs1">Gariepy, Robert J. (1967). <i>Lupus of Ferrières and the classics</i>. Darien, Conn.: Monographic Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/430715">430715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lupus+of+Ferri%C3%A8res+and+the+classics&rft.place=Darien%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Monographic+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F430715&rft.aulast=Gariepy&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALupus+Servatus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaistner1931" class="citation book cs1">Laistner, M. L. W. (1931). <i>Thought and Letters in Western Europe-A.D. 500–900</i>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thought+and+Letters+in+Western+Europe-A.D.+500%E2%80%93900&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Laistner&rft.aufirst=M.+L.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALupus+Servatus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1992" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Janet L. (1992). <i>Charles the Bald</i>. Longman Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+the+Bald&rft.pub=Longman+Group&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALupus+Servatus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRand1931" class="citation journal cs1">Rand, E. K. (1931). "Charles Henry Beeson, <i>Lupus of Ferrières as Scribe and Text Critic</i>. The Mediaeval Academy of America. Publication No. 4. Cambridge, Mass. 1930. Cloth. Pp. x + 51; 109 folia in facsimile. $12.00". <i><a href="/wiki/Speculum_(journal)" title="Speculum (journal)">Speculum</a></i>. <b>6</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">471–</span>474. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2848518">10.2307/2848518</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2848518">2848518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Charles+Henry+Beeson%2C+Lupus+of+Ferri%C3%A8res+as+Scribe+and+Text+Critic.+The+Mediaeval+Academy+of+America.+Publication+No.+4.+Cambridge%2C+Mass.+1930.+Cloth.+Pp.+x+%2B+51%3B+109+folia+in+facsimile.+%2412.00&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E471-%3C%2Fspan%3E474&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2848518&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2848518%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rand&rft.aufirst=E.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALupus+Servatus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegenos1966" class="citation book cs1">Regenos, Graydon W. (1966). <i>The Letters of Lupus Servatus</i>. The Hague: Martinus Nijoff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Lupus+Servatus&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijoff&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Regenos&rft.aufirst=Graydon+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALupus+Servatus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgers1987" class="citation journal cs1">Rodgers, R. H. (1987). "Servatus Lupus, <i>Epistulae</i>, ed. Peter K. Marshall. (Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana.) Leipzig: B. G, Teubner, for the Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Zentralinstitut für alte Geschichte und Archäologie, 1984. Pp. xvii, 142. DM 45". <i><a href="/wiki/Speculum_(journal)" title="Speculum (journal)">Speculum</a></i>. <b>62</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2852610">10.2307/2852610</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2852610">2852610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Servatus+Lupus%2C+Epistulae%2C+ed.+Peter+K.+Marshall.+%28Bibliotheca+Scriptorum+Graecorum+et+Romanorum+Teubneriana.%29+Leipzig%3A+B.+G%2C+Teubner%2C+for+the+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften+der+DDR%2C+Zentralinstitut+f%C3%BCr+alte+Geschichte+und+Arch%C3%A4ologie%2C+1984.+Pp.+xvii%2C+142.+DM+45&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E193&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2852610&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2852610%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALupus+Servatus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupus_Servatus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gottschalk.inrebus.com/lupus.html">Servatus Lupus of Ferrières. 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q675928#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3681" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q675928#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3681" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q675928#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2478602">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/45727081">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/804159474217627662087">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7503159248403404870007">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84167802705917770404">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/93406952">6</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/159979/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjGJbHCXTWHqHPbCW7k8P3">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmXPhvcptyQF6QGwkrjG3">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118729748">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85070605">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930060b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930060b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lupus : Ferrariensis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV088304">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35793109">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19980000026902&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1349216">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1218332">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070866554">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1535375968031">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvwkz049qn3gx">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810562991405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/17501">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/17502">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007264883205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519490706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14722644">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00787146?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1090176">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118729748.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118729748">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027208648">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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