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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean_warfare_and_Sea_Peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_warfare_and_Sea_Peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mediterranean warfare and Sea Peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_warfare_and_Sea_Peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Mycenaean_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Mycenaean_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-Mycenaean Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Mycenaean_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lefkandi_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lefkandi_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lefkandi burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lefkandi_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>End</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>New writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuity_thesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuity_thesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Continuity thesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuity_thesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Greek Dark Ages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griekse_Donker_Eeue" title="Griekse Donker Eeue – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Griekse Donker Eeue" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkle_Jahrhunderte_(Antike)" title="Dunkle Jahrhunderte (Antike) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dunkle Jahrhunderte (Antike)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="العصور المظلمة اليونانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصور المظلمة اليونانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%C3%A1_escura_griega" title="Edá escura griega – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edá escura griega" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaranl%C4%B1q_%C9%99srl%C9%99r_(Q%C9%99dim_Yunan%C4%B1stan)" title="Qaranlıq əsrlər (Qədim Yunanıstan) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qaranlıq əsrlər (Qədim Yunanıstan)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="গ্রিক অন্ধকার যুগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রিক অন্ধকার যুগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Грэчаскія Цёмныя стагоддзі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грэчаскія Цёмныя стагоддзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0_(%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ранножелязна епоха (Гърция) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ранножелязна епоха (Гърция)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_fosca_grega" title="Edat fosca grega – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edat fosca grega" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temn%C3%A9_obdob%C3%AD" title="Temné období – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Temné období" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkle_Jahrhunderte_(Antike)" title="Dunkle Jahrhunderte (Antike) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dunkle Jahrhunderte (Antike)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE" title="Γεωμετρική εποχή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωμετρική εποχή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edad_Oscura" title="Edad Oscura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edad Oscura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malhelaj_jarcentoj" title="Malhelaj jarcentoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malhelaj jarcentoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greziako_Aro_Iluna" title="Greziako Aro Iluna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Greziako Aro Iluna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اعصار تاریک یونان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعصار تاریک یونان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8cles_obscurs" title="Siècles obscurs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siècles obscurs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_Escura" title="Idade Escura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Idade Escura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%95%94%ED%9D%91%EA%B8%B0" title="그리스 암흑기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스 암흑기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հոմերոսյան դարաշրջան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոմերոսյան դարաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="यूनानी अंधकार काल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूनानी अंधकार काल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mra%C4%8Dno_doba_(stara_Gr%C4%8Dka)" title="Mračno doba (stara Grčka) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mračno doba (stara Grčka)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Kegelapan_Yunani" title="Zaman Kegelapan Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zaman Kegelapan Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrku_aldirnar_%C3%AD_s%C3%B6gu_Grikklands" title="Myrku aldirnar í sögu Grikklands – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Myrku aldirnar í sögu Grikklands" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medioevo_ellenico" title="Medioevo ellenico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Medioevo ellenico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F" title="תקופת המעבר ביוון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקופת המעבר ביוון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="საბერძნეთის ბნელი ხანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საბერძნეთის ბნელი ხანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saecula_obscura_(Graecia_antiqua)" title="Saecula obscura (Graecia antiqua) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saecula obscura (Graecia antiqua)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tum%C5%A1ie_gadsimti" title="Tumšie gadsimti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tumšie gadsimti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4ischter_Z%C3%A4italteren" title="Däischter Zäitalteren – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däischter Zäitalteren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graikijos_tamsieji_am%C5%BEiai" title="Graikijos tamsieji amžiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Graikijos tamsieji amžiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%B6g_s%C3%B6t%C3%A9t_kor" title="Görög sötét kor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Görög sötét kor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Gelap_Yunani" title="Zaman Gelap Yunani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Gelap Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duistere_eeuwen" title="Duistere eeuwen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duistere eeuwen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Greek Dark Ages</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data">Greek mainland and Aegean Sea</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1180–800 BC</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Characteristics</th><td class="infobox-data">Destruction of settlements and collapse of the socioeconomic system</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Greece" title="Category:History of Greece">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History of <span class="fn org label">Greece</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Greece,_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli;_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Greece, drawn in 1791 by William Faden, at the scale of 1,350,000"><img alt="Map of Greece, drawn in 1791 by William Faden, at the scale of 1,350,000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/250px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/375px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/500px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9411" data-file-height="6605" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Greek Bronze Age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic chronology</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100–1000</span> BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100–1100</span> BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenean</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750–1050</span> BC)</small></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek Dark Ages</a> <small>(1100 BC–750 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a> <small>(800 BC–480 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> <small>(500 BC–323 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a> <small>(323 BC–31 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a> <small>(146 BC–330 AD)</small></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Medieval Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankish and Latin states</a> <small>(1204-1579)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Venetian Crete</a> <small>(1205-1667)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian Islands</a> <small>(1363-1797)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a> <small>(1371-1822)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">Modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a> <small>(1800-1807)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">War of Independence</a> <small>(1821-1829)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1822-1832)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> <small>(1832-1924, 1935-1973)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a> <small>(1914/15-1917)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1924-1935)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a> <small>(1936-1941)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Collaborationist regime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Political Committee of National Liberation">Free Greece</a>) <small>(1941-1944)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Civil War</a> <small>(1946-1949)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Military Junta</a> <small>(1967-1974)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1974-)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece#History" title="Church of Greece">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">Ethnonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek_music" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greek music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/16px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/24px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Greece portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Greece" title="Template:History of Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Greece" title="Template talk:History of Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Greek Dark Ages</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1180–800 BC) were earlier regarded as two continuous periods of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greek history</a>: the <b>Postpalatial Bronze Age</b> (c. 1180–1050 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._7_Table_1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._7_Table_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <b>Prehistoric Iron Age</b> or <b>Early Iron Age</b> (c. 1050–800 BC). The last included all the ceramic phases from the <a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a> to the Middle <a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._7_Table_1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._7_Table_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lasted until the beginning of the Historic Iron Age around 800 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the term Greek Dark Ages is being abandoned, and both periods are not considered "obscure".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._11:_"[T]he_pejorative_notions_and_interpretive_bias_that_the_term_'Dark_Age'_introduces_have_led_to_the_adoption_of_the_more_neutral_'Early_Iron_Age'_as_the_predominant_referent"_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._11:_"[T]he_pejorative_notions_and_interpretive_bias_that_the_term_'Dark_Age'_introduces_have_led_to_the_adoption_of_the_more_neutral_'Early_Iron_Age'_as_the_predominant_referent"-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the Postpalatial Bronze Age, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> of civilization in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> world in c. 1200–1150 BC took place, as the great palaces and cities of the Mycenaeans were destroyed or abandoned. At around the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> civilization also suffered serious disruption, with cities from <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> being destroyed. In Egypt, the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> fell into disarray, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period of Egypt</a>. Following the collapse, there were fewer, smaller settlements, suggesting widespread <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> and depopulation. In Greece, the <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> script used by Mycenaean bureaucrats to write the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> ceased to be used, and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> did not develop until the beginning of the Protohistoric Iron Age, c. 800 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._11_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postpalatial_Bronze_Age">Postpalatial Bronze Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Dark_Ages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Postpalatial Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mycenaean palaces began to come to an end around 1200 BC, and the process concluded decades later,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._117:_"The_Mycenaean_palaces_came_to_an_end_somewhat_suddenly_and_conclusively_around_the_beginning_of_the_twelfh_century_BCE._While_this_is_ofen_termed_an_abrupt_collapse_across_a_wide_geographical_area,_it_should_rather_be_seen_as_a_process_that_played_out_over_at_least_several_decades"_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._117:_"The_Mycenaean_palaces_came_to_an_end_somewhat_suddenly_and_conclusively_around_the_beginning_of_the_twelfh_century_BCE._While_this_is_ofen_termed_an_abrupt_collapse_across_a_wide_geographical_area,_it_should_rather_be_seen_as_a_process_that_played_out_over_at_least_several_decades"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to internal tensions within the cities which rejected palatial authority and administration, patent in the disappearance of Linear B writing and palatial architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._117:_"[A]_relatively_rapid_series_of_events_[included]_tension_between_Mycenaean_polities_[…]_armed_conflict;_and_[…]_a_rejection_of_palatial_authority_by_those_living_under_it,_as_evidenced_through_the_total_disappearance_of_Linear_B,_palatial_architecture,_and_other_accoutrements_of_centralized_administrative_hierarchy"_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._117:_"[A]_relatively_rapid_series_of_events_[included]_tension_between_Mycenaean_polities_[…]_armed_conflict;_and_[…]_a_rejection_of_palatial_authority_by_those_living_under_it,_as_evidenced_through_the_total_disappearance_of_Linear_B,_palatial_architecture,_and_other_accoutrements_of_centralized_administrative_hierarchy"-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also conflicts, in the region of <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, between Mycenaean polities like <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gla" title="Gla">Gla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>. Although Thebes and <a href="/wiki/Eleon" title="Eleon">Eleon</a> had an important reoccupation pattern even in Late Helladic IIIC Middle, c. 1170–1100 BC, when other minor sites around also began to rise, palaces had ceased to exist along with art and burial customs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._118:_"Palace_destructions_at_Orchomenos,_Gla,_and_Thebes_may_be_the_direct_or_partial_result_of_conflicts_between_two_polities_represented_by_these_three_centers._The_proximity_of_Thebes_and_Orchomenos_would_have_been_a_source_of_tension_between_these_two_polities_[...]_Not_all_palatial_and_palace-connected_sites_were_destroyed_at_the_end_of_LH_IIIB,_and_several_were_reoccupied_after_a_hiatus._Both_Thebes_and_Eleon,_for_example,_have_significant_occupation_until_LH_IIIC_Middle,_when_other_centers_in_their_vicinity_start_to_thrive"_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._118:_"Palace_destructions_at_Orchomenos,_Gla,_and_Thebes_may_be_the_direct_or_partial_result_of_conflicts_between_two_polities_represented_by_these_three_centers._The_proximity_of_Thebes_and_Orchomenos_would_have_been_a_source_of_tension_between_these_two_polities_[...]_Not_all_palatial_and_palace-connected_sites_were_destroyed_at_the_end_of_LH_IIIB,_and_several_were_reoccupied_after_a_hiatus._Both_Thebes_and_Eleon,_for_example,_have_significant_occupation_until_LH_IIIC_Middle,_when_other_centers_in_their_vicinity_start_to_thrive"-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, in the island of <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>, the site of <a href="/wiki/Lefkandi" title="Lefkandi">Lefkandi</a> grew up in an accelerated way in this Postpalatial period (1200–1050 BC) to become a preeminent place as it has a double bay with sea traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._125_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._125-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, evidence had emerged of the new presence of Hellenes in sub-Mycenaean <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (c. 1100–1050 BC) and on the Syrian coast at <a href="/wiki/Al-Mina" title="Al-Mina">Al-Mina</a>. However, Greek-speaking people arrived in Cyprus, in the late 13th to 11th centuries BC, but did not colonize the island, they integrated into society as "economic and cultural migrants from the periphery to the core."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnapp2022pp._77,_80_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnapp2022pp._77,_80-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Iron_Age">Early Iron Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Dark_Ages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were four centres in the following Prehistoric or Early Iron Age (1050–800 BC), with more than 1000 individuals: Lefkandi, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, which also featured sociopolitical complexity, hierarchies manifested locally though not in a wider area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._28_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._28-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decoration on <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Greek pottery</a> after about 1050 BC lacks the figurative decoration of Mycenaean ware and is restricted to simpler, generally geometric styles: Early Protogeometric (1050–1000 BC), Middle Protogeometric (1000–950 BC), Late Protogeometric (950 BC - 900 BC), Early Geometric (900 BC - 850 BC), and Middle Geometric (850–800 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._7_Table_1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._7_Table_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Martin" title="Thomas R. Martin">Thomas R. Martin</a>, considers that between 950 BC and 750 BC, the Greeks relearned how to write, but using the alphabet of the Phoenicians instead of the Linear B script used by the Mycenaeans, innovating in a fundamental way by introducing vowels as letters. "The Greek version of the alphabet eventually formed the base of the alphabet used for English today."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was previously thought that all contact was lost between mainland Hellenes and foreign powers during this period, yielding little cultural progress or growth. But archaeologist Alex Knodell considers that artifacts, in the Early Iron Age, from excavations at Lefkandi on the <a href="/wiki/Lelantine_Plain" title="Lelantine Plain">Lelantine Plain</a> in the island of <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a> in the 1980s "revealed that some parts of Greece were much wealthier and more widely connected than traditionally thought, as a monumental building and its adjacent cemetery showed connections to Cyprus, Egypt, and the Levant as markers of elite status and authority, much as they had been in previous periods,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._11_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this shows that significant cultural and trade links with the east, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> coast, developed from c. 900 BC onwards. </p><p>Though life was harsh for the Greeks of the Dark Ages, and one major result of the period was the deconstruction of the old Mycenaean economic and social structures, along with the strict class hierarchies and hereditary rule forgotten, a gradual replacement with new socio-political institutions eventually allowed for the rise of democracy in 5th century BC <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. Notable events after the Dark Ages period that mark the transition to <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a> include the first <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympics</a>, in 776 BC, and the composition of the <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric</a> epics the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mediterranean_warfare_and_Sea_Peoples">Mediterranean warfare and Sea Peoples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Dark_Ages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mediterranean warfare and Sea Peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Invasions,_destructions_and_possible_population_movements_during_the_Bronze_Age_Collapse,_ca._1200_BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Invasions%2C_destructions_and_possible_population_movements_during_the_Bronze_Age_Collapse%2C_ca._1200_BC.png/250px-Invasions%2C_destructions_and_possible_population_movements_during_the_Bronze_Age_Collapse%2C_ca._1200_BC.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Invasions%2C_destructions_and_possible_population_movements_during_the_Bronze_Age_Collapse%2C_ca._1200_BC.png/375px-Invasions%2C_destructions_and_possible_population_movements_during_the_Bronze_Age_Collapse%2C_ca._1200_BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Invasions%2C_destructions_and_possible_population_movements_during_the_Bronze_Age_Collapse%2C_ca._1200_BC.png/500px-Invasions%2C_destructions_and_possible_population_movements_during_the_Bronze_Age_Collapse%2C_ca._1200_BC.png 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200 BC) in the Eastern Mediterranean</figcaption></figure> <p>The fall of Mycenaeans in the Bronze Age collapse was attributed to a Dorian or <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a> invasion, but Sea Peoples could have been pirate bands which coalesced due to the collapse, and diverse in origin, like sailors, workers, or mercenaries, coming from ethnicities like those of the <a href="/wiki/Lukka_lands" title="Lukka lands">Lukka lands</a>, but not necessarily or exclusively Achaeans (Ekwesh).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around this time, c. 1200–1150 BC, large-scale revolts took place in several parts of the eastern Mediterranean. Writing in 2013, Jonathan Hall considered that: "[T]he collapse of the political and economic system centered on the Mycenaean palaces provoked a climate of instability and insecurity and [s]ome people – whether for reasons of safety or economic necessity – decided to abandon their former homes and seek a living elsewhere."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2013p._51_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2013p._51-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Dark_Ages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3141_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Model_granaries_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_9_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/3141_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Model_granaries_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/220px-3141_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Model_granaries_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/3141_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Model_granaries_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/330px-3141_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Model_granaries_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/3141_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Model_granaries_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/440px-3141_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Model_granaries_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2648" data-file-height="1628" /></a><figcaption>Geometric-style box in the shape of a barn. On display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the Stoa of Attalus. From early geometric cremation burial of a wealthy pregnant woman, 850 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the collapse of the palatial centers, no more monumental stone buildings were built, and the practice of wall painting may have ceased. Writing in the Linear B script also ceased, and vital trade links were lost as towns and villages were abandoned. Writing in the Linear B script ended particularly due to the redistributive <a href="/wiki/Palace_economy" title="Palace economy">palace economy</a> crashing; there was no longer a need to keep records about commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of Greece declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnodgrass1971360–368_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnodgrass1971360–368-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world of organized state armies, kings, officials, and redistributive systems disappeared. Most of the information about the period comes from burial sites and the <a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">grave goods</a> contained within them. </p><p>The emerging fragmented, localized, and autonomous cultures lacked cultural and aesthetic cohesion and are noted for their diversity of <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material cultures</a> in pottery styles (e.g. conservative in Athens, eclectic in Knossos), burial practices, and settlement structures. The <a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric style</a> of pottery was stylistically simpler than earlier designs, characterized by lines and curves. On the other hand, generalizations about the "<a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Age</a> Society" are considered simplifications, because the range of cultures throughout Greece at the time cannot be grouped into a single "Dark Age Society" category.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tholos_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholos tomb">Tholos tombs</a> are found in Early Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> and in Crete but not in general elsewhere, and <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> was the dominant rite in <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> but nearby in the <a href="/wiki/Argolid" class="mw-redirect" title="Argolid">Argolid</a>, it was <a href="/wiki/Inhumation" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhumation">inhumation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnodgrass1971140–212_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnodgrass1971140–212-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some former sites of Mycenaean palaces, such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, continued to be occupied; the fact that other sites experienced an expansive "boom time" of a generation or two before they were abandoned has been associated by <a href="/wiki/James_Whitley_(archaeologist)" title="James Whitley (archaeologist)">James Whitley</a> with the "<a href="/wiki/Big_man_(anthropology)" title="Big man (anthropology)">big-man social organization</a>", which is based on personal charisma and is inherently unstable: he interprets <a href="/wiki/Lefkandi" title="Lefkandi">Lefkandi</a> in this light.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitley1991_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitley1991-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some regions in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, Euboea, and central Crete, recovered economically from these events faster than others, but life for common Greeks would have remained relatively unchanged as it had for centuries. There was still farming, weaving, metalworking and pottery but at a lower level of output and for local use in local styles. Some technical innovations were introduced around 1050 BC with the start of the <a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric style</a> (1050 BC – 900 BC), such as the superior pottery technology that included a faster potter's wheel for superior vase shapes and the use of a compass to draw perfect circles and semicircles for decoration. Better glazes were achieved by higher temperature firing of the clay. However, the overall trend was toward simpler, less intricate pieces and fewer resources being devoted to the creation of beautiful art. </p><p>The smelting of iron was learned from <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and was exploited and improved upon by using local deposits of iron ore previously ignored by the Mycenaeans: <a href="/wiki/Edged_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Edged weapon">edged weapons</a> were now within reach of less elite warriors. Though the universal use of iron was one shared feature among Dark Age settlements,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is still uncertain when the forged iron weapons and armour achieved strength superior to those that had previously been cast and hammered from <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>. From 1050, many small local iron industries appeared, and by 900, almost all weapons in grave goods were made of iron. </p><p>The distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic Greek</a> dialect in historic times indicates early movement from mainland <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> to the Anatolian coast to such sites as <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(city)" title="Colophon (city)">Colophon</a>, perhaps as early as 1000 BC, but contemporaneous evidence is scant. In <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, some archaeological sites begin to show identifiably Greek ceramics;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a colony of Euboean Greeks was established at <a href="/wiki/Al_Mina" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Mina">Al Mina</a> on the Syrian coast, and the revival of an Aegean Greek network of exchange can be detected from 10th-century BC Attic Proto-geometric pottery found in Crete and at <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, off the coast of Asia Minor.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religion in the Greek Dark Ages is seen to be a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Bronze Age</a> Greek Religion,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically the ideas of Hero worship, and how the gods' powers were attributed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Mycenaean_Cyprus">Post-Mycenaean Cyprus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Dark_Ages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-Mycenaean Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Geometric_Jewelry_from_the_Areopagus_of_Athens._Ancient_Agora_Museum_of_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Early_Geometric_Jewelry_from_the_Areopagus_of_Athens._Ancient_Agora_Museum_of_Athens.jpg/220px-Early_Geometric_Jewelry_from_the_Areopagus_of_Athens._Ancient_Agora_Museum_of_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Early_Geometric_Jewelry_from_the_Areopagus_of_Athens._Ancient_Agora_Museum_of_Athens.jpg/330px-Early_Geometric_Jewelry_from_the_Areopagus_of_Athens._Ancient_Agora_Museum_of_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Early_Geometric_Jewelry_from_the_Areopagus_of_Athens._Ancient_Agora_Museum_of_Athens.jpg/440px-Early_Geometric_Jewelry_from_the_Areopagus_of_Athens._Ancient_Agora_Museum_of_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="2674" /></a><figcaption>Finds from an early geometric Cremation Burial of a pregnant wealthy woman, from the N.W. of the Areopagus, about 850 BC, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Agora_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Agora Museum">Ancient Agora Museum</a> (Athens); exhibit 14–16: broad gold finger rings; exhibit 17–19: gold finger rings; 20: pair of gold earrings with trapezoid endings</figcaption></figure> <p>Cyprus was inhabited by a mix of "<a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, joined during this period by the first Greek settlements. Potters in Cyprus initiated the most elegant new pottery style of the 10th and 9th centuries, the "Cypro-Phoenician" "black on red" style<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of small flasks and jugs that held precious contents, probably scented oil. Together with distinctively Greek Euboean ceramic wares, it was widely exported and is found in Levantine sites, including <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> and far inland in the late 11th and 10th centuries. Cypriot metalwork was exchanged in Crete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Dark_Ages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> during this period was likely divided into independent regions organized by kinship groups and the <i><a href="/wiki/Oikos" title="Oikos">oikoi</a></i> or households, the origins of the later <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">poleis</a></i>. Most <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> did not live in isolated farmsteads but in small settlements. It is likely that at the dawn of the historical period two or three hundred years later, the main economic resource for each family was the ancestral plot of land of the <i><a href="/wiki/Oikos" title="Oikos">Oikos</a></i>, the <i>kleros</i> or allotment. Without this, a man could not marry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurwitt1985_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwitt1985-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excavations of Dark Age communities such as <a href="/wiki/Nichoria" title="Nichoria">Nichoria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> have shown how a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> town was abandoned in 1150 BC but then reemerged as a small village cluster by 1075 BC. At this time there were only around forty families living there with plenty of good farming land and grazing for <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBintliff2012221_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBintliff2012221-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of a 10th century BC building, including a <a href="/wiki/Megaron" title="Megaron">megaron</a>, on the top of the ridge has led to speculation that this was the chieftain's house.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1972pp._253-254:_"The_most_important_architectural_discovery_in_this_area_was_the_foundations_of_a_large_apsidal_building_of_the_Early_Iron_Age_[...]_In_any_case,_it_must_have_been_the_most_important_building_of_the_town_in_that_period._Other_possibilities_are_that_it_was_the_home_of_the_local_'chief'_or_some_sort_of_communal_center"_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1972pp._253-254:_"The_most_important_architectural_discovery_in_this_area_was_the_foundations_of_a_large_apsidal_building_of_the_Early_Iron_Age_[...]_In_any_case,_it_must_have_been_the_most_important_building_of_the_town_in_that_period._Other_possibilities_are_that_it_was_the_home_of_the_local_'chief'_or_some_sort_of_communal_center"-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1975p._92:_"[A]nd_the_large_amount_of_coarse_ware_found_within_the_building_point_to_its_use_as_a_residential_dwelling,_perhaps_a_chieftain's_house._In_such_an_undoubtedly_religious_as_well_as_political_context,_the_addition_of_an_altar_in_its_interior_might_not_be_unexpected._Unit_IV-1_may_thus_carry_on_an_important_Mycenaean_tradition_of_combining_sacred_and_domestic_features_in_the_'palace'"_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1975p._92:_"[A]nd_the_large_amount_of_coarse_ware_found_within_the_building_point_to_its_use_as_a_residential_dwelling,_perhaps_a_chieftain's_house._In_such_an_undoubtedly_religious_as_well_as_political_context,_the_addition_of_an_altar_in_its_interior_might_not_be_unexpected._Unit_IV-1_may_thus_carry_on_an_important_Mycenaean_tradition_of_combining_sacred_and_domestic_features_in_the_'palace'"-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a larger structure than those surrounding it but it was still made from the same materials (mud brick and thatched roof).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1972p._254:_"Fragments_of_mudbrick_were_found_both_inside_and_outside_the_building,_suggesting_that_the_upper_walls_were_of_brick_or_half-timber_construction._A_few_pieces_of_plaster_may_indicate_that_the_walls_were_plastered_on_the_inside._The_roof_may_have_been_constructed_of_light_materials_such_as_bamboo_and_thatch_and_supported_by_props_resting_on_tie_beams_which_spanned_the_space_from_wall_to_wall._Because_of_the_extraordinary_size_of_the_building,_it_is_questionable_whether_it_was_roofed_in_its_entirety._The_central_room_with_the_circular_paved_floor_may_have_been_left_open_to_the_air"_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1972p._254:_"Fragments_of_mudbrick_were_found_both_inside_and_outside_the_building,_suggesting_that_the_upper_walls_were_of_brick_or_half-timber_construction._A_few_pieces_of_plaster_may_indicate_that_the_walls_were_plastered_on_the_inside._The_roof_may_have_been_constructed_of_light_materials_such_as_bamboo_and_thatch_and_supported_by_props_resting_on_tie_beams_which_spanned_the_space_from_wall_to_wall._Because_of_the_extraordinary_size_of_the_building,_it_is_questionable_whether_it_was_roofed_in_its_entirety._The_central_room_with_the_circular_paved_floor_may_have_been_left_open_to_the_air"-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was perhaps also a place of religious significance and communal storage of food. High-status individuals did in fact exist in the Dark Age, but their standard of living was not significantly higher than others of their village.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnodgrass1971_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnodgrass1971-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lefkandi_burial">Lefkandi burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Dark_Ages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lefkandi burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lefkandi" title="Lefkandi">Lefkandi</a> on the island of Euboea was a prosperous settlement in the Late Bronze Age,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly to be identified with old <a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It recovered quickly from the collapse of Mycenaean culture, and in 1981 excavators of a burial ground found the largest 10th century BC building yet known from Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes called "the <i><a href="/wiki/Heroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroon">heroon</a></i>", this long narrow building, 50 metres by 10 metres, or about 164 feet by 33 feet, contained two burial shafts. In one were placed four horses and the other contained a cremated male buried with his iron weapons and an inhumed woman, heavily adorned with gold jewellery.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The man's bones were placed in a bronze jar from Cyprus, with hunting scenes on the cast rim. The woman was clad with gold coils in her hair, rings, gold breastplates, an heirloom necklace, an elaborate Cypriot or Near Eastern necklace made some 200 to 300 years before her burial, and an ivory-handled dagger at her head. The horses appeared to have been sacrificed, some appearing to have iron bits in their mouths. No evidence survives to show whether the building was erected to house the burial, or whether the "hero" or local chieftain in the grave was cremated and then buried in his grand house; whichever is true, the house was soon demolished and the debris used to form a roughly circular mound over the wall stumps. </p><p>Between this period and approximately 820 BC, rich members of the community were cremated and buried close to the eastern end of the building, in much the same way Christians might seek to be buried close to a saint's grave; the presence of imported objects, notable throughout more than eighty further burials, contrast with other nearby cemeteries at Lefkandi and attest to a lasting elite tradition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End">End</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Dark_Ages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: End"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AGM_Ancient_Greek_Pair_of_Terracotta_Boots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AGM_Ancient_Greek_Pair_of_Terracotta_Boots.jpg/220px-AGM_Ancient_Greek_Pair_of_Terracotta_Boots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AGM_Ancient_Greek_Pair_of_Terracotta_Boots.jpg/330px-AGM_Ancient_Greek_Pair_of_Terracotta_Boots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AGM_Ancient_Greek_Pair_of_Terracotta_Boots.jpg/440px-AGM_Ancient_Greek_Pair_of_Terracotta_Boots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="1847" /></a><figcaption>An Ancient Greek pair of <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> boots. Early geometric period cremation burial of a woman, 900 BC. Ancient Agora Museum in Athens.</figcaption></figure> <p>The archaeological record of many sites demonstrates that the economic recovery of Greece was well underway by the beginning of the 8th century  BC. Cemeteries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kerameikos" title="Kerameikos">Kerameikos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> or Lefkandi, and sanctuaries, such as Olympia, recently founded in <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Heraion_of_Samos" title="Heraion of Samos">Heraion of Samos</a>, first of the colossal free-standing temples, were richly provided with offerings – including items from the Near East, Egypt, and Italy made of exotic materials including <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Exports of Greek pottery demonstrate contact with the Levant coast at sites such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Mina" title="Al-Mina">Al-Mina</a> and with the region of the <a href="/wiki/Villanovan" class="mw-redirect" title="Villanovan">Villanovan</a> culture to the north of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColdstream2003pp._205,_207_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColdstream2003pp._205,_207-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decoration of pottery became more elaborate and included <a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">figured scenes</a> that parallel the stories of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric Epic</a>. Iron tools and weapons improved. Renewed Mediterranean trade brought new supplies of copper and tin to make a wide range of elaborate bronze objects, such as <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod" title="Sacrificial tripod">tripod stands</a> like those offered as prizes in the funeral games celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> for <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other coastal regions of Greece besides Euboea were once again full participants in the commercial and cultural exchanges of the eastern and central Mediterranean and communities developed governance by an elite group of aristocrats, rather than by the single <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i> or chieftain of earlier periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColdstream2003_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColdstream2003-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_writing_system">New writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Dark_Ages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the beginning of 8th century BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._11_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a new <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> system was adopted from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a> by a Greek with first-hand experience of it. The Greeks adapted the <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>, a Semitic language used by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, notably introducing characters for <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> sounds and thereby creating the first truly alphabetic writing system. The new alphabet quickly spread throughout the Mediterranean and was used to write not only the Greek language but also <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> and other languages in the eastern Mediterranean. As <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> sent out colonies west towards Sicily and Italy (<a href="/wiki/Pithekoussae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithekoussae">Pithekoussae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a>), the influence of their new alphabet extended further. </p><p>The ceramic Euboean artifact inscribed with a few lines written in the Greek alphabet referring to "<a href="/wiki/Nestor%27s_Cup_(Pithekoussai)" title="Nestor's Cup (Pithekoussai)">Nestor's Cup</a>", discovered in a grave at Pithekoussae (Ischia), dates from c. 730 BC. It seems to be the oldest written reference to the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a> benefited from the innovation: <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic</a> variants spread throughout Italy from the 8th century. Other variants of the <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> appear on the <a href="/wiki/Lemnian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemnian">Lemnos Stele</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Alphabets_of_Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabets of Asia Minor">alphabets of Asia Minor</a>. The previous Linear scripts were not completely abandoned: the <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a>, descended from <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a>, remained in use on <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadocypriot">Arcadocypriot Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eteocypriot">Eteocypriot</a> inscriptions until the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic era</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continuity_thesis">Continuity thesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Dark_Ages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Continuity thesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars have argued against the concept of a Greek Dark Age, on grounds that the former lack of archaeological evidence in a period that was mute in its lack of inscriptions (thus "dark") is an accident of discovery rather than a fact of history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickinson20061_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickinson20061-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell202110–11_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell202110–11-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As James Whitley has put it, "The Dark Age of Greece is our conception. It is a conception strongly coloured by our knowledge of the two literate civilisations that preceded and succeeded it: the bureaucratic, palace-centred world of Mycenaean Greece and the chaotic and creative Archaic age of Hellenic civilisation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitley19915_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitley19915-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Dark_Ages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dark Ages (disambiguation)">Dark Ages in history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Dark_Ages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._7_Table_1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._7_Table_1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._7_Table_1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._7_Table_1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnodell2021">Knodell 2021</a>, p. 7 Table 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:72_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207230729/http://www.hellenicfoundation.com/History.htm">"The History of Greece"</a>. <i>Hellenicfoundation.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellenicfoundation.com/History.htm">the original</a> on 2016-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenicfoundation.com&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Greece&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellenicfoundation.com%2FHistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span>: "The period from 1100 to 800 B.C. is known as the Dark Age of Greece. As described in the Ancient Greek Thesaursus: Throughout the area there are signs of a sharp cultural decline. Some sites, formerly inhabited, were now abandoned."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Thomas R., (October 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brewminate.com/the-dark-ages-of-ancient-greece-2/">"The Dark Ages of Ancient Greece"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026112041/https://brewminate.com/the-dark-ages-of-ancient-greece-2/">Archived</a> 2020-10-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "... The Near East recovered its strength much sooner than did Greece, ending its Dark Age by around 900 B.C. ... The end of the Greek Dark Age is traditionally placed some 150 years after that, at about 750 B.C. ..." Retrieved October 24, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._11:_"[T]he_pejorative_notions_and_interpretive_bias_that_the_term_'Dark_Age'_introduces_have_led_to_the_adoption_of_the_more_neutral_'Early_Iron_Age'_as_the_predominant_referent"-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._11:_"[T]he_pejorative_notions_and_interpretive_bias_that_the_term_'Dark_Age'_introduces_have_led_to_the_adoption_of_the_more_neutral_'Early_Iron_Age'_as_the_predominant_referent"_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnodell2021">Knodell 2021</a>, p. 11: "[T]he pejorative notions and interpretive bias that the term 'Dark Age' introduces have led to the adoption of the more neutral 'Early Iron Age' as the predominant referent".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._11-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._11_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._11_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._11_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnodell2021">Knodell 2021</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._117:_"The_Mycenaean_palaces_came_to_an_end_somewhat_suddenly_and_conclusively_around_the_beginning_of_the_twelfh_century_BCE._While_this_is_ofen_termed_an_abrupt_collapse_across_a_wide_geographical_area,_it_should_rather_be_seen_as_a_process_that_played_out_over_at_least_several_decades"-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._117:_"The_Mycenaean_palaces_came_to_an_end_somewhat_suddenly_and_conclusively_around_the_beginning_of_the_twelfh_century_BCE._While_this_is_ofen_termed_an_abrupt_collapse_across_a_wide_geographical_area,_it_should_rather_be_seen_as_a_process_that_played_out_over_at_least_several_decades"_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnodell2021">Knodell 2021</a>, p. 117: "The Mycenaean palaces came to an end somewhat suddenly and conclusively around the beginning of the twelfh century BCE. While this is ofen termed an abrupt collapse across a wide geographical area, it should rather be seen as a process that played out over at least several decades".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._117:_"[A]_relatively_rapid_series_of_events_[included]_tension_between_Mycenaean_polities_[…]_armed_conflict;_and_[…]_a_rejection_of_palatial_authority_by_those_living_under_it,_as_evidenced_through_the_total_disappearance_of_Linear_B,_palatial_architecture,_and_other_accoutrements_of_centralized_administrative_hierarchy"-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._117:_"[A]_relatively_rapid_series_of_events_[included]_tension_between_Mycenaean_polities_[…]_armed_conflict;_and_[…]_a_rejection_of_palatial_authority_by_those_living_under_it,_as_evidenced_through_the_total_disappearance_of_Linear_B,_palatial_architecture,_and_other_accoutrements_of_centralized_administrative_hierarchy"_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnodell2021">Knodell 2021</a>, p. 117: "[A] relatively rapid series of events [included] tension between Mycenaean polities […] armed conflict; and […] a rejection of palatial authority by those living under it, as evidenced through the total disappearance of Linear B, palatial architecture, and other accoutrements of centralized administrative hierarchy".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._118:_"Palace_destructions_at_Orchomenos,_Gla,_and_Thebes_may_be_the_direct_or_partial_result_of_conflicts_between_two_polities_represented_by_these_three_centers._The_proximity_of_Thebes_and_Orchomenos_would_have_been_a_source_of_tension_between_these_two_polities_[...]_Not_all_palatial_and_palace-connected_sites_were_destroyed_at_the_end_of_LH_IIIB,_and_several_were_reoccupied_after_a_hiatus._Both_Thebes_and_Eleon,_for_example,_have_significant_occupation_until_LH_IIIC_Middle,_when_other_centers_in_their_vicinity_start_to_thrive"-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._118:_"Palace_destructions_at_Orchomenos,_Gla,_and_Thebes_may_be_the_direct_or_partial_result_of_conflicts_between_two_polities_represented_by_these_three_centers._The_proximity_of_Thebes_and_Orchomenos_would_have_been_a_source_of_tension_between_these_two_polities_[...]_Not_all_palatial_and_palace-connected_sites_were_destroyed_at_the_end_of_LH_IIIB,_and_several_were_reoccupied_after_a_hiatus._Both_Thebes_and_Eleon,_for_example,_have_significant_occupation_until_LH_IIIC_Middle,_when_other_centers_in_their_vicinity_start_to_thrive"_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnodell2021">Knodell 2021</a>, p. 118: "Palace destructions at Orchomenos, Gla, and Thebes may be the direct or partial result of conflicts between two polities represented by these three centers. The proximity of Thebes and Orchomenos would have been a source of tension between these two polities [...] Not all palatial and palace-connected sites were destroyed at the end of LH IIIB, and several were reoccupied after a hiatus. Both Thebes and Eleon, for example, have significant occupation until LH IIIC Middle, when other centers in their vicinity start to thrive".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._125-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._125_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnodell2021">Knodell 2021</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnapp2022pp._77,_80-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnapp2022pp._77,_80_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnapp2022">Knapp 2022</a>, pp. 77, 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._28-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell2021p._28_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnodell2021">Knodell 2021</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Thomas R., (October 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brewminate.com/the-dark-ages-of-ancient-greece-2/">"The Dark Ages of Ancient Greece"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026112041/https://brewminate.com/the-dark-ages-of-ancient-greece-2/">Archived</a> 2020-10-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "Sometime between about 950 and 750 B.C. the Greeks adopted a Phoenician alphabet to represent the sounds of their own language, introducing important changes to the script by representing the vowels of their own language as letters. The Greek version of the alphabet eventually formed the basis of the alphabet used for English today." Retrieved April 21, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middleton, Guy D., (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37835450/%20I%20would%20walk%20500%20miles%20and%20I%20would%20walk%20500%20more%20The%20Sea%20Peoples%20and%20Aegean%20migration%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%20Late%20Bronze%20Age%20In%20Niesiolowski%20Spano%20L%20and%20Wecowski%20M%20eds%20Change%20Continuity%20and%20Connectivity%20North%20Eastern%20Mediterr">"‘I would walk 500 miles and I would walk 500 more’..."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240425202056/https://www.academia.edu/37835450/%20I%20would%20walk%20500%20miles%20and%20I%20would%20walk%20500%20more%20The%20Sea%20Peoples%20and%20Aegean%20migration%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%20Late%20Bronze%20Age%20In%20Niesiolowski%20Spano%20L%20and%20Wecowski%20M%20eds%20Change%20Continuity%20and%20Connectivity%20North%20Eastern%20Mediterr">Archived</a> 2024-04-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in: Change, Continuity, and Connectivity, pp. 109-110: "[T]he Sea Peoples [were] pirate bands that developed out of the circumstances of collapse. These groups, Hitchcock and Maeir note, could be ethnically diverse […] coming from […] the Lukka, for example […] others relatively new c. 1200 BC . [And if] Ekwesh do refer to Achaeans […] there is still no necessary reason […] to assume they were all, or even predominantly Greek."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2013p._51-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2013p._51_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2013">Hall 2013</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Thomas R., (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D3">"The Early Greek Dark Age and Revival in the Near East"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220083451/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D3">Archived</a> 2016-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in: An Overview of Classical Greek History from Mycenae to Alexander.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnodgrass1971360–368-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnodgrass1971360–368_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnodgrass1971">Snodgrass 1971</a>, pp. 360–368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The most striking feature of the Dark Ages is its regionalism, its material diversity" (James Whitley, "Social Diversity in Dark Age Greece", <i>The Annual of the British School at Athens</i> <b>86</b> [1991:341–365]) pp. 342, 344ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnodgrass1971140–212-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnodgrass1971140–212_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnodgrass1971">Snodgrass 1971</a>, pp. 140–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitley1991-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitley1991_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitley1991">Whitley 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitley1991">Whitley 1991</a>, p. 343 notes regional differences in iron-working in <a href="#CITEREFSnodgrass1971">Snodgrass 1971</a>, pp. 213–295, and I.M. Morris, "Circulation, deposition and the formation of the Greek Iron Age," <i>Man</i>, n.s. <b>23</b>(1989:502–19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Karageorghis, <i>Early Cyprus</i>, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.W.V. Catling, "Exports of Attic protogeometric pottery and their identification by non-analytical means", <i>Annual of the British School at Athens</i> <b>93</b> (1998:365–78), noted in <a href="#CITEREFFox2008">Fox 2008</a>, p. 48; Fox provides the cultural background to his study of Euboean cultural contacts in the Mediterranean in the 8th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietrich1970" class="citation journal cs1">Dietrich, B. C. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43646246">"Some Evidence of Religious Continuity in the Greek Dark Age"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies</i>. <b>17</b> (17): <span class="nowrap">16–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2041-5370.1970.tb00079.x">10.1111/j.2041-5370.1970.tb00079.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0076-0730">0076-0730</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43646246">43646246</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231115222638/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43646246">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+Classical+Studies&rft.atitle=Some+Evidence+of+Religious+Continuity+in+the+Greek+Dark+Age&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0076-0730&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43646246%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2041-5370.1970.tb00079.x&rft.aulast=Dietrich&rft.aufirst=B.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43646246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Schreiber, <i>The Cypro-Phoenician Pottery of the Iron Age</i>, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwitt1985-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurwitt1985_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurwitt1985">Hurwitt 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBintliff2012221-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBintliff2012221_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBintliff2012">Bintliff 2012</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1972pp._253-254:_"The_most_important_architectural_discovery_in_this_area_was_the_foundations_of_a_large_apsidal_building_of_the_Early_Iron_Age_[...]_In_any_case,_it_must_have_been_the_most_important_building_of_the_town_in_that_period._Other_possibilities_are_that_it_was_the_home_of_the_local_'chief'_or_some_sort_of_communal_center"-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1972pp._253-254:_"The_most_important_architectural_discovery_in_this_area_was_the_foundations_of_a_large_apsidal_building_of_the_Early_Iron_Age_[...]_In_any_case,_it_must_have_been_the_most_important_building_of_the_town_in_that_period._Other_possibilities_are_that_it_was_the_home_of_the_local_'chief'_or_some_sort_of_communal_center"_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1972">McDonald 1972</a>, pp. 253-254: "The most important architectural discovery in this area was the foundations of a large apsidal building of the Early Iron Age [...] In any case, it must have been the most important building of the town in that period. Other possibilities are that it was the home of the local 'chief' or some sort of communal center".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1975p._92:_"[A]nd_the_large_amount_of_coarse_ware_found_within_the_building_point_to_its_use_as_a_residential_dwelling,_perhaps_a_chieftain's_house._In_such_an_undoubtedly_religious_as_well_as_political_context,_the_addition_of_an_altar_in_its_interior_might_not_be_unexpected._Unit_IV-1_may_thus_carry_on_an_important_Mycenaean_tradition_of_combining_sacred_and_domestic_features_in_the_'palace'"-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1975p._92:_"[A]nd_the_large_amount_of_coarse_ware_found_within_the_building_point_to_its_use_as_a_residential_dwelling,_perhaps_a_chieftain's_house._In_such_an_undoubtedly_religious_as_well_as_political_context,_the_addition_of_an_altar_in_its_interior_might_not_be_unexpected._Unit_IV-1_may_thus_carry_on_an_important_Mycenaean_tradition_of_combining_sacred_and_domestic_features_in_the_'palace'"_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1975">McDonald 1975</a>, p. 92: "[A]nd the large amount of coarse ware found within the building point to its use as a residential dwelling, perhaps a chieftain's house. In such an undoubtedly religious as well as political context, the addition of an altar in its interior might not be unexpected. Unit IV-1 may thus carry on an important Mycenaean tradition of combining sacred and domestic features in the 'palace'".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1972p._254:_"Fragments_of_mudbrick_were_found_both_inside_and_outside_the_building,_suggesting_that_the_upper_walls_were_of_brick_or_half-timber_construction._A_few_pieces_of_plaster_may_indicate_that_the_walls_were_plastered_on_the_inside._The_roof_may_have_been_constructed_of_light_materials_such_as_bamboo_and_thatch_and_supported_by_props_resting_on_tie_beams_which_spanned_the_space_from_wall_to_wall._Because_of_the_extraordinary_size_of_the_building,_it_is_questionable_whether_it_was_roofed_in_its_entirety._The_central_room_with_the_circular_paved_floor_may_have_been_left_open_to_the_air"-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1972p._254:_"Fragments_of_mudbrick_were_found_both_inside_and_outside_the_building,_suggesting_that_the_upper_walls_were_of_brick_or_half-timber_construction._A_few_pieces_of_plaster_may_indicate_that_the_walls_were_plastered_on_the_inside._The_roof_may_have_been_constructed_of_light_materials_such_as_bamboo_and_thatch_and_supported_by_props_resting_on_tie_beams_which_spanned_the_space_from_wall_to_wall._Because_of_the_extraordinary_size_of_the_building,_it_is_questionable_whether_it_was_roofed_in_its_entirety._The_central_room_with_the_circular_paved_floor_may_have_been_left_open_to_the_air"_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1972">McDonald 1972</a>, p. 254: "Fragments of mudbrick were found both inside and outside the building, suggesting that the upper walls were of brick or half-timber construction. A few pieces of plaster may indicate that the walls were plastered on the inside. The roof may have been constructed of light materials such as bamboo and thatch and supported by props resting on tie beams which spanned the space from wall to wall. Because of the extraordinary size of the building, it is questionable whether it was roofed in its entirety. The central room with the circular paved floor may have been left open to the air".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnodgrass1971-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnodgrass1971_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnodgrass1971">Snodgrass 1971</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lefkandi.classics.ox.ac.uk/publications.html">"Excavations at Lefkandi: Publications"</a>. <i>Lefkandi.classics.ox.ac.UK</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512210708/http://lefkandi.classics.ox.ac.uk/publications.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lefkandi.classics.ox.ac.UK&rft.atitle=Excavations+at+Lefkandi%3A+Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flefkandi.classics.ox.ac.uk%2Fpublications.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The candidates and their opponents are noted in <a href="#CITEREFFox2008">Fox 2008</a>, p. 51 note 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. R. Popham, P. G. Calligas, and L. H. Sackett, (eds.), <i>Lefkandi II: the Protogeometric Building at Toumba, Part 2. The Excavation, Architecture and Finds,</i> BSA Suppl. vol. 23, Oxford 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Bispham, Thomas Harrison, Brian A. Sparkes, <i>Ancient Greece and Rome</i>, page 89, The Edinburgh Companion, Ed 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColdstream2003pp._205,_207-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColdstream2003pp._205,_207_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColdstream2003">Coldstream 2003</a>, pp. 205, 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColdstream2003-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColdstream2003_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColdstream2003">Coldstream 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickinson20061-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickinson20061_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickinson2006">Dickinson 2006</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnodell202110–11-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnodell202110–11_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnodell2021">Knodell 2021</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitley19915-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitley19915_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitley1991">Whitley 1991</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Dark_Ages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBintliff2012" class="citation book cs1">Bintliff, John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319344028">"The Greek Early Iron Age and the Concept of a 'Dark Age'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century AD, First Edition</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">207–</span>233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118255179">10.1002/9781118255179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405154185" title="Special:BookSources/9781405154185"><bdi>9781405154185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Early+Iron+Age+and+the+Concept+of+a+%27Dark+Age%27&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Archaeology+of+Greece%3A+From+Hunter-Gatherers+to+the+20th+Century+AD%2C+First+Edition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118255179&rft.isbn=9781405154185&rft.aulast=Bintliff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F319344028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChew2001" class="citation book cs1">Chew, Sing C. (2001). "3, The second-millennium Bronze Age: Crete and Mycenaean Greece 1700 BC – 1200 BC". <i>World Ecological Degradation: Accumulation, Urbanization and Deforestation 3000 BC ‒ AD 2000</i>. Rowman Altamira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0031-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-0031-4"><bdi>0-7591-0031-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%2C+The+second-millennium+Bronze+Age%3A+Crete+and+Mycenaean+Greece+1700+BC+%E2%80%93+1200+BC&rft.btitle=World+Ecological+Degradation%3A+Accumulation%2C+Urbanization+and+Deforestation+3000+BC+%E2%80%92+AD+2000&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7591-0031-4&rft.aulast=Chew&rft.aufirst=Sing+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColdstream2003" class="citation book cs1">Coldstream, John Nicolas (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia800108.us.archive.org/1/items/ColdstreamJNGeometricGreece900700BC2003/Coldstream-J-N-Geometric-Greece-900-700-BC-2003.pdf"><i>Geometric Greece: 900-700 BC Second Edition</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-29899-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-29899-7"><bdi>0-415-29899-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geometric+Greece%3A+900-700+BC+Second+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-29899-7&rft.aulast=Coldstream&rft.aufirst=John+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia800108.us.archive.org%2F1%2Fitems%2FColdstreamJNGeometricGreece900700BC2003%2FColdstream-J-N-Geometric-Greece-900-700-BC-2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesborough1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Desborough" title="Vincent Desborough">Desborough, V.R.d'A.</a> (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekdarkages00desb"><i>The Greek Dark Ages</i></a></span>. St. Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Dark+Ages&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Desborough&rft.aufirst=V.R.d%27A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekdarkages00desb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Dickinson, Oliver (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Aegean-from-Bronze-Age-to-Iron-Age-Continuity-and-Change-Between-the-Twelfth-and-Eighth-Centuries-BC/Dickinson/p/book/9780415135900"><i>The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age: Continuity and Change Between the Twelfth and Eighth Centuries BC</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4151-3589-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-4151-3589-3"><bdi>0-4151-3589-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aegean+from+Bronze+Age+to+Iron+Age%3A+Continuity+and+Change+Between+the+Twelfth+and+Eighth+Centuries+BC&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-4151-3589-3&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FThe-Aegean-from-Bronze-Age-to-Iron-Age-Continuity-and-Change-Between-the-Twelfth-and-Eighth-Centuries-BC%2FDickinson%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780415135900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaucounau2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Faucounau, Jean (2003). <i>Les Peuples de la Mer et leur histoire</i> (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Peuples+de+la+Mer+et+leur+histoire&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Faucounau&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2008" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Robin Lane (4 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQAlsZKSCcwC"><i>Travelling Heroes: Greeks and their myths in the epic age of Homer</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-188986-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-188986-3"><bdi>978-0-14-188986-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travelling+Heroes%3A+Greeks+and+their+myths+in+the+epic+age+of+Homer&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft.isbn=978-0-14-188986-3&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Robin+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKQAlsZKSCcwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2013" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Jonathan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/A+History+of+the+Archaic+Greek+World%2C+ca+1200+479+BCE%2C+2nd+Edition-p-9781118301272"><i>A History ot the Archaic Greek World</i></a> (second ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-30127-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-30127-2"><bdi>978-1-118-30127-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+ot+the+Archaic+Greek+World&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-118-30127-2&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiley.com%2Fen-us%2FA%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BArchaic%2BGreek%2BWorld%252C%2Bca%2B1200%2B479%2BBCE%252C%2B2nd%2BEdition-p-9781118301272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurwitt1985" class="citation book cs1">Hurwitt, Jeffrey M. (1985). <i>The Art and Culture of Early Greece 1100–480 BC</i>. Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Culture+of+Early+Greece+1100%E2%80%93480+BC&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Hurwitt&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span> Chapters 1–3.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapp2022" class="citation journal cs1">Knapp, A. Bernard (November 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365692596">"Bronze Age Cyprus and the Aegean: 'exotic currency' and objects of connectivity"</a>. <i>Journal of Greek Archaeology</i>. <b>7</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">69–</span>93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32028%2Fjga.v7i.1711">10.32028/jga.v7i.1711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Greek+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Bronze+Age+Cyprus+and+the+Aegean%3A+%27exotic+currency%27+and+objects+of+connectivity&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32028%2Fjga.v7i.1711&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=A.+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F365692596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnodell2021" class="citation book cs1">Knodell, Alex R. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/49319878"><i>Societies in Transition in Early Greece: An Archaeological History</i></a>. Oakland: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5203-8053-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5203-8053-0"><bdi>978-0-5203-8053-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Societies+in+Transition+in+Early+Greece%3A+An+Archaeological+History&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-5203-8053-0&rft.aulast=Knodell&rft.aufirst=Alex+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F49319878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangdon2010" class="citation book cs1">Langdon, Susan (2010). <i>Art and Identity in Dark Age Greece, 1100–700 BC</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Identity+in+Dark+Age+Greece%2C+1100%E2%80%93700+BC&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Langdon&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatacz1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Latacz" title="Joachim Latacz">Latacz, J.</a> (1994). "Between Troy and Homer : The so-called Dark Ages in Greece". <i>Storia, Poesia e Pensiero nel Mondo antico. Studi in Onore di M. Gigante</i>. Rome: Bibliopolis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Troy+and+Homer+%3A+The+so-called+Dark+Ages+in+Greece&rft.btitle=Storia%2C+Poesia+e+Pensiero+nel+Mondo+antico.+Studi+in+Onore+di+M.+Gigante&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Bibliopolis&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Latacz&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1972" class="citation journal cs1">McDonald, William A. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/hesperia/147682.pdf">"Excavations at Nichoria in Messenia: 1969-71"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hesperia</i>. <b>41</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">218–</span>273. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/147682">147682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hesperia&rft.atitle=Excavations+at+Nichoria+in+Messenia%3A+1969-71&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F147682%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascsa.edu.gr%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2Fhesperia%2F147682.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1975" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, William A. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/hesperia/147426.pdf"><i>Excavations at Nichoria in Messenia: 1972-1973</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excavations+at+Nichoria+in+Messenia%3A+1972-1973&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascsa.edu.gr%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2Fhesperia%2F147426.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass1971" class="citation book cs1">Snodgrass, Anthony M. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darkageofgreecea00snod_0"><i>The dark age of Greece: an archaeological survey of the eleventh to the eighth centuries BC</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852240899" title="Special:BookSources/0852240899"><bdi>0852240899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dark+age+of+Greece%3A+an+archaeological+survey+of+the+eleventh+to+the+eighth+centuries+BC&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0852240899&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=Anthony+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarkageofgreecea00snod_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandarsc._1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Sandars" title="Nancy Sandars">Sandars, N.K.</a> (c. 1978). <i>The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the ancient Mediterranean 1250–1150 BC</i>. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-02085-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-02085-X"><bdi>0-500-02085-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+Peoples%3A+Warriors+of+the+ancient+Mediterranean+1250%E2%80%931150+BC&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.isbn=0-500-02085-X&rft.aulast=Sandars&rft.aufirst=N.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitley1991" class="citation book cs1">Whitley, James (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7blTSNYTw8C"><i>Style and Society in Dark Age Greece: The Changing Face of a Pre-literate Society 1100–700 BC (New Studies in Archaeology)</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5213-7383-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-5213-7383-2"><bdi>0-5213-7383-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Style+and+Society+in+Dark+Age+Greece%3A+The+Changing+Face+of+a+Pre-literate+Society+1100%E2%80%93700+BC+%28New+Studies+in+Archaeology%29&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-5213-7383-2&rft.aulast=Whitley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7blTSNYTw8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Dark+Ages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks183"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" 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temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" 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