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style="border-color:var(--article-border);background-color:var(--article-inner-background);" class="dcr-wqti5a"><div class="dcr-2zxs1v"><aside style="--grid-area:matchNav;" data-gu-name="matchNav" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"></div></aside><aside style="--grid-area:matchtabs;" data-gu-name="matchtabs" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"></div></aside><div style="--grid-area:media;" data-gu-name="media" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-hlfdy3"></div></div></div><aside style="--grid-area:title;" data-gu-name="title" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-10355cg"><div class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-4pzc03"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/info/series/guardian-and-observer-style-guide" data-component="series" data-link-name="article series" class="dcr-u0pbjs">The Guardian and Observer style guide</a><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/info/info" data-component="section" data-link-name="article section" class="dcr-1v9e6r1">Information</a></div></div></div></aside><div style="--grid-area:border;" data-gu-name="border" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-upmzd8"></div></div><div style="--grid-area:headline;" data-gu-name="headline" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-cohhs3"><h1 class="dcr-u0152o">Guardian and Observer style guide: S</h1></div></div></div><div style="--grid-area:standfirst;" data-gu-name="standfirst" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class=" dcr-4gwv1z">‘Homosexuality? What barbarity! It’s half Greek and half Latin!’ Tom Stoppard</div></div><aside style="--grid-area:meta;" data-gu-name="meta" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-ich95x"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" height="13" viewBox="0 0 1300 13" preserveAspectRatio="none" stroke="var(--article-border)" stroke-width="1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="dcr-194w08h"><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="0.5" y2="0.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="4.5" y2="4.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="8.5" y2="8.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="12.5" y2="12.5"></line></svg></div></div><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class=" dcr-1v9sla6"><div class="dcr-5oiine"><div class="dcr-1kpcv08"><div><address aria-label="Contributor info" data-component="meta-byline" data-link-name="byline"><div class=" dcr-1cfpnlw"></div></address><div style="--mobile-color:inherit;" class="dcr-1pexjb9">Tue 4 May 2021 10.20 BST</div></div></div><div data-print-layout="hide" class="dcr-9dgpdq"><div class=" dcr-16lnb0w"><gu-island name="ShareButton" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"pageId":"guardian-observer-style-guide-s","webTitle":"Guardian and Observer style guide: S","format":{"design":0,"display":0,"theme":0},"context":"ArticleMeta"}"><a href="mailto:?subject=Guardian and Observer style guide: S&body=https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-s?CMP=share_btn_url" type="button" class="dcr-bao4ku">Share<div class="src-button-space"></div><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19 16c1.675 0 3 1.35 3 3 0 1.675-1.325 3-3 3a2.97 2.97 0 0 1-2.975-3c0-.125 0-.275.025-.375L7.1 14.15a2.9 2.9 0 0 1-2.075.825C3.325 14.975 2 13.65 2 12a3.004 3.004 0 0 1 3.025-3.025c.775 0 1.5.35 2.075.875l8.95-4.475c-.025-.1-.025-.225-.025-.4A2.966 2.966 0 0 1 19 2c1.675 0 3 1.325 3 2.975C22 6.65 20.675 8 19 8c-.8 0-1.475-.325-2.05-.825l-8.975 4.45C8 11.7 8 11.825 8 12s0 .3-.025.375l8.975 4.45c.575-.5 1.25-.825 2.05-.825m0-12.8c-.975 0-1.8.775-1.8 1.775S18.025 6.8 19 6.8c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.825S20 3.2 19 3.2m0 17.6c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.8 0-1-.825-1.8-1.825-1.8-.975 0-1.8.8-1.8 1.8 0 .975.825 1.8 1.8 1.8"></path></svg></a></gu-island></div><div class=" dcr-1csot3r"><div class="dcr-14baf59"><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></aside><div style="--grid-area:body;" data-gu-name="body" class="dcr-hzam7a"><div class="dcr-1a4fred"><div id="maincontent" class="dcr-1bwys2b"><div class="article-body-commercial-selector article-body-viewer-selector dcr-11jq3zt"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-a" data-link-name="in body link">A</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-b" data-link-name="in body link">B</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-c" data-link-name="in body link">C</a> <a 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href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-m" data-link-name="in body link">M</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-n" data-link-name="in body link">N</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-o" data-link-name="in body link">O</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-p" data-link-name="in body link">P</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-q" data-link-name="in body link">Q</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-r" data-link-name="in body link">R</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-s" data-link-name="in body link">S</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-t" data-link-name="in body link">T</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-u" data-link-name="in body link">U</a> <a 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in fullscreen</button></a></div><figcaption data-spacefinder-role="inline" class="dcr-1tx6u99"><svg width="18" height="13" viewBox="0 0 18 13"><path d="M18 3.5v8l-1.5 1.5h-15l-1.5-1.5v-8l1.5-1.5h3.5l2-2h4l2 2h3.5l1.5 1.5zm-9 7.5c1.9 0 3.5-1.6 3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5-3.5 1.6-3.5 3.5 1.6 3.5 3.5 3.5z"></path></svg> Illustration: Jakob Hinrichs</figcaption></figure><div id="sign-in-gate"><gu-island name="SignInGateSelector" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"contentType":"Article","sectionId":"info","tags":[{"id":"info/series/guardian-and-observer-style-guide","type":"Series","title":"The Guardian and Observer style 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brothers Maurice (now Lord Saatchi) and Charles (the one with the gallery) founded M&C Saatchi in 1994 after leaving Saatchi & Saatchi, the advertising agency best known for the slogan “Labour isn’t working” in the 1979 general election campaignsaccharin noun; saccharine adjectivesacrilegious not sacreligioussacré bleu No one in France says this any more, and its use by British journalists can come across as flippant or insulting to the French. If you really must use it, this is how it is written, in EnglishSad seasonal affective disorderSaddam Hussein Saddam on second mentionSadler’s WellsSafewaySahara no need to add “desert”Sahrawi people of the western Sahara; the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) claims sovereignty over the former Spanish colony of Western Sahara, but controls only about a quarter, the rest being controlled by Moroccosaid normally preferable to added, commented, declared, pointed out, ejaculated, etc; you can avoid too many “saids”, whether quoting someone or in reported speech, quite easily. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-r#reported" data-link-name="in body link">See reported speech</a>Sainsbury’s for the stores; the company’s name is J Sainsbury plcSaint in running text should be spelt in full: Saint John, Saint Paul. For names of towns, churches, etc, abbreviate St (no point) eg St Mirren, St Stephen’s church. In French placenames a hyphen is needed, eg St-Nazaire, Ste-Suzanne, Stes-Maries-de-la-MerSt Andrews no apostrophe for town, university or “the home of golf” St Antony’s College, Oxford no H St Catharine’s College, CambridgeSt Catherine’s College, OxfordSt James Park home of Exeter CitySt James’ Park home of Newcastle UnitedSt James’s Park royal park in LondonSaint John New Brunswick; St John’s NewfoundlandSt John Ambulance not St John’s and no longer “Brigade”St Katharine Docks LondonSt Martin-in-the-Fields church in Trafalgar Square, LondonSt Paul’s CathedralSt Petersburg Russian city founded by Peter the Great in 1703. It was known as Petrograd from 1914 to 1924, and Leningrad from 1924 to 1991Saint-Saëns, Camille (1835-1921) French composerSt Thomas’ hospital in London; not St Thomas’sSt Vincent and the Grenadines often referred to simply as St Vincent, which is the main island, but make it clear if you are referring only to the lattersake Japanese rice wineSaki pen name of the British writer HH Munro (1870-1916), known mainly for his short storiesSalah al-Din road the main road from north to south in the Gaza Stripsale In the UK, “on sale” simply refers to something you can buy: “Widgets on sale here”; if a store is selling items at a reduced price, for example after Christmas, you might say you bought your “sale-price” widgets “in the sale” or “in the New Year sales”. In the US, the equivalent of “in the sale” is “on sale”: “These widgets were a real bargain – they were on sale!”saleableSalvadorian noun and adjective, for people and things from El SalvadorSalvation Army not the Sally Armysalvo plural salvoesSamaritans the organisation has dropped “the” from its namesambucasame-sex marriage or equal marriage rights rather than “gay marriage”Sami Indigenous group inhabiting northern parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia’s Murmansk oblast. Do not refer to them as Lapps. Their homeland is called Sápmi (see entry on Lappland)Samoa formerly known as Western Samoa; do not confuse with American SamoaSana’a capital of Yemensanatorium (not sanitarium or sanitorium) plural sanatoriumssanction To sanction (verb) something is to approve it; to impose sanctions (noun) is to stop something you disapprove of. So politicians might sanction (permit) the use of sanctions (forbidding) trade with a country they don’t, for the moment, happen to like very much.OED definitions of the noun “sanction” involve penalties or coercion, typically to enforce a law or treaty. So you find “sanction-breaker” (quoted from the Guardian in connection with sanctions against Rhodesia in 1968). Rather chillingly, a draft 1993 addition to the dictionary includes a new definition: “sanction: in military intelligence, the permission to kill a particular individual”.Definitions of “sanction” as a verb include ratify, confirm, permit, authorise and encourage. Hence expressions such as “sanctioned by common sense” and “sanctioned by usage”.The Department for Work and Pensions, confusingly, says it “sanctions” people to mean it imposes sanctions on or penalises them. We should not use it in this senseSane mental illness charitySanremo (one word) town in Liguria, north-west Italy; it hosts an annual music festival that inspired the Eurovision song contestSan SebastiánSan Serriffe island nation <a href="http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Guardian/documents/2012/03/23/SanSerriffe1.pdf" data-link-name="in body link">profiled in the Guardian</a> on 1 April 1977sans serif typefaceSan Siro stadium MilanSão Paulo Brazilian city, not Sao PaoloSarkozy, Nicolas note that the French name is Nicolas, not NicholasSars severe acute respiratory syndromeSAS Special Air Service, but not normally necessary to spell it out; its naval equivalent is the SBSSatan but satanist, satanismsatnavSats the old name for the primary school tests that are now in England officially called national curriculum assessments. Sats is still widely used as an informal name, though, and we can do soSATs scholastic aptitude tests (in the US, where they are pronounced as individual letters)Saumarez Smith, Charles historian; former secretary and chief executive of the Royal Society of Artssaute, sauteing, sauteedSavile, JimmySavile Club, Savile Row in LondonSaville theatre in London, once owned by the Beatles’ manager Brian Epstein and used for concerts in the 60s (Jimi Hendrix played there), is now the Odeon Covent Garden cinemaSay’s law “supply creates its own demand” (also known as the law of markets)Scalextric often erroneously called “Scalectrix”Scandinavia Denmark, Norway and Sweden; with the addition of Finland and Iceland, they constitute the Nordic countriesschadenfreudescherzo plural scherzosschizophrenia, schizophrenic should be used only in a medical context, never to mean in two minds, contradictory, or erratic, which is wrong, as well as offensive to people diagnosed with this illness; schizophrenic is an adjective, not a noun. See also mental healthSchoenberg, Arnold (1874-1951) Austrian-born composerschoolboy, schoolchildren, schoolgirl, schoolroom, schoolteacherschools if in full, like this: Alfred Salter primary school, Rotherhithe; King’s school, Macclesfield; Eton college; Outwood academy etc; often the generic part will not be necessary, so: Alfred Salter primary; King’s, Macclesfield; Eton, Outwood etcschool years year 2, year 10, key stage 1, etcSchröder, Gerhard former German chancellorSchwarzenegger, Arnold Arnie is acceptable in headlinesscientific measurements Take care: m in scientific terms stands for milli (1mW is 1,000th of a watt), while M denotes mega (1MW is a million watts); in such circumstances it is wise not to bung in another m when you mean million, so write out, for example, 10 million C.amps A, volts V, watts W, kilowatts kW, megawatts MW, gigawatts GW, milliwatts mW, joules J, kilojoules kJscientific names in italics, with the first name (denoting the genus) capped, the second (denoting the species) lc: Escherichia coli, Canis lupus, Quercus robur. The name can be shortened by using the first initial: E coli, C lupus, Q robur (but we do not use a full point after the initial)scientific terms some silly cliches to avoid: you might find it difficult to hesitate for a nanosecond (the shortest measurable human hesitation is probably about 250 million nanoseconds, a quarter of a second); “astronomical sums” when talking about large sums of money is rather dated (the national debt surpassed the standard astronomical unit of 93 million [miles] 100 years ago)sci-fiScilly an alternative is Isles of Scilly but not Scilly Islesscoby, scobys stands for “symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast”. Used to make the fermented drink kombuchascotch Scottish (not “Scotch”) people, also known as Scots, make scotch whisky, usually known simply as scotch. Other countries, including Canada and Japan, also make whisky. In Ireland and the United States – countries that you will note have an E in their name – they make whiskey with an E. You can also scotch (put an end to) someone’s hopes or plansscotch broth, scotch egg, scotch mist but Scotch argus butterflyScotchTape TM; say sticky tape scot-free the scot was a kind of medieval council tax, so you got off “scot-free” if you avoided paymentScotland The following was written by a Scot who works for the Guardian and lives in London. Letters expressing similar sentiments come from across Britain (and, indeed, from around the world):We don’t carry much coverage of events in Scotland and to be honest, even as an expat, that suits me fine. But I do care very much that we acknowledge that Scotland is a separate nation and in many ways a separate country. It has different laws, education system (primary, higher and further), local government, national government, sport, school terms, weather, property market and selling system, bank holidays, right to roam, banks and money, churches, etc.If we really want to be a national newspaper then we need to consider whether our stories apply only to England (and Wales) or Britain, or Scotland only. When we write about teachers’ pay deals, we should point out that we mean teachers in England and Wales; Scottish teachers have separate pay and management structures and union. When we write about it being half-term, we should remember that it’s known as mid-term in Scotland. When we write about bank holiday sunshine/rain, we should remember that in Scotland the weather was probably different and it possibly wasn’t even a bank holiday. When we write about the English cricket team, we should be careful not to refer to it as “we” and “us”. When the Scottish Cup final is played, we should perhaps consider devoting more than a few paragraphs at the foot of a page to Rangers winning their 100th major trophy (if it had been Manchester United we’d have had pages and pages with Bobby Charlton’s all-time fantasy first XI and a dissertation on why English clubs are the best in Europe). Andy Murray is Scottish, as well as British, rather than Scottish when he loses and British when he wins.These daily oversights come across to a Scot as arrogance. They also undermine confidence in what the paper is telling the readerScotland Office not Scottish OfficeScots law the justice system of Scotland, but use the adjective Scottish to describe its legislation, courts, judges etcScott, Charles Prestwich (1846-1932) editor of the Manchester Guardian for 57 years and its owner from 1907 until his death (his uncle, John Edward Taylor, had founded the paper in 1821). Scott, who was editor when the first “Style-book of the Manchester Guardian” – forerunner of this guide – appeared in 1928, is most famous for his statement “comment is free, but facts are sacred”.WP Crozier recalled of Scott: “Once, when an article in type was shown to him because a certain sentence expressed a doubtful judgment, he noticed that the English was slovenly, amended it, and then, being drawn on from sentence to sentence and becoming more and more dissatisfied, he made innumerable minute corrections until at last, having made a complete mess of the proof, he looked up and said gently: ‘Dear X; of course, he’s not a trained subeditor.’”Scott Trust created in 1936 to safeguard the journalistic freedom and liberal values of the Manchester Guardian. The sole shareholder in Guardian Media Group, its core purpose is to secure the financial and editorial independence of the Guardian “in perpetuity”. In 2008 it became a limited company, with the same protections for the Guardian enshrined in its constitutionScott, Sir George Gilbert (1811-78) architect who designed the Albert Memorial and Midland Grand hotel at St Pancras stationScott, Sir Giles Gilbert (1880-1960) grandson of the above, responsible for red telephone boxes, Bankside power station (now Tate Modern), Waterloo Bridge, and the Anglican cathedral in LiverpoolScottish Enterprise non-departmental public body of the Scottish government which encourages economic development and investment, covering the eastern, central and southern parts of Scotland; Highlands and Islands Enterprise is its counterpart in north-western ScotlandScottish governmentScottish parliament its members are MSPsScottish terrier not scotch or Scots; once known as Aberdeen terrierscouse, scouserScout Association or Scouts not “Boy Scouts” (in the UK, at least). The members are scouts and if referring to a particular age group of scouts, who have distinct group names, they are also lowercase, eg cub scoutsScoville scale system that measures the heat level of chilliesScrabble TMScram secure continuous remote alcohol monitor, as sported in 2010 by Lindsay Lohanscratchcard, smartcard, swipecardSCSI capped up even though generally pronounced “scuzzy”; it stands for small computer system interfacesea change or step-change? used interchangeably, typically to mean nothing more than “a big change”, but there is a difference that you might think worth preserving. Shakespeare coined the former in a well-known passage of The Tempest:Full fathom five thy father lies; Of his bones are coral made; Those are pearls that were his eyes; Nothing of him that doth fade, But doth suffer a sea change, Into something rich and strange.The idea is that a major transformation is taking place, but very slowly. By contrast, step-change comes from physics, where it means an abrupt change in a value, as in voltagesea level, sea sickness but seaplane, seaport, seashore, seaside, seaweedSea of AzovSea of Japan as generally known; but South Korea calls it the East Sea and North Korea the East Sea of Koreaseal pups not “baby seals” for the same reason we don’t call lambs “baby sheep”Séamus, Seán note accents in Irish Gaelic; sean without a fada means oldsearch dogs search for people; sniffer dogs search for drugssearch engine optimisation (SEO) how to increase traffic to your website by ensuring that your content shows up prominently in Google and other online search engines, for example by including in headlines key terms that people are most likely to search for. To help, you can monitor such things as hot topics on Google and what is trending on Twitterseas, oceans capped up, eg Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Pacific Oceanseasons spring, summer, autumn, winter are lowercaseseatbeltsecond hand on a watch; but secondhand goodssecond world war try to avoid the ugly abbreviation, but WW2, not WWII, if you must use it in a headline or quotesecretary generalSecret Intelligence Service official name of MI6; may also be abbreviated to SIS after first mentionSecret Service US law enforcement agencysection 28 or clause 28 of the Local Government Act 1988, widely regarded as homophobic, said local authorities “shall not intentionally promote homosexuality or publish material with the intention of promoting homosexuality” or “promote the teaching in any maintained school of the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship”; it was repealed in Scotland in 2000 and the rest of the UK in 2003. David Cameron subsequently admitted: “We got it wrong” sections, schedules, subsections to acts of parliament thus: section 10 (3), schedule 7, etc. An act is divided into numbered sections, which sometimes introduced a schedule placed at the end of the act. Note that schedules have paragraphs and sub-paragraphs, not sections and sub-sectionsSecurity Service better known as MI5Sednaya a notorious prison used by the Assad regime in SyriaSegway TM; hoverboard is a generic alternativeseize not siezeself-control, self-defence, self-esteem, self-harm, self-respectselfie a self-portrait photograph.There may or may not be other people in it, and you might post it on social media, frame it or put it in an album, but if you are in it, and you took it, it’s a selfieSelfridges no apostrophesell-off, sellout nounsell off, sell out verbSellotape TM; call it sticky tapesemicolon Used correctly (which occasionally we do), the semicolon is a very elegant compromise between a full stop (too much) and a comma (not enough). This sentence, from a column by David McKie, illustrates beautifully how it’s done: “Some reporters were brilliant; others were less so.”The late Beryl Bainbridge said in the Guardian: “Not many people use it much any more, do they? Should it be used more? I think so, yes. A semicolon is a partial pause, a different way of pausing, without using a full stop. I use it all the time” and George Bernard Shaw told TE Lawrence that not using semicolons was “a symptom of mental defectiveness, probably induced by camp life”.Orwell, on the other hand, thought they were unnecessary and Kurt Vonnegut attacked them as “standing for absolutely nothing”. “Do not use semicolons,” he advised. “All they do is show you’ve been to college.”semtex no longer necessary to cap thisSenate The Australian Senate and US Senate take an initial capital; state senates are lowercase, eg the Massachusetts senatesenator lowercase unless used as a title: Senator Penny Wong is an Australian senator; Senator Chuck Schumer, a Democratic senator, is the majority leader of the US SenateSenedd Cymru The Welsh parliament. The devolved government’s representative body, with 60 members – MSs – who were formerly National Assembly for Wales members, or AMs. The Senedd is also the name of the building where they meet. It’s fine to use the Senedd, in the same way we use the Dáil. Take care not to confuse the Senedd (the legislature) with the devolved government (the executive)senior abbreviate to Sr not Sen or Snr, eg Douglas Fairbanks SrSentencing Council issues guidelines on sentencing in England and Wales for the courts to follow. The Scottish equivalent is the Scottish Sentencing CouncilSeptember 11 Use September 11 (ie contrary to our usual date style) when it is being evoked as a particular event, rather than just a date, eg: How September 11 changed the world for ever But “how the events of 11 September 2001 changed the world for ever” would follow our normal date style.9/11 may be substituted for either, as necessary, particularly in tight headlines, eg: How 9/11 changed the world for everThe official death toll of the victims of the Islamist terrorists who hijacked four aircraft on 11 September 2001 is 2,976. The figure does not include the 19 hijackers. Of this total, 2,605 died in the twin towers of the World Trade Centre or on the ground in New York City (of whom approximately 1,600 have been identified), 246 died on the four aeroplanes, and 125 were killed in the attack on the Pentagon.The hijackers were: Fayez Ahmed, Mohamed Atta, Ahmed al-Ghamdi, Hamza al-Ghamdi, Saeed al-Ghamdi, Hani Hanjour, Nawaf al-Hazmi, Salem al-Hazmi, Ahmed al-Haznawi, Khalid al-Mihdhar, Majed Moqed, Ahmed al-Nami, Abdulaziz al-Omari, Marwan al-Shehhi, Mohannad al-Shehri, Wael al-Shehri, Waleed al-Shehri, Satam al-Suqami, Ziad Jarrah (though dozens of permutations of their names have appeared in the paper, we follow Reuters style as for most Arabic transliterations)sequined not sequinnedSerb nounSerbian adjectivesergeant major Sgt Maj (not RSM or CSM) Trevor Prescott, subsequently Sgt Maj Prescott in leading articles; elsewhere just surnameSerious Fraud Office SFO on second mentionSerious Organised Crime Agency Soca after first mentionserjeant at armsserves to adds nothing to a phrase such as “serves to underline”; replace with “underlines”services, the (armed forces)settler should be confined to those Israeli Jews living in settlements across the 1967 green line, ie in the occupied territories. It is best not to use the word “settlement” to describe any Israeli towns, villages and communities that are not in these areasset to It is very tempting to use this, especially in headlines, when we think something is going to happen, but aren’t all that sure; try to resist this temptation. It is even less excusable when we do know that something is going to happen: one of our readers counted no fewer than 16 uses of the phrase in the paper in two days; in almost every case, the words could have been replaced with “will”, or by simply leaving out the “set”, eg “the packs are set to come into force as part of the house-selling process”.The first readers’ editor of the Guardian put it like this: “The expression ‘set to’, to mean about to, seems likely to ... is often used to refer to something that, though expected, is not absolutely certain to happen. It is a rascally expression which one of the readers who have learned to groan at the sight of it describes as an all-purpose term removing any precision of meaning from the sentence containing it”Seven not “Se7en” for the 1995 film starring Morgan Freeman, Brad Pitt and Gwyneth Paltrowsexing up is what happens in dodgy dossiers and not, we hope, our publications. From the editor:Guardian readers would rather we did give them the unvarnished truth – or our best stab at it. It seems obvious enough. But inside many journalists – this goes for desk editors as much as reporters – there is a little demon prompting us to make the story as strong and interesting as possible, if not more so. We drop a few excitable adjectives around the place. We overegg. We may even sex it up.Strong stories are good. So are interesting stories. But straight, accurate stories are even better. Readers who stick with us over any length of time would far rather judge what we write by our own Richter scale of news judgments and values than feel that we’re measuring ourselves against the competition. Every time we flam a story up we disappoint somebody – usually a reader who thought the Guardian was different.We should be different. Of course we compete fiercely in the most competitive newspaper market in the world. Of course we want to sell as many copies as possible. We’ve all experienced peer pressure to write something as strongly as possible, if not more so. But our Scott Trust ownership relieves us of the necessity to drive remorselessly for circulation to the exclusion of all else. In other words, we don’t need to sex things up, and we shouldn’tsex offender register abbreviation, normally sufficient, of the Violent and Sex Offender Register (Visor), a database set up by the Sexual Offences Act 2003sex worker preferable to the term prostitute unless an individual or group use the latter eg the English Collective of Prostitutes. When reporting on people who work in the sex industry it is Guardian policy that they be identified as individuals first, not by the way they earn money. So for example say police are investigating the murder of three women rather than “three sex workers”.Be careful how you refer to children working in the industry if you do not know the circumstances around how they came to be there. However, avoid referring to them as child sex workers because, depending on the laws of the relevant country, they are more accurately victims of child sexual exploitation and abuse.sexual abuse unwanted sexual behaviour, or molestation. Do not use “sex abuse” as the term “sex” can imply consent.The term victim is generally used for those in an abusive situation or at risk of abuse. The term survivor is generally used for people who have experienced sexual abuse in the past. Give priority to the preferences of the person we are writing about.Avoid using the term “historical” to describe sexual abuse crimes from the past. Survivors, particularly adults who were abused as children, feel the term undermines the long-lasting impact of the crimes. Try to date the crimes (year, decade etc) instead, or say they happened in the past eg “Detectives are investigating allegations of child sexual abuse from more than 30 years ago.” Exceptions may be necessary in court cases where specific wording is required. (See also abuse.)Always include helpline numbers: In the UK, <a href="https://rapecrisis.org.uk/" data-link-name="in body link">Rape Crisis</a> offers support for rape and sexual abuse on 0808 802 9999 in England and Wales, 0808 801 0302 in <a href="https://www.rapecrisisscotland.org.uk/" data-link-name="in body link">Scotland</a>, or 0800 0246 991 in <a href="https://rapecrisisni.org.uk/" data-link-name="in body link">Northern Ireland</a>. In the US, <a href="https://www.rainn.org/" data-link-name="in body link">Rainn</a> offers support on 800-656-4673. In Australia, support is available at <a href="https://www.1800respect.org.au/" data-link-name="in body link">1800Respect</a> (1800 737 732). Other international helplines can be found at <a href="http://ibiblio.org/rcip/internl.html" data-link-name="in body link">ibiblio.org/rcip/internl.html</a>sexuality From a reader:“Can I suggest your style guide should state that homosexual, gay, bisexual and heterosexual are primarily adjectives and that use of them as nouns should be avoided. It seems to me that this is both grammatically and politically preferable (politically because using them as nouns really does seem to define people by their sexuality). I would like to read that someone is ‘homosexual’, not ‘a homosexual’, or about ‘gay people’, not ‘gays’. Lesbian is different as it is a noun which later began to be used adjectivally, not the other way round. As an example from Wednesday, the opening line ‘Documents which showed that Lord Byron … was a bisexual’ rather than ‘was bisexual’ sounds both Daily Mail-esque and stylistically poor.”sexual orientation is generally more accurate and appropriate than “sexual preference”Seychelles not the Seychelles. The full name of the country is the Republic of SeychellesSeym not Seim, for the river in Ukraine and RussiaSgt Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band 1967 album by a popular beat combo of the day; not Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club BandShaanxi (capital Xi’an) and Shanxi (capital Taiyuan) are adjacent provinces in northern ChinaShabiha Syrian pro-government militiathe Shah of Iran at first mention; thereafter the shahshakedown, shakeout, but shake-up (nouns)Shakespearean not Shakespearianshall or will? Once regarded as a very important distinction, and some people still get excited about it. In practice, there is very little difference these days. Use the former for emphasis (“you shall go to the ball”) and don’t worry too much. They seem to get by quite happily in the United States hardly bothering with “shall” at allShankill Road Belfast, not Shankhillshantytownshared possessives Freddie and Beth’s party (they share one) Freddie and Beth’s parties (they share two) Freddie’s and Beth’s parties (they have one each)shareholdersharia lawshark-infested A reader (one of several to complain about our use of this phrase) pointed out: “The seas are not ‘infested’ with sharks. They live there … Millions of sharks are being killed. By planet-infesting humans. They need protection.” The word “infest” is defined as “swarm over, cover or fill in a troublesome, unpleasant or harmful way, to invade and live on as a parasite”. The phrase “shark-infested” is in any case a lazy cliche and should be avoidedsheepdogShehbaz Sharif former prime minister of PakistansheikhSheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani Qatari prime minister. Sheikh Mohammed on second mentionShepherd Market Mayfair; Shepherd’s Bush west Londonshepherd’s hut, shepherd’s pieSherpa indigenous people of the Himalayan region known for their skill as mountaineers and guides. Avoid using it as a descriptor for a person carrying the load or doing the work for others, including in government settings; use alternatives such as representative insteadShetland rather than Shetland Isles or Shetlands, but note that the local authority is Shetland Islands councilShia, Sunni two branches of Islam (note: not Shi’ite); plural Shia Muslims and Sunni Muslims, though Shias and Sunnis are fine if you are pushed for spaceshiatsu massage; shih-tzu dog; shiitake mushroomsship or boat? large, ocean-going vessels, eg liners, tankers and warships, are ships rather than boats, which is a term better suited to small vessels such as fishing boats, dinghys, lifeboats etc. Remember that “a ship can carry a boat, but a boat cannot carry a ship”. ships are not feminine: it ran aground, not she ran aground; no quotes, no italics; you sail in, not on, shipsshipbuilding, shipmate, shipowner, shipyardshock waveshoo-in not shoe-inshootout noun; not “shoot-out”shopkeeperShoreham-by-Sea not Shoreham on Seashortlist, longlistShort money payment to opposition parties to help them carry out their parliamentary functions, named after Ted Short, the Labour leader of the house who introduced it in 1975shortsighted, longsighted, nearsightedshrank, shrunk shrank, not shrunk, is the past tense of shrink, except in the film title Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (and perhaps the occasional piece of wordplay based on it); shrunk is the past participle (the kids had shrunk) or what is sometimes known as the present perfect form (Honey, I’ve shrunk the kids)Shtayyeh, Mohammad the Palestinian prime ministershtick not schtickShukr, Fuad Hezbollah military commander killed in BeirutSiamese twins conjoined twins, pleasesickbed, sicknote, sickroom but sick paysickieside-effectssidestreetsiege not seigeSiena Tuscan city; sienna pigment; Sienna Millersignoff noun; sign off verbSikh names Singh means a lion and Kaur a princess. Guru Gobind Singh Ji gave Singh as a last name to all Sikh men and Kaur to all Sikh women to eliminate discrimination based on family name, which denoted which caste someone belonged to.Over time, many Sikh families have reverted to using their family name, but have maintained Singh and Kaur as middle names; in such cases, include the full name at first mention, thereafter surname onlysilicon computer chips; silicone breast implants – we have been known to confuse the two, as in “Silicone Valley”Silkin, Jon (1930-97) English poet, not to be confused with his cousin John Silkin (1923-87), a Labour cabinet minister, as was John’s brother Sam Silkin (1918-88)silly billy sim card (it stands for subscriber identity module)since <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-a#as or since" data-link-name="in body link">See as or since</a>Singaporean names in three parts, eg Lee Kuan YewSingin’ in the Rain not Singingsingle quotes in headlines (but sparingly), standfirsts and captionssingles chartsingsong (adjective): her voice had a singsong qualitysing-song (noun): we had a sing-song round the campfiresingular or plural? Corporate entities take the singular: eg The BBC has decided (not “have”). In subsequent references make sure the pronoun is singular: “It [not “they”] will press for an increase in the licence fee.”Sports teams and rock bands are the exception – “England have an uphill task” is OK, as is “Nirvana were overrated”sink past tense sank, past participle sunk: he sinks, he sank, he has sunkSinn FéinSinwar, Yahya Hamas leadersiphon not syphonSisi The Egyptian president is Abdel Fatah al-Sisi; Sisi after first mentionsisyphean a futile or interminable task (Sisyphus had to spend eternity rolling a boulder up a hill)sit I sat down at the back but he was sitting near the front (the horrible “he was sat” is, sadly, a very frequent error)sitcomsix-day war between Israel and its neighbours in June 1967size Attempts to express the size of objects and places in terms of their relationship to doubledecker buses, Olympic swimming pools, football pitches, the Isle of Wight, Wales and Belgium are cliched and unhelpful, which does not stop journalists engaging in them. The same applies to measuring quantities of, say, hotdogs served at the Cup final in terms of how far they would stretch to the moon and backski, skis, skier, skied, skiingskilful not skillfulskin-coloured skin comes in a variety of colours, rendering phrases such as “skin-coloured tights” meaningless and often exclusionary given it is usually used to refer to the skin colour of white people. Either avoid the term or be clear in its meaning. This also applies to the term “nude”.skimmed milk not skimskinny jab please avoid, unless in a quote. Weight loss jab is a preferable term for medications such as Wegovyskipper usually only of a trawlerSky no longer BSkyBSky+ Sky’s personal video recorder serviceSky One no longer Sky 1skyrocket No!slavery was not abolished in 1807, as we sometimes say. Slavery in England was ruled unlawful in 1772 and in Scotland in 1778. The slave trade in the British empire was abolished in 1807, but slavery remained in the colonies until the Slavery Abolition Act 1833slaves enslaved people is preferred, to reflect the fact that it is a condition imposed on them by others. Also, enslaver is preferable to slave ownerslay past tense: slew; past participle: slainsleight of hand although it is pronounced “slight”slither slide; sliver small piece. Writers often get this wrong, saying things like “a tiny slither of the global population” when they mean sliversloppy seconds this phrase has a derogatory sexual origin so avoid using in any context; use second best or seconds insteadSlovak nounSlovakian adjectiveSlovene nounSlovenian adjectivesmall-c conservatismsmall talk polite conversationSmalltalk a computer programming languagesmartphonesmartwatch a computer you wear on your wristsmart watch something from the Armani retro collection, perhapsSmith & Wesson handgunsSmithsonian Institution not Institutesmooth, smooth down, smoothen (verb) not smoothe (you may be thinking of “soothe”)smorgasbordsmuggling or trafficking? There are three key differences between people-smuggling and trafficking.1 Exploitation: smugglers are paid by people to take them across borders, after which the transaction ends; traffickers bring them into a situation of exploitation and profit from their abuse in the form of forced labour or prostitution.2 Consent: migrants usually consent to be smuggled; a trafficked person does not (or their “consent” is meaningless because they have been coerced).3 Borders: smuggling always takes place across international borders; trafficking does not (you can be trafficked, say, from Rochdale to Rotherham)snooper’s chartersnowclone A type of cliched phrase defined by the linguist Geoffrey Pullum as “a multi-use, customisable, instantly recognisable, timeworn, quoted or misquoted phrase or sentence that can be used in an entirely open array of different variants”. The name is derived from the cliche about how many words “Eskimos” are mistakenly said to have for snow. Examples of snowclones include “xxx [eg comedy] is the new yyy [eg rock’n’roll]”, “you wait ages for a xxx [eg gold medal] and then yyy [eg three] come along at once”, and so on. Such phrases are very popular with journalists searching for what Pullum calls “quick-fix ways of writing stuff without actually having to think out new descriptive vocabulary or construct new phrases and sentences”Snowdon means “snow hill” in Old English so avoid calling it Mount Snowdon; the Welsh name, Yr Wyddfa, should be included in articles, eg Snowdon, or Yr Wyddfa, was described by Jan Morris as a “dream-view”Snowdonia please also include its Welsh name, Eryri, in articlessnowploughSoas University of London Formerly the School of Oriental and African Studiesso-called overused: as a reader pointed out when we used the term “so-called friendly fire”, the expression is “obviously ironic and really doesn’t need such ham-fisted pointing out”social grades The NRS social grades (not classes), originally developed by the National Readership Survey and still widely used in stories about market research, are the familiar A (upper middle class), B (middle), C1 (lower middle), C2 (skilled working), D (semi- and unskilled) and E (at the lowest levels of subsistence); they are based on the occupation of the chief income earner of a household and are sometimes grouped into ABC1 (middle) and C2DE (working class).Since the 2001 census, the main UK social classification has been the National Statistics socioeconomic classification (NS-SEC), grouping occupations by employment conditions and relations rather than skills, and has 17 categories, which can be broken down into eight (from higher managerial and professional occupations to never worked and long-term unemployed), or just three (higher, intermediate and lower occupations)socialism, socialist lc unless name of a party, eg Socialist Workers partysocial media are pluralsocial security benefits all lc, income support, working tax credit, etcsocioeconomicsockpuppet an online identity used for deception, typically by someone posing as an independent third party unconnected to a person or product that the sockpuppet then promotessock puppet a puppet made out of a socksod’s law <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-m#murphy's" data-link-name="in body link">See Murphy’s law</a>Soho London; SoHo (as in “South of Houston Street”) New Yorksoi-disant means self-styled, not so-called; both phrases should be used sparinglysoiree no accentsolar system <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-p#planets" data-link-name="in body link">See planets</a>sold down the river this phrase is thought to have originated in reference to the trafficking of enslaved people within the US in the 19th century, so don’t use it casually or frivolously in other contextssoldiers It is good to remember that not everyone in a military uniform belongs to the army. Those who do not should not be referred to as soldiers. If you are unsure, military personnel or members of the armed forces are handy alternativessolicitor generalSolzhenitsyn, Aleksandr (1918-2008) Russian novelistSomalia adjective Somali; the people are Somalis, not Somalianssome should not be used before a figure: if you are not sure, about or approximately are better, and if you are, it sounds daft: “some 12 people have died from wasp stings this year alone” was a particularly silly example that found its way into the paperSopa Stop Online Piracy ActSotheby’ssoundbitesources Anonymous sources should be used sparingly. We should – except in exceptional circumstances – avoid anonymous pejorative quotes. We should avoid misrepresenting the nature and number of sources, and we should do our best to give readers some clue as to the authority with which they speak. We should never, ever, betray a sourceSouth AmericaSouthbank Centre on the South Bank in LondonSouth Bank Universitysouth south London, south-west England, the south-east, south Wales, etcsouthern hemisphereSouthern Ocean not Antarctic Oceansouth poleSouthport Visiter newspaper, not to be confused with the Visitor, Morecambeso what if ... needs a comma when used at the start of a sentence to distinguish between “So, what if ... “ and “So what, if ... “The former expresses an open mind (“So, what if we all voted Green?”); the latter is more sceptical (“So what, if we all voted Green?”)soy saucesoya beans not soybeans or soy beansspace hopperspacewalkspaghetti westernspan of years 2010-12 or from 2010-12; but between 2010 and 2012, not “between 2010-12”Spanish flu 1918 flu pandemic is preferredSpanish names and accents Take care over use of the tilde, which can change the meaning: Los Años Dorados (the Spanish version of the sitcom The Golden Girls) means The Golden Years; leave out the tilde and Los Anos Dorados becomes The Golden Anuses.The surname is normally the second last name, not the last, which is the mother’s maiden name, eg the writer Federico García Lorca – known as García in Spain rather than Lorca – should be García Lorca on second mention. Note also that the female name Consuelo ends with an “o” not an “a”.In Spanish the natural stress of a word generally occurs on the second to last syllable. Words that deviate from this norm must carry a written accent mark, known as the acento ortográfico, to indicate where the stress falls. A guide to accents follows. If in doubt do an internet search (try the word with and without an accent) and look for reputable Spanish language sites, eg big newspapers.Surnames ending -ez take an accent over the penultimate vowel, eg Benítez, Fernández, Giménez, Gómez, González, Gutiérrez, Hernández, Jiménez, López, Márquez, Martínez, Núñez, Ordóñez, Pérez, Quiñónez, Ramírez, Rodríguez, Sáez, Vásquez, Vázquez, Velázquez. Exception: Alvarez; note also that names ending -es do not take the accent, eg Martines, Rodrigues.Other surnames Aristízabal, Beltrán, Cáceres, Calderón, Cañizares, Chevantón, Couñago, Cúper, Dalí, De la Peña, Díaz, Forlán, García, Gaudí, Miró, Muñoz, Olazábal, Pavón, Sáenz, Sáinz, Valdés, Valerón, Verón.Forenames Adán, Alán, Andrés, César, Darío, Elías, Fabián, Ginés, Héctor, Hernán, Iñaki, Iñés, Iván, Jesús, Joaquín, José, Lucía, María, Martín, Matías, Máximo, Míchel, Raúl, Ramón, Róger, Rubén, Sebastián, Víctor. The forenames Ana, Angel, Alfredo, Alvaro, Cristina, Diego, Domingo, Emilio, Ernesto, Federico, Fernando, Ignacio, Jorge, Juan, Julio, Luis, Marta, Mario, Miguel, Pablo and Pedro do not usually take accents.Placenames Asunción, Bogotá, Cádiz, Catalonia, Córdoba, La Coruña, Guantánamo Bay, Guipúzcoa, Jaén, Jérez, León, Medellín, Potosí, San Sebastián, Valparaíso.Sports teams, etc América, Atlético, El Barça (FC Barcelona), Bernabéu, Bolívar, Cerro Porteño, Deportivo La Coruña, Huracán, Málaga, Peñarol.Note: Spanish is an official language in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Spain, Uruguay and VenezuelaSpanish practices, Spanish customs If you are talking about questionable trade union activities, restrictive practices might be a less offensive way to put it‘spared jail’ We should say what the actual verdict was in a court report, rather than that the accused was “spared jail” or “walked free from court”, which sounds as if we think they should have been jailedspare-part surgery Avoid this termspark overused in headlines of the “rates rise sparks fury” varietyspastic the Spastics Society, which supports disabled people and in particular those with cerebral palsy, changed its name to Scope in 1994speakers lowercase for the speaker of the House of Commons (you can call him “the Commons speaker” if you need to clarify you don’t just mean any MP who happened to be speaking), the lord speaker (House of Lords), the House speaker (US) and speakers and presiding officers elsewhere; also for the llywydd in Walesspecial often redundantspecial branchSpecial Immigration Appeals Commission Siac or “the commission” on second mentionspellchecker if you use one, read through your work afterwards: a graphic on our front page was rendered nonsensical when a spellcheck turned the species Aquila adalberti into “alleyway adalberti”, while Prunella modularis became “pronely modularise”; also note that most use American English spellingsspelled or spelt? spelled is the past tense, spelt is the past participle; she spelled it out for him: “the word is spelt like this”Spice Girls Victoria Beckham was Posh Spice; Melanie Brown was Scary Spice; Emma Bunton was Baby Spice; Melanie Chisholm was Sporty Spice; Geri Halliwell was Ginger Spicespicy not spiceySpider-Man for the cartoon and film character, but Spiderman (no hyphen) is the nickname of Alain Robert, a Frenchman who specialises in climbing skyscrapers without a safety netspilled or spilt? spilled is the past tense, spilt is the past participle; she spilled the beans: the beans were all spiltspin doctorspin-off noun, spin off verbspinster avoid this old-fashioned term, which has acquired a pejorative tone; say, if relevant, that someone is an unmarried womanspiral, spiralling prices (and other things) can spiral down as well as up; try a less cliched word that doesn’t suggest a circular movementsplit infinitives “The English-speaking world may be divided into (1) those who neither know nor care what a split infinitive is; (2) those who do not know, but care very much; (3) those who know and condemn; (4) those who know and distinguish. Those who neither know nor care are the vast majority, and are happy folk, to be envied.” (HW Fowler, Modern English Usage, 1926)It is perfectly acceptable, and often desirable, to sensibly split infinitives – “to boldly go” is an elegant and effective phrase – and stubbornly to resist doing so can sound pompous and awkward (“the economic precipice on which they claim perpetually to be poised”) or ambiguous: “He even offered personally to guarantee the loan that the Clintons needed to buy their house” raises the question of whether the offer, or the guarantee, was personal.Raymond Chandler wrote to his publisher: “Would you convey my compliments to the purist who reads your proofs and tell him or her that I write in a sort of broken-down patois which is something like the way a Swiss waiter talks, and that when I split an infinitive, God damn it, I split it so it will stay split.” And after an editor tinkered with his infinitives, George Bernard Shaw said: “I don’t care if he is made to go quickly, or to quickly go – but go he must!”spoiled or spoilt? spoiled is the past tense, spoilt is the past participle; she spoiled her son: in fact he was a spoilt bratspokesperson a quote may be attributed to the organisation, eg “The AA said … ”, but if necessary say spokesperson rather than spokesman or spokeswoman (assuming they have actually spoken to you)SpongeBob SquarePants is his full name; SpongeBob after first mentionsponsorship We are under no obligation to carry sponsors’ names. So London Marathon, not Virgin London Marathon, etc. When a competition is named after a sponsor, it is unavoidable: Friends Provident t20, etcspoonful, teaspoonful plural spoonfuls, teaspoonfuls, not the old-fashioned spoonsful, teaspoonsful sprang or sprung? sprang is the past tense of spring; sprung is the past participle. When we got this wrong, a reader commented: “The error sprang out at me immediately as it should have sprung out to your subeditor”spree shopping or spending, not shooting: describing a series of murders as a “killing spree” sounds flippantspring, summer, autumn, winterspun is the past tense and past participle of spin, despite “when Adam delved and Eve span” (1560), which is an older past tense formsquare brackets are used for interpolated words in quotations, eg David Cameron said: “Theresa [May] has my full support.”They can clutter up a piece and make it difficult to read, as in this example: “I was in awe of the place as a player. You looked at Man United and you saw men. [Eric] Cantona, Giggs, [David] Beckham, [Andrei] Kanchelsis, Bryan Robson, it just went on.” And on, he might have added. The subeditor was trying to help, but you’d have to have spent 10 years on another planet not to know who “Cantona” or “Beckham” are.Use square brackets sparingly and only when they will help, rather than insult [the intelligence of] the readersquare metres not the same as metres squared: eg 300m squared is 90,000 sq metres which is very different from 300 sq metres; we often get this wrongSquare Mile rather old-fashioned term for City of Londonsquaw is regarded as offensive and should be avoidedSSSI site of special scientific intereststadium plural stadiums, not stadia; also, initial caps when it is in the name of the venue eg London Stadium, Etihad Stadium, but leave out whenever possible eg at Wembley, at Old Trafford.staff are pluralstalactites cling from the ceiling; stalagmites grow from the groundstalemate in chess, a stalemate is the end of the game, and cannot be broken or resolved; deadlock or impasse are more suitable for metaphorical use in such cases as “Zawiyah – 30 miles from the capital – is a metaphor for Libya’s current stalemate, which could itself end at any moment”Stalin, Joseph not Josefstammer/stutter stammer is the more well-used term for the speech condition. Avoid using either term when describing something operating in a stop-start manner and use an alternative instead, eg falterstampede should be reserved for herds of animals, and not used in tragedies involving crowds of people, for example at the hajj in Mina in 2015. People are crushed to death in high-density crowds and typically die of asphyxiation, not because they are trampled in the way that “stampede” implies. Human “stampedes” are very unusual, and rarely fatal.The word “stampede” suggests a panicking mass of people who are collectively responsible for trampling others to death, whereas in fact the deaths occur (at a slower speed) as an accidental result of high densities. Those who allow such densities to build up are responsible and as a result, as with Hillsborough, they are often keen to portray the event as a panic or a stampede.We should follow the experts and use the term “crowd crush” or similarstandard of proof The standard of proof is either criminal (beyond reasonable doubt) or civil (on a balance of probabilities). The burden of proof refers to who has to prove an allegation in court ie in criminal cases the burden of proof is on the prosecution, in libel cases it is the defendant (ie the libeller rather than the libelled).standoffstandout, standup adjectives, as in a standup comedian performing a standout standup routine; nouns, as in one standout was a standup performing standupStanstedStar Wars the Empire, the Force, lightsaber.dark side: Darth Maul, Darth Sidious, Darth Vader, Emperor Palpatine (or just the Emperor). light side: Jedi knights (or just Jedi), Rebel Alliance, Obi-Wan Kenobi, Qui-Gon Jinn, Princess Leia, Yoda.Wookiee (note two Es), a species of which Chewbacca is a member; EwokStarck, Philippe French designerStarkey, Zak (not Zac) son of Ringo Starr; plays drums for the Whostart up verb; startup noun (as in business startup); star tup top-performing ramstate department its official name is US Department of Statestatehouse office of the state governor in the US, one word except in New Jersey where it is the state houseState of the Union addressstationary motionless; also used by some stationery shops to mean stationery; stationery writing materials; also used by some signwriters to mean stationarystaunch verb: to stop the flow of something, eg blood or confidence; adjective: steadfast, eg a staunch defender of human rightsstaycation use to refer to people staying in their own home for their holidays and going out on day trips. Its definition has expanded to sometimes include people going on holiday in their own countries but given this is how a significant proportion of any population take their holidays its use in this context can potentially cause confusion and offence.STD or STI? STI (sexually transmitted infection) is a broader term than STD (sexually transmitted disease): you can have the infection without feeling ill or displaying any symptomssteamboat, steamhammer, steampunk, steamshipsteam enginesteelworker, steelworksStelios Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou, founder of easyJet; Haji-Ioannou after first mention, although Stelios is acceptable in headlinessten gunstentorian loud, sometimes confused with stertorous, a snoring soundstepfamily, stepfather, stepmother etc, but step-parents. Don’t confuse, say, a stepsister and half-sister, as we did when writing about Barack Obama’s familyStephen or Steven? Stephen Baldwin, Stephen Chow (actors), Stephen Colbert (satirist), Stephen Crane (wrote The Red Badge of Courage), Stephen Foster (wrote Oh! Susanna), Stephen Fry (national treasure), Stephen Jay Gould (biologist), Stephen Hawking (physicist), Stephen King (novelist), Stephen Merchant (Ricky Gervais collaborator).Steven Gerrard (footballer), Steven Moffat (Doctor Who writer and producer), Steven Spielberg (film director)sterling the pound; also sterling qualitiesStetson TM; hatsticky-back plasticstiletto plural stilettos (not stilettoes)still life plural still lifes (not lives)stilton cheesestimulus plural stimuliStirling prize awarded annually by the Royal Institute of British ArchitectsStock Exchange caps when referring to the London Stock Exchange; but lc in other countries, eg Hong Kong stock exchangestock in tradestock marketStolen Generations Australian Aboriginal children forcibly removed from their familiesstone age The charity Survival says: “ ‘Stone age’ and ‘primitive’ have been used to describe tribal people since the colonial era, reinforcing the idea that they have not changed over time and that they are backward. This idea is both incorrect and very dangerous: incorrect because all societies adapt and change, and dangerous because it is often used to justify the persecution or forced ‘development’ of tribal people”stony broke, stony-hearted not stoneystopgapstorey plural storeys (buildings); story plural stories (tales)Storm Abigail, Storm Barney etcstraight away, straightforward, home straight, final straightstraitjacket, strait-laced, Dire Straitsstrait of Dover, strait of Gibraltar, strait of Hormuz not Strait, Straits or straitsstraitened circumstances, straitened times not “straightened”, one of our most frequent errorsStrategic Rail Authority SRA on second mentionStratford-on-Avon district council and parliamentary seat, although most other local organisations, such as the Royal Shakespeare Company, call this Warwickshire town Stratford-upon-Avonstratum plural strataStreet-Porter, Janetstreetwisestrep Astretchered off has a slight ring of Charles Buchan’s Football Monthly; say carried offstrikes we aim to accurately describe strike action in industrial disputes without taking sides. Saying employees are on strike, striking or taking strike action is the most straightforward way. Of the other options, some are more helpful than others.Stoppage, stopped work or stayed off work are fine. Industrial action is a bit vague, and does not necessarily include strikes. Walkout (as a noun) has negative (in the sense of anti-union) connotations. It does evoke sudden or wildcat strikes. Use with care. Walked out as an alternative to stopped work is not quite the same as walkout, and is fine if that actually happened, but context is all: “Thousands of tube workers walked out at 6pm to start a 24-hour strike” is OK. The point is that we are describing what happened without taking sides. Downed tools is too old-fashioned. “Journalists at the Guardian downed tools yesterday” just sounds silly. Avoid, unless actual hammers, screwdrivers etc are involvedstrippergramstrip-search noun and verbstudents’ union lowercase in full name, eg Sheffield University students’ unionstumbling blockstumm as in “keep stumm”, not schtumSturm und Drang German literary movementstutter (see stammer)STV single transferable votestylebook but style guideSubbuteo table football game in which players “flick to kick”, named after the bird of prey Falco subbuteo (the hobby) and immortalised in the Undertones’ My Perfect Cousinsubcommittee, subcontinent, sublet, subplot, subsectionsubeditors, subs Journalists who traditionally edit, check and cut copy, write headlines and other page furniture, and design pages; to which can be added, in the digital age, an ever-widening range of multimedia and technical skills. In some countries, eg the US and Canada, they are known as copy editors.WP Crozier said of CP Scott: “As a subeditor he got rid of the redundant and the turgid with the conscientiousness of a machine that presses the superfluous moisture out of yarn. The man who passed ‘seaward journey to the great metropolis’, and when the copy came back to him found written in firm blue pencil ‘voyage to London’, knew what sort of English ‘CP’ liked”subfusc an adjective meaning dull and gloomy or a noun for the dark clothing worn for exams and formal occasions at some universitiessubjunctive Fowler noted that the subjunctive was “seldom obligatory” and Somerset Maugham declared half a century ago: “The subjunctive mood is in its death throes, and the best thing to do is put it out of its misery as soon as possible.” Would that that were so.Most commonly, the subjunctive is a third person singular form of the verb expressing hypothesis, typically something demanded, proposed, imagined: he demanded that she resign at once, I propose that she be sacked, she insisted Jane sit down.It is particularly common in American English and in formal or poetic contexts: If I were a rich man, etc, and you have to admit the song sounds better than “If I was a rich man ...”We get this wrong at least as often as we get it right. Two examples from the same issue in April 2010 in which “was” should be “were”: “If every election or ballot in which there are cases of bad practice was to be invalidated, democracy would soon become a laughing stock ...” (leading article); “If this was the centred Conservative party that Cameron claims, its strategists wouldn’t be half as worried as they are ...” (column)Nobody died and no great harm was done, but as professional writers we should be aware of the distinction. Used properly, the subjunctive can add elegance to your writing; an object lesson was provided in a Gary Younge column of 5 July 2010: “It was as though Charlie Brown’s teacher were standing for leader of the opposition ... “ (one of three examples of the subjunctive in the piece).As with the hyper-corrective misuse of whom instead of who, however, using the subjunctive wrongly is worse than not using it at all, and will make you look pompous and sillysubmachine gunsubmarines are boats, not shipssubpoena, subpoenaedsub-prime, sub-SaharansubstituteIs it by, with or for? If you don’t choose the right preposition, it’s not always easy to see who’s replaced whom.Let’s say Player A is injured and Player B comes on as a substitute. So: the manager replaces A with B; A is replaced by B; the manager has substituted B for A; B is substituted for Asuchlikesucking-pig not “suckling-pig”Sudan not “the Sudan”sudokusue, sued, suing (not sueing)suffer little children nothing to do with suffering, this frequently misquoted or misunderstood phrase was used by Christ (Luke 18:16) to mean “allow the little children to come to me”; it is also the title of a song about the Moors murders on the first Smiths albumsuffragist or suffragette? these two terms are not interchangeable, so make sure you are using the right one. The suffragettes, associated with Emmeline Pankhurst, advocated achieving the vote for women by any means necessary. Suffragists such as Millicent Fawcett, on the other hand, campaigned using more peaceful methods. Of the two terms suffragist is the one that can be used more generally to signify people through history advocating for the right to votesuicide Say that someone killed him or herself rather than “committed suicide”; suicide has not been a crime in the UK for many years and this old-fashioned term can cause unnecessary further distress to families who have been bereaved in this way.Journalists should exercise particular care in reporting suicide or issues involving suicide, bearing in mind the risk of encouraging others. This applies to presentation, including the use of pictures, and to describing the method of suicide. Any substances should be referred to in general rather than specific terms. When appropriate, a helpline number (eg Samaritans) should be given. The feelings of relatives should also be carefully considered.The following note should be added to stories about suicide: In the UK and Ireland, <a href="https://www.samaritans.org/" data-link-name="in body link">Samaritans</a> can be contacted on freephone 116 123, or email <a href="mailto:jo@samaritans.org" data-link-name="in body link | mailto:jo@samaritans.org">jo@samaritans.org</a> or <a href="mailto:jo@samaritans.ie" data-link-name="in body link | mailto:jo@samaritans.ie">jo@samaritans.ie</a>. In the US, you can call or text the <a href="https://988lifeline.org/" data-link-name="in body link">National Suicide Prevention Lifeline</a> on 988, chat on <a href="https://988lifeline.org/chat/" data-link-name="in body link">988lifeline.org</a>, or <a href="https://www.crisistextline.org/" data-link-name="in body link">text HOME</a> to 741741 to connect with a crisis counselor. In Australia, the crisis support service <a href="https://www.lifeline.org.au/" data-link-name="in body link">Lifeline</a> is 13 11 14. Other international helplines can be found at <a href="http://www.befrienders.org/" data-link-name="in body link">befrienders.org</a>Change the order if necessary to reflect the context and origin of the story; only the Samaritans number need be used in print editions that are not sold outside the UK.The endnote should not be used on stories about assisted dying.If a story is about a murder/suicide, use the following endnote:<ul class="dcr-s3ycb2"> <li class="dcr-s3ycb2"> In the UK, <a href="https://www.samaritans.org/" data-link-name="in body link">Samaritans</a> can be contacted on 116 123 and the <a href="https://www.nationaldahelpline.org.uk/" data-link-name="in body link">domestic abuse helpline</a> is 0808 2000 247. In Australia, the crisis support service <a href="https://www.lifeline.org.au/" data-link-name="in body link">Lifeline</a> is on 13 11 14 and the <a href="https://www.1800respect.org.au/" data-link-name="in body link">national family violence counselling service</a> is on 1800 737 732. In the US, the <a href="https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/" data-link-name="in body link">suicide prevention lifeline</a> is at 988 and the <a href="https://www.thehotline.org/" data-link-name="in body link">domestic violence hotline</a> is 1-800-799-SAFE (7233). Other international helplines can be found via <a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.befrienders.org&sa=D&source=hangouts&ust=1526036685643000&usg=AFQjCNFyqd-ltapoSCVoQifKdEVEdHlq-w" data-link-name="in body link">www.befrienders.org</a></li> </ul>Sultan Al Jaber Emirati minister, oil company chief executive and president of the Cop28 climate talks. On second mention, call him Al Jabersummersummer solstice the longest day of the year, but not the same as Midsummer Day (although we often seem to assume it is)sun, the celestial bodySun, the newspaper, but just call it the Sun, not “the Sun newspaper”Sunday Sun long-established newspaper covering the north-east of England, not to be confused with the Sunday edition of the SunSuper Bowlsupercasino, superinjunctionsuperlatives “Superlatives must be used very sparingly, in every sense. We do not wish to give the impression that we live in a constant state of excitement.” Sound advice from AP Wadsworth, the then editor, in the 1950 edition of the Manchester Guardian stylebook supermarkets Marks & Spencer or M&S, Morrisons, Safeway, Sainsbury’s, Tesco (no wonder people get confused about apostrophes)supermodel model is normally sufficientsupernova plural supernovaeSuper Pac an “independent-expenditure only” political action committee that can raise unlimited sums from corporations, unions and other groups, as well as individuals, in support of a US political candidate or partysuper-richsupersede not supercedesupine face up; prone face downsupply days (parliament)supreme courtSure Startsurge prefer rise or increase, if that is the meaning; but surge is preferable to “upsurge”surgeons surgeons traditionally take the honorific of Mr/Ms/Miss/Mrs, not Dr. As such, and in line with Guardian style, use their full name at first mention, and surname thereafter eg Henry Marsh, then MarshSuriname (not Surinam); formerly Dutch GuianasurrealismSutcliff, Rosemary British historical novelist (1920-92) whose works include The Eagle of the Ninthsvengali (lc) although named after the sinister Svengali in George du Maurier’s 1894 novel Trilbyswap not swopswat fliesswot booksswastika ancient symbol whose name comes from the Sanskrit for “that which brings wellbeing”, but which was appropriated as an emblem of racism by Nazis in 1920s Germany, where it’s known as the Hakenkreuz (hooked cross)swath/swathe either is acceptable to refer to a strip of landSwaziland now called Eswatini but worth mentioning its former name at first referenceswearwords We are more liberal than any other newspapers, using language that most of our competitors would not. The statistics tell their own story: the word “fuck” (and its variants) appeared 705 times in the Guardian in the 12 months to April 2010, with a further 269 mentions in the Observer. (The figures for other national newspapers were as follows: Independent 279, Independent on Sunday 74, Times 3, Sunday Times 2, all other papers 0.) The figures for the C-word, still regarded by many people as taboo, were: Guardian 49, Observer 20, Independent 8, Independent on Sunday 5, everyone else 0.Even some readers who agree with Lenny Bruce that “take away the right to say fuck and you take away the right to say fuck the government” might feel that we sometimes use such words unnecessarily, although comments in response to Guardian Style’s blogpost on the subject were overwhelmingly in support of our policy.The editor’s guidelines are as follows:First, remember the reader, and respect demands that we should not casually use words that are likely to offend.Second, use such words only when absolutely necessary to the facts of a piece, or to portray a character in an article; there is almost never a case in which we need to use a swearword outside direct quotes. The use of swearwords in furniture, especially headlines, should also be avoided unless an editor deems it absolutely necessary.Third, the stronger the swearword, the harder we ought to think about using it.Finally, never use asterisks, or such silliness as b------, which are just a cop-out, as Charlotte Brontë recognised: “The practice of hinting by single letters those expletives with which profane and violent people are wont to garnish their discourse, strikes me as a proceeding which, however well meant, is weak and futile. I cannot tell what good it does – what feeling it spares – what horror it conceals”swingeingswinging 60ssync as in “out of sync”, also lip-sync, lip-syncingsynopsis plural synopsessyntax Beware of ambiguous or incongruous sentence structure – the following appeared in a column in the paper: “This argument, says a middle-aged lady in a business suit called Marion, is just more London stuff ... “ (What were her other outfits called?).In English, unlike some languages, the slightest difference in word order can change the meaning: we referred to the “number of average holidays taken a year by the most affluent households”, an apparent comment on the quality of the holidays rather than what we actually meant, which was the average number of holidayssynthesis, synthesise, synthesiserSyrskyi, Col Gen Oleksandr commander-in-chief of the Ukrainian armed forcessystematic methodicalsystemic relating to a system<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-a" 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