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class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Kallo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Kallo&params=51_17_40_N_04_17_8_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°17′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">04°17′8″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.29444°N 4.28556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.29444; 4.28556</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle in 1638 close to Antwerp</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Kallo</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Kallo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Battle_of_Kallo.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Kallo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Battle_of_Kallo.jpg/450px-Battle_of_Kallo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Battle_of_Kallo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="349" /></a></span><br /><i>The Battle of Kallo</i>. Oil on canvas by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Snayers" title="Peter Snayers">Peter Snayers</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>20–21 June 1638</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Kallo" title="Kallo">Kallo</a> near <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a><br /> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Spanish victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Henry of Orange">Frederick Henry</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William,_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen" title="William, Count of Nassau-Siegen">William of Nassau-Siegen</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand">Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p>22,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009661_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009661-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><small>5,700<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010258_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010258-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>-6,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenavides_López-Escobar2021258_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenavides_López-Escobar2021258-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> initially engaged</small></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 8,000–9,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 2,500 killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733229_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733229-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2,370–3,000 captured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165610_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin165610-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762188_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762188-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />28 cannons captured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Mariana183969_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Mariana183969-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 284 killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />822 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Origins of the Eighty Years' War">Origins</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="List of battles of the Eighty Years' War">List of battles</a><br /></dt></dl> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1566%E2%80%931572" title="Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572">1566–1572</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beeldenstorm" title="Beeldenstorm">Beeldenstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valenciennes_(1567)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Valenciennes (1567)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattrelos" title="Battle of Wattrelos">Wattrelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lannoy" title="Battle of Lannoy">Lannoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oosterweel" title="Battle of Oosterweel">Oosterweel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dahlen" title="Battle of Dahlen">Dahlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heiligerlee_(1568)" title="Battle of Heiligerlee (1568)">Heiligerlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemmingen" title="Battle of Jemmingen">Jemmingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jodoigne" title="Battle of Jodoigne">Jodoigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Quesnoy_(1568)" title="Battle of Le Quesnoy (1568)">Le Quesnoy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1572%E2%80%931576" title="Eighty Years' War, 1572–1576">1572–1576</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Brielle" title="Capture of Brielle">Brielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Fury_at_Mechelen" title="Spanish Fury at Mechelen">1st Mechelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Goes" title="Relief of Goes">Goes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Naarden" title="Massacre of Naarden">Naarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Middelburg_(1572%E2%80%931574)" title="Siege of Middelburg (1572–1574)">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Haarlem" title="Siege of Haarlem">Haarlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_IJsselmeer" title="Battle of IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alkmaar" title="Siege of Alkmaar">Alkmaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1573)" title="Capture of Geertruidenberg (1573)">1st Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delft_(1573)" title="Battle of Delft (1573)">Delft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Valkenburg_(1574)" title="Capture of Valkenburg (1574)">Valkenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mookerheyde" title="Battle of Mookerheyde">Mookerheyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oudewater_(1575)" title="Siege of Oudewater (1575)">Oudewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schoonhoven_(1575)" title="Siege of Schoonhoven (1575)">Schoonhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zierikzee" title="Siege of Zierikzee">Zierikzee</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flushing" title="Battle of Flushing">Flushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borsele" title="Battle of Borsele">Borsele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haarlemmermeer" title="Battle of Haarlemmermeer">Haarlemmermeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Zuiderzee" title="Battle on the Zuiderzee">Zuiderzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt_(1574)" title="Battle of the Scheldt (1574)">Reimerswaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lillo" title="Battle of Lillo">Lillo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1576%E2%80%931579" title="Eighty Years' War, 1576–1579">1576–1579</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Antwerp" title="Sack of Antwerp">1st Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rijmenam" title="Battle of Rijmenam">Rijmenam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deventer_(1578)" title="Siege of Deventer (1578)">1st Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borgerhout" title="Battle of Borgerhout">Borgerhout</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588" title="Eighty Years' War, 1579–1588">1579–1588</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1579)" title="Siege of Maastricht (1579)">1st Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Fury_at_Mechelen" title="English Fury at Mechelen">2nd Mechelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_of_Diest_(1580)" title="Taking of Diest (1580)">Diest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1580%E2%80%931581)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1580–1581)">1st Steenwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kollum" title="Battle of Kollum">Kollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Breda_(1581)" title="Capture of Breda (1581)">1st Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noordhorn" title="Battle of Noordhorn">Noordhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Niezijl" title="Siege of Niezijl">Niezijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lochem_(1582)" title="Siege of Lochem (1582)">Lochem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lier_(1582)" title="Siege of Lier (1582)">1st Lier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fury" title="French Fury">2nd Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eindhoven_(1583)" title="Siege of Eindhoven (1583)">Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steenbergen_(1583)" title="Battle of Steenbergen (1583)">Steenbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ghent_(1583%E2%80%931584)" title="Siege of Ghent (1583–1584)">Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aalst_(1584)" title="Capture of Aalst (1584)">Aalst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">3rd Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_IJsseloord" title="Siege of IJsseloord">Arnhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Empel" title="Battle of Empel">Empel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boksum" title="Battle of Boksum">Boksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1586)" title="Siege of Grave (1586)">1st Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1586)" title="Siege of Venlo (1586)">1st Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Axel" title="Capture of Axel">Axel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Neuss" title="Destruction of Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1586%E2%80%931590)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1586–1590)">1st Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zutphen" title="Battle of Zutphen">1st Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1587)" title="Siege of Sluis (1587)">1st Sluis</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vila_Franca_do_Campo" title="Battle of Vila Franca do Campo">Ponta Delgada</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years_(Eighty_Years%27_War)" title="Ten Years (Eighty Years' War)">Ten Years, 1588–1598</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1588)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588)">1st Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1589)" title="Capture of Geertruidenberg (1589)">2nd Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Breda_(1590)" title="Capture of Breda (1590)">2nd Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zutphen_(1591)" title="Siege of Zutphen (1591)">2nd Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deventer_(1591)" title="Siege of Deventer (1591)">2nd Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Delfzijl" title="Capture of Delfzijl">Delfzijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Knodsenburg" title="Siege of Knodsenburg">Knodsenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1591)" title="Siege of Hulst (1591)">1st Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nijmegen_(1591)" title="Siege of Nijmegen (1591)">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1591-1592)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rouen (1591-1592)">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caudebec" title="Siege of Caudebec">Caudebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1592)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1592)">2nd Steenwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1592)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1592)">1st Coevorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxemburg_campaigns#First_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxemburg campaigns">1st Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Geertruidenberg_(1593)" title="Siege of Geertruidenberg (1593)">3rd Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1593)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1593)">2nd Coevorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groningen_(1594)" title="Siege of Groningen (1594)">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxemburg_campaigns#Second_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxemburg campaigns">2nd Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Huy_(1595)" title="Siege of Huy (1595)">Huy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1595)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1595)">1st Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lippe" title="Battle of the Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Lier" title="Sack of Lier">2nd Lier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1596)" title="Siege of Calais (1596)">Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1596)" title="Siege of Hulst (1596)">2nd Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turnhout_(1597)" title="Battle of Turnhout (1597)">Turnhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1597)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1597)">2nd Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Meurs_(1597)" title="Siege of Meurs (1597)">1st Meurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1597)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1597)">2nd Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bredevoort_(1597)" title="Siege of Bredevoort (1597)">Bredevoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Enschede_(1597)" title="Capture of Enschede (1597)">Enschede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ootmarsum" title="Capture of Ootmarsum">Ootmarsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1597)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1597)">1st Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lingen_(1597)" title="Siege of Lingen (1597)">1st Lingen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">1st English Channel <b>·</b> Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayona_Islands_(1590)" title="Battle of Bayona Islands (1590)">Bayona Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Almer%C3%ADa_(1591)" title="Battle of the Gulf of Almería (1591)">Gulf of Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Capture of Cádiz">1st Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_Voyage" title="Islands Voyage">Azores</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1599%E2%80%931609" title="Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609">1599–1609</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenckenschans_(1599)" title="Siege of Schenckenschans (1599)">1st Schenckenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaltbommel" title="Siege of Zaltbommel">Zaltbommel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rees_(1599)" title="Siege of Rees (1599)">Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Andreas_(1600)" title="Siege of San Andreas (1600)">San Andreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lekkerbeetje" title="Battle of Lekkerbeetje">Lekkerbeetje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort" title="Battle of Nieuwpoort">Nieuwpoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1601)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1601)">3rd Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch_(1601)" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch (1601)">1st 's-Hertogenbosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1602)" title="Siege of Grave (1602)">2nd Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny_of_Hoogstraten" title="Mutiny of Hoogstraten">Hoogstraaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1604)" title="Siege of Sluis (1604)">3rd Sluis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lingen_(1605)" title="Siege of Lingen (1605)">2nd Lingen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1606)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1606) (page does not exist)">4th Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1606)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1606)">3rd Groenlo</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Narrow_Seas" title="Battle of the Narrow Seas">Dover Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sluis_(1603)" title="Battle of Sluis (1603)">2nd Sluis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Channel" title="Battle of the Channel">2nd English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1606)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1606)">1st Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1607)" title="Battle of Gibraltar (1607)">1st Gibraltar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years%27_Truce" title="Twelve Years' Truce">Twelve Years' Truce</a>, 1609–1621</dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aachen_(1614)" title="Siege of Aachen (1614)">Aachen</a></li></ul> <p><b>East Indies</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Moluccas" title="Spanish conquest of the Moluccas">Ternate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Playa_Honda" title="Battle of Playa Honda">Playa Honda</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1621%E2%80%931648" title="Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648">1621–1648</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_J%C3%BClich_(1621%E2%80%931622)" title="Siege of Jülich (1621–1622)">Jülich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1622)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1622)">2nd Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1622)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1622)">Fleurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">3rd Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1626)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1626)">2nd Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1627)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1627)">4th Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch">2nd 's-Hertogenbosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry%27s_Meuse_campaign" title="Frederick Henry's Meuse campaign">Meuse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Maastricht" title="Capture of Maastricht">2nd Maastricht</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Venlo_((1632)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Venlo ((1632) (page does not exist)">2nd Venlo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Roermond_(1632)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Roermond (1632) (page does not exist)">1st Roermond</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1633)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1633)">5th Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leuven" title="Siege of Leuven">Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenkenschans" title="Siege of Schenkenschans">2nd Schenkenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1637)" title="Siege of Breda (1637)">4th Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1637)" title="Siege of Venlo (1637)">3rd Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Roermond" title="Capture of Roermond">2nd Roermond</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1640)" title="Siege of Hulst (1640)">3rd Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1645)" title="Siege of Hulst (1645)">4th Hulst</a></li></ul> <p><b>European waters</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1621)" title="Battle of Gibraltar (1621)">2nd Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_expedition_(1625)" title="Cádiz expedition (1625)">2nd Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Slaak" title="Battle of the Slaak">Slaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Lizard_Point" title="Battle off Lizard Point">Lizard Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_February_1639" title="Action of 18 February 1639">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_in_the_Channel" title="Fight in the Channel">3rd English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">The Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1641)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1641)">2nd Cape St. Vincent</a></li></ul> <p><b>Americas</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Salvador">1st Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1625)" title="Battle of San Juan (1625)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_in_the_Bay_of_Matanzas" title="Battle in the Bay of Matanzas">Bay of Matanzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Abrolhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon_van_Hoorn%27s_expedition_of_1633" title="Jan Janszoon van Hoorn's expedition of 1633">Trujillo <b>·</b> Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Martin_(1633)" title="Capture of Saint Martin (1633)">1st Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_the_Unare" title="Expedition to the Unare">1st Unare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">2nd Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caba%C3%B1as" title="Battle of Cabañas">Cabañas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Itamaracá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Valdivia" title="Dutch expedition to Valdivia">Southern Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Saint_Martin" title="Attack on Saint Martin">2nd Saint Martin</a></li></ul> <p><b>East Indies</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_September_1639" title="Action of 30 September 1639">Mormugão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Galle_(1640)" title="Siege of Galle (1640)">Galle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1641)" title="Siege of Malacca (1641)">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1641)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1641)">1st San Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1642)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1642)">2nd San Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puerto_de_Cavite" title="Battle of Puerto de Cavite">Cavite</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Peace of Münster">Peace</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Aftermath of the Eighty Years' War">Aftermath</a> – <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Historiography</a></dt></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt">Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pilsen" title="Siege of Pilsen">Pilsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lomnice" title="Battle of Lomnice">Lomnice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sablat" title="Battle of Sablat">Sablat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisternitz" title="Battle of Wisternitz">Wisternitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bautzen_(1620)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Bautzen (1620) (page does not exist)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neu_Titschein" title="Battle of Neu Titschein">Neu Titschein</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_campaign" title="Palatinate campaign">Palatinate campaign (1620–1623)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bad_Kreuznach" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bad Kreuznach">Bad Kreuznach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Oppenheim" title="Capture of Oppenheim">Oppenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bacharach" title="Capture of Bacharach">Bacharach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_J%C3%BClich_(1621%E2%80%931622)" title="Siege of Jülich (1621–1622)">Jülich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mingolsheim" title="Battle of Mingolsheim">Mingolsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wimpfen" title="Battle of Wimpfen">Wimpfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%B6chst" title="Battle of Höchst">Höchst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1622)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1622)">Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Heidelberg_(1622)" title="Siege of Heidelberg (1622)">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1622)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1622)">Fleurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mannheim" title="Capture of Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Frankenthal" title="Siege of Frankenthal">Frankenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stadtlohn" title="Battle of Stadtlohn">Stadtlohn</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Transylvanian invasions of Hungary (1619–1621, 1623–1624, 1626)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humenn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Humenné">Humenné</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_(1621)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Érsekújvár (1621) (page does not exist)">Érsekújvár</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tyrnau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tyrnau (page does not exist)">Tyrnau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Tyrnau" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Tyrnau">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hodon%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hodonín (page does not exist)">Hodonín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlach_uprisings_in_Moravia" title="Vlach uprisings in Moravia">Vlach uprisings</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Danish intervention (1625–1629)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dessau_Bridge" title="Battle of Dessau Bridge">Dessau Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1626)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1626)">Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lutter" title="Battle of Lutter">Lutter am Barenberge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1627)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1627)">Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1628)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1628)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolgast" title="Battle of Wolgast">Wolgast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_intervention_in_the_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War">Swedish intervention (1630–1635)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">Swedish landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder" title="Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Magdeburg" title="Sack of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Werben" title="Battle of Werben">Werben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">1st Breitenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bamberg" title="Battle of Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rain" title="Battle of Rain">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Maastricht" title="Capture of Maastricht">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nuremberg" title="Siege of Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wiesloch_(1632)" title="Battle of Wiesloch (1632)">Wiesloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alte_Veste" title="Battle of the Alte Veste">Alte Veste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%BCrth" title="Battle of Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oldendorf" title="Battle of Oldendorf">Oldendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pfaffenhofen_(1633)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pfaffenhofen (1633) (page does not exist)">Pfaffenhofen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Steinau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Steinau (page does not exist)">Steinau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief_of_Konstanz_(1633)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relief of Konstanz (1633) (page does not exist)">Konstanz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief_of_Breisach_(1633)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relief of Breisach (1633) (page does not exist)">1st Breisach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinfelden_(1633)" title="Siege of Rheinfelden (1633)">1st Rheinfelden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Liegnitz_(1634)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Liegnitz (1634) (page does not exist)">Liegnitz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Liegnitz_(1634)" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Liegnitz (1634)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">1st Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strasbourg_Bridge" title="Battle of Strasbourg Bridge">Strasbourg Bridge</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Swedish-French Period (1635–1648)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Les_Avins" title="Battle of Les Avins">Les Avins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leuven" title="Siege of Leuven">Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenkenschans" title="Siege of Schenkenschans">Schenkenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ray-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ray-sur-Saône (page does not exist)">Ray-sur-Saône</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_D%C3%B6mitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dömitz (page does not exist)">Dömitz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_D%C3%B6mitz" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Dömitz">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hasel%C3%BCnne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Haselünne (page does not exist)">Haselünne</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Hasel%C3%BCnne" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Haselünne">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Raon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Raon (page does not exist)">Raon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tornavento" title="Battle of Tornavento">Tornavento</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1636)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1636) (page does not exist)">2nd Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Somme" title="Crossing of the Somme">Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wittstock" title="Battle of Wittstock">Wittstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1637)" title="Siege of Breda (1637)">2nd Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1637)" title="Siege of Venlo (1637)">Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leipzig_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Leipzig (1637) (page does not exist)">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hanau_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hanau (1638) (page does not exist)">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rheinfelden" title="Battle of Rheinfelden">2nd Rheinfelden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saint-Omer" title="Siege of Saint-Omer">Saint Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fuenterrab%C3%ADa_(1638)" title="Siege of Fuenterrabía (1638)">Fuenterrabía</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wittenweiher" title="Battle of Wittenweiher">Wittenweiher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Thann_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Thann (1638) (page does not exist)">Thann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treffen_auf_dem_Ochsenfelde" class="extiw" title="de:Treffen auf dem Ochsenfelde">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vlotho" title="Battle of Vlotho">Vlotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breisach" title="Siege of Breisach">2nd Breisach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Freiberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Freiberg (page does not exist)">1st Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chemnitz" title="Battle of Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Melnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Melnik (page does not exist)">Melnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Thionville" title="Relief of Thionville">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salses" title="Siege of Salses">Salses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrils" title="Battle of Cambrils">Cambrils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montju%C3%AFc_(1641)" title="Battle of Montjuïc (1641)">Montjuïc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pre%C3%9Fnitz" title="Battle of Preßnitz">Preßnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Plauen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Plauen (page does not exist)">Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Marf%C3%A9e" title="Battle of La Marfée">La Marfée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dorsten" title="Siege of Dorsten">Dorsten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Battle of Wolfenbüttel">Wolfenbüttel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kempen" title="Battle of Kempen">Kempen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Honnecourt" title="Battle of Honnecourt">Honnecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Schweidnitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Schweidnitz (page does not exist)">Schweidnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1642)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1642)">2nd Breitenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Freiberg_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Freiberg (1642) (page does not exist)">2nd Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Brno_(1643)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Brno (1643) (page does not exist)">1st Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tuttlingen" title="Battle of Tuttlingen">Tuttlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolding_(1644)" title="Battle of Kolding (1644)">Kolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Freiburg" title="Battle of Freiburg">Freiburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Philippsburg_(1644)" title="Siege of Philippsburg (1644)">Philippsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_J%C3%BCterbog" title="Battle of Jüterbog">Jüterbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bysj%C3%B6n" title="Battle of Bysjön">Bysjön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jankau" title="Battle of Jankau">Jankau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brno_(1645)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Brno (1645)">2nd Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Herbsthausen" title="Battle of Herbsthausen">Mergentheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1645)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1645)">2nd Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1645)" title="Siege of Hulst (1645)">3rd Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Korneuburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Korneuburg (page does not exist)">Korneuburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Korneuburg_(1646)" class="extiw" title="de:Belagerung von Korneuburg (1646)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Totenh%C3%B6he&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Totenhöhe (page does not exist)">Totenhöhe</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefecht_auf_der_Totenh%C3%B6he" class="extiw" title="de:Gefecht auf der Totenhöhe">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hohent%C3%BCbingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hohentübingen (page does not exist)">Hohentübingen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Schloss_Hohent%C3%BCbingen" class="extiw" title="de:Belagerung von Schloss Hohentübingen">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Triebl" title="Battle of Triebl">Triebl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Revolt_(1647%E2%80%931648)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan Revolt (1647–1648)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zusmarshausen" title="Battle of Zusmarshausen">Zusmarshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wevelinghoven" title="Battle of Wevelinghoven">Wevelinghoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lens" title="Battle of Lens">Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dachau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dachau (page does not exist)">Dachau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Dachau" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Dachau">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prague_(1648)" title="Battle of Prague (1648)">Prague</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Naval battles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1621)" title="Battle of Gibraltar (1621)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Genoa" title="Relief of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Slaak" title="Battle of the Slaak">The Slaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Martin_(1633)" title="Capture of Saint Martin (1633)">1st Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Lizard_Point" title="Battle off Lizard Point">Lizard Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_February_1639" title="Action of 18 February 1639">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_in_the_Channel" title="Fight in the Channel">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">The Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1641)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1641)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Saint_Martin" title="Attack on Saint Martin">2nd Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_16_May_1644" title="Action of 16 May 1644">Lister Dyb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colberger_Heide" title="Battle of Colberger Heide">Colberger Heide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fehmarn_(1644)" title="Battle of Fehmarn (1644)">Fehmarn</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><sub><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Thirty_Years%27_War_treaties" title="Template:Thirty Years' War treaties">Treaties</a></b></sub></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Kallo</b> was a major field battle fought from 20 to 21 June 1638 in and around the forts of <a href="/wiki/Kallo" title="Kallo">Kallo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verrebroek" title="Verrebroek">Verrebroek</a>, located on the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheldt river">Scheldt river</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, during the second phase of the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>. Following the symbolic recovery of <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a> during the 1637 campaign, the Dutch Republic agreed with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French Crown</a>, with whom it had allied in 1635, to besiege a major city in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> during the 1638 campaign. The commander of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Army" title="Dutch States Army">Dutch States Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Henry of Orange">Frederick Henry of Orange</a>, planned an approach over Antwerp from the two sides of the Scheldt. After marching the army, Frederick Henry transferred 50 barges to Count <a href="/wiki/William,_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen" title="William, Count of Nassau-Siegen">William of Nassau-Siegen</a> and he was left entrusted to land in the Spanish-controlled <a href="/wiki/Waasland" title="Waasland">Waasland</a> region, west of Antwerp, to seize the forts of Kallo and Verrebroek, along with several other key fortifications, to invest Antwerp from the west. In the meantime, Frederick Henry would advance on the opposite bank to complete the blockade of the city while the armies of France invaded the Spanish Netherlands from the south to oblige the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a> to divide its forces. </p><p>The Dutch operation proceeded well at first since the force under Nassau-Siegen easily captured Kallo and Verrebroek. However, it was unable to gain further progress, so the count entrenched his troops and asked for reinforcements. The governor of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> and general, Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, younger brother to <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a> and victor of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Battle of Nördlingen</a>, with an army consisting of <a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">tercios</a> and other troops from several garrison duties, launched a counter-attack over the Dutch positions the night of 20–21 June. Advancing along three narrow fronts, the Spanish forces drove the States' soldiers from a series of outer works, but were unable to dislodge them from the two main forts. However, exhaustion and lack of supplies and reinforcements led Nassau-Siegen to order the re-embarkation during the next night. Ferdinand launched a second assault while the retreat was ongoing, and, as panic ensued among the Dutch ranks, the entire force was defeated. The Dutch commander escaped with a few hundred men, while many others drowned attempting to save themselves or were captured. </p><p>Along with the successful defense of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geldern" title="Geldern">Geldern</a> that same year, the victory of Kallo proved that the <a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Spanish tercios</a> were still a formidable field force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_de_León2009235_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_de_León2009235-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, it was interpreted in terms of Catholic propaganda and became subject of paintings, poems and popular songs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaudies201680-83_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaudies201680-83-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kallo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1635, France declared war on the Spanish Monarchy and invaded the Spanish Netherlands from the south in coordination with a Dutch army which descended from the north along the <a href="/wiki/Meuse_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse river">Meuse</a>. The invasion ultimately collapsed because of its deficient logistics and the depleted allied armies had to retreat to the Republic. The Spanish forces, reinforced by an Imperial army under <a href="/wiki/Ottavio_Piccolomini" title="Ottavio Piccolomini">Ottavio Piccolomini</a>, went on the offensive and took by surprise the Dutch fortress of <a href="/wiki/Schenkenschans" class="mw-redirect" title="Schenkenschans">Schenkenschans</a>, strategically located at a tip of land where the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> once split into two separate branches, the <a href="/wiki/Waal_(river)" title="Waal (river)">Waal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nederrijn" title="Nederrijn">Nederrijn</a>. While the States Army was able to recover it after an <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenkenschans" title="Siege of Schenkenschans">eleven-month siege</a>, the losses and the economic burden that it sustained, coupled with political disagreements between the command of the Army and the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Holland">States of Holland</a>, meant that the Prince of Orange was unable to mount a campaign against the Spanish in 1636.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010251_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010251-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand to launch a punitive campaign into northern France which caused panic at <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael199776_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael199776-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:black"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Kallo is located in Belgium"><img alt="Battle of Kallo is located in Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg/450px-Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg/600px-Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="988" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:8.12%;left:54.805%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Breda"><img alt="Breda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Breda</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.667%;left:84.397%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Venlo"><img alt="Venlo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Venlo</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.077%;left:80.496%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Roermond"><img alt="Roermond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Roermond</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.78%;left:87.926%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Geldern"><img alt="Geldern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Geldern</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.538%;left:74.113%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Maastricht"><img alt="Maastricht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Maastricht</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.393%;left:46.814%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Antwerp"><img alt="Antwerp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Antwerp</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.872%;left:39.362%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hulst"><img alt="Hulst" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Hulst</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.538%;left:45.745%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Brussels"><img alt="Brussels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Brussels</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.296%;left:3.777%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dunkirk"><img alt="Dunkirk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Dunkirk</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.535%;left:1.313%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Saint-Omer"><img alt="Saint-Omer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Saint-Omer</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.923%;left:37.234%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mons"><img alt="Mons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Mons</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.282%;left:56.738%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Namur"><img alt="Namur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Namur</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:93.888%;left:84.451%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Thionville"><img alt="Thionville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Thionville</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Belgium relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Key locations in the 1637 and 1638 campaigns.</div></div></div> <p>By 1637, the allies were ready again to go on the offensive. Unlike in 1635, they would operate separately in order to force the Spanish to divide their troops. Thanks to a subsidy of more than 1.1 million guilders paid by France, the States Army could align 24,000 soldiers for a campaign the main objective of which was the capture of the Spanish privateering base of <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010252_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010252-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In face of a quick Spanish reaction, however, Frederick Henry looked for a more suitable goal and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1637)" title="Siege of Breda (1637)">invested</a> <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a> on 21 July. In early 1637, the Spanish Army of Flanders had 55,000 men, but only 16,000 were available for field operations, the remaining 39,000 being assigned to garrison duties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006148_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006148-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lacking of troops enough to relieve Breda while he waited for the return of the Imperial forces under Piccolomini from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the Cardinal-Infante launched an offensive over the Dutch fortresses in the Meuse valley in August and quickly took <a href="/wiki/Venlo" title="Venlo">Venlo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roermond" title="Roermond">Roermond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael199781_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael199781-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Dutch continued to besiege Breda, the French armies invaded the provinces of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Artois" title="County of Artois">Artois</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a>, where they made rapid gains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael199781_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael199781-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the arrival of Piccolomini's army of 11,000 men at <a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a> on 2 August stopped the French progression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006148_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006148-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferdinand then decided to join forces with the Imperial commander to push the French back, and recovered most of the lost ground over September, though Breda surrendered to the Prince of Orange on 10 October. At Madrid, <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Count-Duke_of_Olivares" class="mw-redirect" title="Count-Duke of Olivares">Count-Duke of Olivares</a> met the news with great disappointment, since the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">capture of Breda</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola" title="Ambrogio Spinola">Spinola</a> in 1625 had been hailed as one of the Monarchy's greatest triumphs, and just two years before, in 1635, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>'s painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Surrender_of_Breda" title="The Surrender of Breda">The Surrender of Breda</a></i> had been installed at the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Realms" title="Hall of Realms">Hall of Realms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Buen_Retiro_Palace" title="Buen Retiro Palace">Buen Retiro Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006151_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006151-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the military perspective, however, Breda was of limited value, while the capture of Venlo and Roermond bolstered the Spanish control over the Meuse and ended the threat of a Dutch attack from <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, which meant that, from then on, the Army of Flanders could concentrate their forces against the States Army on the defense of Antwerp and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010255_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010255-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1637, Philip IV and Olivares decided to increase to size of the Army of Flanders to over 80,000, for which they intended to send 4,700,000 ducats to <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael199782_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael199782-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Added to them the Imperial army under Piccolomini, the king and his <i><a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">valido</a></i> expected to align about 100,000 men in the Netherlands, 60,000 to face the French and 40,000 against the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006155_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006155-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish court, Ferdinand and his advisors, and the Imperial command differed on the strategy to follow. Olivares wished to break the Franco-Dutch alliance by reaching a truce with the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a>, but not before having pressed the Republic into make a series of concessions, which required action both on land and sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael199782_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael199782-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March, however, he changed his opinion and argued for an offensive against <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII of France</a>, 'being that king the heart of all the disturbances of the world'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006155_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006155-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the Spanish forces would take an offensive stance on the French front, while staying on defensive against the Dutch, though Olivares encouraged surprise attacks over Dutch fortresses and the bribing their commanders to induce them do defect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsteban_Estríngana2021190_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsteban_Estríngana2021190-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, these plans were frustrated because Ferdinand did not receive the planned reinforcements and by the fact that the French and Dutch armies took the field earlier than expected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006155_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006155-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Frederick Henry of Orange had to face pressure by the States of Holland, that wished to reduce the size of the army to reduce its cost. The prince was able to prevent this by reminding that the French war subsidies depended on the deployment of a sizeable army, and pointed out that it was necessary for the Republic to capture Antwerp in order to render the alliance beneficial and open the way to the peace with Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010255_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010255-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 December 1637, the States General and the French ambassador <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_d%27Estampes_de_Valen%C3%A7ay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean d'Estampes de Valençay (page does not exist)">Jean d'Estampes de Valençay</a> reached an agreement on how to invade the Spanish Netherlands. Each side would deploy 18,000 to 20,000 infantry and 4,500 to 5,000 cavalry, while France would contribute to the Dutch war effort with 1.2 million guilders. The Republic agreed to attack a major city —Dunkirk, Antwerp or <a href="/wiki/Hulst" title="Hulst">Hulst</a>—, while France promised to besiege <a href="/wiki/Thionville" title="Thionville">Thionville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a> or Mons, or launching a diversionary operation to allow the States Army to fulfill its plans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010255_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010255-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_preparations_and_landing">Dutch preparations and landing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kallo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dutch preparations and landing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zandvliet_1664_Blaeu_HR.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Zandvliet_1664_Blaeu_HR.JPG/300px-Zandvliet_1664_Blaeu_HR.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Zandvliet_1664_Blaeu_HR.JPG/450px-Zandvliet_1664_Blaeu_HR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Zandvliet_1664_Blaeu_HR.JPG/600px-Zandvliet_1664_Blaeu_HR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4266" /></a><figcaption>Map of the forts, dikes, flood lands, <a href="/wiki/Polders" class="mw-redirect" title="Polders">polders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canals">canals</a> and streambeds between Bergen op Zoom and Antwerp (1645).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Prince of Orange departed The Hague on 25 May and, on 1 June, the same day that the French Army laid <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saint-Omer" title="Siege of Saint-Omer">siege</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a>, in Artois, he took command of the field army of the Dutch States, which had been assembled at a camp in the village of <a href="/wiki/Lithoijen" title="Lithoijen">Lithoijen</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>. A 3,000-men detachment under Count <a href="/wiki/Henry_Casimir_I_of_Nassau-Dietz" title="Henry Casimir I of Nassau-Dietz">Henry Casimir of Nassau-Dietz</a> was sent to <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> to guard the southern border of the Republic, while Frederick Henry led the bulk of the army to <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>, where it embarked aboard a fleet of 30 warships that convoyed it with its artillery, horses and baggage to <a href="/wiki/Bergen_op_Zoom" title="Bergen op Zoom">Bergen op Zoom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin16568_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin16568-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frederick Henry had planned at first to besiege Hulst, but, pressed by a deputation of the States General, he finally agreed to move upon Antwerp. To fully invest the city and prevent it from being relieved from Hulst and <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, the prince dispatched a force of 7,000 infantry and 300 cavalry under Count <a href="/wiki/William,_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen" title="William, Count of Nassau-Siegen">William of Nassau-Siegen</a> aboard 53 large boats and many smaller ones —taken in 1631 from the Spanish at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Slaak" title="Battle of the Slaak">Battle of the Slaak</a>— to land at the <a href="/wiki/Waasland" title="Waasland">Waasland</a>, west of Antwerp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin16569_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin16569-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733223-224_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733223-224-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They embarked at Dordrecht a day before that the main army did it, though both forces reunited briefly at Bergen op Zoom before the landing operation was undertaken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733225_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733225-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_Willem,_graaf_van_Nassau,_RP-P-1884-A-7728.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Portret_van_Willem%2C_graaf_van_Nassau%2C_RP-P-1884-A-7728.jpg/220px-Portret_van_Willem%2C_graaf_van_Nassau%2C_RP-P-1884-A-7728.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Portret_van_Willem%2C_graaf_van_Nassau%2C_RP-P-1884-A-7728.jpg/330px-Portret_van_Willem%2C_graaf_van_Nassau%2C_RP-P-1884-A-7728.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Portret_van_Willem%2C_graaf_van_Nassau%2C_RP-P-1884-A-7728.jpg/440px-Portret_van_Willem%2C_graaf_van_Nassau%2C_RP-P-1884-A-7728.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4156" data-file-height="5734" /></a><figcaption>Engraved portrait of Count William of Nassau-Siegen (1644).</figcaption></figure> <p>The banks of the Scheldt were protected by a series of forts which made the Dutch operation difficult. A landing at the dike between the forts of Sint-Maria and Hooft van Vlaanderen was deemed too risky, since the approaching fleet would have been easily discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733223_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733223-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Frederick Henry instructed Count William to sail across the flooded country to the <a href="/wiki/Doel" title="Doel">Doel</a> island to land there and then to advance upon the dike of Kallo. Captain Hoemaker, governor of the fort of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liefkenshoek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liefkenshoek (page does not exist)">Liefkenshoek</a>, at Doel, was to provide guides to ensure the quick arrival of the landing force at Kallo. Once there, the States troops had orders to seize the forts of Kallo and <a href="/wiki/Verrebroek" title="Verrebroek">Verrebroek</a>, which should be properly garrisoned, and to advance up to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blokkersdijk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blokkersdijk (page does not exist)">Blokkersdijk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burcht,_Antwerp" title="Burcht, Antwerp">Burcht</a>, which had to be seized too. Once the said positions had been taken, the dikes nearby were to be breached in order to flood the countryside and render any relief to Antwerp from the west impossible. If Blokkersdijk and Burch could not be taken, William should withdraw to the dike of Kallo and entrench his troops there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733224_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733224-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Frederick Henry would advance on the other side of the Scheldt from Bergen op Zoom to <a href="/wiki/Berchem" title="Berchem">Berchem</a> ahead of the main army —4 English infantry regiments, 5 French infantry regiments, the Solms and <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Nassau,_Lord_of_De_Lek_and_Beverweerd" title="Louis of Nassau, Lord of De Lek and Beverweerd">Beverweert</a> regiments, 27 militia companies and all the cavalry–. There, once Antwerp had been invested from that flank, a <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge" title="Pontoon bridge">pontoon bridge</a> would be laid over the Scheldt to link with Count William's forces at Burcht.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733224-255_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733224-255-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Count William departed Bergen op Zoom with his army on the night of 13 to 14 June and landed at Doel after a brief crossing. From there, they moved across the flooded lands towards the dike of Kallo with the water up to the waist or even the armpits, despite Captain Hoemaker having said that it would not cover above the knee. Four artillery pieces were moved on sleds. The dike was unguarded, but, as the presence of the States Army at Bergen op Zoom was known to <a href="/wiki/Felipe_da_Silva" title="Felipe da Silva">Felipe da Silva</a>, governor of Antwerp, he had replaced the ordinary guard of the forts of Kallo, the Pearl and Blokkersdijk by three companies of Walloon infantry from the garrison of the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel of Antwerp">citadel of Antwerp</a>, which were shortly after reinforced by the German Regiment of Brion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762129_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762129-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch troops, however, took the defenders by surprise. They first captured the Steenland redoubt, over the dike that linked the forts of Kallo and Verrebroek, which was garrisoned by 15 soldiers. Count William's force then took a <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_navigation)" title="Lock (water navigation)">lock</a> halfway between the Steenland and the fort of Kallo. This time they met some opposition by 300 German soldiers and 300 militia, who were nevertheless driven off and left behind two cannons. Panic spread among the German and Walloon troops, and the Dutch quickly seized Kallo. Verrebroek was also occupied with little resistance. William ordered then an assault over the nearby fort of Saint-Marie, but it was repelled by the garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762130_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762130-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_reaction">Spanish reaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kallo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spanish reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinalis_INFANTIS_FERDINDVS_vanDyck-follower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cardinalis_INFANTIS_FERDINDVS_vanDyck-follower.jpg/220px-Cardinalis_INFANTIS_FERDINDVS_vanDyck-follower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cardinalis_INFANTIS_FERDINDVS_vanDyck-follower.jpg/330px-Cardinalis_INFANTIS_FERDINDVS_vanDyck-follower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cardinalis_INFANTIS_FERDINDVS_vanDyck-follower.jpg/440px-Cardinalis_INFANTIS_FERDINDVS_vanDyck-follower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>The Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, by an unknown Flemish artist.</figcaption></figure> <p>Once Feipe da Silva learned about the loss of the forts, he requested assistance from the garrisons of Hulst and <a href="/wiki/Zelzate" title="Zelzate">Zelzate</a>, and sent a message to the Cardinal-Infante at his court at Brussels. Ferdinand, who was then following the operations around Saint-Omer, immediately took the road to Antwerp and instructed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteban_de_Gamarra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esteban de Gamarra (page does not exist)">Esteban de Gamarra</a>, adjudant to the Maestre de Campo general, the <a href="/wiki/Paul-Bernard_de_Fontaines" title="Paul-Bernard de Fontaines">Count of Fontaines</a>, to collect troops from the garrisons along the <a href="/wiki/Demer" title="Demer">Demer river</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herentals" title="Herentals">Herentals</a> to be dispatched to Antwerp, and also to urge the <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Bette" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume de Bette">Marquis of Lede</a>, governor of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg" title="Duchy of Limburg">Limburg</a>, to cross the Meuse with a number of Spanish foot companies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762131_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762131-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other forces which were guarding the Flemish facade between <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> and Hulst were also called. In the meantime, Count William, having been rebuffed at Saint-Marie, remained passive and limited his action to ordering his men to strengthen the positions which they had seized. Frederick Henry, on the other hand, remained with the main army near Bergen op Zoom and sent two officers to inspect the positions of William's men. These were considered impregnable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733227_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733227-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 June, with Ferdinand already in Antwerp, William noticed that the Spanish were gathering forces at <a href="/wiki/Beveren" title="Beveren">Beveren</a> and ordered a <a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">demi-lune</a> between the forts of Kallo and Sint-Marie to be abandoned, as well as some trenches which the States' troops had dug in front of the latter fort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin16569_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin16569-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That day a skirmish took place when the Count of Fontaines, who has assumed command of the troops at Beveren, lured William into an ambush. 1,200 Dutch infantry and some cavalry made a sortie from their entrenchments to drive away the Spanish troops from a breastwork that they were building over the dike linking Kallo and <a href="/wiki/Melsele" title="Melsele">Melsele</a>. When the State's soldiers had distanced themselves from the fortifications, 9 companies of Spanish cavalry fell upon them and inflicted a number of casualties before Colonel Balfour came in relief with 400 foot soldiers armed with carbines and 4 cavalry companies. <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Frederick_of_Nassau-Siegen" title="Maurice Frederick of Nassau-Siegen">Count Maurice Frederick</a>, William's only son and a Captain of the States Army, was killed in action by a sword thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin16569_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin16569-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the skirmish, both troops remained at their positions, exchanging artillery fire. On 18 June, William sent his younger half-brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Nassau-Siegen_(1611%E2%80%931652)" title="Henry of Nassau-Siegen (1611–1652)">Henry</a>, lieutenant-colonel of the Noord-Hollands Regiment, to ask the Prince of Orange for food and gunpowder, since his men were starting to run out of both.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733227_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733227-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day, Ferdinand had finally gathered a sizeable army, including an Imperial infantry regiment under the Baron of Adelshofen, recently arrived from Luxemburg, and held a council in which it was decided to launch a three-pronged attack next evening to dislodge the Dutch and retake Kallo and Verrebroek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762186_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762186-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kallo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_of_battle">Order of battle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kallo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Order of battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaart_met_de_mislukte_aanval_op_fort_Kallo,_1638_Nieuwe_Caert_vande_ghelegentheyt_vande_forten_van_Callo_Verrebroeck_met_de_dycken_soo_die_selve_syn_door_ghesneden_ende_ghefortificert_ghewest_(titel_op_object),_RP-P-OB-81.433.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kaart_met_de_mislukte_aanval_op_fort_Kallo%2C_1638_Nieuwe_Caert_vande_ghelegentheyt_vande_forten_van_Callo_Verrebroeck_met_de_dycken_soo_die_selve_syn_door_ghesneden_ende_ghefortificert_ghewest_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.433.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kaart_met_de_mislukte_aanval_op_fort_Kallo%2C_1638_Nieuwe_Caert_vande_ghelegentheyt_vande_forten_van_Callo_Verrebroeck_met_de_dycken_soo_die_selve_syn_door_ghesneden_ende_ghefortificert_ghewest_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.433.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kaart_met_de_mislukte_aanval_op_fort_Kallo%2C_1638_Nieuwe_Caert_vande_ghelegentheyt_vande_forten_van_Callo_Verrebroeck_met_de_dycken_soo_die_selve_syn_door_ghesneden_ende_ghefortificert_ghewest_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.433.jpg/600px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5850" data-file-height="4540" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Spanish assault upon the Dutch troops at Kallo and Verrebroek, 1638.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish order of battle was determined in the council of 18 June. Count Fuenclara was to attack from the fort of Sint-Marie in command of the 15 companies of his Spanish tercio and troops taken from the garrisons of the Demer, Herentals, and <a href="/wiki/Lier,_Belgium" title="Lier, Belgium">Lier</a>. His Spanish tercio had fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Battle of Nördlingen</a> four years previously. The Marquis of Lede was instructed to attack from the dike of Melsele with the German foot regiment of Brion, the Italian tercio of Ottavio Guasco, the Imperial foot regiment of Adelshofen and six cavalry companies. <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Cantelmo" title="Andrea Cantelmo">Andrea Cantelmo</a>, general of the artillery, would lead the third and main attack, over the fort of Verrebroek, along the dikes coming from Hulst and <a href="/wiki/Vrasene" title="Vrasene">Vrasene</a>. The units under his command were 10 companies of Spanish infantry arrived from Limburg −5 from the Tercio of the Marquis of Velada and 5 from that of the Count of Fuenclara–, the Italian tercio of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabrizio_Doria,_Duke_of_Avigliano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabrizio Doria, Duke of Avigliano (page does not exist)">Duke of Avigliano</a>, the Walloon tercios of Ribacourt and Catres, a foot regiment from Luxemburg and 10 cavalry companies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762186_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762186-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They numbered, in all, 8,000 to 9,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cardinal-Infante instructed the three commanders to launch their attacks simultaneously in order to prevent the Dutch from sending reinforcements to one point or another, and, if the enemy fortifications proved too strong for the States Army to be dislodged, to fortify the points that they managed to take and keep harassing the enemy with artillery and bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762186_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762186-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The States Army initially had 6,000 to 7,000 infantry and 300 cavalry,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165610_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin165610-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 5,700 men according to other reports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010256_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010256-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foot soldiers included 8 companies of Count William's own <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Lower German</a> regiment, 14 companies of the Scottish regiments of Balfour, Sandilands and Hamond; 7 companies of the Lower German regiment of Count Henry Casimir of Nassau-Dietz, 7 from the Walloon and Lower German regiment of Count Henry of Nassau-Siegen, 7 from the Regiment of Prince <a href="/wiki/John_Maurice,_Prince_of_Nassau-Siegen" title="John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen">John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen</a>, elder brother of William and governor of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">New Holland</a>, 7 companies under Colonel Erhard von Ehrenreuter, and 7 of the Dutch Regiment of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_Wolfert_van_Brederode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan Wolfert van Brederode (page does not exist)">Lord of Brederode</a>, 57 companies in all,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165610_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin165610-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though other sources give a total strength of 63 foot companies and also note the presence of elements of the Noord-Hollands Regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733224_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733224-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 4 cavalry companies were those of captains Brouchoven, Pierre du Four, Lord of Le Metz (French), Wingen, and Raoul van Oss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165610_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin165610-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The States' artillery train included 15 cannons: six demi-cannons, six 6-pdrs and three 3-pdrs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William expected the imminent arrival of reinforcements, since Frederick Henry informed him on 18 June that he had dispatched Count Henry of Nassau-Siegen with 27 additional infantry companies to join him. Nevertheless, bad weather and opposing tides prevented the reinforcements from arriving in time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733228_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733228-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_action_of_Kallo">The action of Kallo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kallo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The action of Kallo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish offensive started on 20 June at midnight. On the left, Cantelmo deployed his Spanish infantry on the right, the Italians on the left and the Germans and Walloons on the center. They advanced along the dike of Hulst and overpowered the Dutch defenders despite their stubborn defense. During the fight, Cantelmo gave a fire signal to Maestre de Campo Ribacourt to attack along the dike of Vrasene to distract the Dutch troops, while the cavalry was deployed in the field between the two dikes. Two cannons fired upon the Dutch entrenchments from the dike of Hulst. The States' troops were driven out five <a href="/wiki/Breastworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Breastworks">breastworks</a> but offered a strong resistance at a redoubt in front of the fort Verrebroek. There, they repelled several assaults and inflicted heavy casualties upon the German and Italian infantry. The Duke of Avigliano was wounded in a knee by the splinters of a <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenade</a>, while Cantelmo, who rode to the front to encourage his soldiers, was lightly injured. The States' troops counter-attacked and pushed back the Spanish battalions. Cantelmo ordered a breastwork to be quickly erected to stop the Dutch infantry, while he directed the fire of his cannons upon the Dutch cavalry, which had to take cover behind the dike of Kallo. Additionally, he ordered <a href="/wiki/Gabions" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabions">gabions</a> to be laid over the shallow water next to the dike to install there a second battery to fire upon the Dutch from the flank, as well as on any enemy boat that could approach from there. Under heavy pressure, the States' infantry withdrew from the dike of Hulst, where Cantelmo immediately deployed a vanguard of 1,000 musketeers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 10 a.m. the Dutch infantry still held the fort and two breastworks in front of it, but had been rebuffed from all the other outer defenses, including a nearby tower.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762187_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762187-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mislukte_aanval_op_fort_Kallo,_1638,_RP-P-OB-81.435A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mislukte_aanval_op_fort_Kallo%2C_1638%2C_RP-P-OB-81.435A.jpg/600px-Mislukte_aanval_op_fort_Kallo%2C_1638%2C_RP-P-OB-81.435A.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mislukte_aanval_op_fort_Kallo%2C_1638%2C_RP-P-OB-81.435A.jpg/900px-Mislukte_aanval_op_fort_Kallo%2C_1638%2C_RP-P-OB-81.435A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mislukte_aanval_op_fort_Kallo%2C_1638%2C_RP-P-OB-81.435A.jpg/1200px-Mislukte_aanval_op_fort_Kallo%2C_1638%2C_RP-P-OB-81.435A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6540" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>Engraving showing the States' troops being routed by the Spanish, 1638.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the right wing, the Count of Fuenclara, in the presence of the Count of Fontaines, dispatched his Spanish and Walloon infantry, led by sergeant-major Baltasar de Mercader, against the Dutch entrenchments and, by midday on 21 June, had succeeded in expelling the States troops from its outer works. Count William's troops still held the fort of Kallo and a <a href="/wiki/Hornwork" title="Hornwork">hornwork</a> which they had built in front of it. On the center, meanwhile, the Marquis of Lede, having sent Maestre de Campo Guasco to make a reconnaissance, dispatched a detachment of <a href="/wiki/Musketeers" class="mw-redirect" title="Musketeers">musketeers</a> across the marshes to flank the Dutch while he advanced with his German and Italian infantry along the dike of Melsele.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, they dislodged the Dutch infantry which was firing from behind the first breastwork over the dike, located 400 paces from Fuenclara's position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762187_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762187-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the second breastwork on the dike could not be taken because of depth of its <a href="/wiki/Ditch" title="Ditch">ditch</a> and the lack of tools to pour earth inside it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After twelve hours of combat, the Spanish called off their assaults to bolster the entrenchments that they had taken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both sides had suffered high casualties during the fight. Fuenclara's ranks were so depleted that the Cardinal-Infante reinforced him with 200 infantry from the citadel of Antwerp and 4 companies of cavalry, two of <a href="/wiki/Harquebusiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harquebusiers">harquebusiers</a> and two of <a href="/wiki/Cuirassiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuirassiers">cuirassiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762187-188_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762187-188-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men were given a break for the rest of the journey, while the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand ordered a second assault to be carried out the following night. In the meantime, as the bad weather prevented Frederick Henry from sending reinforcements from Bergen op Zoom and his troops were exhausted and in a hopeless situation, Count William ordered his men to prepare to re-embark. On the 21st at midnight, the Spanish forces advanced upon the remaining outer works and found them abandoned. At first, it was suspected that the Dutch troops had withdrawn into the forts of Kallo and Verrebroek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, scouts sent to make a reconnaissance reported that both positions had been abandoned. Under the cover of the darkness, the States' troops had moved in silence towards Doel and were boarding their boats to cross the canal that separated them from the island, though the low tide and contrary winds prevented them from escaping.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were soon spotted, and the Cardinal-Infante would order Cantelmo, Lede, and Fuenclara, having taken control of the abandoned forts, to dispatch their battalions and squadrons forward to attack the retreating Dutch soldiers from three sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762188_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762188-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As no units had been left at the rearguard to cover the retreat, panic spread among the States' troops, which broke their ranks aiming at boarding the boats. Count William had already snuck to Doel, and his subordinates were unable to restore the order. Hundreds of Dutch soldiers threw their weapons and surrendered, while a large number of those who attempted to escape by swimming across the canal drowned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch attempt at investing in Antwerp ended in a disaster from the west. 400 to 500 States soldiers died during the combats of June 20th, and another 2,000 during their attempt to escape, many of whom either killed on the banks or drowned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010256_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010256-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733229_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733229-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the battle, the Spanish had taken 2,370 to 3,000 prisoners, including two colonels – Ehrenreuter and Sandilands–, two lieutenant-colonels and 24 infantry captains, over 50 flags, 3 cavalry banners, 19 to 26 cannons, two <a href="/wiki/Frigates" class="mw-redirect" title="Frigates">frigates</a>, two pontoons and 81 boats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165610_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin165610-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762188_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762188-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prisoners were taken to Antwerp or, by river, to Mechelen and Lier. Just 1,500 men made their way to fort Liefkenshoek, mostly nude and with no weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010256_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010256-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733229_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733229-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Count William fell ill on his arrival from exhaustion and depression following the loss of his son, and spent several days in bed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165610_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin165610-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish army lost 284 men dead and 822 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kallo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>News about the Spanish victory arrived in Antwerp on 22 June early in the morning. Its inhabitants reacted with joy, and many of them walked to Kallo to see the scenario of the victory. They returned with relics from the battlefield, including orange garlands that were put as trophies in the city's churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdriaans-van_Schaik201121_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdriaans-van_Schaik201121-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight days later, the captured Dutch ships were sailed to Antwerp and moored at the Scheldt dock and the English quay, where a crowd of citizens watched their arrival. Many of the vessels had been built at Antwerp before being taken by the Dutch in 1631 at the <a href="/wiki/Slaak_of_Volkerak" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaak of Volkerak">Slaak</a> during a failed attempt by a Spanish amphibious force led by Count <a href="/wiki/John_VIII,_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen" title="John VIII, Count of Nassau-Siegen">John of Nassau-Siegen</a>, an elder catholic brother of William, to capture <a href="/wiki/Willemstad,_North_Brabant" title="Willemstad, North Brabant">Willemstad</a> by surprise. A <a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a> was held shortly after at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_(Antwerp)" title="Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp)">Cathedral of Our Lady</a> at Antwerp to celebrate the victory. The Cardinal-Infante assisted to it while a crowd of people waited outside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdriaans-van_Schaik201122_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdriaans-van_Schaik201122-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geldern_-_Gelre_(1649).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Geldern_-_Gelre_%281649%29.jpg/220px-Geldern_-_Gelre_%281649%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Geldern_-_Gelre_%281649%29.jpg/330px-Geldern_-_Gelre_%281649%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Geldern_-_Gelre_%281649%29.jpg/440px-Geldern_-_Gelre_%281649%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4435" /></a><figcaption>Map of the town of Geldern from the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_van_Loon" title="Atlas van Loon">Atlas van Loon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The defeat at Kallo reduced the size of the States' army under Frederick Henry to 119 foot and 54 horse companies, plus the 27 under Henry of Nassau-Siegen intended to relieve the forces which had landed at Waasland, which were at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lillo" title="Fort Lillo">Lillo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165615_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin165615-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To replace the losses, the Prince of Orange ordered 30 infantry companies from various garrisons to be gathered at <a href="/wiki/Gorkum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkum">Gorkum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733234_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733234-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the south, the French Army had left the siege of Saint-Omer on 12 July, though it remained in the area and, during August and September, besieged and took the minor towns of <a href="/wiki/Renty" title="Renty">Renty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le_Catelet" title="Le Catelet">Le Catelet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicouet202061_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicouet202061-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Dutch remained passive, the Spanish launched a surprise attack over the State's cavalry camp near <a href="/wiki/Wouw" title="Wouw">Wouw</a> on 27 July, but it was rebuffed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165615_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin165615-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the campaign season was not over, Frederick Henry considered undertaking an operation against the Spanish in the province of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Guelders" title="Upper Guelders">Upper Guelders</a>, namely over <a href="/wiki/Gennep" title="Gennep">Gennep</a> or <a href="/wiki/Geldern" title="Geldern">Geldern</a>, as a mean of threatening Venlo and Roermond.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010257_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010257-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The States' Army departed Bergen op Zoom on 11 August and moved to <a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a>, where it arrived two days later. On 14 July the prince received into the city <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a>, the exiled queen mother of France. He did not accompany her on her visit to <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> but remained at 's-Hertogenbosch to reorganize the army. On 14 August, the States' troops took the way to <a href="/wiki/Grave,_Netherlands" title="Grave, Netherlands">Grave</a>. In the meantime, Count Henry Casimir advanced over Geldern from <a href="/wiki/Rheinberg" title="Rheinberg">Rheinberg</a> ahead 50 foot and 9 cavalry companies and invested in the town. Having crossed the Meuse at Grave on 17 August, Frederick Henry and his army joined the siege on the night of 21 to 22 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165618_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin165618-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, informed about the Dutch move, left Brussels for <a href="/wiki/Scherpenheuvel" class="mw-redirect" title="Scherpenheuvel">Scherpenheuvel</a> and ordered the bulk of the Spanish forces that faced the Dutch to assemble at Venlo. Cantelmo was left with 3,000 men to defend Antwerp and the Waasland, while Ferdinand crossed the Meuse on 23 August with 12,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762207_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762207-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Ferdinand intended to relieve Geldern but the States' Army outnumbered him, he requested assistance from the Imperial troops under <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Lamboy,_Baron_of_Cortesheim" title="Guillaume de Lamboy, Baron of Cortesheim">Guillaume de Lamboy</a>, which Piccolomini had left in March to occupy the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Aachen" title="Free Imperial City of Aachen">Free Imperial City of Aachen</a>. On 25 August, Lamboy joined the Spanish army with 6,000 to 7,000 men. On their approach, Frederick Henry ordered the siege to be abandoned. The troops under Count Henry Casimir were caught between the Spanish relief force and the garrison of the town. 6 cannons and several hundred States soldiers were captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728183_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728183-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch army withdrew to Nijmegen and then camped around <a href="/wiki/Batenburg" title="Batenburg">Batenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megen" title="Megen">Megen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravenstein,_Netherlands" title="Ravenstein, Netherlands">Ravenstein</a>, while the Cardinal-Infante led his troops to the <a href="/wiki/Land_van_Cuijk" title="Land van Cuijk">Land van Cuijk</a>, opposite to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165619_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin165619-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early October, after a month of inactivity, both armies took their winter quarters. Frederick Henry went to The Hague, and Ferdinand to Brussels. A final, minor operation took place when a force of three foot regiments and 19 cavalry companies with six cannon, under the Marquis of Lede, laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Kerpen" title="Kerpen">Kerpen</a> on 18 October. This town was a <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabantian</a> <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Electorate of Cologne</a> which the Dutch had occupied a few years ago and from which they levied war contributions and obstructed the trade in the area between the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and the Meuse. The 300-man States' garrison surrendered on 20 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165620_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin165620-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of November, the delegates commissioned to negotiate the rescue of the States' soldiers captured at Kallo and Verrebroek reached an agreement at <a href="/wiki/Roosendaal" title="Roosendaal">Roosendaal</a>. The Spanish released the prisoners after the payment of a ransom consisting of two-month salaries of the captured troops, plus the amount of their manutention. The Spanish tried unsuccessfully to convince the German and Scottish troops to enter their service, but in the end, few of the prisoners rejoined the Dutch Army since many of them had died during their imprisonment because of its poor conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728184_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728184-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception">Reception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kallo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederik_Hendrik,_prins_van_Oranje_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-254.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Frederik_Hendrik%2C_prins_van_Oranje_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-254.jpeg/180px-Frederik_Hendrik%2C_prins_van_Oranje_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-254.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Frederik_Hendrik%2C_prins_van_Oranje_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-254.jpeg/270px-Frederik_Hendrik%2C_prins_van_Oranje_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-254.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Frederik_Hendrik%2C_prins_van_Oranje_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-254.jpeg/360px-Frederik_Hendrik%2C_prins_van_Oranje_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-254.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4626" data-file-height="5880" /></a><figcaption>Frederick Henry of Orange, 1632, by an unknown author.</figcaption></figure> <p>The success at Kallo was joyfully received by the Spanish court. The Cardinal-Infante wrote to his brother Philip IV that it was "the greatest victory which your Majesty's arms have achieved since the war in the Low Countries began".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael199783_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael199783-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferdinand believed that his position was stronger enough after his victories near Antwerp at Geldern to negotiate a truce with the Dutch Republic to detach it from France, and instructed <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Bergaigne" title="Joseph de Bergaigne">Joseph de Bergaigne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch">bishop of 's-Hertogenbosch</a>, to make the first moves. Olivares was satisfied since a truce would favour the chance of reaching a separate peace with the Dutch, and that would damage France's position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsteban_Estríngana2021198_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsteban_Estríngana2021198-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Tesauro" title="Emanuele Tesauro">Emanuele Tesauro</a> a poet and historian in service of the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis,_Prince_of_Carignano" title="Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano">Prince of Carignano</a> –second in command of the Army of Flanders–, wrote that 'the enterprise of Kallo had a great merit. The memory of Doel deprived the Dutch from the principal instruments which had led their enterprises to success, which were their reputation and the confidence they had on their courage'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETesauro1674102_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETesauro1674102-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the military point of view, the disaster of William of Nassau-Siegen's force showed that the Republic could not besiege Antwerp until it gained a firm footing in Flanders. This would lead Frederick Henry to unsuccessfully focus, over the 1639 and 1640 campaigns, on the capture of Hulst.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010259-263_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010259-263-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The States' Army defeat at Kallo was reported by Amsterdam newspapers like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Broer_Jansz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Broer Jansz (page does not exist)">Broer Jansz</a>'s <i>Tijdinghe uyt verscheyde</i> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_van_Hilten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan van Hilten (page does not exist)">Jan van Hilten</a>'s <i>Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c.</i> At first, Jansz gave little information about the circumstances of the setback, but, as Van Hilten, he later provided a more detailed description of the State's Army attempt to escape across the mud.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorst200986-89_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorst200986-89-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to Frederick Henry, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_van_Aerssen,_Lord_of_Sommelsdijk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornelis van Aerssen, Lord of Sommelsdijk (page does not exist)">Lord of Sommelsdijk</a>, colonel of infantry and governor of Nijmegen, considered the defeat to 'affect more to your glory than to the interest and security of the State'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroen_van_Prinsterer1859122_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroen_van_Prinsterer1859122-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public opinion was already critical of the army's command, which had spent the early months of the year feasting and attending at theatre plays at The Hague. <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>, in particular, juxtaposed the lavish overspending of Orange's court with the suffering of the local farmers, caused by widespread floods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatritzky2020136_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatritzky2020136-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diplomat <a href="/wiki/William_Boreel" class="mw-redirect" title="William Boreel">William Boreel</a>, poet <a href="/wiki/Constantijn_Huygens" title="Constantijn Huygens">Constantijn Huygens</a>, secretary to the Prince of Orange, and official <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_van_Reigersberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolaas van Reigersberg (page does not exist)">Nicolaas van Reigersberg</a>, Grotius' brother-in-law, criticized the holding of a mock tournament where Henry d'Authon, Baron de Pontesière, a French captain in Dutch service disguised as a coward Spanish captain named Dom Ferrand Matamorbe of Seville, won two valuable prizes, which led <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Burgrave_of_Dohna" title="Frederick, Burgrave of Dohna">Friedrich zu Dohna</a>, a young German officer in Dutch service, to predict defeat in several key battles against the Spanish. In the aftermath of the 1638 campaign and the years following, Dutch soldiers, poets, and historians linked the figure of Dom Ferrand with the defeat at Kallo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatritzky2020136_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatritzky2020136-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kallo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacra_conversazione_met_Ferdinand_van_Oostenrijk_en_de_slag_bij_Kallo,_RP-P-1938-896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sacra_conversazione_met_Ferdinand_van_Oostenrijk_en_de_slag_bij_Kallo%2C_RP-P-1938-896.jpg/190px-Sacra_conversazione_met_Ferdinand_van_Oostenrijk_en_de_slag_bij_Kallo%2C_RP-P-1938-896.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sacra_conversazione_met_Ferdinand_van_Oostenrijk_en_de_slag_bij_Kallo%2C_RP-P-1938-896.jpg/285px-Sacra_conversazione_met_Ferdinand_van_Oostenrijk_en_de_slag_bij_Kallo%2C_RP-P-1938-896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sacra_conversazione_met_Ferdinand_van_Oostenrijk_en_de_slag_bij_Kallo%2C_RP-P-1938-896.jpg/380px-Sacra_conversazione_met_Ferdinand_van_Oostenrijk_en_de_slag_bij_Kallo%2C_RP-P-1938-896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3414" data-file-height="5216" /></a><figcaption>Holy conversation with Ferdinand of Austria and the battle of Kallo.</figcaption></figure> <p>The battle of Kallo had a great repercussion in the Spanish Netherlands. Popular pamphlets attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Poirters" title="Adriaan Poirters">Adriaan Poirters</a> and to the journalist and humorist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Verstegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Verstegan">Richard Verstegan</a>, entitled <i>Den Hollantschen Cael-af van Callo</i> and <i>Den ghe-failleerden Facit</i>, which gave humorous accounts of the battle and mocked the Dutch, were distributed shortly after.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorst200977_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorst200977-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle is central as well in the treatise <i>De Hierarchia Mariana</i> by the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Augustine" title="Order of Saint Augustine">Augustinian</a> friar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartolom%C3%A9_de_los_R%C3%ADos_y_Alarc%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartolomé de los Ríos y Alarcón (page does not exist)">Bartolomé de los Ríos y Alarcón</a>, who worked as a priest at the Brussels court from 1624 to 1641 and dedicated his work to the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand. De los Ríos, who argued about the superiority of <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Mary</a> over all creatures, attributed the Spanish victory at Kallo to the Virgin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBüttner2021423_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBüttner2021423-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty is accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> poems by different authors; one of them, <i>Caloa</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_van_den_Enden" title="Franciscus van den Enden">Franciscus van den Enden</a>, describes the battle of Kallo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMertens20092_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMertens20092-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The representation of the battle in the plastic arts was also influenced by the religious lecture of the event by De los Ríos. An engraving by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Galle_the_Younger" title="Cornelis Galle the Younger">Cornelis Galle</a> shows the Cardinal-Infante kneeling at the feet of Mary with the burning battlefield in distance. Apparently, the Dutch Protestant troops had committed acts of blasphemy after occupying Kallo by smashing images of the patron saints Peter and Paul, and by burning a statuette of the Holy Virgin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMertens20092_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMertens20092-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the battle, De los Ríos founded a Brotherhood of the Slaves of Our Lady of Victory at Kallo and commissioned a polychrome statue of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of the Victory">Our Lady of the Victory</a> to adorn its chapel. Many illustrious figures became members of the brotherhood, including the Cardinal-Infante, <a href="/wiki/Anthonius_Triest" title="Anthonius Triest">Anthonius Triest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ghent" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ghent">bishop of Ghent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Nemius" title="Gaspard Nemius">Gaspard Nemius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Antwerp" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Antwerp">bishop of Antwerp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaudies201683_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaudies201683-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Triumphal_Car_of_Kallo_-_WGA20447.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Triumphal_Car_of_Kallo_-_WGA20447.jpg/190px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Triumphal_Car_of_Kallo_-_WGA20447.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Triumphal_Car_of_Kallo_-_WGA20447.jpg/285px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Triumphal_Car_of_Kallo_-_WGA20447.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Triumphal_Car_of_Kallo_-_WGA20447.jpg/380px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Triumphal_Car_of_Kallo_-_WGA20447.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4634" data-file-height="6707" /></a><figcaption>The Triumphal chariot of Kallo, by Peter Paul Rubens.</figcaption></figure> <p>At Madrid, Olivares commissioned <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Palafox_y_Mendoza" title="Juan de Palafox y Mendoza">Juan de Palafox y Mendoza</a>, chaplain to the empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Spain" title="Maria Anna of Spain">Maria Anna of Austria</a>, to write a chronicle of the Spanish military successes of 1638, among them the battle of Kallo, the reliefs of Geldern and Saint-Omer, and the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Breme" title="Breme">Breme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vercelli" title="Vercelli">Vercelli</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a>, though the most celebrated victory in Spain was that of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fuenterrab%C3%ADa_(1638)" title="Siege of Fuenterrabía (1638)">Hondarribia</a>, in the northern Spain, over the French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Noci2004100_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Noci2004100-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Count-Duke also entrusted <a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Malvezzi" title="Virgilio Malvezzi">Virgilio Malvezzi</a> to write his own version of the year's successes, which was published under the title <i>La libra</i> and that was openly intended at glorifying the Spanish Monarchy. There, the Bolognese historian stated that 'the year thirty-eight was the most glorious of this Monarchy [under Philip IV] because it started as the most dangerous', and attributed the Spanish victories to the divine design.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Noci2004100_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Noci2004100-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian general Andrea Cantelmo, who had played a key role in the Spanish triumph, commissioned the battle painter <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Snayers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Snayers">Pieter Snayers</a>, already in service of the Spanish Crown, to paint a large canvas depicting the battle, which is shown from the perspective of the force under Cantelmo, with the Spanish troops attacking the fort of Verrebroek in the foreground, and the fleeing Dutch soldiers and the fort of Kallo in the background.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelchtermans201821-22_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelchtermans201821-22-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle is referenced in a <a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">genre painting</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Jordaens" title="Jacob Jordaens">Jacob Jordaens</a>, <i>As the Old Sing, So the Young Pipe</i>, which shows a <a href="/wiki/Merry_company" title="Merry company">merry company</a> making music together. The song that they are singing, as seen in a music sheet, is entitled <i>Een nieuw liedeken van Calloo</i>. It celebrates the victory of the Cardinal-Infante and was widely distributed on broadsheets after the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaudies201680_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaudies201680-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Antwerp town council commissioned <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> not to paint a canvas, but to design a triumphal chariot about the victory of Kallo that was displayed a few months later at the city's <a href="/wiki/Ommegang" title="Ommegang">Ommegang</a>. Rubens, who had already designed the decorations for the entrance of the Cardinal-Infante to the city in 1635, was paid in wine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdriaans-van_Schaik201122-23_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdriaans-van_Schaik201122-23-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chariot was meant to resemble a ship with its mast having been replaced by an accumulation of trophies, and which hosts a series of allegorical figures whose meaning was described by <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Gevartius" title="Gaspar Gevartius">Gaspar Gevartius</a> in the book <i>Pompa Introitus Ferdinandi</i> (1641). The ship is a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Felicitas" title="Felicitas">Felicitas</a>, while the figures on board personify <a href="/wiki/Providentia" title="Providentia">Providentia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtus" title="Virtus">Virtus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a>, plus Antverpia (the city of Antwerp) and Audomarum (Saint-Omer). Two <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victorias</a> hold <a href="/wiki/Civic_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic crown">civic crowns</a> symbolizing the victory of Kallo and the raising of the siege of Saint-Omer. The remaining figures are chained Dutch and French prisoners. The trophies include suits of armour, shields, weapons and flags, accompanied by scrolls inscribed with the quotes <i>De Gallis Capta Fugata</i> ('captured from the French who were put on flight') and <i>Caesis Detracta Batavis</i> ('taken from the Dutch that have been defeated').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdriaans-van_Schaik20117-11_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdriaans-van_Schaik20117-11-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kallo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009661-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009661_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2009">Wilson 2009</a>, p. 661.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010258-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010258_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNimwegen2010">Nimwegen 2010</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenavides_López-Escobar2021258-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenavides_López-Escobar2021258_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenavides_López-Escobar2021">Benavides López-Escobar 2021</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicouet202060_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicouet2020">Picouet 2020</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733229-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733229_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733229_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733229_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeausobre1733">Beausobre 1733</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin165610-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165610_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165610_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165610_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165610_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165610_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165610_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCommelin1656">Commelin 1656</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762188-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762188_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762188_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762188_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalafox_y_Mendoza1762">Palafox y Mendoza 1762</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Mariana183969-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Mariana183969_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Mariana1839">De Mariana 1839</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_de_León2009235-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_de_León2009235_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález_de_León2009">González de León 2009</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaudies201680-83-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaudies201680-83_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchaudies2016">Schaudies 2016</a>, p. 80-83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010251-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010251_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNimwegen2010">Nimwegen 2010</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael199776-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael199776_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsrael1997">Israel 1997</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010252-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010252_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNimwegen2010">Nimwegen 2010</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006148-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006148_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006148_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVermeir2006">Vermeir 2006</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael199781-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael199781_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael199781_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsrael1997">Israel 1997</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006151-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006151_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVermeir2006">Vermeir 2006</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010255-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010255_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010255_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010255_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNimwegen2010">Nimwegen 2010</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael199782-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael199782_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael199782_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsrael1997">Israel 1997</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006155-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006155_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006155_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermeir2006155_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVermeir2006">Vermeir 2006</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsteban_Estríngana2021190-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsteban_Estríngana2021190_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsteban_Estríngana2021">Esteban Estríngana 2021</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin16568-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin16568_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCommelin1656">Commelin 1656</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin16569-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin16569_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin16569_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin16569_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCommelin1656">Commelin 1656</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733223-224-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733223-224_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeausobre1733">Beausobre 1733</a>, p. 223-224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733225-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733225_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeausobre1733">Beausobre 1733</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733223-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733223_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeausobre1733">Beausobre 1733</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733224-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733224_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733224_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeausobre1733">Beausobre 1733</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733224-255-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733224-255_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeausobre1733">Beausobre 1733</a>, p. 224-255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762129-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762129_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalafox_y_Mendoza1762">Palafox y Mendoza 1762</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762130-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762130_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalafox_y_Mendoza1762">Palafox y Mendoza 1762</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762131-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762131_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalafox_y_Mendoza1762">Palafox y Mendoza 1762</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733227-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733227_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733227_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeausobre1733">Beausobre 1733</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762186-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762186_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762186_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762186_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalafox_y_Mendoza1762">Palafox y Mendoza 1762</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010256-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010256_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010256_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010256_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNimwegen2010">Nimwegen 2010</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733228-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733228_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeausobre1733">Beausobre 1733</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728180_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Clerc1728">Le Clerc 1728</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762187-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762187_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762187_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalafox_y_Mendoza1762">Palafox y Mendoza 1762</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762187-188-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762187-188_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalafox_y_Mendoza1762">Palafox y Mendoza 1762</a>, p. 187-188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdriaans-van_Schaik201121-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdriaans-van_Schaik201121_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdriaans-van_Schaik2011">Adriaans-van Schaik 2011</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdriaans-van_Schaik201122-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdriaans-van_Schaik201122_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdriaans-van_Schaik2011">Adriaans-van Schaik 2011</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin165615-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165615_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165615_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCommelin1656">Commelin 1656</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733234-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeausobre1733234_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeausobre1733">Beausobre 1733</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicouet202061-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicouet202061_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicouet2020">Picouet 2020</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010257-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010257_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNimwegen2010">Nimwegen 2010</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin165618-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165618_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCommelin1656">Commelin 1656</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762207-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalafox_y_Mendoza1762207_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalafox_y_Mendoza1762">Palafox y Mendoza 1762</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728183-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728183_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Clerc1728">Le Clerc 1728</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin165619-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165619_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCommelin1656">Commelin 1656</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommelin165620-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommelin165620_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCommelin1656">Commelin 1656</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728184-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Clerc1728184_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Clerc1728">Le Clerc 1728</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael199783-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael199783_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsrael1997">Israel 1997</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsteban_Estríngana2021198-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsteban_Estríngana2021198_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsteban_Estríngana2021">Esteban Estríngana 2021</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETesauro1674102-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETesauro1674102_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTesauro1674">Tesauro 1674</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010259-263-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimwegen2010259-263_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNimwegen2010">Nimwegen 2010</a>, p. 259-263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorst200986-89-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorst200986-89_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorst2009">Borst 2009</a>, p. 86-89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroen_van_Prinsterer1859122-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroen_van_Prinsterer1859122_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroen_van_Prinsterer1859">Groen van Prinsterer 1859</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatritzky2020136-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatritzky2020136_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatritzky2020136_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatritzky2020">Katritzky 2020</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorst200977-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorst200977_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorst2009">Borst 2009</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBüttner2021423-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBüttner2021423_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBüttner2021">Büttner 2021</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMertens20092-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMertens20092_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMertens20092_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMertens2009">Mertens 2009</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaudies201683-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaudies201683_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchaudies2016">Schaudies 2016</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Noci2004100-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Noci2004100_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Noci2004100_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDíaz_Noci2004">Díaz Noci 2004</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelchtermans201821-22-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelchtermans201821-22_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelchtermans2018">Kelchtermans 2018</a>, p. 21-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaudies201680-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaudies201680_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchaudies2016">Schaudies 2016</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdriaans-van_Schaik201122-23-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdriaans-van_Schaik201122-23_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdriaans-van_Schaik2011">Adriaans-van Schaik 2011</a>, p. 22-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdriaans-van_Schaik20117-11-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdriaans-van_Schaik20117-11_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdriaans-van_Schaik2011">Adriaans-van Schaik 2011</a>, p. 7-11.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kallo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdriaans-van_Schaik2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Adriaans-van Schaik, Ank (2011). <i>Rubens"s Triumphal Chariot of Kallo. Ancient triumph and Antwerp festive tradition</i> (PhD). Utrecht University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Rubens%22s+Triumphal+Chariot+of+Kallo.+Ancient+triumph+and+Antwerp+festive+tradition&rft.inst=Utrecht+University&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Adriaans-van+Schaik&rft.aufirst=Ank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeausobre1733" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beausobre, Isaac de (1733). <i>Mémoires de Frederic Henri de Nassau Prince d'Orange</i> (in French). Pierre Humbert.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+Frederic+Henri+de+Nassau+Prince+d%27Orange&rft.pub=Pierre+Humbert&rft.date=1733&rft.aulast=Beausobre&rft.aufirst=Isaac+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorst2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borst, Henk (2009). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Broer Jansz in Antwerpse ogen. De Amsterdamse courantier na de slag bij Kallo in 1638 neergezet als propagandist". <i>De Zeventiende Eeuw 25</i> (in Dutch) (1): 73–89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Zeventiende+Eeuw+25&rft.atitle=%27Broer+Jansz+in+Antwerpse+ogen.+De+Amsterdamse+courantier+na+de+slag+bij+Kallo+in+1638+neergezet+als+propagandist&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-89&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Borst&rft.aufirst=Henk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBüttner2021" class="citation book cs1">Büttner, Nils (2021). "Rubens's Legacy in Book Design". In Bertram, Gitta; Büttner, Nils; Zittel, Claus (eds.). <i>Gateways to the Book: Frontispieces and Title Pages in Early Modern Europe</i>. Brill. pp. 422–448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004464520" title="Special:BookSources/9789004464520"><bdi>9789004464520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rubens%27s+Legacy+in+Book+Design&rft.btitle=Gateways+to+the+Book%3A+Frontispieces+and+Title+Pages+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=422-448&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789004464520&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCttner&rft.aufirst=Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommelin1656" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Commelin, Isaac (1656). <i>Histoire de la vie et actes memorables de Frederic Henry de Nassau, prince d'Orange</i> (in French). 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"Fuentes históricas coetáneas de la liberación de Hondarribia: La construcción de un acontecimiento en la España de Olivares". <i>Cuadernos de Medios de Comunicación</i> (in Spanish) (10): 77–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuadernos+de+Medios+de+Comunicaci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Fuentes+hist%C3%B3ricas+coet%C3%A1neas+de+la+liberaci%C3%B3n+de+Hondarribia%3A+La+construcci%C3%B3n+de+un+acontecimiento+en+la+Espa%C3%B1a+de+Olivares&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=77-107&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADaz+Noci&rft.aufirst=Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsteban_Estríngana2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Esteban Estríngana, Alicia (2021). "Olivares y el Cardenal Infante en el gobierno de Flandes. 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CEEH-Marcial Pons. pp. 131–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-472-1746-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-472-1746-5"><bdi>978-84-472-1746-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Olivares+y+el+Cardenal+Infante+en+el+gobierno+de+Flandes.+El+desaf%C3%ADo+franco-holand%C3%A9s+a+la+conservaci%C3%B3n+de+las+provincias+entre+1635+y+1641&rft.btitle=Memoriales+y+Cartas+del+Conde+Duque+de+Olivares&rft.pages=131-241&rft.pub=CEEH-Marcial+Pons&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-84-472-1746-5&rft.aulast=Esteban+Estr%C3%ADngana&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_de_León2009" class="citation book cs1">González de León, Fernando (2009). <i>The Road to Rocroi: Class, Culture and Command in the Spanish Army of Flanders, 1567-1659</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004170827" title="Special:BookSources/9789004170827"><bdi>9789004170827</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Rocroi%3A+Class%2C+Culture+and+Command+in+the+Spanish+Army+of+Flanders%2C+1567-1659&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789004170827&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+de+Le%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroen_van_Prinsterer1859" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Groen van Prinsterer, Guillaume (1859). <i>Archives Ou Correspondance Inédite De La Maison D'Orange-Nassau</i> (in French). Vol. III, 1625–1642. 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Hambledon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826435538" title="Special:BookSources/9780826435538"><bdi>9780826435538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflicts+of+empires%3A+Spain%2C+the+low+countries+and+the+struggle+for+world+supremacy%2C+1585%E2%80%931713&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780826435538&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Irvine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatritzky2020" class="citation book cs1">Katritzky, M. A. (2020). "London and The Hague, 1638: Performing quacks at court". In Katritzky, M. A.; Drábek, Pavel (eds.). <i>Transnational Connections in Early Modern Theatre</i>. Manchester University Press. pp. 114–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-3917-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-3917-7"><bdi>978-1-5261-3917-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=London+and+The+Hague%2C+1638%3A+Performing+quacks+at+court&rft.btitle=Transnational+Connections+in+Early+Modern+Theatre&rft.pages=114-138&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-3917-7&rft.aulast=Katritzky&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelchtermans2018" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kelchtermans, Leen (2018). <i>Geschilderde gevechten, gekleurde verslagen. Een contextuele analyse van Peter Snayers' (1592-1667) topografische strijdtaferelen voor de Habsburgse elite tussen herinnering en verheerlijking</i> (PhD) (in Dutch). KU Leuven University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Geschilderde+gevechten%2C+gekleurde+verslagen.+Een+contextuele+analyse+van+Peter+Snayers%27+%281592-1667%29+topografische+strijdtaferelen+voor+de+Habsburgse+elite+tussen+herinnering+en+verheerlijking.&rft.inst=KU+Leuven+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Kelchtermans&rft.aufirst=Leen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Clerc1728" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Le Clerc, Jean (1728). <i>Histoire des Provinces Unies des Pays-Bas</i> (in French). Vol. II. Z. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franciscus+van+den+Enden+works.+Neo-Latin+poems+%281637+%26+1641%29&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Mertens&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.telenet.be%2Ffvde%2Findex.htm%3FWorks2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalafox_y_Mendoza1762" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Palafox y Mendoza, Juan de (1762). "Sitio y socorro de Fuenterrabía y sucesos del año de treinta y ocho". <i>Obras del ilustrissimo Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza</i> (in Spanish). Vol. X. Gabriel Ramírez. pp. 92–272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sitio+y+socorro+de+Fuenterrab%C3%ADa+y+sucesos+del+a%C3%B1o+de+treinta+y+ocho&rft.btitle=Obras+del+ilustrissimo+Don+Juan+de+Palafox+y+Mendoza&rft.pages=92-272&rft.pub=Gabriel+Ram%C3%ADrez&rft.date=1762&rft.aulast=Palafox+y+Mendoza&rft.aufirst=Juan+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicouet2020" class="citation book cs1">Picouet, Pierre A. (2020). <i>The Armies of Philip IV of Spain 1621–1665. The Fight for European Supremacy</i>. Helion & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781911628613" title="Special:BookSources/9781911628613"><bdi>9781911628613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armies+of+Philip+IV+of+Spain+1621%E2%80%931665.+The+Fight+for+European+Supremacy&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781911628613&rft.aulast=Picouet&rft.aufirst=Pierre+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaudies2016" class="citation book cs1">Schaudies, Irene (2016). "Jacques Jordaens's <i>Twelfth Night</i> Politics". In DiFuria, A. J. (ed.). <i>Genre Imagery in Early Modern Northern Europe: New Perspectives</i>. Routledge. pp. 67–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351565783" title="Special:BookSources/9781351565783"><bdi>9781351565783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jacques+Jordaens%27s+Twelfth+Night+Politics&rft.btitle=Genre+Imagery+in+Early+Modern+Northern+Europe%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=67-96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781351565783&rft.aulast=Schaudies&rft.aufirst=Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesauro1674" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tesauro, Emanuele (1674). <i>Campeggiamenti del serenissimo Principe Tomaso di Sauoia</i> (in Italian). Bartolomeo Zapatta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campeggiamenti+del+serenissimo+Principe+Tomaso+di+Sauoia&rft.pub=Bartolomeo+Zapatta&rft.date=1674&rft.aulast=Tesauro&rft.aufirst=Emanuele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNimwegen2010" class="citation book cs1">Nimwegen, Olaf van (2010). <i>The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588-1688</i>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843835752" title="Special:BookSources/9781843835752"><bdi>9781843835752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Army+and+the+Military+Revolutions%2C+1588-1688&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781843835752&rft.aulast=Nimwegen&rft.aufirst=Olaf+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeir2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vermeir, René (2006). <i>En estado de guerra: Felipe IV y Flandes, 1629-1648</i> (in Spanish). Universidad de Córdoba. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788400084516" title="Special:BookSources/9788400084516"><bdi>9788400084516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=En+estado+de+guerra%3A+Felipe+IV+y+Flandes%2C+1629-1648&rft.pub=Universidad+de+C%C3%B3rdoba&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788400084516&rft.aulast=Vermeir&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter (2009). <i>Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War</i>. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0713995923" title="Special:BookSources/978-0713995923"><bdi>978-0713995923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Tragedy%3A+A+History+of+the+Thirty+Years+War&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0713995923&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Mariana1839" class="citation book cs1">De Mariana, Juan (1839). <i>Historia general de España, Vol. 9</i>. Madrid: Impr. de Francisco Oliva.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+general+de+Espa%C3%B1a%2C+Vol.+9&rft.pub=Madrid%3A+Impr.+de+Francisco+Oliva.&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=De+Mariana&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenavides_López-Escobar2021" class="citation book cs1">Benavides López-Escobar, José Ignacio (2021). <i>El Cardenal Infante (La esperanza frustrada de la monarquía hispánica, 1609-1641)</i>. La Esfera de los Libros. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8491648659" title="Special:BookSources/978-8491648659"><bdi>978-8491648659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Cardenal+Infante+%28La+esperanza+frustrada+de+la+monarqu%C3%ADa+hisp%C3%A1nica%2C+1609-1641%29&rft.pub=La+Esfera+de+los+Libros&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-8491648659&rft.aulast=Benavides+L%C3%B3pez-Escobar&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kallo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Kallo&params=51_17_40_N_04_17_8_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°17′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">04°17′8″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.29444°N 4.28556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.29444; 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