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id="toc-Between_Portuguese,_Spanish_and_Catalan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Phonetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Semantic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_Spanish_and_Catalan,_but_not_Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_Spanish_and_Catalan,_but_not_Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Between Spanish and Catalan, but not Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_Spanish_and_Catalan,_but_not_Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonetic_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetic_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Phonetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetic_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_Spanish_and_Portuguese,_but_not_Catalan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_Spanish_and_Portuguese,_but_not_Catalan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Between Spanish and Portuguese, but not Catalan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_Spanish_and_Portuguese,_but_not_Catalan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonetic_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetic_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Phonetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetic_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Grammatical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammatical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_Portuguese_and_Catalan,_but_not_Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_Portuguese_and_Catalan,_but_not_Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Between Portuguese and Catalan, but not Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_Portuguese_and_Catalan,_but_not_Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonetic_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetic_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Phonetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetic_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Statuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iberian Romance languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_iberorromanicas" title="Luengas iberorromanicas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas iberorromanicas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberorrom%C3%A1nicu" title="Iberorrománicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Iberorrománicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Ібера-раманскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ібера-раманскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ибероромански езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ибероромански езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_iberorom%C3%A0niques" title="Llengües iberoromàniques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües iberoromàniques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberoromanische_Sprachen" title="Iberoromanische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iberoromanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberoromaani_keeled" title="Iberoromaani keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iberoromaani keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ιβηρορομανικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιβηρορομανικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_iberorromances" title="Lenguas iberorromances – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas iberorromances" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibero-latinida_lingvaro" title="Ibero-latinida lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ibero-latinida lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_iberu-romancis" title="Luengas iberu-romancis – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luengas iberu-romancis" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza_ibero-erromantzeak" title="Hizkuntza ibero-erromantzeak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza ibero-erromantzeak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88-%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های ایبرو-رومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های ایبرو-رومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_ib%C3%A9ro-romanes" title="Langues ibéro-romanes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues ibéro-romanes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_iberorrom%C3%A1nicas" title="Linguas iberorrománicas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas iberorrománicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%9D%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4" title="이베리아로망스어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이베리아로망스어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberoromanski_jezici" title="Iberoromanski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Iberoromanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibero-Latinida_linguaro" title="Ibero-Latinida linguaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ibero-Latinida linguaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Roman_Iberia" title="Rumpun bahasa Roman Iberia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Roman Iberia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dber%C3%B3r%C3%B3m%C3%B6nsk_m%C3%A1l" title="Íberórómönsk mál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íberórómönsk mál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_ibero-romanze" title="Lingue ibero-romanze – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue ibero-romanze" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_%C3%AEberoroman%C3%AE" title="Zimanên îberoromanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên îberoromanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iber%C5%B3-roman%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Iberų-romanų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Iberų-romanų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberorom%C3%A1n_nyelvek" title="Iberoromán nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iberoromán nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ибероромански јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ибероромански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_iber%C3%B4-r%C3%B4mana" title="Fiteny iberô-rômana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny iberô-rômana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%99%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="イベロ・ロマンス語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イベロ・ロマンス語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberoromaans_spriaken" title="Iberoromaans spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iberoromaans spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberoromanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Iberoromanske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Iberoromanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_iberoromanicas" title="Lengas iberoromanicas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas iberoromanicas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_zachodnioroma%C5%84skie" title="Języki zachodnioromańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki zachodnioromańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_ibero-rom%C3%A2nicas" title="Línguas ibero-românicas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas ibero-românicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_ibero-romanice" title="Limbi ibero-romanice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi ibero-romanice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Иберо-романские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иберо-романские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iberian Romance languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberoromaaniset_kielet" title="Iberoromaaniset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iberoromaaniset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberoromanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Iberoromanska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iberoromanska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ber-Romen_dilleri" title="İber-Romen dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İber-Romen dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibero-Romance&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibero-Romance">Ibero-Romance</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Romance languages developed on the Iberian Peninsula</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">Iberian Romance</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Ibero-Romance, Iberian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Originally <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">French Catalonia</a>; now worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Iberian Romance</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Mozarabic</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sout3183">sout3183</a></code></samp>  <span class="nowrap">(Shifted Iberian)</span><br /><samp><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/unsh1234">unsh1234</a></samp>  <span class="nowrap">(Aragonese–Mozarabic)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Iberian Romance</b>, <b>Ibero-Romance</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or sometimes <b>Iberian languages</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a group of <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> that developed on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, an area consisting primarily of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">French Catalonia</a>. They are today more commonly separated into <a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a>, East Iberian (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Mozarabic</a> language groups. </p><p>Evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> of Iberia, the most widely spoken Iberian Romance languages are <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan-Valencian-Balear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These languages also have their own regional and local varieties. Based on <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>, Dalby counts seven "outer" languages, or language groups: <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturleonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Asturleonese">Asturleonese</a>, "Wider"-<a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>, "Wider"-<a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Provençal+Lengadocian</a>, and "Wider"-<a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalby_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to those languages, there are a number of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Spanish-based creole languages</a>, for instance <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_development">Origins and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/350px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/525px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/700px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Linguistic map of southwestern Europe</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Spanish_language" title="History of the Spanish language">History of the Spanish language</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">History of Portuguese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalan" title="History of Catalan">History of Catalan</a></div> <p>Like all Romance languages,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Iberian Romance languages descend from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>, the nonstandard (in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a>) form of the Latin language spoken by soldiers and merchants throughout the Roman Empire. With the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">expansion of the empire</a>, Vulgar Latin came to be spoken by inhabitants of the various Roman-controlled territories. Latin and its descendants have been spoken in Iberia since the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>, when the Romans conquered the territory<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Hispania">Roman conquest of Hispania</a>). </p><p>The modern Iberian Romance languages were formed roughly through the following process: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a> of the local Iberian population.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The diversification of Latin spoken in Iberia, with slight differences depending on location.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The break up of Ibero-Romance into several dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap">Ibero-Romance  </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a>  </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <small>(ast)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <small>(mwl)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a> <small>(mwl)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Castillian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Castillian language">Old-Castillian</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <small>(spa)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <small>(por)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <small>(glg)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Xalimego_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xalimego language">Xalimego</a> <small>(fax)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li>Development of <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Spanish language">Old Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> (the <a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian languages</a>) and early <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a> from Latin between the eighth and tenth centuries. The genetic classification of early Navarro-Aragonese, Catalan, and Occitan is unsettled. Some scholars place them within Ibero-Romance (hence they would be <b><a href="/wiki/East_Iberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Iberian languages">East Iberian</a></b>), others place them instead within <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Romance">Gallo-Romance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aragonese is further disputed between the East and West Iberian groups.</li> <li>Further development into modern Spanish, Portuguese, Aragonese, Asturleonese, Galician, Catalan (see <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Iberia">languages of Iberia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">languages of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">languages of Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Andorra" title="Languages of Andorra">languages of Andorra</a>) between the fifteenth and twentieth centuries.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_traits_between_Portuguese,_Spanish_and_Catalan"><span id="Common_traits_between_Portuguese.2C_Spanish_and_Catalan"></span>Common traits between Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Common traits between Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This list points to common traits of these Iberian subsets, especially when compared to the other Romance languages in general. Thus, changes such as Catalan <b>vuit/huit</b> and Portuguese <b>oito</b> vs. Spanish <b>ocho</b> are not shown here, as the change -it- > -ch- is exclusive to Spanish among the Iberian Romance languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_Portuguese,_Spanish_and_Catalan"><span id="Between_Portuguese.2C_Spanish_and_Catalan"></span>Between Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Between Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonetic">Phonetic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The length difference between r/rr is preserved through phonetic means as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span>, so that the second consonant in words such as <b>caro</b> and <b>carro</b> are not the same in any of the three.</li> <li>Latin U remains <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> and is not changed to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Semantic">Semantic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Semantic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Iberian Romance languages all maintain a complete <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)#Essence_vs._state" title="Copula (linguistics)">essence-state distinction</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romance_copula" title="Romance copula">the copula</a> (the verb "to be"). The "essence" form (Portuguese and Spanish <i>ser</i> and Catalan <i>ser</i> and <i>ésser</i>) is derived in whole or in part from the Latin <i>sum</i> (the Latin copula), while the "state" form (<i>estar</i> in all three languages) is derived from the Latin <i>stāre</i> ("to stand").</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_Spanish_and_Catalan,_but_not_Portuguese"><span id="Between_Spanish_and_Catalan.2C_but_not_Portuguese"></span>Between Spanish and Catalan, but not Portuguese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Between Spanish and Catalan, but not Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonetic_2">Phonetic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The distinction between Latin short <i>-n-</i>, <i>-l-</i> and long <i>-nn-</i>, <i>-ll-</i> was preserved by means of palatalizing <i>-nn-</i>, <i>-ll-</i> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʎ/</span>, as in Latin <i>annum</i> > Spanish <i>año</i>, Catalan <i>any</i> vs. Latin <i>manum</i> > Spanish <i>mano</i>, Old Calatan <i>man</i> (modern Catalan <i>mà</i>). This also affects some initial L in Catalan. However, in most dialects of Spanish, original <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʎ/</span> has become delateralized. Portuguese maintains the distinction, but in a different way; compare <i>ano</i> vs. <i>mão</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_Spanish_and_Portuguese,_but_not_Catalan"><span id="Between_Spanish_and_Portuguese.2C_but_not_Catalan"></span>Between Spanish and Portuguese, but not Catalan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Between Spanish and Portuguese, but not Catalan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonetic_3">Phonetic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phonetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Initial Latin CL/FL/PL are palatalized further than in Standard Italian, and become indistinguishable (to CH in Portuguese and LL in Spanish).</li> <li>Final e/o remains (although its pronunciation changed in Portuguese, and some dialects drop final E).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grammatical">Grammatical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grammatical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The synthetic preterite, inherited from earlier stages of Latin, remains the main past tense.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_Portuguese_and_Catalan,_but_not_Spanish"><span id="Between_Portuguese_and_Catalan.2C_but_not_Spanish"></span>Between Portuguese and Catalan, but not Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Between Portuguese and Catalan, but not Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonetic_4">Phonetic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Phonetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Velarized L <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ]</span>, which <a href="/wiki/Latin_spelling_and_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin spelling and pronunciation">existed</a> in Latin, is preserved at the end of syllables, and was later generalized to all positions in most dialects of both languages.</li> <li>Stressed Latin e/o, both open and closed, is preserved so and does not become a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statuses">Statuses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Statuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Politically (not linguistically), there are four major officially recognised Iberian Romance languages: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></b> (see <a href="/wiki/Names_given_to_the_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Names given to the Spanish language">names given to the Spanish language</a>), is the national and <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Spanish is an official language">21 countries</a>, including Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers" title="List of languages by total number of speakers">fourth-most widely spoken</a> language in the world, with over 570 total million speakers, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">second-most widely spoken <i>native</i> language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a number of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects and varieties</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></b>, official language in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language">nine countries</a> including Portugal and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. After Spanish, Portuguese is the second most widely spoken Romance language in the world with over 250 million speakers, currently ranked seventh by number of native speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">Portuguese dialects</a> exist outside of the <a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European standard</a> spoken in Portugal.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></b> is the official language in <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and co-official in the Spanish autonomous communities of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a> (where it is known as <b><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></b>), and the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a>. It is also spoken in the French department of <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a>) without official recognition. Catalan is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the two languages having been treated as one in studies by Occitanist linguists (such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bec" title="Pierre Bec">Pierre Bec</a>, or more recently Domergue Sumien). When not treated as one, the two languages are widely classified together as <a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance languages</a>, a group which is itself sometimes grouped with the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a>. Catalan has two main dialectal branches (Eastern and Western Catalan) and several subdialects, and is spoken by about 10 million people (ranking the seventy-fifth most spoken language in the world),<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly in five variants: <a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Catalan">Northwestern Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balearic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic dialect">Balearic</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a></b>, co-official in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and also spoken in adjacent western parts of <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a>. Closely related to <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, with Spanish influence.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It shares the same origin as Portuguese, from the medieval <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a>. Modern Galician is spoken by around 3.2 million people and is ranked 160th by number of speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Additionally, <b><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a></b> (dialect of Asturleonese), although not an official language,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous community</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>. It is one of the Asturleonese dialects along with <b><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></b>, which in Portugal holds an official status as a minority language.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibero-Romance.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ibero-Romance.PNG/500px-Ibero-Romance.PNG" decoding="async" width="500" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ibero-Romance.PNG/750px-Ibero-Romance.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ibero-Romance.PNG/1000px-Ibero-Romance.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Ibero-Romance languages around the world</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> The Iberian Romance languages are a conventional group of Romance languages. Many authors use the term in a geographical sense although they are not necessarily a phylogenetic group (the languages grouped as Iberian Romance may not all directly descend from a common ancestor). Phylogenetically, there is disagreement about what languages should be considered within the Iberian Romance group; for example, some authors consider that East Iberian, also called Occitano-Romance, could be more closely related to languages of northern Italy (or also Franco-Provençal, the langues d'oïl and Rhaeto-Romance). A common conventional geographical grouping is the following: </p> <ul><li>East Iberian</li> <li>West Iberian</li></ul> <p>Daggers (†) indicate extinct languages </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Iberian Romance languages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">East Iberian</a> (alternatively classified as <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a>) <ul><li>Catalanic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a>†</li></ul></li> <li>Occitanic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuadit" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuadit">Shuadit</a>†</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Astur-Leonese languages">Asturleonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian languages">Castilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenean%E2%80%93Mozarabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrenean–Mozarabic">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a>† <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judaeo-Aragonese</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic</a>†</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Iberia">Languages of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian languages">Iberian languages</a> is also used as a more inclusive term for all languages spoken on the Iberian Peninsula, which in antiquity included the non-Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian language</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPharies2007" class="citation book cs1">Pharies, David A. (2007). <i>A Brief History of the Spanish Language</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66683-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66683-9"><bdi>978-0-226-66683-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Spanish+Language&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-66683-9&rft.aulast=Pharies&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807023956/http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size">"Ethnologue: Statistical Summaries"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size">the original</a> on 2011-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Statistical+Summaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.org%2Fethno_docs%2Fdistribution.asp%3Fby%3Dsize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalby-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dalby_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby2000" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/master/OL-SITE%201999-2000%20MASTER%20ONE%20Sectors%205-Zones%2050-54.pdf">"5=Indo-European phylosector"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguasphere.info/?page=chain&id_chain=1017077"><i>The Linguasphere register of the world's languages and speech communities</i></a>. Vol. 2. Oxford: Observatoire Linguistique, Linguasphere Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3DIndo-European+phylosector&rft.btitle=The+Linguasphere+register+of+the+world%27s+languages+and+speech+communities.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Observatoire+Linguistique%2C+Linguasphere+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguasphere.info%2Flcontao%2Ftl_files%2Fpdf%2Fmaster%2FOL-SITE%25201999-2000%2520MASTER%2520ONE%2520Sectors%25205-Zones%252050-54.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomason2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomason, Sarah (2001). <i>Language Contact</i>. Georgetown University Press. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-854-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-854-2"><bdi>978-0-87840-854-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Contact&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87840-854-2&rft.aulast=Thomason&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownOgilvie2008" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2008). <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i>. Elsevier Science. p. 1020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7"><bdi>978-0-08-087774-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pages=1020&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087774-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Ogilvie%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenny2002" class="citation book cs1">Penny, Ralph (2002). <i>A History of the Spanish Language</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01184-6"><bdi>978-0-521-01184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Spanish+Language&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01184-6&rft.aulast=Penny&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenny2002">Penny (2002)</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEthnologue:_Languages_of_the_World,_Sixteenth_edition2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1719-16">"Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indo-European%2C+Italic%2C+Romance%2C+Italo-Western%2C+Western%2C+Gallo-Iberian%2C+Ibero-Romance%2C+West+Iberian&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World%2C+Sixteenth+edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_family.asp%3Fsubid%3D1719-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurell2001" class="citation book cs1">Turell, M. Teresa (2001). <i>Multilingualism in Spain: Sociolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects of Linguistic Minority Groups</i>. Multilingual Matters. p. 591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-491-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-491-5"><bdi>978-1-85359-491-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multilingualism+in+Spain%3A+Sociolinguistic+and+Psycholinguistic+Aspects+of+Linguistic+Minority+Groups&rft.pages=591&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-491-5&rft.aulast=Turell&rft.aufirst=M.+Teresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabo_AseguinolazaAbuín_GonzalezDomínguez2010" class="citation book cs1">Cabo Aseguinolaza, Fernando; Abuín Gonzalez, Anxo; Domínguez, César (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9NB0cialptcC&pg=PA339"><i>A Comparative History of Literatures in the Iberian Peninsula</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 339–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3457-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3457-5"><bdi>978-90-272-3457-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+History+of+Literatures+in+the+Iberian+Peninsula&rft.pages=339-40&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-272-3457-5&rft.aulast=Cabo+Aseguinolaza&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.au=Abu%C3%ADn+Gonzalez%2C+Anxo&rft.au=Dom%C3%ADnguez%2C+C%C3%A9sar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9NB0cialptcC%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapesa1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lapesa, Rafael (1968). <i>Historia de la lengua española (7th ed.)</i> (in Spanish). Gredos. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-249-0072-3" title="Special:BookSources/84-249-0072-3"><bdi>84-249-0072-3</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-249-0073-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-249-0073-1">84-249-0073-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola+%287th+ed.%29&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Gredos&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=84-249-0072-3&rft.aulast=Lapesa&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=mundo/indoeuro/italico/romance/iberorromance/espanol">"Lengua Española o Castellana"</a>. <i>Promotora Española de Lingüística</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Promotora+Espa%C3%B1ola+de+Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica&rft.atitle=Lengua+Espa%C3%B1ola+o+Castellana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proel.org%2Findex.php%3Fpagina%3Dmundo%2Findoeuro%2Fitalico%2Fromance%2Fiberorromance%2Fespanol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807023956/http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size#3">"Ethnologue: Table 3. Languages with at least 3 million first-language speakers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size#3">the original</a> on 2011-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Table+3.+Languages+with+at+least+3+million+first-language+speakers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.org%2Fethno_docs%2Fdistribution.asp%3Fby%3Dsize%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Ethnologue</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andorramania.com/constit_gb.htm">Constitution of Andorra</a> (Article 2.1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bec" title="Pierre Bec">Bec, Pierre</a> (1973), <i>Manuel pratique d'occitan moderne</i>, coll. Connaissance des langues, Paris: Picard</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sumien, Domergue (2006), <i>La standardisation pluricentrique de l'occitan: nouvel enjeu sociolinguistique, développement du lexique et de la morphologie</i>, coll. Publications de l'Association Internationale d'Études Occitanes, Turnhout: Brepols</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers-Scotton2005" class="citation book cs1">Myers-Scotton, Carol (2005). <i>Multiple Voices: An Introduction to Bilingualism</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21937-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21937-8"><bdi>978-0-631-21937-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiple+Voices%3A+An+Introduction+to+Bilingualism&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21937-8&rft.aulast=Myers-Scotton&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnologue</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosner1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Posner" title="Rebecca Posner">Posner, Rebecca</a> (1996). <i>The Romance Languages</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28139-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28139-3"><bdi>978-0-521-28139-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romance+Languages&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28139-3&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elcomerciodigital.com/gijon/20090112/local/asturias/miembro-andecha-astur-enfrenta-200901121726.html">"La jueza a Fernando González: 'No puede usted hablar en la lengua que le dé la gana'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>El Comercio</i>. 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Comercio&rft.atitle=La+jueza+a+Fernando+Gonz%C3%A1lez%3A+%27No+puede+usted+hablar+en+la+lengua+que+le+d%C3%A9+la+gana%27&rft.date=2009-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elcomerciodigital.com%2Fgijon%2F20090112%2Flocal%2Fasturias%2Fmiembro-andecha-astur-enfrenta-200901121726.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/asturia/an/i1/i1.html">Euromosaic report</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061112034325/http://latine.iespana.es/latine.index.html">Spanish words of Latin origin</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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