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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiological_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physiological aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physiological_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physiological aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physiological_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physiology_of_death_by_decapitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology_of_death_by_decapitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Physiology of death by decapitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology_of_death_by_decapitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guillotine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guillotine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Guillotine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guillotine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fallbeil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fallbeil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><span><i>Fallbeil</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fallbeil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_practices_by_nation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_practices_by_nation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historical practices by nation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_practices_by_nation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical practices by nation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_practices_by_nation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Congo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Azerbaijan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.6</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.7</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Bosnia and Herzegovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Celts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Classical antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.6</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nordic_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nordic_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.7</span> <span>Nordic countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nordic_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.8</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_who_have_been_beheaded" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_who_have_been_beheaded"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable people who have been beheaded</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_who_have_been_beheaded-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Decapitation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3" title="قطع الرأس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قطع الرأس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitamientu" title="Decapitamientu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Decapitamientu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9F_k%C9%99sm%C9%99" title="Baş kəsmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Baş kəsmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A2i-th%C3%A2u" title="Thâi-thâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thâi-thâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Абезгалоўліванне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Абезгалоўліванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenna%C3%B1" title="Dibennañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dibennañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitaci%C3%B3" title="Decapitació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Decapitació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poprava_st%C4%9Bt%C3%ADm" title="Poprava stětím – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poprava stětím" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halshugning" title="Halshugning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Halshugning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthauptung" title="Enthauptung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Enthauptung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αποκεφαλισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αποκεφαλισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitaci%C3%B3n" title="Decapitación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Decapitación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkapigo" title="Senkapigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Senkapigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burugabetze" title="Burugabetze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burugabetze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86" title="سر بریدن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سر بریدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9capitation" title="Décapitation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Décapitation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unthalzing" title="Unthalzing – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Unthalzing" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADcheannadh" title="Dícheannadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dícheannadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ACcheannachadh" title="Dìcheannachadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dìcheannachadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitaci%C3%B3n" title="Decapitación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Decapitación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B8%EC%88%98" title="참수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="참수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Գլխատում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլխատում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odrubljivanje_glave" title="Odrubljivanje glave – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Odrubljivanje glave" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemancungan" title="Pemancungan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemancungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afh%C3%B6f%C3%B0un" title="Afhöfðun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Afhöfðun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitazione" title="Decapitazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Decapitazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9" title="עריפת ראש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עריפת ראש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83" title="Бас шабу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бас шабу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussio_securi" title="Percussio securi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Percussio securi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvas_nocir%C5%A1ana" title="Galvas nociršana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Galvas nociršana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9B%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="ശിരഛേദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശിരഛേദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemancungan" title="Pemancungan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemancungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0i-t%C3%A0u" title="Tài-tàu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tài-tàu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onthoofding" title="Onthoofding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Onthoofding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AC%E9%A6%96%E5%88%91" title="斬首刑 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="斬首刑" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halshogging" title="Halshogging – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Halshogging" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halshogging" title="Halshogging – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Halshogging" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aci%C4%99cie_(kara)" title="Ścięcie (kara) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ścięcie (kara)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapita%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Decapitação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Decapitação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitare" title="Decapitare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Decapitare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Обезглавливание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обезглавливание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Decapitation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poprava_s%C5%A5at%C3%ADm" title="Poprava sťatím – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poprava sťatím" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Обезглављивање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Обезглављивање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekapitacija" title="Dekapitacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dekapitacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestaus" title="Mestaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mestaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halshuggning" title="Halshuggning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Halshuggning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B0" title="การตัดศีรษะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การตัดศีรษะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9F_kesme" title="Baş kesme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baş kesme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Обезголовлення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Обезголовлення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9m_%C4%91%E1%BA%A7u" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beheading&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Beheading">Beheading</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Total separation of the head from the body</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the military strategy, see <a href="/wiki/Decapitation_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapitation strike">Decapitation strike</a>. For decapitation in the context of voting, see <a href="/wiki/Decapitation_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapitation strategy">decapitation strategy</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Decapitated" redirects here. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Decapitated_(band)" title="Decapitated (band)">Decapitated (band)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Decapitation</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Decapitaci%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_-_Simonet_-_1887.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Decapitaci%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_-_Simonet_-_1887.jpg/220px-Decapitaci%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_-_Simonet_-_1887.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Decapitaci%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_-_Simonet_-_1887.jpg/330px-Decapitaci%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_-_Simonet_-_1887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Decapitaci%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_-_Simonet_-_1887.jpg/440px-Decapitaci%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_-_Simonet_-_1887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="1195" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i>The Beheading of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Saint Paul</a></i>. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Simonet" title="Enrique Simonet">Enrique Simonet</a> in 1887, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga_Cathedral" title="Málaga Cathedral">Málaga Cathedral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Deliberate (<a href="/wiki/Execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution">executions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>); unintended (<a href="/wiki/Accident" title="Accident">accidents</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Invariably fatal</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Froissart_Chronicles,_execution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Froissart_Chronicles%2C_execution.jpg/220px-Froissart_Chronicles%2C_execution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Froissart_Chronicles%2C_execution.jpg/330px-Froissart_Chronicles%2C_execution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Froissart_Chronicles%2C_execution.jpg/440px-Froissart_Chronicles%2C_execution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Beheadings in an illumination from <a href="/wiki/Jean_Froissart" title="Jean Froissart">Froissart</a>'s <i>Chronicles</i> from the beginning of the 15th century – the execution of Guillaume Sans and his secretary in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Felton_(died_1381)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Felton (died 1381)">Thomas Felton</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_of_Perseus_Delivering_Medusa%27s_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Illustration_of_Perseus_Delivering_Medusa%27s_Head.jpg/220px-Illustration_of_Perseus_Delivering_Medusa%27s_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Illustration_of_Perseus_Delivering_Medusa%27s_Head.jpg/330px-Illustration_of_Perseus_Delivering_Medusa%27s_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Illustration_of_Perseus_Delivering_Medusa%27s_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> using the severed head of <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a> to turn King <a href="/wiki/Polydectes" title="Polydectes">Polydectes</a> <a href="/wiki/Petrifaction_in_mythology_and_fiction" title="Petrifaction in mythology and fiction">to stone</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Ethiopian_picture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Traditional_Ethiopian_picture.jpg/220px-Traditional_Ethiopian_picture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Traditional_Ethiopian_picture.jpg/330px-Traditional_Ethiopian_picture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Traditional_Ethiopian_picture.jpg/440px-Traditional_Ethiopian_picture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of an <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> emperor executing people, 18th century</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Decapitation</b> is the total separation of the head from the body. Such an injury is invariably fatal to humans and most other animals, since it deprives the brain of <a href="/wiki/Oxygenated_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygenated blood">oxygenated blood</a> by way of severing through the <a href="/wiki/Jugular_vein" title="Jugular vein">jugular vein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_carotid_artery" title="Common carotid artery">common carotid artery</a>, while all other organs are deprived of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">involuntary functions</a> that are needed for the body to function. The term <b>beheading</b> refers to the act of deliberately decapitating a person, either as a means of murder or as an <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">execution</a>; it may be performed with an <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knife</a>, or by mechanical means such as a <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">executioner</a> who carries out executions by beheading is sometimes called a headsman.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accidental decapitation can be the result of an explosion,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a car or industrial accident, improperly administered execution by <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a> or other violent injury. The national laws of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> permit beheading. Under <a href="/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria" title="Sharia in Nigeria">Sharia</a>, which exclusively applies to Muslims, beheading is also a legal punishment in <a href="/wiki/Zamfara_State" title="Zamfara State">Zamfara State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, Saudi Arabia is the only country that continues to behead its offenders regularly as a punishment for capital crimes. Cases of decapitation by suicidal hanging,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_train_decapitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide by train decapitation">suicide by train decapitation</a><sup id="cite_ref-dinkel2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dinkel2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by guillotine<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are known. </p><p>Less commonly, decapitation can also refer to the removal of the head from a body that is already dead. This might be done to take the head as a <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">trophy</a>, as a secondary stage of an execution by hanging, for <a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">public display</a>, to make the deceased more difficult to identify, for <a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">cryonics</a>, or for other, more esoteric reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word decapitation has its roots in the Late Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">decapitare</i></span>. The meaning of the word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">decapitare</i></span> can be discerned from its morphemes <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de-</i></span> (down, from) + <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">capit-</i></span> (head).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The past participle of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">decapitare</i></span> is <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">decapitatus</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-etymonline_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was used to create <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">decapitatio</i></span>, the noun form of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">decapitatus</i></span>, in Medieval Latin, whence the French word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">décapitation</i></span> was produced.<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oden_vid_Mims_lik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Oden_vid_Mims_lik.jpg/220px-Oden_vid_Mims_lik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Oden_vid_Mims_lik.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> finding <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a>'s beheaded body – an episode of <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beheading_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_on_Wood_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Beheading_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_on_Wood_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png/220px-Beheading_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_on_Wood_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Beheading_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_on_Wood_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png/330px-Beheading_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_on_Wood_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Beheading_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_on_Wood_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png/440px-Beheading_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_on_Wood_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Beheading – <a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">facsimile</a> of a miniature on <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">wood</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster)" title="Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)">Cosmographia</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster" title="Sebastian Münster">Sebastian Münster</a> (1488–1552), <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, 1552</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giulio_Quaglio_the_Younger_-_Obglavljenje_sv._Barbare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Giulio_Quaglio_the_Younger_-_Obglavljenje_sv._Barbare.jpg/170px-Giulio_Quaglio_the_Younger_-_Obglavljenje_sv._Barbare.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Giulio_Quaglio_the_Younger_-_Obglavljenje_sv._Barbare.jpg/255px-Giulio_Quaglio_the_Younger_-_Obglavljenje_sv._Barbare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Giulio_Quaglio_the_Younger_-_Obglavljenje_sv._Barbare.jpg/340px-Giulio_Quaglio_the_Younger_-_Obglavljenje_sv._Barbare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>"The beheading of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barbara" title="Saint Barbara">St. Barbara</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Quaglio_the_Younger" title="Giulio Quaglio the Younger">Giulio Quaglio the Younger</a> (1721–1723)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thetriumphofdeath_-_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thetriumphofdeath_-_detail.jpg/220px-Thetriumphofdeath_-_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thetriumphofdeath_-_detail.jpg/330px-Thetriumphofdeath_-_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Thetriumphofdeath_-_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a public execution in Brueghel's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Death" title="The Triumph of Death">The Triumph of Death</a></i>, 1562–1563</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinrichtung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hinrichtung.jpg/220px-Hinrichtung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hinrichtung.jpg/330px-Hinrichtung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hinrichtung.jpg/440px-Hinrichtung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the public execution of <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirates</a> (namely <a href="/wiki/Klein_Henszlein" title="Klein Henszlein">Klein Henszlein</a> and his crew) in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany, 10 September 1573</figcaption></figure> <p>Humans have practiced <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> by beheading for millennia. The <a href="/wiki/Narmer_Palette" title="Narmer Palette">Narmer Palette</a> (c. 3000 BCE) shows the first known depiction of decapitated corpses. The terms "capital offence", "capital crime", "capital punishment", derive from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caput</i></span>, "head", referring to the punishment for serious offences involving the forfeiture of the head; i.e. death by beheading.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some cultures, such as ancient Rome and Greece, regarded decapitation as the most honorable form of death.<sup id="cite_ref-roberson_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Middle Ages, many European nations continued to reserve the method only for nobles and royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> made it the only legal method of execution for all criminals regardless of class, one of the period's many symbolic changes.<sup id="cite_ref-roberson_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others have regarded beheading as dishonorable and contemptuous, such as the Japanese troops who beheaded prisoners during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-roberson_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent times, it has become associated with terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-roberson_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> If a headsman's <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Executioner%27s_sword" title="Executioner's sword">sword</a> is sharp and his aim is precise, decapitation is quick and thought to be a relatively painless form of <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>. If the instrument is blunt or the executioner is clumsy, repeated strokes might be required to sever the head, resulting in a prolonged and more painful death. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex">Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> required three strikes at their respective executions. The same could be said for the execution of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Struensee" title="Johann Friedrich Struensee">Johann Friedrich Struensee</a>, favorite of the Danish queen <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Matilda_of_Great_Britain" title="Caroline Matilda of Great Britain">Caroline Matilda of Great Britain</a>. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pole,_8th_Countess_of_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury">Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury</a>, is said to have required up to 10 strokes before decapitation was achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This particular story may, however, be apocryphal, as highly divergent accounts exist. Historian and philosopher <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, for example, relates the following about her death:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>She refused to lay her head on the block, or submit to a sentence where she had received no trial. She told the executioner, that if he would have her head, he must win it the best way he could: and thus, shaking her venerable grey locks, she ran about the scaffold; and the executioner followed her with his axe, aiming many fruitless blows at her neck before he was able to give the fatal stroke.</p></blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CosmasDamianfraangelico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CosmasDamianfraangelico.jpg/220px-CosmasDamianfraangelico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CosmasDamianfraangelico.jpg/330px-CosmasDamianfraangelico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/CosmasDamianfraangelico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><i>The Beheading of <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_and_Damian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmas and Damian">Cosmas and Damian</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a></figcaption></figure> <p>To ensure that the blow would be fatal, <a href="/wiki/Executioner%27s_sword" title="Executioner's sword">executioners' swords</a> usually were blade-heavy two-handed swords. Likewise, if an axe was used, it almost invariably was wielded with both hands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiological_aspects">Physiological aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physiological aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiology_of_death_by_decapitation">Physiology of death by decapitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physiology of death by decapitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Decapitation is quickly fatal to <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a>. Unconsciousness occurs within seconds without circulating oxygenated blood (<a href="/wiki/Brain_ischemia" title="Brain ischemia">brain ischemia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cell death and irreversible <a href="/wiki/Brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain damage">brain damage</a> occurs after 3–6 minutes with no oxygen, due to <a href="/wiki/Excitotoxicity" title="Excitotoxicity">excitotoxicity</a>. Some anecdotes suggest more extended persistence of human consciousness after decapitation,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but most doctors consider this unlikely and consider such accounts to be misapprehensions of reflexive twitching rather than deliberate movement, since deprivation of oxygen must cause nearly immediate coma and death ("[Consciousness is] probably lost within 2–3 seconds, due to a rapid fall of intracranial <a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">perfusion</a> of blood").<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A laboratory study testing for humane methods of euthanasia in awake animals used EEG monitoring to measure the time duration following decapitation for rats to become fully unconscious, unable to perceive distress and pain. It was estimated that this point was reached within 3–4 seconds, correlating closely with results found in other studies on rodents (2.7 seconds, and 3–6 seconds).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same study also suggested that the massive wave which can be recorded by EEG monitoring approximately one minute after decapitation ultimately reflects brain death. Other studies indicate that electrical activity in the brain has been demonstrated to persist for 13 to 14 seconds following decapitation (although it is disputed as to whether such activity implies that pain is perceived),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 2010 study reported that decapitation of rats generated responses in EEG indices over a period of 10 seconds that have been linked to <a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">nociception</a> across a number of different species of animals, including rats.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some animals (such as <a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">cockroaches</a>) can survive decapitation and die not because of the loss of the head directly, but rather because of <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of other animals, including <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, have also been known to survive for some time after being decapitated, as they have slower metabolisms and their <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous systems</a> can continue to function at some capacity for a limited time even after connection to the brain is lost, responding to any nearby stimulus.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the bodies of <a href="/wiki/Mike_the_Headless_Chicken" title="Mike the Headless Chicken">chickens</a> and turtles may continue to move temporarily after decapitation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Head_transplant" title="Head transplant">head transplantation</a> by the reattachment of blood vessels has seen some very limited success in animals,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a fully functional reattachment of a severed human head (including repair of the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, muscles, and other critically important tissues) is not likely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guillotine">Guillotine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Guillotine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heads_on_pikes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ca/Heads_on_pikes.jpg/220px-Heads_on_pikes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ca/Heads_on_pikes.jpg/330px-Heads_on_pikes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/ca/Heads_on_pikes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Aristocratic heads on pikes – a cartoon from the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Early versions of the guillotine included the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Gibbet" title="Halifax Gibbet">Halifax Gibbet</a>, which was used in <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire" title="Halifax, West Yorkshire">Halifax</a>, England, from 1286 until the 17th century, and the "<a href="/wiki/Maiden_(beheading)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maiden (beheading)">Maiden</a>", employed in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> from the 16th through the 18th centuries. </p><p>The modern form of the <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> was invented shortly before the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> with the aim of creating a quick and painless method of execution requiring little skill on the part of the operator. Decapitation by guillotine became a common mechanically assisted form of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">execution</a>. </p><p>The French observed a strict code of etiquette surrounding such executions. For example, a man named Legros, one of the assistants at the execution of <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a>, was imprisoned for three months and dismissed for slapping the face of the victim after the blade had fallen in order to see whether any flicker of life remained.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guillotine was used in France during the French Revolution and remained the normal judicial method in both peacetime and wartime into the 1970s, although the <a href="/wiki/Firing_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing squad">firing squad</a> was used in certain cases. France abolished the death penalty in 1981. </p><p>The guillotine was also used in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> before the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> relinquished control of it, as shown in <a href="/wiki/Gillo_Pontecorvo" title="Gillo Pontecorvo">Gillo Pontecorvo</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Algiers_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of Algiers (film)">The Battle of Algiers</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fallbeil"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fallbeil</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fallbeil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auguste_Vaillant_execution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Auguste_Vaillant_execution.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>French anarchist <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Vaillant" title="Auguste Vaillant">Auguste Vaillant</a> just before being guillotined in 1894</figcaption></figure> <p>Many German states had used a <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a>-like device known as a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fallbeil</i></span> ("falling axe") since the 17th and 18th centuries, and decapitation by guillotine was the usual means of execution in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> until the abolition of the death penalty in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> in 1949. It was last used in communist <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> in 1966. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fallbeil</i></span> was reserved for common criminals and people convicted of <a href="/wiki/Political_crime" title="Political crime">political crimes</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>. Members of the <a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a> resistance movement, a group of students in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> that included siblings <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Scholl" title="Sophie Scholl">Sophie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Scholl" title="Hans Scholl">Hans Scholl</a>, were executed by decapitation. </p><p>Contrary to popular myth, executions were generally not conducted face-up, and chief executioner <a href="/wiki/Johann_Reichhart" title="Johann Reichhart">Johann Reichhart</a> was insistent on maintaining "professional" protocol throughout the era, having administered the death penalty during the earlier <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. Nonetheless, it is estimated that some 16,500 persons were guillotined in Germany and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> between 1933 and 1945, a number that includes <a href="/wiki/Resistance_fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance fighter">resistance fighters</a> both within Germany itself and in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">countries occupied by Nazi forces</a>. As these resistance fighters were not part of any <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regular army</a>, they were considered <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatants" class="mw-redirect" title="Unlawful combatants">common criminals</a> and were in many cases <a href="/wiki/Cattle_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle car">transported</a> to Germany for execution. Decapitation was considered a "dishonorable" death, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">execution by firing squad</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_005.jpg/220px-Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_005.jpg/330px-Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_005.jpg/440px-Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3806" /></a><figcaption>A fresco by <a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Lorenzetti" title="Ambrogio Lorenzetti">Ambrogio Lorenzetti</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_practices_by_nation">Historical practices by nation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical practices by nation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Congo">Congo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Congo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, the conflict and ethnic massacre between local army and <a href="/wiki/Kamuina_Nsapu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamuina Nsapu">Kamuina Nsapu</a> rebels has caused several deaths and atrocities such as rape and mutilation. One of them is decapitation, both a fearsome way to intimidate victims as well as an act that may include ritualistic elements. According to a UN report from Congolese refugees, they believed the <a href="/wiki/Bana_Mura" title="Bana Mura">Bana Mura</a> and Kamuina Nsapu militias have "magical powers" as a result of drinking the blood of decapitated victims, making them invincible.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides the massive decapitations (like the beheading of 40 members of the State Police), a globally notorious case happened in March 2017 to Swedish politician <a href="/wiki/Zaida_Catal%C3%A1n" title="Zaida Catalán">Zaida Catalán</a> and American UN expert Michael Sharp, who were kidnapped and executed during a mission near the village of Ngombe in <a href="/wiki/Kasa%C3%AF_Province" title="Kasaï Province">Kasaï Province</a>. The UN was reportedly horrified when video footage of the executions surfaced in April that same year, where some grisly details led to assume ritual components of the beheading: the perpetrators first cut the hair of both victims, and then one of them beheaded Catalán only, because it would "increase his power",<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may be linked to the fact that Congolese militias are particularly brutal in their acts of violence toward women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the trial that followed investigations after the bodies were discovered, and according to a testimony of a primary school teacher from Bunkonde, near the village of Moyo Musuila where the executions took place, he witnessed a teenage militant carrying the young woman's head,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but despite the efforts of the investigation, the head was never found. According to a report published on 29 May 2019, the Monusco peacekeeping military mission led by Colonel Luis Mangini, in the search for the missing remains, arrived to a ritual place in Moyo Musila where "parts of bodies, hands and heads" were cut and used for rituals,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they lost track of the victim's head. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Azerbaijan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/2016_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">2016 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes</a>, Yazidi-Armenian serviceman <a href="/wiki/Kyaram_Sloyan" title="Kyaram Sloyan">Kyaram Sloyan</a> was decapitated by Azerbaijani servicemen.<sup id="cite_ref-Azatutyun_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azatutyun-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suntimes_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suntimes-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several reports of decapitation, along with other types of mutilation of Armenian POWs by Azerbaijani soldiers, emerged in 2020 during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ArmenianPOWs_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmenianPOWs-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caishikou_Beheaded_Corpses2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Caishikou_Beheaded_Corpses2.jpeg/220px-Caishikou_Beheaded_Corpses2.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Caishikou_Beheaded_Corpses2.jpeg/330px-Caishikou_Beheaded_Corpses2.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Caishikou_Beheaded_Corpses2.jpeg/440px-Caishikou_Beheaded_Corpses2.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Ranked beheaded bodies on the ground, in <a href="/wiki/Caishikou_Execution_Grounds" title="Caishikou Execution Grounds">Caishikou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China, 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>In traditional <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, decapitation was considered a more severe form of punishment than <a href="/wiki/Strangulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Strangulation">strangulation</a>, although strangulation caused more prolonged suffering. This was because in <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucian</a> tradition, a person's body was a gift from their parents, and so it was therefore disrespectful to their ancestors to return their bodies to the grave dismembered. The Chinese, however, had other punishments, such as dismembering the body into multiple pieces (similar to the English <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">quartering</a>). In addition, there was also a practice of <a href="/wiki/Waist_chop" title="Waist chop">cutting the body at the waist</a>, which was a common method of execution before being abolished in the early <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> due to the lingering death it caused. In some tales, people did not die immediately after decapitation.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British officer <a href="/wiki/John_Masters" title="John Masters">John Masters</a> recorded in his autobiography that <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pathans</a> in British India during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Anglo-Afghan War">Anglo-Afghan Wars</a> would behead enemy soldiers who were captured, such as British and Sikh soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_of_the_Decapitation_of_Violent_Chinese_Soldiers_by_Utagawa_Kokunimasa_1894.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Illustration_of_the_Decapitation_of_Violent_Chinese_Soldiers_by_Utagawa_Kokunimasa_1894.png/220px-Illustration_of_the_Decapitation_of_Violent_Chinese_Soldiers_by_Utagawa_Kokunimasa_1894.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Illustration_of_the_Decapitation_of_Violent_Chinese_Soldiers_by_Utagawa_Kokunimasa_1894.png/330px-Illustration_of_the_Decapitation_of_Violent_Chinese_Soldiers_by_Utagawa_Kokunimasa_1894.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Illustration_of_the_Decapitation_of_Violent_Chinese_Soldiers_by_Utagawa_Kokunimasa_1894.png/440px-Illustration_of_the_Decapitation_of_Violent_Chinese_Soldiers_by_Utagawa_Kokunimasa_1894.png 2x" data-file-width="6417" data-file-height="3271" /></a><figcaption>Japanese illustration depicting the beheading of Chinese captives. <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beheading_of_Leonard_George_Siffleet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Beheading_of_Leonard_George_Siffleet.jpg/220px-Beheading_of_Leonard_George_Siffleet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Beheading_of_Leonard_George_Siffleet.jpg/330px-Beheading_of_Leonard_George_Siffleet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Beheading_of_Leonard_George_Siffleet.jpg/440px-Beheading_of_Leonard_George_Siffleet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1754" /></a><figcaption>Sgt. <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Siffleet" title="Leonard Siffleet">Leonard Siffleet</a>, an Australian <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POW</a> captured in New Guinea, about to be beheaded by a Japanese soldier with a <a href="/wiki/Shin_gunt%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin guntō">shin guntō</a> sword, 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, decapitation was a common punishment, sometimes for minor offences. <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a> were often allowed to decapitate soldiers who had fled from battle, as it was considered cowardly. Decapitation was historically performed as the second step in <a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">seppuku</a> (ritual <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> by <a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">disembowelment</a>). After the victim had sliced his own <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> open, another warrior would strike his head off from behind with a <a href="/wiki/Katana" title="Katana">katana</a> to hasten death and to reduce the suffering. The blow was expected to be precise enough to leave intact a small strip of skin at the front of the neck—to spare invited and honored guests the indelicacy of witnessing a severed head rolling about, or towards them; such an occurrence would have been considered inelegant and in bad taste. The sword was expected to be used upon the slightest sign that the practitioner might yield to pain and cry out—avoiding dishonor to him and to all partaking in the privilege of observing an honorable demise. As skill was involved, only the most trusted warrior was honored by taking part. In the late <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a>, decapitation was performed as soon as the person chosen to carry out seppuku had made the slightest wound to his abdomen. </p><p>Decapitation (without seppuku) was also considered a very severe and degrading form of punishment. One of the most brutal decapitations was that of <a href="/wiki/Sugitani_Zenjub%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugitani Zenjubō">Sugitani Zenjubō</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%89%E8%B0%B7%E5%96%84%E4%BD%8F%E5%9D%8A" class="extiw" title="ja:杉谷善住坊">ja</a>]</span> (杉谷善住坊), who attempted to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a>, a prominent <i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a></i>, in 1570.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (November 2020)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Decapitation" title="Talk:Decapitation">discuss</a></i>]</sup> After being caught, Zenjubō was buried alive in the ground with only his head out, and the head was slowly sawn off with a bamboo saw by passers-by for several days (punishment by sawing; [[[nokogiribiki]]<span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%B8%E6%8C%BD%E3%81%8D" class="extiw" title="ja:鋸挽き">ja</a>]</span>] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鋸挽き</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These unusual punishments were abolished in the early <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji</a> era. A similar scene is described in the last page of James Clavell's book <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun_(novel)" title="Shōgun (novel)"><i>Shōgun</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (November 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Decapitation#Dubious" title="Talk:Decapitation">discuss</a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korea">Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, decapitation had been the most common method of execution in Korea, until it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a> in 1896. Professional executioners were called <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">mangnani</i></span> (망나니) and they were volunteered from death rows.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, decapitation had been the main method of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Thailand" title="Capital punishment in Thailand">execution in Thailand</a>, until it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_shooting" title="Execution by shooting">shooting</a> in 1934. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr%E1%BA%A3m_t%C3%B9_-_Trung_t%C3%A2m_L%C6%B0u_tr%E1%BB%AF_qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tr%E1%BA%A3m_t%C3%B9_-_Trung_t%C3%A2m_L%C6%B0u_tr%E1%BB%AF_qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_I.jpg/220px-Tr%E1%BA%A3m_t%C3%B9_-_Trung_t%C3%A2m_L%C6%B0u_tr%E1%BB%AF_qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="451" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tr%E1%BA%A3m_t%C3%B9_-_Trung_t%C3%A2m_L%C6%B0u_tr%E1%BB%AF_qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_I.jpg/330px-Tr%E1%BA%A3m_t%C3%B9_-_Trung_t%C3%A2m_L%C6%B0u_tr%E1%BB%AF_qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Tr%E1%BA%A3m_t%C3%B9_-_Trung_t%C3%A2m_L%C6%B0u_tr%E1%BB%AF_qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the beheading of a prisoner of the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> in the book <a href="/wiki/Mechanics_and_Crafts_of_the_People_of_Annam" title="Mechanics and Crafts of the People of Annam">Mechanics and Crafts of the People of Annam</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A1y_ch%C3%A9m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/M%C3%A1y_ch%C3%A9m.jpg/220px-M%C3%A1y_ch%C3%A9m.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/M%C3%A1y_ch%C3%A9m.jpg/330px-M%C3%A1y_ch%C3%A9m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/M%C3%A1y_ch%C3%A9m.jpg/440px-M%C3%A1y_ch%C3%A9m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3296" /></a><figcaption>Guillotine under <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Execution by beheading was one of the most common forms of execution in Vietnam under the feudal system. This form of execution still existed in the <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> regime until 1962. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Bosnia and Herzegovina">war in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992–1995) there were a number of ritual beheadings of Serbs and Croats who were taken as prisoners of war by <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen" title="Bosnian mujahideen">mujahideen</a> members of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Army</a>. At least one case is documented and proven in court by the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">ICTY</a> where mujahedin, members of 3rd Corps of Army BiH, beheaded <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Serb</a> Dragan Popović.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Britain">Britain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_execution_of_King_Charles_I_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_execution_of_King_Charles_I_from_NPG.jpg/220px-The_execution_of_King_Charles_I_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_execution_of_King_Charles_I_from_NPG.jpg/330px-The_execution_of_King_Charles_I_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_execution_of_King_Charles_I_from_NPG.jpg/440px-The_execution_of_King_Charles_I_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2114" /></a><figcaption>A contemporary German print depicting the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">beheading</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a><sup id="cite_ref-npg_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npg-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">British history</a>, beheading was typically used for noblemen, while commoners would be hanged; eventually, hanging was adopted as the standard means of non-military executions. The last actual execution by beheading was of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_11th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat">Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat</a> on 9 April 1747, while a number of convicts were beheaded posthumously up to the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Typically traitors were sentenced to be <a href="/wiki/Hanging,_drawing_and_quartering" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging, drawing and quartering">hanged, drawn and quartered</a>, a method which had already been discontinued.) Beheading was degraded to a secondary means of execution, including for treason, with the abolition of drawing and quartering <a href="/wiki/Forfeiture_Act_1870" title="Forfeiture Act 1870">in 1870</a> and finally abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_(Repeals)_Act_1973" title="Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973">Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most notable executions by decapitation in Britain was that of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I of England</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">beheaded</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Banqueting_House" title="Banqueting House">Banqueting House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a> in 1649, after being captured by <a href="/wiki/Roundheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundheads">parliamentarians</a> during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_(1649)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Justice (1649)">tried for treason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, a <a href="/wiki/Bearded_axe" title="Bearded axe">bearded axe</a> was used for beheading, with the blade's edge extending downwards from the tip of the shaft.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Celts">Celts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Celts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_headhunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic headhunting">Celtic headhunting</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> of western Europe long pursued a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion#Head_cult" title="Ancient Celtic religion">"cult of the severed head"</a>, as evidenced by both Classical literary descriptions and archaeological contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cult played a central role in their temples and religious practices and earned them a reputation as <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">head hunters</a> among the Mediterranean peoples. <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, in his 1st-century <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Historical Library</a></i> (5.29.4) wrote the following about Celtic head-hunting: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They cut off the heads of enemies slain in battle and attach them to the necks of their horses. The blood-stained spoils they hand over to their attendants and striking up a paean and singing a song of victory; and they nail up these first fruits upon their houses, just as do those who lay low wild animals in certain kinds of hunting. They embalm in <a href="/wiki/Cedar_oil" title="Cedar oil">cedar oil</a> the heads of the most distinguished enemies, and preserve them carefully in a chest, and display them with pride to strangers, saying that for this head one of their ancestors, or his father, or the man himself, refused the offer of a large sum of money. They say that some of them boast that they refused the weight of the head in gold.</p></blockquote> <p>Both the Greeks and Romans found the Celtic decapitation practices shocking and the latter put an end to them when Celtic regions came under their control. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Testa_in_pietra_con_pi%C3%B9_facce,_da_corleck_hill,_co._di_cavan,_I-II_secolo_dc._03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Testa_in_pietra_con_pi%C3%B9_facce%2C_da_corleck_hill%2C_co._di_cavan%2C_I-II_secolo_dc._03.jpg/220px-Testa_in_pietra_con_pi%C3%B9_facce%2C_da_corleck_hill%2C_co._di_cavan%2C_I-II_secolo_dc._03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Testa_in_pietra_con_pi%C3%B9_facce%2C_da_corleck_hill%2C_co._di_cavan%2C_I-II_secolo_dc._03.jpg/330px-Testa_in_pietra_con_pi%C3%B9_facce%2C_da_corleck_hill%2C_co._di_cavan%2C_I-II_secolo_dc._03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Testa_in_pietra_con_pi%C3%B9_facce%2C_da_corleck_hill%2C_co._di_cavan%2C_I-II_secolo_dc._03.jpg/440px-Testa_in_pietra_con_pi%C3%B9_facce%2C_da_corleck_hill%2C_co._di_cavan%2C_I-II_secolo_dc._03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2130" data-file-height="2430" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Corleck_Head" title="Corleck Head">Corleck Head</a>, Irish, 1st or 2nd century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jacobsthal" title="Paul Jacobsthal">Paul Jacobsthal</a>, "Amongst the Celts the <a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">human head</a> was venerated above all else, since the head was to the Celt the soul, centre of the emotions as well as of life itself, a symbol of divinity and of the powers of the other-world."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguments for a Celtic cult of the severed head include the many sculptured representations of severed heads in La Tène carvings, and the surviving Celtic mythology, which is full of stories of the severed heads of heroes and the saints who <a href="/wiki/Cephalophore" title="Cephalophore">carry their own severed heads</a>, right down to <i>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</i>, where the <a href="/wiki/Green_Knight" title="Green Knight">Green Knight</a> picks up his own severed head after Gawain has struck it off in a <a href="/wiki/Beheading_game" title="Beheading game">beheading game</a>, just as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis of Paris">Saint Denis</a> carried his head to the top of <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilhelm,_James_J._1994_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilhelm,_James_J._1994-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SHMI_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHMI-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A further example of this regeneration after beheading lies in the tales of <a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a>'s <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9ch%C3%ADn_of_Fore" title="Féchín of Fore">Saint Féchín</a>, who after being beheaded by <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> carried his head to the Holy Well on <a href="/wiki/Omey_Island" title="Omey Island">Omey Island</a> and on dipping it into the well placed it back upon his neck and was restored to full health.<sup id="cite_ref-Charles-Edwards_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles-Edwards-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Classical antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_187.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_187.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_187.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_187.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_187.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_187.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_187.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beheading_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Beheading of John the Baptist">Beheading of John the Baptist</a> by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a>, 1860</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:26em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><a href="/wiki/Pothinus" title="Pothinus">Pothinus</a> matched <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> in crime:<br />They slew the noblest Romans of their time.<br />The helpless victims they decapitated,<br />An act of infamy with shame related.<br />One head was <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>'s, who brought <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumphs</a> home,<br />The other <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s, the voice of Rome. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Martial%27s_Epigrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial's Epigrams">Epigram</a></i> I:60 (Trans. by <a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Garry Wills</a>)</cite></p> </div> <p>The ancient Greeks and Romans regarded decapitation as a comparatively honorable form of execution for criminals. The traditional procedure, however, included first being tied to a stake and whipped with rods. Axes were used by the Romans, and later swords, which were considered a more honorable instrument of death. Those who could verify that they were Roman citizens were to be beheaded, rather than undergoing <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> of the early 1st century BC, it became the tradition for the severed heads of public enemies—such as the political opponents of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Marius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>—to be publicly displayed on the <a href="/wiki/Rostra" title="Rostra">Rostra</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Forum_Romanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum Romanum">Forum Romanum</a> after execution. Perhaps the most famous beheading was that of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> who, on instructions from <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>, had his hands (which had penned the <i><a href="/wiki/Philippicae" title="Philippicae">Philippicae</a></i> against Antony) and his head cut off and nailed up for display in this manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, until the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_France#Abolition" title="Capital punishment in France">abolition of capital punishment</a> in 1981, the main method of execution had been by beheading by means of the <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a>. Other than a small number of military cases in which a firing squad was used (including that of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bastien-Thiry" title="Jean Bastien-Thiry">Jean Bastien-Thiry</a>), the guillotine was the only legal method of execution from 1791, when it was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">Legislative Assembly</a> during the last days of the kingdom <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, until 1981. Before the revolution, beheading had typically been reserved for noblemen and carried out manually. In 1981, President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> abolished capital punishment and issued commutations for those whose sentences had not been carried out. </p><p>The first person executed by the guillotine in France was highwayman <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Jacques_Pelletier" title="Nicolas Jacques Pelletier">Nicolas Jacques Pelletier</a> in April 1792. The last execution was of murderer <a href="/wiki/Hamida_Djandoubi" title="Hamida Djandoubi">Hamida Djandoubi</a>, in Marseille, in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout its extensive <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">overseas colonies and dependencies</a>, the device was also used, including on <a href="/wiki/St_Pierre_and_Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="St Pierre and Miquelon">St Pierre</a> in 1889 and on <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> as late as 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haarmann" title="Fritz Haarmann">Fritz Haarmann</a>, a serial killer from <a href="/wiki/Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover">Hannover</a> who was sentenced to death for killing 27 young men, was decapitated in April 1925. He was nicknamed "The Butcher from Hannover" and was rumored to have sold his victims' flesh to his neighbor's restaurant.</li> <li>In July 1931, notorious serial killer <a href="/wiki/Peter_K%C3%BCrten" title="Peter Kürten">Peter Kürten</a>, known as "The Vampire of Düsseldorf", was executed on the guillotine in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>.</li> <li>On 1 August 1933, in <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Tesch_(antifascist)" title="Bruno Tesch (antifascist)">Bruno Tesch</a> and three others were beheaded. These were the first executions in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. The executions concerned the <a href="/wiki/Altona_Bloody_Sunday" title="Altona Bloody Sunday">Altona Bloody Sunday</a> (<i>Altonaer Blutsonntag</i>) riot, an <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> march on 17 July 1932 that turned violent and led to 18 people being shot dead.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">Marinus van der Lubbe</a> by guillotine in 1934 after a <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a> in which he was found guilty of starting the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a>.</li> <li>In February 1935 <a href="/wiki/Benita_von_Falkenhayn" title="Benita von Falkenhayn">Benita von Falkenhayn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renate_von_Natzmer" title="Renate von Natzmer">Renate von Natzmer</a> were beheaded with the axe and block in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> for espionage for <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. Axe beheading was the only method of execution in Berlin until 1938, when it was decreed that all civil executions would henceforth be carried out by guillotine. However, the practice was continued in rare cases such as that of <a href="/wiki/Olga_Bancic" title="Olga Bancic">Olga Bancic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Werner_Seelenbinder" title="Werner Seelenbinder">Werner Seelenbinder</a> in 1944. Beheading by guillotine survived in West Germany until 1949 and in East Germany until 1966.</li> <li>A group of three Catholic clergymen, Johannes Prassek, Eduard Müller and Hermann Lange, and an Evangelical Lutheran pastor, Karl Friedrich Stellbrink, were arrested following the bombing of Lübeck, tried by the People's Court in 1943 and sentenced to death by decapitation; all were beheaded on 10 November 1943, in the Hamburg prison at Holstenglacis. Stellbrink had explained the raid next morning in his Palm Sunday sermon as a "trial by ordeal", which the Nazi authorities interpreted to be an attack on their system of government and as such undermined morale and aided the enemy.</li> <li>In October 1944, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Seelenbinder" title="Werner Seelenbinder">Werner Seelenbinder</a> was executed by manual beheading, the last legal use of the method (other than by guillotine) in both Europe and the rest of the Western world. Earlier the same year, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Bancic" title="Olga Bancic">Olga Bancic</a> had been executed by the same means.</li> <li>In February 1943, American academic <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Harnack" title="Mildred Harnack">Mildred Harnack</a> and the university students <a href="/wiki/Hans_Scholl" title="Hans Scholl">Hans Scholl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Scholl" title="Sophie Scholl">Sophie Scholl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Probst" title="Christoph Probst">Christoph Probst</a> of the <a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a> protest movement, were all beheaded by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi State</a>. Four other members of the <a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a>, an anti-Nazi group, were also executed by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Court_(Germany)" title="People's Court (Germany)">People's Court</a> later that same year. The anti-Nazi <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_H%C3%BCbener" title="Helmuth Hübener">Helmuth Hübener</a> was also decapitated by People's Court order.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1966, former <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> doctor <a href="/wiki/Horst_Fischer" title="Horst Fischer">Horst Fischer</a> was executed by the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> by guillotine, the last executed by this method outside France. Beheading was subsequently replaced by shooting in the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nordic_countries">Nordic countries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nordic countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, decapitation was the usual means of carrying out capital punishment. Noblemen were beheaded with a <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a>, and commoners with an <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axe</a>. The last executions by decapitation in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> in 1825, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> in 1876, <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> in 1609, and in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> in 1830 were carried out with axes. The same was the case in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in 1892. <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> continued the practice for a few decades, executing its second to last criminal—mass murderer <a href="/wiki/Johan_Filip_Nordlund" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan Filip Nordlund">Johan Filip Nordlund</a>—by axe in 1900. It was replaced by the guillotine, which was used for the first and only time on <a href="/wiki/Johan_Alfred_Ander" title="Johan Alfred Ander">Johan Alfred Ander</a> in 1910. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>'s official beheading axe resides today at the Museum of Crime in <a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a>. It is a broad-bladed two-handed axe. It was last used when murderer <a href="/wiki/Tahvo_Putkonen" title="Tahvo Putkonen">Tahvo Putkonen</a> was executed in 1825, the last execution in peacetime in Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-otonkoski-1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otonkoski-1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colecta_para_sepultar_el_cad%C3%A1ver_de_don_%C3%81lvaro_de_Luna,_por_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Losada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Colecta_para_sepultar_el_cad%C3%A1ver_de_don_%C3%81lvaro_de_Luna%2C_por_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Losada.jpg/220px-Colecta_para_sepultar_el_cad%C3%A1ver_de_don_%C3%81lvaro_de_Luna%2C_por_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Losada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Colecta_para_sepultar_el_cad%C3%A1ver_de_don_%C3%81lvaro_de_Luna%2C_por_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Losada.jpg/330px-Colecta_para_sepultar_el_cad%C3%A1ver_de_don_%C3%81lvaro_de_Luna%2C_por_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Losada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Colecta_para_sepultar_el_cad%C3%A1ver_de_don_%C3%81lvaro_de_Luna%2C_por_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Losada.jpg/440px-Colecta_para_sepultar_el_cad%C3%A1ver_de_don_%C3%81lvaro_de_Luna%2C_por_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Losada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1913" data-file-height="1609" /></a><figcaption>The beheading of the 15th Century Castilian Royal favorite, Don <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Luna" title="Álvaro de Luna">Álvaro de Luna</a>. Painting by José María Rodríguez de Losada (1826–1896).</figcaption></figure> <p>In Spain executions were carried out by various methods including strangulation by the <a href="/wiki/Garrotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrotte">garrotte</a>. In the 16th and 17th centuries, noblemen were sometimes executed by means of beheading. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Stralen,_Lord_of_Merksem" title="Anthony van Stralen, Lord of Merksem">Anthony van Stralen, Lord of Merksem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamoral,_Count_of_Egmont" title="Lamoral, Count of Egmont">Lamoral, Count of Egmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Montmorency,_Count_of_Horn" title="Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn">Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn</a>. They were tied to a chair on a scaffold. The executioner used a knife to cut the head from the body. It was considered to be a more honourable death if the executioner started with cutting the throat.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, since the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a>, has alleged it uses beheading as one of the methods of punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-amnesty1990_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesty1990-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iraq">Iraq</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_military_campaign_in_southern_Mesopotamia,_beheaded_enemies,_7th_century_BC,_from_Nineveh,_Iraq._The_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Assyrian_military_campaign_in_southern_Mesopotamia%2C_beheaded_enemies%2C_7th_century_BC%2C_from_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum.jpg/220px-Assyrian_military_campaign_in_southern_Mesopotamia%2C_beheaded_enemies%2C_7th_century_BC%2C_from_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Assyrian_military_campaign_in_southern_Mesopotamia%2C_beheaded_enemies%2C_7th_century_BC%2C_from_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum.jpg/330px-Assyrian_military_campaign_in_southern_Mesopotamia%2C_beheaded_enemies%2C_7th_century_BC%2C_from_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Assyrian_military_campaign_in_southern_Mesopotamia%2C_beheaded_enemies%2C_7th_century_BC%2C_from_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum.jpg/440px-Assyrian_military_campaign_in_southern_Mesopotamia%2C_beheaded_enemies%2C_7th_century_BC%2C_from_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1361" /></a><figcaption>Assyrian military campaign in southern Mesopotamia, beheaded enemies, 7th century BC, from Nineveh, Iraq. The British Museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though not officially sanctioned, legal beheadings were carried out against at least 50 prostitutes and pimps under <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> as late as 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beheadings have emerged as another <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terror</a> tactic especially in Iraq since 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civilians have borne the brunt of the beheadings, although U.S. and Iraqi military personnel have also been targeted. After kidnapping the victim, the kidnappers typically make some sort of demand of the government of the hostage's nation and give a time limit for the demand to be carried out, often 72 hours. Beheading is often threatened if the government fails to heed the wishes of the hostage takers. Sometimes, the <a href="/wiki/Beheading_video" title="Beheading video">beheadings are videotaped</a> and made available on the Internet. One of the most publicized of such executions was that of <a href="/wiki/Nick_Berg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Berg">Nick Berg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judicial execution is practiced in Iraq, but is generally carried out by <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia">Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia</a></div> <p>Saudi Arabia has a criminal justice system based on <a href="/wiki/Shari%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shari'ah">Shari'ah</a> law reflecting a particular state-sanctioned interpretation of Islam. Crimes such as rape, murder, apostasy, and sorcery<sup id="cite_ref-BBCexecutioner2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCexecutioner2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are punishable by beheading.<sup id="cite_ref-saudibehead2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saudibehead2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually carried out <a href="/wiki/Public_execution" title="Public execution">publicly</a> by beheading with a sword. </p><p>A public beheading will typically take place around 9am. The convicted person is walked into the square and kneels in front of the executioner. The executioner uses a sword to remove the condemned person's head from his or her body at the neck with a single strike.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the convicted person is pronounced dead, a police official announces the crimes committed by the beheaded alleged criminal and the process is complete. The official might announce the same before the actual execution. This is the most common method of execution in Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, at least 79 people were executed in Saudi Arabia in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-AIExecutions2013_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIExecutions2013-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreigners are not exempt, accounting for "almost half" of executions in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-AIExecutions2013_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIExecutions2013-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015 <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Fayadh" title="Ashraf Fayadh">Ashraf Fayadh</a> (born 1980), a Saudi Arabian poet, was sentenced to be beheaded, but his sentence was later reduced to eight years in prison and 800 lashes, for <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syria">Syria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Syrian government employs hanging as <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Syria" title="Capital punishment in Syria">its method of capital punishment</a>. However, the terrorist organisation known as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>, which controlled territory in much of eastern Syria, had regularly carried out beheadings of people.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian rebels attempting to overthrow the Syrian government have been implicated in beheadings too.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BeheadingPanelSBCTajin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/BeheadingPanelSBCTajin.JPG/220px-BeheadingPanelSBCTajin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/BeheadingPanelSBCTajin.JPG/330px-BeheadingPanelSBCTajin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/BeheadingPanelSBCTajin.JPG/440px-BeheadingPanelSBCTajin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Panel showing ballplayer being beheaded, <a href="/wiki/Classic_Veracruz_culture" title="Classic Veracruz culture">Classic Veracruz culture</a>, Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Allende" title="Ignacio Allende">Ignacio Allende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mariano_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="José Mariano Jiménez">José Mariano Jiménez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Aldama" title="Juan Aldama">Juan Aldama</a> were tried for treason, executed by <a href="/wiki/Firing_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing squad">firing squad</a> and beheaded during the Mexican independence in 1811. Their heads were on display on the four corners of the <a href="/wiki/Alh%C3%B3ndiga_de_Granaditas" title="Alhóndiga de Granaditas">Alhóndiga de Granaditas</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Drug War">Mexican Drug War</a>, some Mexican drug cartels turned to decapitation and beheading of rival cartel members as a method of intimidation.<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trend of beheading and publicly displaying the decapitated bodies was started by the <a href="/wiki/Los_Zetas" title="Los Zetas">Los Zetas</a>, a criminal group composed by former Mexican special forces operators, trained in the infamous <i>US Army <a href="/wiki/School_of_the_americas" class="mw-redirect" title="School of the americas">School of the Americas</a></i>, in <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">torture techniques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States government has never employed beheading as a legal method of execution. However, beheading has sometimes been used in mutilations of the dead, particularly of black people like <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a>, who led a rebellion against slavery. When caught, he was publicly hanged, flayed, and beheaded. This was a technique used by many enslavers to discourage the "frequent bloody uprisings" that were carried out by "kidnapped Africans". While bodily dismemberment of various kinds was employed to instill terror, Dr. Erasmus D. Fenner noted postmortem decapitation was particularly effective.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, as a terror tactic, "some American troops hacked the heads off... dead [Vietnamese] and mounted them on pikes or poles".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Correspondent Michael Herr noted "thousands" of photo-albums made by US soldiers "all seemed to contain the same pictures": "the severed head shot, the head often resting on the chest of the dead man or being held up by a smiling Marine, or a lot of the heads, arranged in a row, with a burning cigarette in each of the mouths, the eyes open". Some of the victims were "very young".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="George_S._Patton_III"></span> General <a href="/wiki/George_Patton_IV" title="George Patton IV">George Patton IV</a>, son of the famous WWII general <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>, was known for keeping "macabre souvenirs", such as "a Vietnamese skull that sat on his desk." Other Americans "hacked the heads off Vietnamese to keep, trade, or exchange for prizes offered by commanders."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a> permitted a person sentenced to death to choose beheading as a means of execution, no person chose that option, and it was dropped when <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> became a state.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_who_have_been_beheaded">Notable people who have been beheaded</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notable people who have been beheaded"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_were_beheaded" title="List of people who were beheaded">List of people who were beheaded</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanto-occipital_dislocation" title="Atlanto-occipital dislocation">Atlanto-occipital dislocation</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">skull</a> is dislodged from the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">spine</a>; a generally, but not always, fatal injury.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Beheading in Islam">Beheading in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_video" title="Beheading video">Beheading video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_atonement" title="Blood atonement">Blood atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_squirt" title="Blood squirt">Blood squirt</a>, a result from a decapitation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalophore" title="Cephalophore">Cephalophore</a>, a martyred saint who supposedly carries their severed head.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhinnamasta" title="Chhinnamasta">Chhinnamasta</a>, a Hindu goddess who supposedly decapitates herself and holds her head in her hand.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Torso_Murderer" title="Cleveland Torso Murderer">Cleveland Torso Murderer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">serial killer</a> who decapitated some of his victims.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Jean_de_la_Barre" title="François-Jean de la Barre">François-Jean de la Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">Headhunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment" title="List of methods of capital punishment">List of methods of capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_the_Headless_Chicken" title="Mike the Headless Chicken">Mike the Headless Chicken</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapitation&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/headsman">"Definition of HEADSMAN"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729052259/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/headsman">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Losing+our+Heads+%28review+of+Larson%27s+%22Severed%22+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft.aulast=Fabian&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FBook-Review-Losing-Our-Heads%2F150255%2F%3Fcid%3Dcr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunmoreFleischer2008" class="citation book cs1">Dunmore, Charles; Fleischer, Rita (2008). <i>Studies in Etymology</i> (Second ed.). Focus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781585100125" title="Special:BookSources/9781585100125"><bdi>9781585100125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Etymology&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Focus&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781585100125&rft.aulast=Dunmore&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Fleischer%2C+Rita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=decapitation">"Decapitation"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728201258/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=decapitation">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Decapitation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Ddecapitation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, edited by Noah Porter, published by G & C. Merriam Co., 1913</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roberson-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roberson_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberson_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberson_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberson_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobersonDas2008" class="citation book cs1">Roberson, Cliff; Das, Dilip K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQLLBQAAQBAJ"><i>An Introduction to Comparative Legal Models of Criminal Justice</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420065930" title="Special:BookSources/9781420065930"><bdi>9781420065930</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031109/https://books.google.com/books?id=pQLLBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Comparative+Legal+Models+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781420065930&rft.aulast=Roberson&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rft.au=Das%2C+Dilip+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpQLLBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovénalCorbellari2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Giovénal, Carine; Corbellari, Alain (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/babel/11036">"42 | 2020 Le chief tranché"</a>. <i>Babel</i> (in French) (42). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbabel.11036">10.4000/babel.11036</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526131101/https://journals.openedition.org/babel/11036">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Babel&rft.atitle=42+%7C+2020+Le+chief+tranch%C3%A9&rft.issue=42&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbabel.11036&rft.aulast=Giov%C3%A9nal&rft.aufirst=Carine&rft.au=Corbellari%2C+Alain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fbabel%2F11036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmollett1758" class="citation book cs1">Smollett, T. (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-M_AAAAYAAJ&q=robert+devereux+three+strokes&pg=PA488"><i>A Complete History of England, from the Descent of Julius Caesar</i></a>. Vol. 4. London. p. 488. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031050/https://books.google.com/books?id=T-M_AAAAYAAJ&q=robert+devereux+three+strokes&pg=PA488#v=onepage&q=robert%20devereux%20three%20strokes&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+History+of+England%2C+from+the+Descent+of+Julius+Caesar&rft.place=London&rft.pages=488&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Smollett&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-M_AAAAYAAJ%26q%3Drobert%2Bdevereux%2Bthree%2Bstrokes%26pg%3DPA488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheetham2000" class="citation book cs1">Cheetham, J.K. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w6ogOYZvE2wC&pg=PA161"><i>On the Trail of Mary Queen of Scots</i></a>. Glasgow. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780946487509" title="Special:BookSources/9780946487509"><bdi>9780946487509</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031120/https://books.google.com/books?id=w6ogOYZvE2wC&pg=PA161#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Trail+of+Mary+Queen+of+Scots&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pages=161&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780946487509&rft.aulast=Cheetham&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw6ogOYZvE2wC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Peerage" title="The Complete Peerage"><i>The Complete Peerage</i></a>. Vol. XII part II. p. 393.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Peerage&rft.pages=393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1792" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume, David</a> (1792). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nl0TAAAAQAAJ&q=execution+countess+of+salisbury&pg=PT7"><i>The history of the reign of Henry the eighth</i></a>. London. p. 151. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031047/https://books.google.com/books?id=nl0TAAAAQAAJ&q=execution+countess+of+salisbury&pg=PT7#v=snippet&q=execution%20countess%20of%20salisbury&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+reign+of+Henry+the+eighth&rft.place=London&rft.pages=151&rft.date=1792&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnl0TAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dexecution%2Bcountess%2Bof%2Bsalisbury%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2023" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Matthew D. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9930870">"The Most Gentle of Lethal Methods: The Question of Retained Consciousness Following Decapitation"</a>. <i>Cureus</i>. <b>15</b> (1): e33830. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7759%2Fcureus.33830">10.7759/cureus.33830</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9930870">9930870</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36819446">36819446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cureus&rft.atitle=The+Most+Gentle+of+Lethal+Methods%3A+The+Question+of+Retained+Consciousness+Following+Decapitation.&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e33830&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9930870%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36819446&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7759%2Fcureus.33830&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Matthew+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9930870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabriel Beaurieux, writing in 1905, quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw1958" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Alister (1958). <i>A History of the Guillotine</i>. John Calder. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566191531" title="Special:BookSources/9781566191531"><bdi>9781566191531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Guillotine&rft.pub=John+Calder&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=9781566191531&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Alister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span>, cited by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409013245/http://thechirurgeonsapprentice.com/2012/08/13/losing-ones-head-a-frustrating-search-for-the-truth-about-decapitation/">"Losing One's Head: A Frustrating Search for the 'Truth' about Decapitation"</a>. <i>The Chirurgeon's Apprentice</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thechirurgeonsapprentice.com/2012/08/13/losing-ones-head-a-frustrating-search-for-the-truth-about-decapitation/">the original</a> on 9 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Norton & Company</a>. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32482-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32482-2"><bdi>978-0-393-32482-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stiff%3A+The+Curious+Lives+of+Human+Cadavers&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32482-2&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mignet" title="François Mignet">Mignet, François</a>, <i>History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814</i>, (1824).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOur_Foreign_Staff2017" class="citation news cs1">Our Foreign Staff (4 August 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/04/army-bewitched-children-involved-congo-massacres-un-reports/">"Army of 'bewitched' children involved in Congo massacres as UN reports hundreds of deaths"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/04/army-bewitched-children-involved-congo-massacres-un-reports/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Army+of+%27bewitched%27+children+involved+in+Congo+massacres+as+UN+reports+hundreds+of+deaths&rft.date=2017-08-04&rft.au=Our+Foreign+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2F08%2F04%2Farmy-bewitched-children-involved-congo-massacres-un-reports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lalibre.be/dernieres-depeches/afp/meurtre-de-deux-experts-de-l-onu-la-rdc-presente-une-video-58fe3008cd70812a659fffed">"Meurtre de deux experts de l'ONU: la RDC présente une vidéo"</a> [Murder of two UN experts: the DRC presents a video]. <i>Lalibre.be</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806064445/http://www.lalibre.be/dernieres-depeches/afp/meurtre-de-deux-experts-de-l-onu-la-rdc-presente-une-video-58fe3008cd70812a659fffed">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lalibre.be&rft.atitle=Meurtre+de+deux+experts+de+l%27ONU%3A+la+RDC+pr%C3%A9sente+une+vid%C3%A9o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lalibre.be%2Fdernieres-depeches%2Fafp%2Fmeurtre-de-deux-experts-de-l-onu-la-rdc-presente-une-video-58fe3008cd70812a659fffed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23263&LangID=E">"UN Experts conclude crimes against humanity and war crimes committed in Kasai, warn against risk of new wave of ethnic violence"</a>. <i>Ohchr.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713042922/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23263&LangID=E">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ohchr.org&rft.atitle=UN+Experts+conclude+crimes+against+humanity+and+war+crimes+committed+in+Kasai%2C+warn+against+risk+of+new+wave+of+ethnic+violence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FNewsEvents%2FPages%2FDisplayNews.aspx%3FNewsID%3D23263%26LangID%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/jo8bA">"In English Aftonbladet reveals new information about the murders of Zaida Catalán and Michael Sharp"</a>. <i>Aftonbladet</i>. 7 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928102909/https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/jo8bA">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aftonbladet&rft.atitle=In+English+Aftonbladet+reveals+new+information+about+the+murders+of+Zaida+Catal%C3%A1n+and+Michael+Sharp&rft.date=2017-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftonbladet.se%2Fa%2Fjo8bA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.passblue.com/2019/05/29/how-uruguayan-peacekeepers-found-the-two-dead-un-experts-in-congo-in-2017/">"How Uruguayan Peacekeepers Found the Two Dead UN Experts in Congo in 2017"</a>. 29 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231011125222/https://www.passblue.com/2019/05/29/how-uruguayan-peacekeepers-found-the-two-dead-un-experts-in-congo-in-2017/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Uruguayan+Peacekeepers+Found+the+Two+Dead+UN+Experts+in+Congo+in+2017&rft.date=2019-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.passblue.com%2F2019%2F05%2F29%2Fhow-uruguayan-peacekeepers-found-the-two-dead-un-experts-in-congo-in-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azatutyun-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Azatutyun_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/27665737.html">"Armenian Soldier Reburied"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> Armenian Service. 11 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020202/http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/27665737.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Armenian+Soldier+Reburied&rft.date=2016-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azatutyun.am%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F27665737.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suntimes-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suntimes_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeliakovFranchetti2016" class="citation news cs1">Beliakov, Dmitry; Franchetti, Mark (10 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419152207/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/Middle_East/article1686450.ece?CMP=OTH-gnws-standard-2016_04_09">"Former Russian states on brink of renewing war"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/Middle_East/article1686450.ece?CMP=OTH-gnws-standard-2016_04_09">the original</a> on 19 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Former+Russian+states+on+brink+of+renewing+war&rft.date=2016-04-10&rft.aulast=Beliakov&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft.au=Franchetti%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesundaytimes.co.uk%2Fsto%2Fnews%2Fworld_news%2FMiddle_East%2Farticle1686450.ece%3FCMP%3DOTH-gnws-standard-2016_04_09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerkonian2016" class="citation web cs1">Kerkonian, Karnig (19 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/280472-illinois-voters-support-senator-kirks-call-for-pro-peace/">"Illinois voters support Senator Kirk's call for pro-peace measures in Nagorno-Karabakh"</a>. <i>The Hill</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706212830/https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/280472-illinois-voters-support-senator-kirks-call-for-pro-peace/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Illinois+voters+support+Senator+Kirk%27s+call+for+pro-peace+measures+in+Nagorno-Karabakh&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft.aulast=Kerkonian&rft.aufirst=Karnig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fcongress-blog%2Fforeign-policy%2F280472-illinois-voters-support-senator-kirks-call-for-pro-peace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArmenianPOWs-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArmenianPOWs_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/02/azerbaijan-armenian-prisoners-war-badly-mistreated">"Azerbaijan: Armenian Prisoners of War Badly Mistreated"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></i>. 2 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223105015/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/02/azerbaijan-armenian-prisoners-war-badly-mistreated">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Armenian+Prisoners+of+War+Badly+Mistreated&rft.date=2020-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F12%2F02%2Fazerbaijan-armenian-prisoners-war-badly-mistreated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707054827/http://bbs.04gd.com/viewthread.php?tid=547&fpage=1">"原來斬頭係唔會即刻死既(仲識講野)中國有好多斬頭案例!!"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bbs.04gd.com/viewthread.php?tid=547&fpage=1">the original</a> on 7 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8E%9F%E4%BE%86%E6%96%AC%E9%A0%AD%E4%BF%82%E5%94%94%E6%9C%83%E5%8D%B3%E5%88%BB%E6%AD%BB%E6%97%A2%28%E4%BB%B2%E8%AD%98%E8%AC%9B%E9%87%8E%29%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%89%E5%A5%BD%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%AC%E9%A0%AD%E6%A1%88%E4%BE%8B%21%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbs.04gd.com%2Fviewthread.php%3Ftid%3D547%26fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120803114144/http://xn--gmq282eogn.cn/GB/kejiao/42/154/20030410/968308.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"无头人"挑战传统医学人类还有个"腹脑"?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xn--gmq282eogn.cn/GB/kejiao/42/154/20030410/968308.html">the original</a> on 3 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%E6%97%A0%E5%A4%B4%E4%BA%BA%22%E6%8C%91%E6%88%98%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6+%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E8%BF%98%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%AA%22%E8%85%B9%E8%84%91%22%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxn--gmq282eogn.cn%2FGB%2Fkejiao%2F42%2F154%2F20030410%2F968308.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019042249/http://www.66163.com/Fujian_w/news/fzwb/990124t/3-3.htm">"福州晚報"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.66163.com/Fujian_w/news/fzwb/990124t/3-3.htm">the original</a> on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E6%99%9A%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.66163.com%2FFujian_w%2Fnews%2Ffzwb%2F990124t%2F3-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090620030109/http://www.cst21.com.cn/3/hrt.htm">"换人头"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cst21.com.cn/3/hrt.htm">the original</a> on 20 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%8D%A2%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%B4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cst21.com.cn%2F3%2Fhrt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters1956" class="citation book cs1">Masters, John (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NhdbAAAAMAAJ"><i>Bugles and a tiger: a volume of autobiography</i></a>. Viking Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670194506" title="Special:BookSources/9780670194506"><bdi>9780670194506</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031630/https://books.google.com/books?id=NhdbAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bugles+and+a+tiger%3A+a+volume+of+autobiography&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=9780670194506&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNhdbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthorpAnderson1996" class="citation book cs1">Barthorp, Michael; Anderson, Douglas N. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ln_jAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Frontier Ablaze: The North-west Frontier Rising, 1897–98</i></a>. Windrow & Greene. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85915-023-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85915-023-8"><bdi>978-1-85915-023-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031549/https://books.google.com/books?id=ln_jAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frontier+Ablaze%3A+The+North-west+Frontier+Rising%2C+1897%E2%80%9398&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Windrow+%26+Greene&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85915-023-8&rft.aulast=Barthorp&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Douglas+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dln_jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClay1992" class="citation book cs1">Clay, John (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oRdbAAAAMAAJ"><i>John Masters: a regimented life</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>: Michael Joseph. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-2945-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-2945-3"><bdi>978-0-7181-2945-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031550/https://books.google.com/books?id=oRdbAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Masters%3A+a+regimented+life&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-2945-3&rft.aulast=Clay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoRdbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters2002" class="citation book cs1">Masters, John (2002). <i>Bugles and a Tiger</i>. Cassell Military. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36156-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36156-4"><bdi>978-0-304-36156-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bugles+and+a+Tiger&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Cassell+Military&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-304-36156-4&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%96%84%E4%BD%8F%E5%9D%8A-1085457">"善住坊とは"</a>. <i>Kotobank.jp</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221145010/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%96%84%E4%BD%8F%E5%9D%8A-1085457">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotobank.jp&rft.atitle=%E5%96%84%E4%BD%8F%E5%9D%8A%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotobank.jp%2Fword%2F%25E5%2596%2584%25E4%25BD%258F%25E5%259D%258A-1085457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2006/p1054-e.htm">"UN – TRIBUNAL CONVICTS ENVER HADZIHASANOVIC AND AMIR KUBURA Press Release, March 2006"</a>. <i>UN.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090508193314/http://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2006/p1054-e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN.org&rft.atitle=UN+%E2%80%93+TRIBUNAL+CONVICTS+ENVER+HADZIHASANOVIC+AND+AMIR+KUBURA+Press+Release%2C+March+2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Ficty%2Fpressreal%2F2006%2Fp1054-e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805095536/http://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/had-3ai030926e.htm">"Third Amended Indictment"</a>. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Third+Amended+Indictment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Ficty%2Findictment%2Fenglish%2Fhad-3ai030926e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npg-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-npg_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw35443/The-execution-of-King-Charles-I">"The Execution of King Charles I"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414134140/https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw35443/The-execution-of-King-Charles-I">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Portrait+Gallery&rft.atitle=The+Execution+of+King+Charles+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npg.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fportrait%2Fmw35443%2FThe-execution-of-King-Charles-I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2012" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Sarah (2012). <i>The Last Highlander</i>. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Highlander&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny1936" class="citation book cs1">Kenny, C. (1936). <i>Outlines of Criminal Law</i> (15th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Criminal+Law&rft.pages=323&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Chronological_Table_of_the_Statutes" title="Chronological Table of the Statutes">Chronological Table of the Statutes</a>, 1235–2010. <a href="/wiki/The_Stationery_Office" title="The Stationery Office">The Stationery Office</a>. 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-840509-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-840509-6">978-0-11-840509-6</a>. Part II. p. 1243, read with pages viii and x of Part I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGheeraert-Graffeuille2011" class="citation cs2">Gheeraert-Graffeuille, Claire (2011), "The Tragedy of Regicide in Interregnum and Restoration Histories of the English Civil Wars", <i>Études Épistémè</i>, <b>20</b> (20), <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fepisteme.430">10.4000/episteme.430</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+%C3%89pist%C3%A9m%C3%A8&rft.atitle=The+Tragedy+of+Regicide+in+Interregnum+and+Restoration+Histories+of+the+English+Civil+Wars&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=20&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fepisteme.430&rft.aulast=Gheeraert-Graffeuille&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2010" class="citation cs2">Holmes, Clive (2010), "The Trial and Execution of Charles I", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">The Historical Journal</a></i>, <b>53</b> (2): 289–316, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X10000026">10.1017/S0018246X10000026</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159524099">159524099</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Trial+and+Execution+of+Charles+I&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=289-316&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X10000026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159524099%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Cunliffe, Barry</a> (2010). <i>Druids: A Very Short Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 71–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Druids%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Jacobsthal <i>Early Celtic Art</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilhelm,_James_J._1994-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilhelm,_James_J._1994_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm, James J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Syrian+opposition+group+that+killed+child+%27was+in+US-vetted+alliance%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjul%2F20%2Fsyrian-opposition-group-which-killed-child-was-in-us-vetted-alliance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=155503">"Nearly 45 regime and Turkish soldiers and rebels killed in shelling and violent battles on Al-Nayrab frontline, east of Idlib"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://narcosphere.narconews.com/notebook/brenda-norrell/2008/10/us-created-monsters-zetas-and-kaibiles-death-squads">the original</a> on 24 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+created+monsters%3A+Zetas+and+Kaibiles+death+squads&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnarcosphere.narconews.com%2Fnotebook%2Fbrenda-norrell%2F2008%2F10%2Fus-created-monsters-zetas-and-kaibiles-death-squads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbadanov" class="citation web cs1">badanov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2012/04/los-zetas-recruit-las-maras-in.html">"Borderland Beat: Los Zetas recruit Las Maras in Guatemala"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225083845/http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2012/04/los-zetas-recruit-las-maras-in.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Borderland+Beat%3A+Los+Zetas+recruit+Las+Maras+in+Guatemala&rft.au=badanov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.borderlandbeat.com%2F2012%2F04%2Flos-zetas-recruit-las-maras-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225134251/http://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2004/158801.html">"Los Zetas fueron entrenados por la Escuela de las Américas"</a> [The Zetas were trained by the School of the Americas]. <i>cronica.com.mx</i> (in Spanish). La Crónica de Hoy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2004/158801.html">the original</a> on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cronica.com.mx&rft.atitle=Los+Zetas+fueron+entrenados+por+la+Escuela+de+las+Am%C3%A9ricas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cronica.com.mx%2Fnotas%2F2004%2F158801.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418211956/http://www.soaw.org/component/content/article/1/1994">"U.S.-trained ex-soldiers form core of "Zetas" | SOA Watch: Close the School of the Americas"</a>. 18 April 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soaw.org/component/content/article/1/1994">the original</a> on 18 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.-trained+ex-soldiers+form+core+of+%22Zetas%22+%26%23124%3B+SOA+Watch%3A+Close+the+School+of+the+Americas&rft.date=2017-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soaw.org%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F1%2F1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington2006" class="citation book cs1">Washington, Harriet A. (2006). <i>Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present</i>. New York. London. Toronto. Sydney. Austin.: Doubleday. p. 126, paragraph 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Apartheid%3A+The+Dark+History+of+Medical+Experimentation+on+Black+Americans+from+Colonial+Times+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York.+London.+Toronto.+Sydney.+Austin.&rft.pages=126%2C+paragraph+3&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Washington&rft.aufirst=Harriet+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurse2013" class="citation book cs1">Turse, Nick (2013). <i>Kill Anything that Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam</i>. New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kill+Anything+that+Moves%3A+The+Real+American+War+in+Vietnam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Turse&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurse2013" class="citation book cs1">Turse, Nick (2013). <i>Kill Anything that Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam</i>. New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kill+Anything+that+Moves%3A+The+Real+American+War+in+Vietnam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Turse&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurse2013" class="citation book cs1">Turse, Nick (2013). <i>Kill Anything that Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam</i>. New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kill+Anything+that+Moves%3A+The+Real+American+War+in+Vietnam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Turse&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2012" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Wilbur R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&pg=PA1856"><i>The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Sage. p. 1856. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412988766" title="Special:BookSources/9781412988766"><bdi>9781412988766</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/768569594">768569594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+History+of+Crime+and+Punishment+in+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=1856&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F768569594&rft.isbn=9781412988766&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Wilbur+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtYME6Z35nyAC%26pg%3DPA1856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecapitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External 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href="/wiki/Inert_gas_asphyxiation" title="Inert gas asphyxiation">Nitrogen hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">Electrocution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beheading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment#Ancient_methods" title="List of methods of capital punishment">Ancient and<br />post-classical<br /> methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_ad_bestias" title="Damnatio ad bestias">Damnatio ad bestias</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_eagle" title="Blood eagle">Blood eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun" title="Blowing from a gun">Blowing from a gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazen_bull" title="Brazen bull">Brazen bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_boiling" title="Death by boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">Breaking wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_burial" title="Premature burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">Burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushing_(execution)" title="Crushing (execution)">Crushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimation_(punishment)" title="Decimation (punishment)">Decimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">Disembowelment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_drowning" title="Execution by drowning">Drowning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_marriage" title="Republican marriage">Republican marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_elephant" title="Execution by elephant">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_(execution)" title="Falling (execution)">Falling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">Flaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">Garrote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">Guillotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">Hanged, drawn and quartered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immurement" title="Immurement">Immurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">Impalement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikozume" title="Ishikozume">Ishikozume</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mazzatello" title="Mazzatello">Mazzatello</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_sawing" title="Death by sawing">Sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphism" title="Scaphism">Scaphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">Slow slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffocation_in_ash" title="Suffocation in ash">Suffocation in ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upright_jerker" title="Upright jerker">Upright jerker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist_chop" title="Waist chop">Waist chop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">Enforcement or use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_recent_executions_by_jurisdiction" title="List of most recent executions by jurisdiction">Most recent executions by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">Executioner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executioners" title="List of executioners">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scharfrichter" title="Scharfrichter">Scharfrichter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Final statement">Final statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_meal" title="Last meal">Last meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment" title="List of methods of capital punishment">List of methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Religion and capital punishment">Religion and capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botched_executions" title="List of botched executions">Botched execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolutions_concerning_death_penalty_at_the_United_Nations" title="Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations">Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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