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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Social issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Women's health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_against_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_against_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Violence against women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_against_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_genital_mutilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_genital_mutilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Female genital mutilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_genital_mutilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bride_kidnapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bride_kidnapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Bride kidnapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bride_kidnapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fighting_for_gender_equality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fighting_for_gender_equality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fighting for gender equality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fighting_for_gender_equality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fighting for gender equality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fighting_for_gender_equality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_empowerment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_empowerment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Women's empowerment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_empowerment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_norms_relate_to_gender_inequality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_norms_relate_to_gender_inequality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Social norms relate to gender inequality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_norms_relate_to_gender_inequality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arranged_marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arranged_marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Arranged marriages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arranged_marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Abortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_female_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_female_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>First female president</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_female_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_female_supreme_court_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_female_supreme_court_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>First female supreme court president</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_female_supreme_court_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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hreflang="uz" data-title="Efiopiyadagi ayollar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Женщины в Эфиопии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Женщины в Эфиопии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%88%D9%90%DA%86_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="ایتھوپیا وِچ زنانیاں – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ایتھوپیا وِچ زنانیاں" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Women in Ethiopia</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Azeb_and_Meseret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Azeb_and_Meseret.jpg/220px-Azeb_and_Meseret.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Azeb_and_Meseret.jpg/330px-Azeb_and_Meseret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Azeb_and_Meseret.jpg/440px-Azeb_and_Meseret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ethiopian women in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal mortality</a><span class="nowrap"> (per 100,000)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">350 (2010)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">Women in parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">25.5% (2012)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Women over 25 with <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">NA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Women in labour force</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">78.4% (2011)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gender_Inequality_Index" title="Gender Inequality Index">Gender Inequality Index</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Value</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">0.520 (2021)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">129th out of 191</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report" title="Global Gender Gap Report"> Global Gender Gap Index</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Value</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">0.710 (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">74th out of 146</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There have been several studies concerning <b>women in Ethiopia</b>. Historically, elite and powerful women in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> have been visible as administrators and warriors. This never translated into any benefit to improve the rights of women, but it had meant that women could inherit and own property and act as advisors on important communal and tribal matters. As late as the first part of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Menen_Asfaw" title="Menen Asfaw">Queen Menen</a>, consort of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a> Haile Selassie I, had a decisive role in running the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>. Workit and Mestayit regents to their minor sons have been held responsible for their provinces. They owed their rights to landed property because of a special type of land tenure that expected tenants to serve as militia to overlords, irrespective of gender. In 1896, Empress <a href="/wiki/Taytu_Betul" title="Taytu Betul">Tayetu Betul</a>, wife of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a>, actively advised the government and participated in defending the country from Italian invasion. Prominent and other landowning women fought against the second invasion in 1935–41. With the assistance of European advisors, women in the ensuing period were kept out of the army and politics, even as advisors. Instead, they were restricted to family and household work of raising children and cooking. With a steady increase in female representation in education, they have started to undertake nursing, teaching, and other similarly supportive roles. Over the 2018–2019 period, their gradual participation in state politics has been increasing at a steady pace.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moeesaoen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moeesaoen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_role_of_women">Social role of women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Social role of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in other traditional societies, in Ethiopia, a woman's worth is measured in terms of her role both as a mother and wife. Over 85 percent of Ethiopian women reside in rural areas, where households are engaged primarily in subsistence agriculture. In the countryside, women are integrated into the rural economy, which is often labor-intensive and exacts a heavy physical toll on all, including children. The <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopian Revolution</a> had little impact on the lives of rural women. <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Ethiopia" title="Land reform in Ethiopia">Land reform</a> did not change their socioeconomic status, which was anchored in deep-rooted traditional values and beliefs. An improvement in economic conditions would improve the standard of living of women, but lasting change would also require a transformation in the attitudes of government officials and men regarding the roles of women.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nowicki_Kazimierz,_Etiopia,_1966.06_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nowicki_Kazimierz%2C_Etiopia%2C_1966.06_%281%29.jpg/220px-Nowicki_Kazimierz%2C_Etiopia%2C_1966.06_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nowicki_Kazimierz%2C_Etiopia%2C_1966.06_%281%29.jpg/330px-Nowicki_Kazimierz%2C_Etiopia%2C_1966.06_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nowicki_Kazimierz%2C_Etiopia%2C_1966.06_%281%29.jpg/440px-Nowicki_Kazimierz%2C_Etiopia%2C_1966.06_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="18495" data-file-height="13288" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopian women in traditional attire, 1966.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habesha_woman-c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Habesha_woman-c.jpg/220px-Habesha_woman-c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Habesha_woman-c.jpg/330px-Habesha_woman-c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Habesha_woman-c.jpg/440px-Habesha_woman-c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopian woman in traditional attire, 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>In urban areas, women have greater access to <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ethiopia" title="Education in Ethiopia">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Ethiopia">health care</a> and employment outside the home. In 1976, around 40 percent of employed women in urban areas worked in the service sector, mainly in hotels, restaurants, and bars. A few women with higher education also found professional employment. Employment in production and related areas (such as textiles and food processing) accounted for 25 percent of the female work force, followed by sales, which accounted for about 11 percent. The survey also found that women factory workers in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> earned about a quarter of the wages men earned for the same type of work. These differences existed despite a 1975 proclamation stipulating <a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">equal pay for equal work</a> for men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Ethiopian Revolution, women made some gains in economic and political areas. The <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Ethiopian_Women%27s_Association" title="Revolutionary Ethiopian Women's Association">Revolutionary Ethiopian Women's Association</a> (REWA), which claimed a membership of over 5 million, took an active part in educating women. It encouraged the creation of women's organizations in factories, local associations, and in the civil service. Some women participated in local organizations and in peasant associations and <a href="/wiki/Kebele" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebele">kebeles</a>. However, the role of women was limited at the national level. In 1984, for example, the government selected only one woman as a full member of the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Ethiopia" title="Workers' Party of Ethiopia">Workers' Party of Ethiopia</a>. Of the 2,000 delegates who attended the party's inaugural congress in 1984, only 6 percent were women.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> regime, the enrollment of girls in primary and secondary schools increased from about 32 percent in 1974/75 to 39 percent in 1985/86. The enrollment rate among girls in urban areas far exceeded that of girls in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adult literacy rate also rose to 60 percent following a nationwide educational campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehatal_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehatal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Derg's ouster, the adult literacy rate dropped to around 39 percent as of 2007; 28.9% for females and 49.1% for males.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the Ministry of Education launched a new educational campaign, which targets an eventual literacy rate of 95 percent and aims to educate 17 million adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehatal_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehatal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2008–2009, there was a steady increase in general enrollment and a decrease in gender disparity in access to education. The average annual growth rate of enrollment in all levels education was 27.2 percent for females and 33.7 percent for males, with an average annual growth rate of 29.7 percent for girls in Kindergarten, 13.4 percent for girls in primary school, 30.8 percent for girls in secondary school, 14.5 percent for women in TVET, and 21.4 percent for women in higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-Moeesaoen_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moeesaoen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the formation of the Federal Republic in 1995, the Ministry of Women's Affairs was also established. As of October 2009, <a href="/wiki/Muferiat_Kamil" title="Muferiat Kamil">Muferiat Kamil</a> serves as the Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_issues">Social issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Social issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_health"><span id="Women.27s_health"></span>Women's health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Women's health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Women's health in Ethiopia">Women's health in Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Community_Health_Workers_(5762479865).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Community_Health_Workers_%285762479865%29.jpg/220px-Community_Health_Workers_%285762479865%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Community_Health_Workers_%285762479865%29.jpg/330px-Community_Health_Workers_%285762479865%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Community_Health_Workers_%285762479865%29.jpg/440px-Community_Health_Workers_%285762479865%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Community health care workers</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> as of 2014 is 5.23 children born/woman.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most women do not traditionally use <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>, there has been a marked increase in contraceptive use. Between 2000 and 2011, contraceptive prevalence increased from 8.2% to 28.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">maternal mortality</a> is 350 deaths/100,000 live births.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> rate for both genders was estimated at 1.3% in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More women are infected than men, and infections among women are partly due to their often lower socioeconomic status.<sup id="cite_ref-countryoffice.unfpa.org_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countryoffice.unfpa.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since sex between spouses is traditionally regarded as an obligation, the UNFPA argues that married women are at a greater risk of contracting HIV as they have less control over the frequency and nature of such relations.<sup id="cite_ref-countryoffice.unfpa.org_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countryoffice.unfpa.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_against_women">Violence against women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Violence against women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethcofcerm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ethcofcerm.jpg/220px-Ethcofcerm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ethcofcerm.jpg/330px-Ethcofcerm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ethcofcerm.jpg/440px-Ethcofcerm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>An Ethiopian woman preparing coffee at a <a href="/wiki/Coffee_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee ceremony">traditional ceremony</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An UN analysis of several international studies suggests that domestic <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a> is most prevalent in Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual violence is also reportedly common.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 620 of the 2004 Criminal Code of Ethiopia, defines rape differently as compelled "sexual intercourse outside wedlock".<sup id="cite_ref-refworld.org_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refworld.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 53 of the 2000 Revised Family Code of Ethiopia also stipulates that "they [the wife and husband] shall have with one another the sexual relations normal in marriage unless these relations involve a risk of seriously prejudicing their health".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is interpreted as rendering <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a> a legally impossible concept.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2005 WHO study, 59% of women reported lifetime sexual abuse by a partner, while one third of women reported that during the past 12 months they were physically forced to have sex against their will with their partner. This was the highest prevalence of all countries surveyed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war women get raped more often, according to Anger Callamard, "It’s clear that rape and sexual violence have been used as a weapon of war to inflict lasting physical and psychological damage on women and girls in Tigray".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From February to April 2021, medical facilities in <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray</a> recorded 1,288 instances of gender-based violence. 376 instances of rape were reported at Adigrat Hospital between the start of the conflict and June 9, 2021.The <a href="/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Tigray People's Liberation Front">TPLF</a> soldiers are the ones raping these innocent women and children. There have been many instances of gang rape where women are beaten and raped throughout several days. A 21-year-old <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Bademe</a> resident named Blen said that on November 5, 2020, she was kidnapped by soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and held captive for 40 days together with an estimated 30 other women. Blen said that " They raped us and starved us. They were too many who raped us in rounds. We were around 30 women they took… All of us were raped".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One woman said that she had been gang-raped in front of her kids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_genital_mutilation">Female genital mutilation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Female genital mutilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2005, 74.3% of women aged 15 – 49 years had undergone <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> (FGM).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pre-marital custom is mainly endemic to Northeast Africa and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> and has its ultimate origins in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rohayes_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rohayes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bodman_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although legally proscribed under Articles 565 and 566 of the 2004 Penal Code,<sup id="cite_ref-refworld.org_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refworld.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the procedure is still widely practiced, as it is deeply ingrained in the local culture. Encouraged and performed by women in the community, circumcision is primarily intended to deter promiscuity and to offer protection from assault.<sup id="cite_ref-Frayser_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frayser-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Data from <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, 25 million " In Ethiopia, 25 million girls and women have undergone FGM, the largest absolute number in Eastern and Southern Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-atzatzev_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atzatzev-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethiopia has really high rate of female genital mutilation as it was a part of the culture for a long time. FGM risk varies according on a person's background traits. Greater danger applies to girls and women from rural <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia_rural_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethiopia rural region (page does not exist)">regions</a> and those with lower levels of education. In total, 65% of women and girls between the ages of 15 and 49 have experienced <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">FGM</a>. 47% of teenage girls between the ages of 15 and 19 have engaged in the activity. Ethiopia has made more headway toward eliminating FM than other high-prevalence nations in Eastern and Southern Africa. However, swifter action will be needed if FGM is to be eradicated by 2030. To achieve <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">SDG</a> objective 5.3, progress must be eight times quicker than that seen over the previous 15 years .<sup id="cite_ref-atzatzev_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atzatzev-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bride_kidnapping">Bride kidnapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bride kidnapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Bride kidnapping</a> is practiced by certain communities in Ethiopia, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Nations,_Nationalities_and_People%27s_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's Region">Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's Region</a> (SNNPR). According to surveys conducted in 2003 by the National Committee on Traditional Practices in Ethiopia, the custom's prevalence rate in the SNNPR was estimated at 92 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-Esfm_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esfm-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2004 Criminal Code criminalizes this practice, as well as other forms of abuse of women, such as child marriage, trafficking and sexual harassment, at <i>Chapter III – Crimes Committed against life, person and health through harmful traditional practices</i> (Articles 561–570) and also by other provisions (Articles 587, 597, 625, 635, 637, 648). Wife-beating is also illegal: <i>Article 564 – Violence Against a Marriage Partner or a Person Cohabiting in an Irregular Union</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-refworld.org_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refworld.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2014 gang rape and <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hanna_Lalango" title="Death of Hanna Lalango">death of Hanna Lalango</a>, as well as several other contemporaneous high-profile sexual assaults, prompted outrage from women in Ethiopia and internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yellow Movement was founded as a response to encourage women to speak out against sexual violence.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fighting_for_gender_equality">Fighting for gender equality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fighting for gender equality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gender equality has been a problem in Ethiopia for decades but has had an improvement over the past three years since when Mulatu Teshome became president.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> The USAID is one of the worldwide countries that have done a lot in promoting women in Ethiopia and giving them an opportunity to live a better life without discrimination. Other international organizations working with Ethiopia include All African Women For Peace (AAWP) and many others part of the UN keeping their focus on advancing the participation of women in peacemaking and strive to stop early marriages and gender-based violence. In addition to the international help and participation, the Ethiopian government has also created some organizations such as the Ethiopian Women Association (EWA) which mainly focuses on stopping some dangerous cultural practises done against women and girls like FGM which involves removing some parts of their private parts and promoting their economic, social and legal rights.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WOMEN_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WOMEN-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local organizations such the Women Fight in <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>, a small city in Ethiopia have been trying to fight any parents who keep their children from school and putting shame to men who attack, rape or try to rape girls and women. There are local organizations established in Addis Ababa, Setaweet; a feminist movement founded in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addis Powerhouse is a young women-led feminist knowledge production platform based in Ethiopia, which was founded in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, Ethiopian girls and women's struggles and problems are mostly associated with social acceptance, access to education and child or forced marriages. To many, it seems the tragedy begins immediately when they are born because when a mother gives birth to a baby girl, the baby is considered as something unwanted but celebrations are made when a baby boy is born. Being regarded as vulnerable, parents give various excuses to keep their daughters at home doing housework instead of going to school.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WOMEN_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WOMEN-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A school-age girl is not allowed to attend school, with the excuse that she may be raped, abducted or harmed on the way to school. Boys are considered strong enough to protect themselves from any attack or harm. Girls cannot choose when and whom to marry. "Either the parents will choose the bride, or the groom will marry the girl of his choice" (Womankind). A woman who is a victim of rape will face humiliation starting from the police. Rape is not taken seriously and hence men are seen committing several atrocious violence against women, especially in villages.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WOMEN_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WOMEN-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this practice is illegal, it is still happening. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_empowerment"><span id="Women.27s_empowerment"></span>Women's empowerment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Women's empowerment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment is a controversial topic in Ethiopia. More women in Ethiopia are committed to deal with everybody in the family and village/community. In Ethiopia, about 80% of the populace lives in rural zones and women are responsible for most of the agricultural work in these communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women are rarely perceived for their hard work, and most of the time a man figure in their lives confines their access to assets and network interest. One out of three women in Ethiopia have encountered sexual, physical, or mental viciousness, 65% of women have likewise experienced gender mutilation, and half of the young women who enroll into elementary schools never make it to grade five.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_shelters" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's shelters">women's shelters</a> have begun operating in Ethiopia most prominently <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Women%27s_Sanctuary_and_Development" title="Association for Women's Sanctuary and Development">Association for Women's Sanctuary and Development</a> which opened in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the director of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Women_Lawyers_Association" title="Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association">Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association</a> Mahdere Paulos, <i>"Empowering women begins with education"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As young women get older, numerous things become less available, for example, education and scholastic support. Academic participation turns out to be progressively troublesome as it removes time from fundamental income creating activities. Undergraduate colleges in Ethiopia are composed of 35% women, and 5% are set to drop out during their first year.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 11% of women educators in Universities making them disproportionately represented in the Ethiopian Academic System. A few different ways to better help women become compelling pioneers later on is to have a holistic educational program in their beginning phases of their education. For example, learning their reading skills early on, the association Reading for Ethiopia's Achievement Developed action centers around improving reading abilities in elementary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_norms_relate_to_gender_inequality">Social norms relate to gender inequality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social norms relate to gender inequality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Ethiopian language there are certain feminized slurs and idiomatic expressions that contrast women with animals. Teferra expresses that this kind of language strengthens negative generalizations and depicts gender based violence on women as though it is admissible and on occasion important. Biased language use can influence uniformity for women, despite everything it places them on a lower proficient, social, and monetary level to men. To comprehend this issue and step forward, it will expect individuals to know about their language use and how it tends to be destructive and how it might influence a woman's prosperity. </p><p>Gendered Expectations can negatively affect women's sexual and reproduction wellbeing. Ewenat Gebrehana talks about how "the criminalization of child marriage and passage of a relatively lenient abortion law illustrates the progress made in designing legislative frameworks to improve women’s health."<sup id="cite_ref-PRB_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRB-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And tragically numerous Ethiopian families still practice <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriages</a> at young ages. According to the Ethiopian Demographic And Health Survey 2016, the women's median for their first marriage is at 17 years of age and 15 years of age in the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara district</a>, however it is 23 years of age for men. Society's desires for how a proper young women should behave and sociocultural standards about women sparing themselves until marriage.This signifies the many double standard guidelines related with sex and sexually transmitted diseases. Likewise, there are double standard norms related with women with socially sexually transmitted diseases not having the option to look for sexual and contraceptive wellbeing services. Health Care services are regularly not reasonable or open to ladies, this causes ladies with undesirable pregnancies or who furtively experience hazardous premature births to feel dread of judgment and the consequences of going astray from the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-PRB_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRB-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arranged_marriages">Arranged marriages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arranged marriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous women in Ethiopia are placed into arranged marriages when they're young. Fetura Mohammed, a 14-year-old in the <a href="/wiki/Oromia" title="Oromia">Oromo region</a>, had an organized marriage set by her dad, yet she just desired to "complete her education and have her own job before getting married."<sup id="cite_ref-unwomen.org_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unwomen.org-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many young women are uninformed of their rights in Ethiopia with regards to harmful traditional practices because of the absence of education women get. These harmful traditional practices can extend from child marriage, female genital mutilation and polygamous marriage. As indicated by specific tribes, for example, the Oromo tribe being married after the age of 16 is viewed as a taboo and carries disgrace to the young women and the family. </p><p>Komobolcha is the home of a Local Rights Programmers where ActionAid Ethiopia a grantee of the UN Trust Fund to End Violence against women, which is sharing knowledge among women to help anticipate child marriage/arranged marriages and other unsafe traditional practices. The program additionally gives data about lawful arrangements and enables women to get sorted out into watch groups. As women structure into watch groups they start to raise their voices and protest, spread open mindfulness, network with leaders, take legal actions, and form events for an after school clubs. </p><p>When ActionAid began in 2009 there was a total of 655 women who were prepared and sorted out into 78 watch groups in 10 regions in Ethiopia. The 17 women watch groups in Kombolcha have created that system and engaged with community leaders, school clubs and law requirement offices to dispose of child marriage, and breaking down religions and traditional beliefs that help support it. Through these courses of actions some men leaders who are traditional/old-fashioned that also use to rehearse these conventional convictions are currently taking a shot at abolishing it and playing a role in change.<sup id="cite_ref-unwomen.org_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unwomen.org-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abortion">Abortion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Abortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Binyam Bogale, Mekitie Wondafrash, Tizta Tilahun, and Eshetu Girma discuss how women in Ethiopia are always in a position where their opinions are voiced by someone else or not voiced at all in regards to the use of contraceptives. Usually these issues are either made or voiced by their partners, and can affect their reproductive lives more than their partners. By fixing this issue it can affect the relevance for planning contextually appropriate family planning interventions. </p><p>Modern family planning interventions in the area should be promoted by considering empowering of women on modern contraceptive use decision making.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mekitie Wondafrash, Tizta Tilahun, and Eshetu Girma come to a conclusion that to help empower women to make important decisions their needs to be a collective discussion addressing the issue to prevent pregnancy. According to Binyam Bogale, Mekitie Wondafrash, Tizta Tilahun, and Eshetu Girma, high level of current modern contraceptive practice with reduced urban-rural difference was found as compared to regional and national figures. Urban women had better power to make decisions on modern contraceptive than rural women."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_female_president">First female president</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: First female president"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 25, 2018, Sahle-Work Zewde was chosen to lead the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia as its fifth and first female president. Before joining the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1988, she started her career in the Ministry of Education. She was accredited to <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, Guinea-<a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a>, Cape <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Verde</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a> prior to beginning her long diplomatic career as ambassador to Senegal. She spent ten years as the permanent representative to the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) as the ambassador in Djibouti. She was afterwards named Ethiopia's ambassador to France, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> as well as the permanent representative to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. Upon her return to Ethiopia, she was named director general for African affairs at the Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs as well as permanent representative to the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>. </p><p>As the first African woman to hold the position of special representative of the United Nations Secretary-General (<a href="/wiki/Special_Representative_of_the_Secretary-General" title="Special Representative of the Secretary-General">SRSG</a>), President Sahle-Work <a href="/wiki/Sahle-Work_Zewde" title="Sahle-Work Zewde">Zewde</a> joined the UN in 2009 and served as both the head of the UN Integrated Peace-building Office in the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> (BINUCA) and the SRSG. In a country where patriarchal leaders are dominant, this presidency is a huge step for women in Ethiopia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_female_supreme_court_president">First female supreme court president</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: First female supreme court president"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Meaza_Ashenafi" title="Meaza Ashenafi">Meaza Ashenafi</a> is an Ethiopian lawyer. She was named president of Ethiopia's Federal Supreme Court by the Federal Parliamentary Assembly in November 2018. Building on efforts by reformist <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">prime minister Abiy Ahmed</a> to establish gender parity in government, Ethiopia's parliament on Thursday swore in the nation's first female supreme court president. Meaza, a well-known advocate for human rights, most recently worked as a women's rights advisor for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africa" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Africa">United Nations Economic Commission for Africa</a>, which has its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Abeba</a>. She was specifically mentioned by Abiy as his choice to lead the Supreme Court when he informed parliamentarians that the court system needed to be better equipped "to properly fulfil demands made with reference to justice, democracy, and reform in our nation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>First female mayor of Addis</b> </p><p>Adanech Abiebie, holds a significant role as the first female mayor in Ethiopia. Though there have been countless reports of other female mayors throughout Ethiopia; presiding over Addis Ababa ( a city of over 6 million) is a huge feat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Ethiopia" title="Polygamy in Ethiopia">Polygamy in Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ethiopia" title="Human trafficking in Ethiopia">Human trafficking in Ethiopia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Women in society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus symbol"><img alt="Venus symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Legal_rights_of_women_in_history" title="Legal rights of women in history">legal rights</a>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_animal_advocacy" title="Women and animal advocacy">Animal advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_business" title="Women in business">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_entrepreneurs" title="Female entrepreneurs">Female entrepreneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_on_corporate_boards_of_directors" title="Gender representation on corporate boards of directors"><span class="wrap">Gender representation on corporate boards of directors</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_development" title="Women in development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_explorers_and_travelers" title="List of women explorers and travelers">Explorers and travelers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Conservatives in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government">Heads of state or government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_female_members" title="List of legislatures by female members">Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of women monarchs">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_journalism" title="Women in journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law_enforcement" title="Women in law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_positions_of_power" title="Women in positions of power">Positions of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_venture_capital" title="Women in venture capital">Venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence and abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Voting rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_women" title="Exchange of women">Exchange of women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li><li>Technology</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_computing" title="Women in computing">Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_engineering" title="Women in engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_geology" title="Women in geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_medicine" title="Women in medicine">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry" title="Women in dentistry">dentistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry_in_the_United_States" title="Women in dentistry in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_for_women_in_science" title="List of organizations for women in science">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields"><span class="wrap">Science, technology, engineering and mathematics</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_telegraphy" title="Women in telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Arts</a></li><li>Humanities</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_architecture" title="Women in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_art_history_field" title="Women in the art history field">Art history field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cinema" title="Women's cinema">Women's cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dance" title="Women in dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_film" title="Women in film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">"Chick flicks"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Fine arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_writing_(literary_category)" title="Women's writing (literary category)">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_philosophy" title="Women in philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_photographers" title="Women photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_jazz" title="Women in jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_punk_rock" title="Women in punk rock">Punk rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Women in Shakespeare's works">In Shakespeare's works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_as_theological_figures" title="Women as theological figures">Theological figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_gender_equality" title="Baháʼí Faith and gender equality">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Christianity" title="Women in Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Women in the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Opus_Dei" title="Women in Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taoism" title="Women in Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Popular culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_comics_creators" title="Female comics creators">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal in American comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_film" title="Women in film">Film industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy#Pirate_women_in_fiction" title="Women in piracy">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_video_games" title="Women and video games">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_in_video_games" title="Gender representation in video games">Gender representation in video games</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">Auto racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_baseball" title="Women in baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_basketball" title="Women's basketball">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_boxing" title="Women's boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cricket" title="Women's cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastpitch_softball" title="Fastpitch softball">Fastpitch softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_association_football" title="Women's association football">Football / soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_major_golf_championships" title="Women's major golf championships">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_lacrosse" title="Women's lacrosse">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_mixed_martial_arts" title="Women's mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li>Rodeo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">Roller derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rowing">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_surfing" title="Women's surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_tennis" title="Women's tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">Track and field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">Winter sports</a><br /></li></ul> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sports" title="List of sports">List of sports</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_by_country" title="Category:Women by country">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Andorra" title="Women in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Angola" title="Women in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Argentina" title="Women in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bahrain" title="Women in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Belgium" title="Women in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Benin" title="Women in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bhutan" title="Women in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brunei" title="Women in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bulgaria" title="Women in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chad" title="Women in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chile" title="Women in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Colombia" title="Women in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Comoros" title="Women in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Croatia" title="Women in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cuba" title="Women in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cyprus" title="Women in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Women_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Women in Northern Cyprus">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Women in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ecuador" title="Women in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_East_Timor" title="Women in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Women in the Federated States of Micronesia">FS Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Fiji" title="Women in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Finland" title="Women in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_France" title="Women in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ghana" title="Women in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guyana" title="Women in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Haiti" title="Women in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iceland" title="Women in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Women in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Jordan" title="Women in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kenya" title="Women in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kiribati" title="Women in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Women in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Laos" title="Women in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Libya" title="Women in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Madagascar" title="Women in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Maldives" title="Women in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mali" title="Women in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Women in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritania" title="Women in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritius" title="Women in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mexico" title="Women in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mongolia" title="Women in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Morocco" title="Women in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Myanmar" title="Women in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nepal" title="Women in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_New_Zealand" title="Women in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Niger" title="Women in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria" title="Women in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Korea" title="Women in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Oman" title="Women in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Palau" title="Women in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Panama" title="Women in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Paraguay" title="Women in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Peru" title="Women in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Poland" title="Women in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Portugal" title="Women in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Qatar" title="Women in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Senegal" title="Women in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Seychelles" title="Women in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Women in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Somalia" title="Women in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Africa" title="Women in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Korea" title="Women in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Sudan" title="Women in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sudan" title="Women in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Suriname" title="Women in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sweden" title="Women in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tajikistan" title="Women in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tonga" title="Women in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tunisia" title="Women in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkmenistan" title="Women in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tuvalu" title="Women in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uganda" title="Women in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Women in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States" title="Women in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uruguay" title="Women in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uzbekistan" title="Women in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vanuatu" title="Women in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City" title="Women in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Population Reference Bureau.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Social+Norms+Relate+to+Gender+Inequality+in+Ethiopia&rft.pub=Population+Reference+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prb.org%2Finsight%2Fhow-social-norms-relate-to-gender-inequality-in-ethiopia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unwomen.org-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unwomen.org_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unwomen.org_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUN_Women2012" class="citation web cs1">UN Women, UN Women (10 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2012/10/it-takes-courage-ethiopian-girls-speak-out-against-arranged-marriage-the-story-of-fetura-mohammed">"It takes courage: Ethiopian girls speak out against arranged marriage. The story of Fetura Mohammed"</a>. <i>UN Women</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+Women&rft.atitle=It+takes+courage%3A+Ethiopian+girls+speak+out+against+arranged+marriage.+The+story+of+Fetura+Mohammed&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft.aulast=UN+Women&rft.aufirst=UN+Women&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unwomen.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2012%2F10%2Fit-takes-courage-ethiopian-girls-speak-out-against-arranged-marriage-the-story-of-fetura-mohammed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogale,Wondafrash,Tilahun,_and_Girma2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bogale,Wondafrash,Tilahun, and Girma, Binyam ,Mekitie ,Tizta, and Eshetu (19 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3114727">"Married Women's Decision Making Power on Modern Contraceptive Use in Urban and Rural Southern Ethiopia"</a>. <i>BMC Public Health</i>. <b>11</b>: 342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2458-11-342">10.1186/1471-2458-11-342</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3114727">3114727</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21595897">21595897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Married+Women%27s+Decision+Making+Power+on+Modern+Contraceptive+Use+in+Urban+and+Rural+Southern+Ethiopia.&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=342&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3114727%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21595897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2458-11-342&rft.aulast=Bogale%2CWondafrash%2CTilahun%2C+and+Girma&rft.aufirst=Binyam+%2CMekitie+%2CTizta%2C+and+Eshetu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3114727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogale,Wondafrash,Tilahun,_and_Girma2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bogale,Wondafrash,Tilahun, and Girma, Binyam, Mekitie ,Tizta, and Girma (19 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3114727">"Married women's decision making power on modern contraceptive use in urban and rural southern Ethiopia"</a>. <i>BMC Public Health</i>. <b>11</b>: 342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2458-11-342">10.1186/1471-2458-11-342</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3114727">3114727</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21595897">21595897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Married+women%27s+decision+making+power+on+modern+contraceptive+use+in+urban+and+rural+southern+Ethiopia&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=342&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3114727%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21595897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2458-11-342&rft.aulast=Bogale%2CWondafrash%2CTilahun%2C+and+Girma&rft.aufirst=Binyam%2C+Mekitie+%2CTizta%2C+and+Girma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3114727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-politics-idUSKCN1N649Q">"Ethiopia gets its first female supreme court president"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 1 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+gets+its+first+female+supreme+court+president&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-ethiopia-politics-idUSKCN1N649Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1990" class="citation cs2">Jenny Hammond, <i>Sweeter than Honey: Ethiopian Women and Revolution, Testimonies of Tigrayan Women </i>(Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press, 1990)<i><span></span></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweeter+than+Honey%3A+Ethiopian+Women+and+Revolution%2C+Testimonies+of+Tigrayan+Women+%28Trenton%2C+NJ%3A+The+Red+Sea+Press%2C+1990%29&rft.au=Jenny+Hammond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerhane-Selassie1991" class="citation cs2">Tsehai Berhane-Selassie (ed.), <i>Gender Issues in Ethiopia </i>(Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University, 1991)<i><span></span></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+Issues+in+Ethiopia+%28Addis+Ababa%3A+Addis+Ababa+University%2C+1991%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethiopia_topics" title="Template talk:Ethiopia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethiopia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ethiopia-related_articles" title="Index of Ethiopia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ethiopia" title="Prehistoric Ethiopia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Kingdom of Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wolaita" title="Kingdom of Wolaita">Kingdom of Wolaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia" title="List of emperors of Ethiopia">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_lists_of_Ethiopia" title="Regnal lists of Ethiopia">regnal lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kingdom of Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopian–Adal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondarine_period" title="Gondarine period">Gondarine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelik%27s_Expansions" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelik's Expansions">Menelik's Expansions</a></li> <li>Italo-Ethiopian wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_War_of_1887%E2%80%931889" title="Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889">1887–89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_in_World_War_I" title="Ethiopia in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Revolution" title="Ethiopian Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">1974 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="History of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Federal Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Eritrea%E2%80%93Ethiopia_summit" title="2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit">2018 peace summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Civil conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Ethiopia" title="Territorial evolution of Ethiopia">Territorial evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia" title="Geography of Ethiopia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Ethiopia" title="Geology of Ethiopia">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ethiopia" title="List of mountains in Ethiopia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia" title="List of rivers of Ethiopia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Ethiopia" title="List of lakes of Ethiopia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Ethiopia" title="List of volcanoes in Ethiopia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Ethiopia" title="List of earthquakes in Ethiopia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Ethiopia" title="Category:Flora of Ethiopia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ethiopia" title="Wildlife of Ethiopia">Fauna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Ethiopia" title="Subdivisions of Ethiopia">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia" title="Regions of Ethiopia">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Regions_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of governors of the Regions of Ethiopia">Governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zones_of_Ethiopia" title="List of zones of Ethiopia">Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Ethiopia" title="Districts of Ethiopia">Woredas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Ethiopia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_Ethiopia" title="Wards of Ethiopia">Kebele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ethiopia" title="Politics of Ethiopia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1995 Constitution of Ethiopia">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_Ethiopia" title="Constitutions of Ethiopia">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ethiopia" title="Government of Ethiopia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ethiopia" title="President of Ethiopia">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Ethiopia" title="List of presidents of Ethiopia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia" title="Prime Minister of Ethiopia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Ethiopia" title="List of heads of government of Ethiopia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Ethiopia)" title="Council of Ministers (Ethiopia)">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Federal Parliamentary Assembly">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Ethiopia" title="List of political parties in Ethiopia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ethiopia" title="Elections in Ethiopia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ethiopia" title="Foreign relations of Ethiopia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Ethiopia" title="Foreign aid to Ethiopia">Foreign aid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Ethiopia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">National Defense Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Ground_Forces" title="Ethiopian Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Military history of Ethiopia">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Army of the Ethiopian Empire">Army of the Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Navy" title="Ethiopian Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ethiopia" title="Economy of Ethiopia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ethiopia" title="Agriculture in Ethiopia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Ethiopia" title="List of banks in Ethiopia">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Birr <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Ethiopia" title="List of companies of Ethiopia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Energy in Ethiopia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Ethiopia" title="Foreign aid to Ethiopia">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_development_policy_of_Ethiopia" title="Industrial development policy of Ethiopia">Industrial development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Ethiopia" title="Land reform in Ethiopia">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Ethiopia" title="Manufacturing in Ethiopia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Ethiopia" title="Taxation in Ethiopia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ethiopia" title="Telecommunications in Ethiopia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ethiopia" title="Tourism in Ethiopia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ethiopia" title="Trade unions in Ethiopia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ethiopia" title="Transport in Ethiopia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ethiopia" title="Category:Society of Ethiopia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ethiopia" title="Architecture of Ethiopia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Ethiopia" title="Child marriage in Ethiopia">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia" title="Demographics of Ethiopia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ethiopia" title="Education in Ethiopia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Ethiopia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famines_in_Ethiopia" title="Famines in Ethiopia">Famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia" title="Flag of Ethiopia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ethiopia" title="Health in Ethiopia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Ethiopia" title="Healthcare in Ethiopia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Maternal health in Ethiopia">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Women's health in Ethiopia">Women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ethiopia" title="Human rights in Ethiopia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ethiopia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ethiopia" title="Human trafficking in Ethiopia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ethiopia" title="Law enforcement in Ethiopia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians" title="Ethiopians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Ethiopia" title="Polygamy in Ethiopia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ethiopia" title="Public holidays in Ethiopia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ethiopia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ethiopia" title="Culture of Ethiopia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wine" title="Ethiopian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_literature" title="Ethiopian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Ethiopia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ethiopia" title="Sport in Ethiopia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ethiopia" title="Outline of Ethiopia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ethiopia-related_articles" title="Index of Ethiopia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethiopia" title="Category:Ethiopia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFCBDB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Africa" title="Women in Africa">Women in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Angola" title="Women in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Benin" title="Women in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Botswana" title="Women in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Burundi" title="Women in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chad" title="Women in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Comoros" title="Women in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Eritrea" title="Women in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ghana" title="Women in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Women in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kenya" title="Women in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lesotho" title="Women in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Libya" title="Women in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Madagascar" title="Women in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mali" title="Women in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritania" title="Women in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritius" title="Women in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Morocco" title="Women in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Namibia" title="Women in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Niger" title="Women in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria" title="Women in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Senegal" title="Women in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Seychelles" title="Women in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Women in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Somalia" title="Women in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Africa" title="Women in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Sudan" title="Women in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sudan" title="Women in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tanzania" title="Women in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tunisia" title="Women in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uganda" title="Women in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Zambia" title="Women in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Women in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/19px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/29px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Portal:Africa">Africa</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1254013956#Fighting_for_gender_equality">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1254013956#Fighting_for_gender_equality</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:Women in Ethiopia">Women in Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_by_country" title="Category:Women by country">Women by country</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" 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