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Bell</a>. It was created to present the 1983 report titled <i><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_at_Risk" title="A Nation at Risk">A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform</a>.</i> It was chaired by <a href="/wiki/David_P._Gardner" title="David P. Gardner">David P. Gardner</a> and included prominent members such as Nobel prize-winning chemist <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>. </p><p>It produced a short summary of its findings called <i>The United States System of Education</i> in which it gives a short history of education since colonial days and, after a Preface, gives an overall view on control and financing of education, organization and structure, statistical data and conclusions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Commission_on_Excellence_in_Education&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In their 1983 report, <i>A nation at risk: The imperative for educational reform,</i> the National Commission on Excellence in Education said "Our Nation is at risk. Our once unchallenged preeminence in commerce, industry, science, and technological innovation is being overtaken by competitors throughout the world."<sup id="cite_ref-NationAtRisk_1983_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationAtRisk_1983-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HEPG_Hodge_2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEPG_Hodge_2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> published an article that cited a passage from the "Pursuit of Excellence: Education and the Future of America" by the Rockefeller Brothers' Fund's panel, "America at Mid-Century."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_19830719_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_19830719-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "excellence" movement of the mid-1980s, was inspired by the landmark report, "A Nation at Risk<i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>The article emphasized multiple key points, among them being that teachers have been frequently regarded as identical units of a factory assembly line in the education sector. Mentors regardless of competence teach the same subjects in the same grade, use one kind of textbook, deal with the same number of pupils, and receive equal salaries. This trend has not changed since 1958. The late John W. Gardner who used to be Education Secretary of former President Lyndon Johnson and afterwards Chairman of the Commission insisted that students with academic proficiency should take an additional three years each of mathematics, science, and one foreign language which did not happen. </p><p>The 36-page Nation at Risk Report criticized the state of schools in the United States and clamored for numerous reforms to rectify supposed flaws in the country's public education system at that time. The commentary described education in America as mediocre. There were few indications of assurance because of test scores that were declining at a rapid pace, low salaries of teachers, and substandard training programs for educators. The turnover rate of teachers became alarmingly high. Statistics showed that some 23 million American adults did not have sufficient reading and writing skills. This report gained plenty of attention from media.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Commission_on_Excellence_in_Education&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NationAtRisk_1983-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationAtRisk_1983_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edreform.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/A_Nation_At_Risk_1983.pdf">A nation at risk: The imperative for educational reform</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Commission on Excellence in Education (NCEE)</i> (Report). Washington, DC. 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+nation+at+risk%3A+The+imperative+for+educational+reform&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedreform.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F02%2FA_Nation_At_Risk_1983.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Commission+on+Excellence+in+Education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HEPG_Hodge_2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HEPG_Hodge_2007_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge2007" class="citation cs2">Hodge, Shannon T. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hepg.org/her-home/issues/harvard-educational-review-volume-77-issue-4/herarticle/_636">"Editor's Review of Tough Choices or Tough Times: The Report of the New Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce by the National Center on Education and the Economy"</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Harvard_Educational_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Harvard Educational Review (page does not exist)">The Harvard Educational Review</a> (HEPG)</i>, vol. 77, no. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Educational+Review+%28HEPG%29&rft.atitle=Editor%27s+Review+of+Tough+Choices+or+Tough+Times%3A+The+Report+of+the+New+Commission+on+the+Skills+of+the+American+Workforce+by+the+National+Center+on+Education+and+the+Economy&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Shannon+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hepg.org%2Fher-home%2Fissues%2Fharvard-educational-review-volume-77-issue-4%2Fherarticle%2F_636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Commission+on+Excellence+in+Education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_19830719-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_19830719_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHechinger1983" class="citation news cs1">Hechinger, Fred M. (July 19, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/19/science/about-education-a-call-from-the-past-for-excellence.html">"About Education: a call from the past for excellence"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=About+Education%3A+a+call+from+the+past+for+excellence&rft.date=1983-07-19&rft.aulast=Hechinger&rft.aufirst=Fred+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F07%2F19%2Fscience%2Fabout-education-a-call-from-the-past-for-excellence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Commission+on+Excellence+in+Education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillie1985" class="citation book cs1">Willie, Charles V. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED289236"><i>The Excellence Movement in Education and Lessons from History</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Excellence+Movement+in+Education+and+Lessons+from+History&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Willie&rft.aufirst=Charles+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2F%3Fid%3DED289236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Commission+on+Excellence+in+Education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougherty,_Kevin_James.1994" class="citation book cs1">Dougherty, Kevin James. (1994). <i>The contradictory college : the conflicting origins, impacts, and futures of the community college</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0585062617" title="Special:BookSources/0585062617"><bdi>0585062617</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42855557">42855557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+contradictory+college+%3A+the+conflicting+origins%2C+impacts%2C+and+futures+of+the+community+college&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42855557&rft.isbn=0585062617&rft.au=Dougherty%2C+Kevin+James.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Commission+on+Excellence+in+Education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neatoday.org/2013/04/25/a-nation-at-risk-turns-30-where-did-it-take-us-2/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Nation at Risk' Turns 30: Where Did It Take Us? - NEA Today"</a>. <i>NEA Today</i>. 2013-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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