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Arabisk litteratur – Wikipedia
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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historik_och_bakgrund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historik_och_bakgrund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historik och bakgrund</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historik_och_bakgrund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Filologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_utveckling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_utveckling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern utveckling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_utveckling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kvinnor_inom_den_arabiska_litteraturen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kvinnor_inom_den_arabiska_litteraturen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kvinnor inom den arabiska litteraturen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kvinnor_inom_den_arabiska_litteraturen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kända_arabiska_författare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kända_arabiska_författare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kända arabiska författare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kända_arabiska_författare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Kända arabiska författare</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kända_arabiska_författare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poesi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poesi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Poesi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poesi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historisk_prosa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historisk_prosa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Historisk prosa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historisk_prosa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_prosa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_prosa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Modern prosa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_prosa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arabisk litteratur</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 62 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="أدب عربي – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدب عربي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliteratura_%C3%A1rabe" title="Lliteratura árabe – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lliteratura árabe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr%C9%99b_%C9%99d%C9%99biyyat%C4%B1" title="Ərəb ədəbiyyatı – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərəb ədəbiyyatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="আরবি সাহিত্য – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরবি সাহিত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra_Arab" title="Sastra Arab – banjariska" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sastra Arab" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D3%99%D2%99%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Ғәрәп әҙәбиәте – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғәрәп әҙәбиәте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Арабска литература – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арабска литература" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapska_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Arapska književnost – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arapska književnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_%C3%A0rab" title="Literatura àrab – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Literatura àrab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Literatur" title="Arabische Literatur – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arabische Literatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabiakeelne_kirjandus" title="Araabiakeelne kirjandus – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Araabiakeelne kirjandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Arabic literature" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_%C3%A1rabe" title="Literatura árabe – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Literatura árabe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arablingva_literaturo" title="Arablingva literaturo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arablingva literaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiar_literatura" title="Arabiar literatura – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arabiar literatura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ادبیات عربی – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادبیات عربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_arabophone" title="Littérature arabophone – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Littérature arabophone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_%C3%A1rabe" title="Literatura árabe – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Literatura árabe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D_%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="아랍 문학 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아랍 문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արաբական գրականություն – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արաբական գրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="अरबी साहित्य – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरबी साहित्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapska_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Arapska književnost – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arapska književnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra_Arab" title="Sastra Arab – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sastra Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letteratura_araba" title="Letteratura araba – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Letteratura araba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಅರಬ್ಬೀ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅರಬ್ಬೀ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="არაბული ლიტერატურა – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაბული ლიტერატურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Араб әдебиеті – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Араб әдебиеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litterae_Arabicae" title="Litterae Arabicae – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Litterae Arabicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_irodalom" title="Arab irodalom – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arab irodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Арапска книжевност – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арапска книжевност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letteratura_G%C4%A7arbija" title="Letteratura Għarbija – maltesiska" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Letteratura Għarbija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="არაბული ლიტერატურა – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არაბული ლიტერატურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastera_Arab" title="Sastera Arab – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sastera Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1" title="အာရဗီစာပေ – burmesiska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာရဗီစာပေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_literatuur" title="Arabische literatuur – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabische literatuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="アラビア語文学 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラビア語文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisk_litteratur" title="Arabisk litteratur – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arabisk litteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_adabiyoti" title="Arab adabiyoti – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arab adabiyoti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4" title="ਅਰਬੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਬੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="عربی ادب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عربی ادب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="عربي ادب – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عربي ادب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_arabska" title="Literatura arabska – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Literatura arabska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_%C3%A1rabe" title="Literatura árabe – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Literatura árabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_arab%C4%83" title="Literatura arabă – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Literatura arabă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Арабская литература – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арабская литература" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ABrsia_arabe" title="Letërsia arabe – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Letërsia arabe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="عربي ادب – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عربي ادب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C3%A1_literat%C3%BAra" title="Arabská literatúra – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arabská literatúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabska_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Arabska književnost – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arabska književnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="وێژەی عەرەبی – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێژەی عەرەبی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Арапска књижевност – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арапска књижевност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapska_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Arapska književnost – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arapska književnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அராபிய இலக்கியம் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அராபிய இலக்கியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಅರಬ್ಬೀ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ – tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅರಬ್ಬೀ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_edebiyat%C4%B1" title="Arap edebiyatı – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arap edebiyatı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Арабська література – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арабська література" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="عربی ادب – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عربی ادب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%E1%BB%8Dc_%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp" title="Văn học Ả Rập – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn học Ả Rập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_Inarabo" title="Literatura Inarabo – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Literatura Inarabo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="阿拉伯文学 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿拉伯文学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%87%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="阿拉伯文文學 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿拉伯文文學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="阿拉伯文学 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拉伯文学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" 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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Adonis_Cracow_Poland_May12_2011_Fot_Mariusz_Kubik_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Adonis_Cracow_Poland_May12_2011_Fot_Mariusz_Kubik_08.JPG/250px-Adonis_Cracow_Poland_May12_2011_Fot_Mariusz_Kubik_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Adonis_Cracow_Poland_May12_2011_Fot_Mariusz_Kubik_08.JPG/375px-Adonis_Cracow_Poland_May12_2011_Fot_Mariusz_Kubik_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Adonis_Cracow_Poland_May12_2011_Fot_Mariusz_Kubik_08.JPG/500px-Adonis_Cracow_Poland_May12_2011_Fot_Mariusz_Kubik_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adonis_(poet)" title="Adonis (poet)">Adonis</a> har kommit att i hög grad förknippas med arabisk poesi.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Arabisk litteratur</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabiska" title="Arabiska">arabiska</a>: <b>الأدب العربي</b> <i>al-a'dab al-'arabi</i>) är ett samlande begrepp för den litteratur som ursprungligen är skriven på arabiska. Den behöver inte nödvändigtvis vara skriven av författare med arabiska som <a href="/wiki/Modersm%C3%A5l" title="Modersmål">modersmål</a>. Det arabiska ordet för litteratur, <i>a'dab</i>, kommer från ett ord som betyder att "bjuda en eller flera till måltid", och som underförstått innebär <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6vlighet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hövlighet">hövlighet</a>, berikning och kultur. </p><p>Den arabiska litteraturen blomstrade under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islams_guld%C3%A5lder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islams guldålder [inte skriven än]">islams guldålder</a> men är fortfarande i allra högsta grad levande, med poeter och prosaförfattare över hela Arabvärlden som åtnjuter växande berömmelse. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historik_och_bakgrund">Historik och bakgrund</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historik och bakgrund" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historik och bakgrund"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arabisk litteratur växte fram under <a href="/wiki/400-talet" title="400-talet">400-talet</a>, företrätt av små bitar av skrivet språk. Från förislamisk tid finns en del lyrik bevarad, bland annat i antologierna <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamasa" title="Al-Hamasa">Al-Hamasa</a></i> och <i><a href="/wiki/Mu%27allaqat" title="Mu'allaqat">Mu'allaqat</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Koranen" title="Koranen">Koranen</a>, som anses som det finaste verket författat på det arabiska språket, har haft en stor betydelse för den <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_kultur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabisk kultur [inte skriven än]">arabiska kulturen</a> och dess litteratur. </p><p>Fram till modern tid har den arabiska litteraturen varit mycket präglad av <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a>. De snabba sociala förändringar som skedde under koloniseringen av stora delar av arabvärlden under 1800-talet och 1900-talets början fick den arabiska kulturens bildade att värna om arvet från den klassiska kultur som varit förhärskande från omkring <a href="/wiki/600-talet" title="600-talet">600-talet</a> till <a href="/wiki/1100-talet" title="1100-talet">1100-talet</a>. Samtidigt började dock <a href="/wiki/Nationalismen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalismen">nationalismen</a> bidra till en "arabisk <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A4ssans" class="mw-redirect" title="Renässans">renässans</a>" under 1800-talets slut. 1913 gavs den första romanen ut, och de första novellsamlingarna spreds under 1920-talet. Litteraturen var ofta präglad av <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4rleksroman" title="Kärleksroman">romantik</a> och - särskilt inom poesin - <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bak_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bak-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>När de arabiska länderna blev självständiga, under perioden efter <a href="/wiki/Andra_v%C3%A4rldskriget" title="Andra världskriget">andra världskriget</a> och fram till 1970-talets början, ledde avkoloniseringen, störtandet av de konservativa regimerna och krigets slut till stora förändringar inom litteraturen. Med början i <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>, följt av <a href="/wiki/Syrien" title="Syrien">Syrien</a> och <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a>, bröt man med <a href="/wiki/Klassicismen" class="mw-redirect" title="Klassicismen">klassicismen</a> och <a href="/wiki/Realism" title="Realism">realismen</a> växte sig stark framförallt inom poesin, samtidigt som de mer traditionella <a href="/wiki/Versm%C3%A5tt" title="Versmått">versmåtten</a> övergavs. Med realismen, som även tog ordentlig fart i Egypten, kom också nationalismen och <a href="/wiki/Socialismen" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialismen">socialismen</a>, som fortfarande präglar mycket av den arabiska litteraturen.<sup id="cite_ref-bak_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bak-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den egyptiska nobelpristagaren <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a> kom i denna period att växa fram som en av de viktigaste arabiska författarna, genom att beskriva sina uppväxtkvarter i <a href="/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo">Kairo</a>. Den arabiska litteraturen gick med honom under 1950-talet in i en ny fas med betoning på realism, observationer och karaktärisering.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De yngre författarna under denna tid påverkades mycket av radikala studentrörelser, och många tillhörde den <a href="/wiki/Politisk_v%C3%A4nster" title="Politisk vänster">politiska vänstern</a>, varifrån de hämtade mycket inspiration. Många av författarna växte fram i takt med att allt fler genomgick högre utbildning, även om <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Mina" title="Hanna Mina">Hanna Mina</a> från <a href="/wiki/Syrien" title="Syrien">Syrien</a> med flera var undantag. Likt stora delar av övriga världen var den litterära epoken politiskt laddad och anspelade förutom nationalismen och socialismen på sociala och ekonomiska missförhållanden, samtidigt som den libanesiska litterära tidskriften <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Adab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Adab [inte skriven än]">al-Adab</a> växte fram som ett viktigt diskussionsforum.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> När många arabiska regimer tog upp nationalism och socialism på sina egna agendor avspeglade det sig i litteraturen. Däremot ökades censuren och författare åtnjöt mindre författarfrihet. Detta ledde till att författare som Naguib Mahfouz började använda sig av <a href="/wiki/Allegori" title="Allegori">allegorier</a> i en allt högre grad, såsom i Mahfouz <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dr%C3%B6mmarnas_gata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drömmarnas gata [inte skriven än]">Drömmarnas gata</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Yosuf_Idris" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosuf Idris">Yosuf Idris</a> följde med i den surrealistiska vågen, såväl som <a href="/wiki/Edwar_al-Kharrat" title="Edwar al-Kharrat">Edwar al-Kharrat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-prosa_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prosa-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En ny generation författare uppstod med namn som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamal_al-Ghitani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamal al-Ghitani [inte skriven än]">Gamal al-Ghitani</a> och <a href="/wiki/Sonallah_Ibrahim" title="Sonallah Ibrahim">Sonallah Ibrahim</a>, och kom att kallas "den egyptiska revolutionens barn". Andra exempel på arabiska författare som nått internationellt erkännande inkluderar den <a href="/wiki/Jordanien" title="Jordanien">jordanske</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghalib_Halesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghalib Halesa [inte skriven än]">Ghalib Halesa</a>, som företräder en framväxande sidogenre om livet som författare i exil, samt <a href="/wiki/Elias_Khoury" title="Elias Khoury">Elias Khoury</a>, med romaner som <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lilla_berget&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lilla berget [inte skriven än]">Lilla berget</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-prosa_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prosa-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adonis_(poet)" title="Adonis (poet)">Adonis</a> har kommit att förknippas med modern arabisk poesi.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filologi">Filologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Filologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Filologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mot varandra ställde sig tidigt två skolor av grammatiker, en i <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, som höll sig strängt till de klassiska förebilderna, den gamla poesin och koranen, en i <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, som även ägnade folkspråket sin uppmärksamhet. Mellan dessa försökte sedan skolan i <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> att medla.<sup id="cite_ref-A_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De mest betydande representanterna för skolan i Basra var persern <a href="/wiki/Sibawaihi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibawaihi">Sibawaihi</a> (död 796) och <a href="/wiki/Al-Asmai" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Asmai">al-Asmai</a> (död 830). Bland kufierna utmärkte sig al-Kasai (död 805), Thalab (död 904) och al-Anbari (död 939) och ur Bagdadskolan Ibn Djinni (död 1002).<sup id="cite_ref-A_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En kortfattad framställning av grammatiken gav <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Malik" title="Ibn Malik">Ibn Malik</a> (död 1273) i <i>al-Alfija</i>, <i>”1 000-versdikten”</i>, med kommentar av Abn Akil (död 1367). I Orienten är Ibn Adjurummas (död 1323) elementarbok i grammatik <i>al-Adjurummija</i>, fortfarande (1957) mycket spridd. Även som grammatiker är as-Zamachschari högt värderad.<sup id="cite_ref-A_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stora ordböcker utarbetades av al-Djauhari (död 1002), <i>Sahah</i> (<i>"Riktighet”</i>), Ibn Mazur (död 1311), <i>Lizan al-árab</i> (<i>”Arabiska språket”</i>) och al-Farza-badi (död 1414), vars <i>Kamus</i> (<i>”Hav”</i>) kommenterats och utökats av Murtada az-Zabidi (död 1791) i <i>Tadj al-aru</i> (<i>”Brudens krona”</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-A_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_utveckling">Modern utveckling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Modern utveckling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Modern utveckling"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I takt med internets framväxt och spridandet av <a href="/wiki/Dator" title="Dator">datorer</a>, samt en växande inhemsk kritik mot hur många arabländerna styrs, har den arabiska litteraturen vuxit snabbt i omfattning, och de flesta arabländer har bidragit med författare som spridit sig utanför sitt lands gränser. Trots detta har försäljningen av böcker i arabvärlden inte ökat i samma utsträckning, både på grund av den censur många av den arabiska litteraturens författare lever under, och på grund av att lästraditionen inte vuxit sig stark. En viktig vändpunkt var dock tilldelandet av <a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_litteratur" title="Nobelpriset i litteratur">nobelpriset i litteratur</a> till <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a> från Egypten, vilket har resulterat i en ökad läsning av och intresse för arabisk litteratur. Därutöver har allt fler med arabisk bakgrund börjat publicera litteratur på andra språk än arabiska, såsom är fallet med <a href="/wiki/Yasmina_Khadra" title="Yasmina Khadra">Yasmina Khadra</a> från <a href="/wiki/Algeriet" title="Algeriet">Algeriet</a> som skriver på kolonialspråket franska.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kvinnor_inom_den_arabiska_litteraturen">Kvinnor inom den arabiska litteraturen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kvinnor inom den arabiska litteraturen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kvinnor inom den arabiska litteraturen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mot slutet av <a href="/wiki/1950-talet" title="1950-talet">1950-talet</a> började kvinnor träda fram inom den arabiska litteraturen. 1958 slog libanesen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Layla_Baalbakis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Layla Baalbakis [inte skriven än]">Layla Baalbakis</a> igenom med romanen <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jag_lever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jag lever [inte skriven än]">Jag lever</a></i> som protesterar mot kvinnans underordning. I samma stil skrev egyptiern <a href="/wiki/Latifa_al-Zayyat" title="Latifa al-Zayyat">Latifa al-Zayyat</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_%C3%B6ppna_d%C3%B6rren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Den öppna dörren [inte skriven än]">Den öppna dörren</a></i> 1960. Andra exempel på framstående kvinnor inom den arabiska litteraturen är algeriern <a href="/wiki/Assia_Djebar" title="Assia Djebar">Assia Djebar</a> och egyptiern <a href="/wiki/Nawal_el-Sa%27dawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawal el-Sa'dawi">Nawal el-Sa'dawi</a>, som slog igenom 1980 med essäsamlingen <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Hidden_Face_of_Eve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Hidden Face of Eve [inte skriven än]">The Hidden Face of Eve</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Hanan_al-Shaykh" title="Hanan al-Shaykh">Hanan al-Shaykh</a> från Libanon är ytterligare exempel, tillsammans med <a href="/wiki/Rajaa_Alsanea" title="Rajaa Alsanea">Rajaa Alsanea</a> från <a href="/wiki/Saudiarabien" title="Saudiarabien">Saudiarabien</a> och <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AFssa_Bey" title="Maïssa Bey">Maïssa Bey</a> från <a href="/wiki/Algeriet" title="Algeriet">Algeriet</a>. I <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> har flera muslimska författare pläderat för en ny sin på <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a>, med <a href="/wiki/Leila_Aboulela" title="Leila Aboulela">Leila Aboulela</a> från <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> i spetsen.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kända_arabiska_författare"><span id="K.C3.A4nda_arabiska_f.C3.B6rfattare"></span>Kända <a href="/wiki/Arabiska_f%C3%B6rfattare" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabiska författare">arabiska författare</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kända arabiska författare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kända arabiska författare"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poesi">Poesi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Poesi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Poesi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutanabbi" title="Al-Mutanabbi">Ahmad ibn-al-Husayn al-Mutanabbi</a>, (915–965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tammam" title="Abu Tammam">Abu Tammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nuwas" title="Abu Nuwas">Abu Nuwas</a>, (756–815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansa" title="Al-Khansa">Al-Khansa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Farazdaq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Farazdaq [inte skriven än]">Al-Farazdaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asma_bint_Marwan" title="Asma bint Marwan">Asma bint Marwan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jarir_ibn_Atiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jarir ibn Atiyah [inte skriven än]">Jarir ibn Atiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Zaydun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Zaydun [inte skriven än]">Ibn Zaydun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taghribat_Bani_Hilal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taghribat Bani Hilal [inte skriven än]">Taghribat Bani Hilal</a>, episk diktare</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samih_al-Qasim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samih al-Qasim [inte skriven än]">Samih al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adonis_(poet)" title="Adonis (poet)">Adonis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historisk_prosa">Historisk prosa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historisk prosa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historisk prosa"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antara_ibn_Shaddad" title="Antara ibn Shaddad">Antara Ibn Shaddad al-'Absi</a>, pre-islamsk arabisk hjälte och diktare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kasim_ibn_Ali_al-Hariri" title="Al-Kasim ibn Ali al-Hariri">Al-Kasim ibn Ali al-Hariri</a> (1054–1122)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a> (776–869)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Nawaji_bin_Hasan_bin_Ali_bin_Othman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad al-Nawaji bin Hasan bin Ali bin Othman [inte skriven än]">Muhammad al-Nawaji bin Hasan bin Ali bin Othman</a>, (också «Cairene»-mystiker )(1383?–1455)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a>, (också filosof)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_prosa">Modern prosa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Modern prosa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Modern prosa"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a>, (1911–2006) <a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_litteratur" title="Nobelpriset i litteratur">Nobelpriset i litteratur</a> (1988), känd för Kairotrilogin om livet i de inre delarna av staden.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Abbas_Mahmud_Al-Aqqad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="'Abbas Mahmud Al-Aqqad [inte skriven än]">'Abbas Mahmud Al-Aqqad</a>, från Egypten, även känd filosof</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Tamer" title="Zakaria Tamer">Zakaria Tamer</a>, från Syrien, känd för sina berättelser</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayeb_Salih" title="Tayeb Salih">Tayeb Salih</a>, från Sudan</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Rahman_Munif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Rahman Munif [inte skriven än]">Abdul Rahman Munif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Mina" title="Hanna Mina">Hanna Mina</a>, Syriens främste <a href="/wiki/Romanf%C3%B6rfattare" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanförfattare">romanförfattare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Ziadeh" title="May Ziadeh">May Ziadeh</a>, kvinnlig diktare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlam_Mostaghanemi" title="Ahlam Mostaghanemi">Ahlam Mostaghanemi</a>, den första <a href="/wiki/Algeriet" title="Algeriet">algeriska</a> kvinna att översättas till engelska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanan_al-Shaykh" title="Hanan al-Shaykh">Hanan al-Shaykh</a>, kontroversiell kvinnlig <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">libanesisk</a> författare.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Kanafani" title="Ghassan Kanafani">Ghassan Kanafani</a>, palestinsk författare och politisk aktivist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Khoury" title="Elias Khoury">Elias Khoury</a>, libanesisk romanförfattare.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonallah_Ibrahim" title="Sonallah Ibrahim">Sonallah Ibrahim</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4nsterorienterad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vänsterorienterad [inte skriven än]">vänsterorienterad</a> egyptisk romanförfattare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Gibran" title="Khalil Gibran">Gibran Khalil Gibran</a>, (1883–1931) diktare och filosof, från Libanon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_Maalouf" title="Amin Maalouf">Amin Maalouf</a>, (1949) romanförfattare, från Libanon.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="plainlinks"><i>Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från <a class="external text" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovedside">norska Wikipedia (bokmål/riksmål)</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&oldid=12097568">tidigare version</a>.</i></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="plainlinks"><i>Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page">engelskspråkiga Wikipedia</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabic_literature&oldid=544207796">tidigare version</a>.</i></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabisk_litteratur&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bak-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-bak_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bak_1-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFRydberg">Rydberg, Ingvar (8 februari 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#HISTORISK_BAKGRUND">”Historisk bakgrund”</a>. <i><span>Översikt över den moderna arabiska litteraturen</span></i>. Världslitteratur.se. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%C3%B6versikt-%C3%B6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#HISTORISK_BAKGRUND">originalet</a> den 12 mars 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#HISTORISK_BAKGRUND">https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#HISTORISK_BAKGRUND</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 maj 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Historisk+bakgrund&rft.atitle=%C3%96versikt+%C3%B6ver+den+moderna+arabiska+litteraturen&rft.aulast=Rydberg&rft.aufirst=Ingvar&rft.au=Rydberg%2C+Ingvar&rft.date=8+februari+2012&rft.pub=V%C3%A4rldslitteratur.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160312222118%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fvarldslitteratur.se%2Fartikel%2F%25c3%25b6versikt-%25c3%25b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen%23HISTORISK_BAKGRUND&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Arabisk_litteratur"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFRydberg">Rydberg, Ingvar (8 februari 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#NAGIB_MAHFOUZ_REALISTISKA_PERIOD">”Naguib Mahfouz realistiska period”</a>. <i><span>Översikt över den moderna arabiska litteraturen</span></i>. Världslitteratur.se. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%C3%B6versikt-%C3%B6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#NAGIB_MAHFOUZ_REALISTISKA_PERIOD">originalet</a> den 12 mars 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#NAGIB_MAHFOUZ_REALISTISKA_PERIOD">https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#NAGIB_MAHFOUZ_REALISTISKA_PERIOD</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 maj 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Naguib+Mahfouz+realistiska+period&rft.atitle=%C3%96versikt+%C3%B6ver+den+moderna+arabiska+litteraturen&rft.aulast=Rydberg&rft.aufirst=Ingvar&rft.au=Rydberg%2C+Ingvar&rft.date=8+februari+2012&rft.pub=V%C3%A4rldslitteratur.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160312222118%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fvarldslitteratur.se%2Fartikel%2F%25c3%25b6versikt-%25c3%25b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen%23NAGIB_MAHFOUZ_REALISTISKA_PERIOD&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Arabisk_litteratur"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFRydberg">Rydberg, Ingvar (8 februari 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#REALISMENS_SEGERTÅG">”Realismens segertåg”</a>. <i><span>Översikt över den moderna arabiska litteraturen</span></i>. Världslitteratur.se. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%C3%B6versikt-%C3%B6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#REALISMENS_SEGERTÅG">originalet</a> den 12 mars 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#REALISMENS_SEGERTÅG">https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#REALISMENS_SEGERTÅG</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 maj 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Realismens+segert%C3%A5g&rft.atitle=%C3%96versikt+%C3%B6ver+den+moderna+arabiska+litteraturen&rft.aulast=Rydberg&rft.aufirst=Ingvar&rft.au=Rydberg%2C+Ingvar&rft.date=8+februari+2012&rft.pub=V%C3%A4rldslitteratur.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160312222118%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fvarldslitteratur.se%2Fartikel%2F%25c3%25b6versikt-%25c3%25b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen%23REALISMENS_SEGERT%C3%85G&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Arabisk_litteratur"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prosa-4">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-prosa_4-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prosa_4-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFRydberg">Rydberg, Ingvar (8 februari 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#FRÅN_REALISMEN_TILL_MODERNISMEN_INOM_PROSAN">”Från realismen till modernismen inom prosan”</a>. <i><span>Översikt över den moderna arabiska litteraturen</span></i>. Världslitteratur.se. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%C3%B6versikt-%C3%B6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#FRÅN_REALISMEN_TILL_MODERNISMEN_INOM_PROSAN">originalet</a> den 12 mars 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#FRÅN_REALISMEN_TILL_MODERNISMEN_INOM_PROSAN">https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#FRÅN_REALISMEN_TILL_MODERNISMEN_INOM_PROSAN</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 maj 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Fr%C3%A5n+realismen+till+modernismen+inom+prosan&rft.atitle=%C3%96versikt+%C3%B6ver+den+moderna+arabiska+litteraturen&rft.aulast=Rydberg&rft.aufirst=Ingvar&rft.au=Rydberg%2C+Ingvar&rft.date=8+februari+2012&rft.pub=V%C3%A4rldslitteratur.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160312222118%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fvarldslitteratur.se%2Fartikel%2F%25c3%25b6versikt-%25c3%25b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen%23FR%C3%85N_REALISMEN_TILL_MODERNISMEN_INOM_PROSAN&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Arabisk_litteratur"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFRydberg">Rydberg, Ingvar (8 februari 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#EN_UNIVERSELL_DIKTARE:_ADONIS">”En universell diktare: Adonis”</a>. <i><span>Översikt över den moderna arabiska litteraturen</span></i>. Världslitteratur.se. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%C3%B6versikt-%C3%B6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#EN_UNIVERSELL_DIKTARE:_ADONIS">originalet</a> den 12 mars 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#EN_UNIVERSELL_DIKTARE:_ADONIS">https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#EN_UNIVERSELL_DIKTARE:_ADONIS</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 maj 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=En+universell+diktare%3A+Adonis&rft.atitle=%C3%96versikt+%C3%B6ver+den+moderna+arabiska+litteraturen&rft.aulast=Rydberg&rft.aufirst=Ingvar&rft.au=Rydberg%2C+Ingvar&rft.date=8+februari+2012&rft.pub=V%C3%A4rldslitteratur.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160312222118%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fvarldslitteratur.se%2Fartikel%2F%25c3%25b6versikt-%25c3%25b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen%23EN_UNIVERSELL_DIKTARE%3A_ADONIS&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Arabisk_litteratur"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A-6">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-A_6-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_6-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_6-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_6-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Svensk_Uppslagsbok" class="mw-redirect" title="Svensk Uppslagsbok">Svensk Uppslagsbok</a>’’, Band 2, 1947–1955. (spalt 69)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFRydberg">Rydberg, Ingvar (8 februari 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#INLEDNING_-_DET_AKTUELLA_LÄGET">”Det aktuella läget”</a>. <i><span>Översikt över den moderna arabiska litteraturen</span></i>. Världslitteratur.se. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%C3%B6versikt-%C3%B6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#INLEDNING_-_DET_AKTUELLA_LÄGET">originalet</a> den 12 mars 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#INLEDNING_-_DET_AKTUELLA_LÄGET">https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#INLEDNING_-_DET_AKTUELLA_LÄGET</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 maj 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Det+aktuella+l%C3%A4get&rft.atitle=%C3%96versikt+%C3%B6ver+den+moderna+arabiska+litteraturen&rft.aulast=Rydberg&rft.aufirst=Ingvar&rft.au=Rydberg%2C+Ingvar&rft.date=8+februari+2012&rft.pub=V%C3%A4rldslitteratur.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160312222118%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fvarldslitteratur.se%2Fartikel%2F%25c3%25b6versikt-%25c3%25b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen%23INLEDNING_-_DET_AKTUELLA_L%C3%84GET&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Arabisk_litteratur"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFRydberg">Rydberg, Ingvar (8 februari 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#KVINNANS_SITUATION_OCH_RELATIONEN_MELLAN_KÖNEN">”Kvinnans situation och relationen mellan könen”</a>. <i><span>Översikt över den moderna arabiska litteraturen</span></i>. Världslitteratur.se. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%C3%B6versikt-%C3%B6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#KVINNANS_SITUATION_OCH_RELATIONEN_MELLAN_KÖNEN">originalet</a> den 12 mars 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#KVINNANS_SITUATION_OCH_RELATIONEN_MELLAN_KÖNEN">https://web.archive.org/web/20160312222118/https://varldslitteratur.se/artikel/%c3%b6versikt-%c3%b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen#KVINNANS_SITUATION_OCH_RELATIONEN_MELLAN_KÖNEN</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 maj 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Kvinnans+situation+och+relationen+mellan+k%C3%B6nen&rft.atitle=%C3%96versikt+%C3%B6ver+den+moderna+arabiska+litteraturen&rft.aulast=Rydberg&rft.aufirst=Ingvar&rft.au=Rydberg%2C+Ingvar&rft.date=8+februari+2012&rft.pub=V%C3%A4rldslitteratur.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160312222118%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fvarldslitteratur.se%2Fartikel%2F%25c3%25b6versikt-%25c3%25b6ver-den-moderna-arabiska-litteraturen%23KVINNANS_SITUATION_OCH_RELATIONEN_MELLAN_K%C3%96NEN&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Arabisk_litteratur"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8f644c877‐7x2sm Cached time: 20241106061926 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.125 seconds Real time usage: 0.166 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5821/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 65719/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 34057/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17812/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.012/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1155821/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 102.281 1 -total 70.59% 72.205 7 Mall:Webbref 62.09% 63.506 7 Mall:Cite_web 57.92% 59.246 7 Mall:Citation/core 21.66% 22.156 1 Mall:Nowp 20.00% 20.455 2 Mall:Artikelursprung 16.69% 17.072 28 Mall:Date 5.59% 5.714 1 Mall:Enwp 3.35% 3.421 14 Mall:Link 2.55% 2.605 7 Mall:Italiclink --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key svwiki:pcache:idhash:1048810-0!canonical and timestamp 20241106061926 and revision id 47832404. 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