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id="toc-Differences_between_adult_and_pediatric_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absorption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absorption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Absorption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absorption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Elimination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pediatric_autonomy_in_healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pediatric_autonomy_in_healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pediatric autonomy in healthcare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pediatric_autonomy_in_healthcare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pediatric autonomy in healthcare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pediatric_autonomy_in_healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_pediatric_autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_pediatric_autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History of pediatric autonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_pediatric_autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parental_authority_and_current_medical_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parental_authority_and_current_medical_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Parental authority and current medical issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parental_authority_and_current_medical_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_advancements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_advancements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modern advancements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_advancements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Education requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_of_pediatricians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_of_pediatricians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Training of pediatricians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_of_pediatricians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subspecialties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subspecialties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Subspecialties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subspecialties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_specialties_that_care_for_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_specialties_that_care_for_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other specialties that care for children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_specialties_that_care_for_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pediatrics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84" title="طب الأطفال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طب الأطفال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatr%C3%ADa" title="Pediatría – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pediatría" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatr%C3%ADa" title="Pediatría – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pediatría" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatriya" title="Pediatriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pediatriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Педыятрыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Педыятрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Пэдыятрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэдыятрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Педиатрия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Педиатрия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedijatrija" title="Pedijatrija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pedijatrija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatria" title="Pediatria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pediatria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrie" title="Pediatrie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pediatrie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A6diatri" title="Pædiatri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pædiatri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4diatrie" title="Pädiatrie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pädiatrie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediaatria" title="Pediaatria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pediaatria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Παιδιατρική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παιδιατρική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatr%C3%ADa" title="Pediatría – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pediatría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrio" title="Pediatrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pediatrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatria" title="Pediatria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pediatria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پزشکی کودکان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پزشکی کودکان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9diatrie" title="Pédiatrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pédiatrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9idiatraic" title="Péidiatraic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Péidiatraic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatr%C3%ADa" title="Pediatría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pediatría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%95%84%EC%B2%AD%EC%86%8C%EB%85%84%EA%B3%BC" title="소아청소년과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소아청소년과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մանկաբուժություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանկաբուժություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="बालचिकित्सा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बालचिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedijatrija" title="Pedijatrija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pedijatrija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrio" title="Pediatrio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pediatrio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatri" title="Pediatri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pediatri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatria" title="Pediatria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pediatria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="רפואת ילדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפואת ילדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatri" title="Pediatri – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pediatri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პედიატრია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პედიატრია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Балалар дәрігері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Балалар дәрігері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Педиатрия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Педиатрия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paediatria" title="Paediatria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paediatria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrija" title="Pediatrija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pediatrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrie" title="Pediatrie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pediatrie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrija" title="Pediatrija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pediatrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatria" title="Pediatria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pediatria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Педијатрија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Педијатрија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="പീഡിയാട്രിക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പീഡിയാട്രിക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="बालरोगशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बालरोगशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პედიატრია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პედიატრია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrik" title="Pediatrik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pediatrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%87" title="Хүүхдийн эмч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүүхдийн эмч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="ကလေးကျန်းမာပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကလေးကျန်းမာပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrie" title="Pediatrie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pediatrie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="पेडियाट्रिक्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पेडियाट्रिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%85%90%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="小児科学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="小児科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatri" title="Pediatri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pediatri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatri" title="Pediatri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pediatri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatriya" title="Pediatriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pediatriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="बालरोगशास्त्र – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बालरोगशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatria" title="Pediatria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pediatria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatria" title="Pediatria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pediatria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrie" title="Pediatrie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pediatrie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawa_hampikamayuq" title="Wawa hampikamayuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wawa hampikamayuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Педиатрия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Педиатрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatria" title="Pediatria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pediatria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ළමා වෛද්‍යවේදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ළමා වෛද්‍යවේදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pediatrics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatria" title="Pediatria – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pediatria" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrija" title="Pediatrija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pediatrija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Педијатрија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Педијатрија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedijatrija" title="Pedijatrija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pedijatrija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastentaudit" title="Lastentaudit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lastentaudit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrik" title="Pediatrik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pediatrik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedyatriya" title="Pedyatriya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pedyatriya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="กุมารเวชศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กุมารเวชศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatri" title="Pediatri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pediatri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Педіатрія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Педіатрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84" title="طب اطفال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طب اطفال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatria" title="Pediatria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pediatria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi_khoa" title="Nhi khoa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhi khoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediyatrika" title="Pediyatrika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pediyatrika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%A7%91" title="儿科 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="儿科" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%A7%91" title="兒科 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="兒科" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%85%92%E7%A7%91" title="小兒科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="小兒科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q123028#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the branch of medicine. For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics_(journal)" title="Pediatrics (journal)">Pediatrics (journal)</a>. For the branch of dentistry, see <a href="/wiki/Pedodontics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedodontics">Pedodontics</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical specialty</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Pediatrics</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newborn_Examination_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Newborn_Examination_1967.jpg/250px-Newborn_Examination_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Newborn_Examination_1967.jpg/375px-Newborn_Examination_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Newborn_Examination_1967.jpg/500px-Newborn_Examination_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="592" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.4em;">A pediatrician examines a <a href="/wiki/Neonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonate">neonate</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Infants" class="mw-redirect" title="Infants">Infants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Children">Children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolescents" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescents">Adolescents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Youth" title="Youth">Young Adults</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>Paediatric cardiology, neonatology, critical care, pediatric oncology, hospital medicine, primary care, others (see below)</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Significant <span style="padding-left:1px;">diseases</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Congenital_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disease">Congenital diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">Infectious diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Childhood_cancer" title="Childhood cancer">Childhood cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorders</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Significant <span style="padding-left:1px;">tests</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/childgrowth/en/">World Health Organization Child Growth Standards</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Specialist</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><b>Pediatrician</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Glossary</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_medicine" title="Glossary of medicine">Glossary of medicine</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pediatrics</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) also spelled <b>paediatrics</b> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>), is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> that involves the medical care of <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">infants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescents</a>, and young adults. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, pediatrics covers many of their youth until the age of 18.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> recommends people seek pediatric care through the age of 21, but some pediatric subspecialists continue to care for adults up to 25.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worldwide age limits of pediatrics have been trending upward year after year.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">medical doctor</a> who specializes in this area is known as a <b>pediatrician</b>, or <b>paediatrician</b>. The word <i>pediatrics</i> and its <a href="/wiki/Cognates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognates">cognates</a> mean "healer of children", derived from the two <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> words: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B1%E1%BF%96%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:παῖς">παῖς</a></span></span> (<i>pais</i> "child") and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%B0%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἰατρός">ἰατρός</a></span></span> (<i>iatros</i> "doctor, healer"). Pediatricians work in clinics, research centers, universities, general <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_hospital" title="Children's hospital">children's hospitals</a>, including those who practice pediatric subspecialties (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">neonatology</a> requires resources available in a <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unit" title="Neonatal intensive care unit">NICU</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital.jpg/250px-Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital.jpg/375px-Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital.jpg/500px-Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Part of <a href="/wiki/Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital" title="Great Ormond Street Hospital">Great Ormond Street Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, which was the first pediatric hospital in the English-speaking world.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest mentions of child-specific medical problems appear in the <i><a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Corpus" title="Hippocratic Corpus">Hippocratic Corpus</a></i>, published in the fifth century B.C., and the famous <i>Sacred Disease</i>. These publications discussed topics such as childhood epilepsy and premature births. From the first to fourth centuries A.D., Greek philosophers and physicians <a href="/wiki/Celsus" title="Celsus">Celsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soranus_of_Ephesus" title="Soranus of Ephesus">Soranus of Ephesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aretaeus_of_Cappadocia" title="Aretaeus of Cappadocia">Aretaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oribasius" title="Oribasius">Oribasius</a>, also discussed specific illnesses affecting children in their works, such as rashes, epilepsy, and meningitis.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celsus" title="Celsus">Celsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soranus_of_Ephesus" title="Soranus of Ephesus">Soranus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a><sup id="cite_ref-ColónColón1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColónColón1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> understood the differences in growing and maturing organisms that necessitated different treatment: <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ex toto non sic pueri ut viri curari debent</i></span></i> ("In general, boys should not be treated in the same way as men").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the oldest traces of pediatrics can be discovered in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient India</a> where children's doctors were called <i>kumara bhrtya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ColónColón1999_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColónColón1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though some pediatric works existed during this time, they were scarce and rarely published due to a lack of knowledge in pediatric medicine. <i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">ayurvedic</a> text composed during the sixth century BCE, contains the text about pediatrics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another ayurvedic text from this period is <i><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa_Samhita" title="Kashyapa Samhita">Kashyapa Samhita</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second century AD manuscript by the Greek physician and gynecologist <a href="/wiki/Soranus_of_Ephesus" title="Soranus of Ephesus">Soranus of Ephesus</a> dealt with neonatal pediatrics.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byzantine physicians <a href="/wiki/Oribasius" title="Oribasius">Oribasius</a>, <a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Trallianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Trallianus">Alexander Trallianus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Aegineta" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Aegineta">Paulus Aegineta</a> contributed to the field.<sup id="cite_ref-ColónColón1999_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColónColón1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantines also built <i>brephotrophia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Day_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Day care">crêches</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ColónColón1999_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColónColón1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> writers served as a bridge for Greco-Roman and Byzantine medicine and added ideas of their own, especially <a href="/wiki/Haly_Abbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Haly Abbas">Haly Abbas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Sarafyun" title="Yahya ibn Sarafyun">Yahya Serapion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abulcasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abulcasis">Abulcasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>. The Persian philosopher and physician <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi">al-Razi</a> (865–925), sometimes called the father of pediatrics, published a monograph on pediatrics titled <i>Diseases in Children</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elgood_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elgood-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also among the first books about pediatrics was <i>Libellus [Opusculum] de aegritudinibus et remediis infantium</i> 1472 ("Little Book on Children Diseases and Treatment"), by the Italian pediatrician Paolo Bagellardo.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In sequence came <a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Metlinger" title="Bartholomäus Metlinger">Bartholomäus Metlinger</a>'s <i>Ein Regiment der Jungerkinder</i> 1473, <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Roelans" title="Cornelius Roelans">Cornelius Roelans</a> (1450–1525) no title Buchlein, or Latin compendium, 1483, and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Louffenburg" title="Heinrich von Louffenburg">Heinrich von Louffenburg</a> (1391–1460) <i>Versehung des Leibs</i> written in 1429 (published 1491), together form the <i>Pediatric Incunabula</i>, four great medical treatises on children's physiology and pathology.<sup id="cite_ref-ColónColón1999_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColónColón1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While more information about childhood diseases became available, there was little evidence that children received the same kind of medical care that adults did.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that medical experts started offering specialized care for children.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swedish physician <a href="/wiki/Nils_Ros%C3%A9n_von_Rosenstein" title="Nils Rosén von Rosenstein">Nils Rosén von Rosenstein</a> (1706–1773) is considered to be the founder of modern pediatrics as a medical specialty,<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while his work <i>The diseases of children, and their remedies</i> (1764) is considered to be "the first modern textbook on the subject".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was not until the nineteenth century that medical professionals acknowledged pediatrics as a separate field of medicine. The first pediatric-specific publications appeared between the 1790s and the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term pediatrics was first introduced in English in 1859 by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Jacobi" title="Abraham Jacobi">Abraham Jacobi</a>. In 1860, he became "the first dedicated professor of pediatrics in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-:13_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacobi is known as the <i>father of American pediatrics</i> because of his many contributions to the field.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received his medical training in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and later practiced in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first generally accepted pediatric hospital is the <i>Hôpital des Enfants Malades</i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Hospital for Sick Children</i>), which opened in Paris in June 1802 on the site of a previous orphanage.<sup id="cite_ref-Ballbriga_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ballbriga-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From its beginning, this famous hospital accepted patients up to the age of fifteen years,<sup id="cite_ref-Paris19_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it continues to this day as the pediatric division of the <a href="/wiki/Necker-Enfants_Malades_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital">Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital</a>, created in 1920 by merging with the nearby <i>Necker Hospital</i>, founded in 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other European countries, the <a href="/wiki/Charit%C3%A9" title="Charité">Charité</a> (a hospital founded in 1710) in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> established a separate Pediatric Pavilion in 1830, followed by similar institutions at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> in 1834, and at <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>), both in 1837. In 1852 Britain's first pediatric hospital, <a href="/wiki/Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital" title="Great Ormond Street Hospital">the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_West_(physician)" title="Charles West (physician)">Charles West</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ballbriga_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ballbriga-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Children's hospital in Scotland opened in 1860 in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, the first similar institutions were the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_of_Philadelphia" title="Children's Hospital of Philadelphia">Children's Hospital of Philadelphia</a>, which opened in 1855, and then <a href="/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Boston Children's Hospital">Boston Children's Hospital</a> (1869).<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subspecialties in pediatrics were created at the Harriet Lane Home at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edwards_A._Park_(doctor)" title="Edwards A. Park (doctor)">Edwards A. Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_between_adult_and_pediatric_medicine">Differences between adult and pediatric medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Differences between adult and pediatric medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The body size differences are paralleled by maturation changes. The smaller body of an <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">infant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonate">neonate</a> is substantially different physiologically from that of an adult. Congenital defects, genetic variance, and developmental issues are of greater concern to pediatricians than they often are to adult physicians. A common adage is that children are not simply "little adults". The clinician must take into account the immature physiology of the infant or child when considering symptoms, prescribing medications, and diagnosing illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pediatric physiology directly impacts the <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetic</a> properties of drugs that enter the body. The <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(pharmacology)" title="Absorption (pharmacology)">absorption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(pharmacology)" title="Distribution (pharmacology)">distribution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">metabolism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drug_elimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug elimination">elimination</a> of medications differ between developing children and grown adults.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite completed studies and reviews, continual research is needed to better understand how these factors should affect the decisions of healthcare providers when prescribing and administering medications to the pediatric population.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absorption">Absorption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Absorption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many drug absorption differences between pediatric and adult populations revolve around the stomach. Neonates and young infants have increased stomach <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> due to decreased <a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">acid</a> secretion, thereby creating a more basic environment for drugs that are taken by mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acid is essential to degrading certain oral drugs before systemic absorption. Therefore, the absorption of these drugs in children is greater than in adults due to decreased breakdown and increased preservation in a less acidic <a href="/wiki/Gastric" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric">gastric</a> space.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children also have an extended rate of gastric emptying, which slows the rate of drug absorption.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drug absorption also depends on specific <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> that come in contact with the oral drug as it travels through the body. Supply of these enzymes increase as children continue to develop their gastrointestinal tract.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pediatric patients have underdeveloped <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, which leads to decreased metabolism and increased serum concentrations of specific drugs. However, <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrugs</a> experience the opposite effect because enzymes are necessary for allowing their active form to enter systemic circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Percentage of <a href="/wiki/Total_body_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Total body water">total body water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid volume</a> both decrease as children grow and develop with time. Pediatric patients thus have a larger <a href="/wiki/Volume_of_distribution" title="Volume of distribution">volume of distribution</a> than adults, which directly affects the dosing of <a href="/wiki/Hydrophile" title="Hydrophile">hydrophilic</a> drugs such as <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-lactam_antibiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-lactam antibiotic">beta-lactam antibiotics</a> like ampicillin.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, these drugs are administered at greater weight-based doses or with adjusted dosing intervals in children to account for this key difference in body composition.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infants and neonates also have fewer plasma proteins. Thus, highly protein-bound drugs have fewer opportunities for protein binding, leading to increased distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drug metabolism primarily occurs via enzymes in the liver and can vary according to which specific enzymes are affected in a specific stage of development.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phase I and Phase II enzymes have different rates of maturation and development, depending on their specific mechanism of action (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetylation" title="Acetylation">acetylation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">methylation</a>, etc.). Enzyme capacity, <a href="/wiki/Clearance_(pharmacology)" title="Clearance (pharmacology)">clearance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> are all factors that contribute to metabolism differences between children and adults.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drug metabolism can even differ within the pediatric population, separating neonates and infants from young children.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elimination">Elimination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Elimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drug elimination is primarily facilitated via the liver and kidneys.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In infants and young children, the larger relative size of their kidneys leads to increased <a href="/wiki/Renal" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal">renal</a> clearance of medications that are eliminated through urine.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">preterm</a> neonates and infants, their kidneys are slower to mature and thus are unable to clear as much drug as fully developed kidneys. This can cause unwanted drug build-up, which is why it is important to consider lower doses and greater dosing intervals for this population.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diseases that negatively affect kidney function can also have the same effect and thus warrant similar considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pediatric_autonomy_in_healthcare">Pediatric autonomy in healthcare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pediatric autonomy in healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major difference between the practice of pediatric and adult medicine is that children, in most <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> and with certain exceptions, cannot make decisions for themselves. The issues of <a href="/wiki/Guardianship" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardianship">guardianship</a>, privacy, legal responsibility, and informed consent must always be considered in every pediatric procedure. Pediatricians often have to treat the parents and sometimes, the family, rather than just the child. Adolescents are in their own legal class, having rights to their own health care decisions in certain circumstances. The concept of legal consent combined with the non-legal consent (assent) of the child when considering treatment options, especially in the face of conditions with poor prognosis or complicated and painful procedures/surgeries, means the pediatrician must take into account the desires of many people, in addition to those of the patient.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_pediatric_autonomy">History of pediatric autonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History of pediatric autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term autonomy is traceable to ethical theory and law, where it states that autonomous individuals can make decisions based on their own logic.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hippocrates was the first to use the term in a medical setting. He created a code of ethics for doctors called the <i><a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath" title="Hippocratic Oath">Hippocratic Oath</a></i> that highlighted the importance of putting patients' interests first, making autonomy for patients a top priority in health care.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p><p>In ancient times, society did not view pediatric medicine as essential or scientific.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experts considered professional medicine unsuitable for treating children. Children also had no rights. Fathers regarded their children as property, so their children's health decisions were entrusted to them.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, mothers, midwives, "wise women", and general practitioners treated the children instead of doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since mothers could not rely on professional medicine to take care of their children, they developed their own methods, such as using alkaline soda ash to remove the vernix at birth and treating teething pain with opium or wine. The absence of proper pediatric care, rights, and laws in health care to prioritize children's health led to many of their deaths. Ancient Greeks and Romans sometimes even killed healthy female babies and infants with deformities since they had no adequate medical treatment and no laws prohibiting infanticide.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the twentieth century, medical experts began to put more emphasis on children's rights. In 1989, in the United Nations Rights of the Child Convention, medical experts developed the Best Interest Standard of Child to prioritize children's rights and best interests. This event marked the onset of pediatric autonomy. In 1995, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> (AAP) finally acknowledged the Best Interest Standard of a Child as an ethical principle for pediatric decision-making, and it is still being used today.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parental_authority_and_current_medical_issues">Parental authority and current medical issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Parental authority and current medical issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of the time, parents have the authority to decide what happens to their child. Philosopher John Locke argued that it is the responsibility of parents to raise their children and that God gave them this authority. In modern society, Jeffrey Blustein, modern philosopher and author of the book <i>Parents and Children: The Ethics of Family</i>, argues that parental authority is granted because the child requires parents to satisfy their needs. He believes that parental autonomy is more about parents providing good care for their children and treating them with respect than parents having rights.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researcher Kyriakos Martakis, MD, MSc, explains that research shows parental influence negatively affects children's ability to form autonomy. However, involving children in the decision-making process allows children to develop their cognitive skills and create their own opinions and, thus, decisions about their health. Parental authority affects the degree of autonomy the child patient has. As a result, in Argentina, the new National Civil and Commercial Code has enacted various changes to the healthcare system to encourage children and adolescents to develop autonomy. It has become more crucial to let children take accountability for their own health decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most cases, the pediatrician, parent, and child work as a team to make the best possible medical decision. The pediatrician has the right to intervene for the child's welfare and seek advice from an ethics committee. However, in recent studies, authors have denied that complete autonomy is present in pediatric healthcare. The same moral standards should apply to children as they do to adults. In support of this idea is the concept of paternalism, which negates autonomy when it is in the patient's interests. This concept aims to keep the child's best interests in mind regarding autonomy. Pediatricians can interact with patients and help them make decisions that will benefit them, thus enhancing their autonomy. However, radical theories that question a child's moral worth continue to be debated today.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authors often question whether the treatment and equality of a child and an adult should be the same. Author Tamar Schapiro notes that children need nurturing and cannot exercise the same level of authority as adults.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, continuing the discussion on whether children are capable of making important health decisions until this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_advancements">Modern advancements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern advancements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Subcommittee of Clinical Ethics of the Argentinean Pediatric Society (SAP), children can understand moral feelings at all ages and can make reasonable decisions based on those feelings. Therefore, children and teens are deemed capable of making their own health decisions when they reach the age of 13. Recently, studies made on the decision-making of children have challenged that age to be 12.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Technology has made several modern advancements that contribute to the future development of child autonomy, for example, unsolicited findings (U.F.s) of pediatric exome sequencing. They are findings based on pediatric exome sequencing that explain in greater detail the intellectual disability of a child and predict to what extent it will affect the child in the future. Genetic and intellectual disorders in children make them incapable of making moral decisions, so people look down upon this kind of testing because the child's future autonomy is at risk. It is still in question whether parents should request these types of testing for their children. Medical experts argue that it could endanger the autonomous rights the child will possess in the future. However, the parents contend that <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">genetic testing</a> would benefit the welfare of their children since it would allow them to make better health care decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exome sequencing for children and the decision to grant parents the right to request them is a medically ethical issue that many still debate today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_requirements">Education requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pediatrics" title="Talk:Pediatrics">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Aspiring medical students will need 4 years of undergraduate courses at a college or university, which will get them a BS, BA or other bachelor's degree. After completing college, future pediatricians will need to attend 4 years of medical school (MD/DO/MBBS) and later do 3 more years of residency training, the first year of which is called "internship." After completing the 3 years of residency, physicians are eligible to become certified in pediatrics by passing a rigorous test that deals with medical conditions related to young children.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In high school, future pediatricians are required to take basic science classes such as biology, chemistry, physics, algebra, geometry, and calculus. It is also advisable to learn a foreign language (preferably Spanish in the United States) and be involved in high school organizations and extracurricular activities. After high school, college students simply need to fulfill the basic science course requirements that most medical schools recommend and will need to prepare to take the MCAT (Medical College Admission Test) in their junior or early senior year in college. Once attending medical school, student courses will focus on basic medical sciences like human anatomy, physiology, chemistry, etc., for the first three years, the second year of which is when medical students start to get hands-on experience with actual patients.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training_of_pediatricians">Training of pediatricians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Training of pediatricians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Pediatrics</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg/60px-Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg/90px-Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg/120px-Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="804" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Pediatrician</li> <li>Paediatrician</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">Specialty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a> (MBBS/MBChB)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">Clinics</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The training of pediatricians varies considerably across the world. Depending on jurisdiction and university, a medical degree course may be either undergraduate-entry or graduate-entry. The former commonly takes five or six years and has been usual in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>. Entrants to graduate-entry courses (as in the US), usually lasting four or five years, have previously completed a three- or four-year university degree, commonly but by no means always in sciences. Medical graduates hold a degree specific to the country and university in and from which they graduated. This degree qualifies that medical practitioner to become licensed or registered under the laws of that particular country, and sometimes of several countries, subject to requirements for "<a href="/wiki/Medical_intern" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical intern">internship</a>" or "conditional registration". </p><p>Pediatricians must undertake further training in their chosen field. This may take from four to eleven or more years depending on jurisdiction and the degree of specialization. </p><p>In the United States, a medical school graduate wishing to specialize in pediatrics must undergo a three-year residency composed of outpatient, inpatient, and critical care rotations. Subspecialties within pediatrics require further training in the form of 3-year fellowships. Subspecialties include critical care, gastroenterology, neurology, infectious disease, hematology/oncology, rheumatology, pulmonology, child abuse, emergency medicine, endocrinology, neonatology, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most jurisdictions, entry-level degrees are common to all branches of the medical profession, but in some jurisdictions, specialization in pediatrics may begin before completion of this degree. In some jurisdictions, pediatric training is begun immediately following the completion of entry-level training. In other jurisdictions, junior medical doctors must undertake generalist (unstreamed) training for a number of years before commencing pediatric (or any other) <a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">specialization</a>. Specialist training is often largely under the control of '<i>pediatric organizations</i> (see below) rather than universities and depends on the jurisdiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subspecialties">Subspecialties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Subspecialties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subspecialties of pediatrics include: </p><p>(<i>not an exhaustive list</i>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a> (multidisciplinary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics#Clinical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Clinical genetics</a></li> <li>Clinical informatics</li> <li>Developmental-behavioral pediatrics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_toxicology" title="Medical toxicology">Medical toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics#Metabolic/biochemical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Metabolic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a>/Perinatology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Pain medicine</a> (multidisciplinary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a> (multidisciplinary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Pediatric allergy and immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Pediatric cardiology</a> <ul><li>Pediatric cardiac critical care</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Pediatric critical care</a> <ul><li>Neurocritical care</li> <li>Pediatric cardiac critical care</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_emergency_medicine" title="Pediatric emergency medicine">Pediatric emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_endocrinology" title="Pediatric endocrinology">Pediatric endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_gastroenterology" title="Pediatric gastroenterology">Pediatric gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Transplant hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Pediatric hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">Pediatric infectious disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Pediatric nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_cancer" title="Childhood cancer">Pediatric oncology</a> <ul><li>Pediatric neuro-oncology</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pediatric pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">Primary care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Pediatric rheumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a> (multidisciplinary)</li> <li>Social pediatrics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_specialties_that_care_for_children">Other specialties that care for children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other specialties that care for children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(<i>not an exhaustive list</i>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Child neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a> (multidisciplinary)</li> <li>Brain injury medicine</li> <li>Clinical neurophysiology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache medicine</a></li> <li>Neurocritical care</li> <li>Neuroimmunology</li> <li>Neuromuscular medicine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Pain medicine</a> (multidisciplinary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a> (multidisciplinary)</li> <li>Pediatric neuro-oncology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a> (multidisciplinary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry" title="Child and adolescent psychiatry">Child and adolescent psychiatry</a>, subspecialty of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a></li> <li>Neurodevelopmental disabilities</li> <li>Pediatric anesthesiology, subspecialty of <a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_dentistry" title="Pediatric dentistry">Pediatric dentistry</a>, subspecialty of <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a></li> <li>Pediatric dermatology, subspecialty of <a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_gynaecology" title="Pediatric gynaecology">Pediatric gynecology</a></li> <li>Pediatric neurosurgery, subspecialty of <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_ophthalmology" title="Pediatric ophthalmology">Pediatric ophthalmology</a>, subspecialty of <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">ophthalmology</a></li> <li>Pediatric orthopedic surgery, subspecialty of <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li>Pediatric otolaryngology, subspecialty of <a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">otolaryngology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_plastic_surgery" title="Pediatric plastic surgery">Pediatric plastic surgery</a>, subspecialty of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgery</a></li> <li>Pediatric radiology, subspecialty of <a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">radiology</a></li> <li>Pediatric rehabilitation medicine, subspecialty of <a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">physical medicine and rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a>, subspecialty of <a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">general surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_urology" title="Pediatric urology">Pediatric urology</a>, subspecialty of <a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">urology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Board_of_Pediatrics" title="American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics">American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_on_Media_and_Child_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Center on Media and Child Health">Center on Media and Child Health</a> (CMCH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_hospital" title="Children's hospital">Children's hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pediatric_organizations" title="Category:Pediatric organizations">List of pediatric organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pediatrics_journals" title="Category:Pediatrics journals">List of pediatrics journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">Medical specialty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_Oncall" title="Pediatric Oncall">Pediatric Oncall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_babies" title="Pain in babies">Pain in babies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Paediatrics_and_Child_Health" title="Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health">Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_environmental_health" title="Pediatric environmental health">Pediatric environmental health</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/commissioning-medicines-children-specialised-services.pdf">"Paediatrics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nhs.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713031519/https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/commissioning-medicines-children-specialised-services.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> 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Orient blackswan. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+Of+Paediatrics&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Orient+blackswan&rft.au=Desai%2C+A.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1995" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, P. M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2528358">"Soranus of Ephesus (Circa AD 98-138) and perinatal care in Roman times"</a>. <i>Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition</i>. <b>73</b> (1): F51–F52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Ffn.73.1.f51">10.1136/fn.73.1.f51</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2528358">2528358</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7552600">7552600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Disease+in+Childhood.+Fetal+and+Neonatal+Edition&rft.atitle=Soranus+of+Ephesus+%28Circa+AD+98-138%29+and+perinatal+care+in+Roman+times&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=F51-F52&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2528358%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7552600&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Ffn.73.1.f51&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2528358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elgood-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elgood_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgood2010" class="citation book cs1">Elgood, Cyril (2010). <i>A Medical History of Persia and The Eastern Caliphate</i> (1st ed.). London: Cambridge. pp. 202–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01588-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01588-2"><bdi>978-1-108-01588-2</bdi></a>. <q>By writing a monograph on 'Diseases in Children' he may also be looked upon as the father of paediatrics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Medical+History+of+Persia+and+The+Eastern+Caliphate&rft.place=London&rft.pages=202-203&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-108-01588-2&rft.aulast=Elgood&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. National Library of Medicine, "Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts, Al-Razi, the Clinician" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_06.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180105081202/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_06.html">Archived</a> 5 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dhB2qVWw9SoC&pg=PA1">Achar S Textbook Of Pediatrics (Third Edition)</a></i>". A. B. Desai (ed.) (1989). p.1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-0440-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-250-0440-8">81-250-0440-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternMarkel2002" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Alexandra Minna; Markel, Howard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/dn39x232m"><i>Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.17065">10.3998/mpub.17065</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-02503-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-02503-9"><bdi>978-0-472-02503-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130164350/https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/dn39x232m">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formative+Years%3A+Children%27s+Health+in+the+United+States%2C+1880-2000&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.17065&rft.isbn=978-0-472-02503-9&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Alexandra+Minna&rft.au=Markel%2C+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fulcrum.org%2Fconcern%2Fmonographs%2Fdn39x232m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockJohn_M._LastGeorge_Dunea2001" class="citation book cs1">Lock, Stephen; John M. Last; George Dunea (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00step"><i>The Oxford illustrated companion to medicine</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press US. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00step/page/173">173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-262950-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-262950-0"><bdi>978-0-19-262950-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2010</span>. <q>Rosen von Rosenstein.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+illustrated+companion+to+medicine&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-262950-0&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=John+M.+Last&rft.au=George+Dunea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordillustrate00step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2003" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Michael (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpRK2R94igC&q=%22Nils+Von+Rosenstein%22&pg=PA215"><i>The Age of Liberty: Sweden 1719–1772</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52707-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52707-1"><bdi>978-0-521-52707-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Liberty%3A+Sweden+1719%E2%80%931772&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52707-1&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxSpRK2R94igC%26q%3D%2522Nils%2BVon%2BRosenstein%2522%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallas" class="citation web cs1">Dallas, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727192812/http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/library/exhibitions/child-care/">"Classics of Child Care"</a>. Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/library/exhibitions/child-care/">the original</a> on 27 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classics+of+Child+Care&rft.pub=Royal+College+of+Physicians+of+Edinburgh&rft.aulast=Dallas&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcpe.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fexhibitions%2Fchild-care%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffin2010" class="citation book cs1">Duffin, Jacalyn (29 May 2010). <i>History of Medicine, Second Edition: A Scandalously Short Introduction</i>. University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medicine%2C+Second+Edition%3A+A+Scandalously+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010-05-29&rft.aulast=Duffin&rft.aufirst=Jacalyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternMarkel2002" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Alexandra Minna; Markel, Howard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/dn39x232m"><i>Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.17065">10.3998/mpub.17065</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-02503-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-02503-9"><bdi>978-0-472-02503-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130164350/https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/dn39x232m">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formative+Years%3A+Children%27s+Health+in+the+United+States%2C+1880-2000&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.17065&rft.isbn=978-0-472-02503-9&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Alexandra+Minna&rft.au=Markel%2C+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fulcrum.org%2Fconcern%2Fmonographs%2Fdn39x232m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d1YRx5d6_K8C&pg=PA4">Broadribb's Introductory Pediatric Nursing</a></i>". Nancy T. Hatfield (2007). p.4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-7706-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7817-7706-2">0-7817-7706-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060418235455/http://www.nyc.gov/html/hhc/jacobi/html/second_level/geninfo.html">"Jacobi Medical Center - General Information"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc.gov/html/hhc/jacobi/html/second_level/geninfo.html">the original</a> on 18 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jacobi+Medical+Center+-+General+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fhhc%2Fjacobi%2Fhtml%2Fsecond_level%2Fgeninfo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutzsche2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kutzsche, Stefan (8 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apa.15887">"Abraham Jacobi (1830–1919) and his transition from political to medical activist"</a>. <i>Acta Paediatrica</i>. <b>110</b> (8): 2303–2305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fapa.15887">10.1111/apa.15887</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0803-5253">0803-5253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33963612">33963612</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233998658">233998658</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230507191051/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apa.15887">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Paediatrica&rft.atitle=Abraham+Jacobi+%281830%E2%80%931919%29+and+his+transition+from+political+to+medical+activist&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2303-2305&rft.date=2021-04-08&rft.issn=0803-5253&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233998658%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33963612&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fapa.15887&rft.aulast=Kutzsche&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fapa.15887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ballbriga-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ballbriga_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ballbriga_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallbriga1991" class="citation book cs1">Ballbriga, Angel (1991). "One century of pediatrics in Europe (section: development of pediatric hospitals in Europe)". In Nichols, Burford L.; et al. (eds.). <i>History of Paediatrics 1850–1950</i>. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series. Vol. 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 6–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88167-695-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88167-695-0"><bdi>0-88167-695-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=One+century+of+pediatrics+in+Europe+%28section%3A+development+of+pediatric+hospitals+in+Europe%29&rft.btitle=History+of+Paediatrics+1850%E2%80%931950&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Nestl%C3%A9+Nutrition+Workshop+Series&rft.pages=6-8&rft.pub=Raven+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-88167-695-0&rft.aulast=Ballbriga&rft.aufirst=Angel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paris19-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paris19_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aphp.fr/site/histoire/1901_hopitaux_pediatriques.htm">official history site (in French) of nineteenth century paediatric hospitals in Paris</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hopital-necker.aphp.fr/introducing-necker-enfants-malades-hospital">"Introducing the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital"</a>. <i>Hôpital des Necker-Enfants Malades</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%B4pital+des+Necker-Enfants+Malades&rft.atitle=Introducing+the+Necker-Enfants+Malades+Hospital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhopital-necker.aphp.fr%2Fintroducing-necker-enfants-malades-hospital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1999" class="citation journal cs1">Young, D.G. (August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221631/http://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm">"The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 211–5. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10453141">10453141</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formative+Years%3A+Children%27s+Health+in+the+United+States%2C+1880-2000&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.17065&rft.isbn=978-0-472-02503-9&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Alexandra+Minna&rft.au=Markel%2C+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fulcrum.org%2Fconcern%2Fmonographs%2Fdn39x232m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2004" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Lainie Ross (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/756393117"><i>Children, families, and health care decision making</i></a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925154-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925154-1"><bdi>0-19-925154-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/756393117">756393117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%2C+families%2C+and+health+care+decision+making&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F756393117&rft.isbn=0-19-925154-1&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Lainie+Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F756393117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartakisSchröder-BäckBrand2018" class="citation journal cs1">Martakis, K.; Schröder-Bäck, P.; Brand, H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethics&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Child%3F&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=715-738&rft.date=1999-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170129444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0014-1704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F233943&rft.aulast=Schapiro&rft.aufirst=Tamar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F233943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDondorpBoltTibbenDe_Wert2021" class="citation journal cs1">Dondorp, W.; Bolt, I.; Tibben, A.; De Wert, G.; Van Summeren, M. (1 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10728-020-00425-7">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We Should View Him as an Individual': The Role of the Child's Future Autonomy in Shared Decision-Making About Unsolicited Findings in Pediatric Exome Sequencing"</a>. <i>Health Care Analysis</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 249–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10728-020-00425-7">10.1007/s10728-020-00425-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3394">1573-3394</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33389383">33389383</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230112761">230112761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Care+Analysis&rft.atitle=%27We+Should+View+Him+as+an+Individual%27%3A+The+Role+of+the+Child%27s+Future+Autonomy+in+Shared+Decision-Making+About+Unsolicited+Findings+in+Pediatric+Exome+Sequencing&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-261&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft.issn=1573-3394&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A230112761%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33389383&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10728-020-00425-7&rft.aulast=Dondorp&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Bolt%2C+I.&rft.au=Tibben%2C+A.&rft.au=De+Wert%2C+G.&rft.au=Van+Summeren%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs10728-020-00425-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn.org/articles/What_Education_Is_Required_to_Be_a_Pediatrician.html">"What Education Is Required to Be a Pediatrician?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170607205626/http://learn.org/articles/What_Education_Is_Required_to_Be_a_Pediatrician.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+Education+Is+Required+to+Be+a+Pediatrician%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearn.org%2Farticles%2FWhat_Education_Is_Required_to_Be_a_Pediatrician.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130918013152/http://www.pedsubs.org/SubDes/index.cfm">"CoPS"</a>. <i>www.pedsubs.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pedsubs.org/subDes/index.cfm">the original</a> on 18 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pedsubs.org&rft.atitle=CoPS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pedsubs.org%2FsubDes%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APediatrics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/"><i>BMC Pediatrics</i></a> - open access</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clp.sagepub.com"><i>Clinical Pediatrics</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/developmental-review"><i>Developmental Review</i></a> - partial open access</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics"><i>JAMA Pediatrics</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpeds.com/"><i>The Journal of Pediatrics</i></a> - partial open access</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pediatrics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pediatrics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pediatrics" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paediatrics" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:paediatrics">paediatrics</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pediatrics" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pediatrics">pediatrics</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/en/Health/Medicine/Medical_Specialties/Pediatrics/">Pediatrics Directory at Curlie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openmd.com/directory/pediatric">Pediatric Health Directory at OpenMD</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal<br />medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and<br />gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical<br />education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infants_and_their_care" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFCBA4;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infants_and_their_care" title="Template:Infants and their care"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infants_and_their_care" title="Template talk:Infants and their care"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infants_and_their_care" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infants and their care"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infants_and_their_care" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infants</a> and their care</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pediatrics</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_food" title="Baby food">Baby food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_weight" title="Birth weight">Birth weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_pump" title="Breast pump">Breast pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_medications" title="Breastfeeding and medications">Breastfeeding and medications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_mental_health" title="Breastfeeding and mental health">Breastfeeding and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottle feeding">Bottle feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_colic" title="Baby colic">Colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_cap" title="Cradle cap">Cradle cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotropia" title="Esotropia">Esotropia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_to_thrive" title="Failure to thrive">Failure to thrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_and_toddler_safety" title="Infant and toddler safety">Infant and toddler safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_bathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant bathing">Infant bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_feeding" title="Infant feeding">Infant feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_food_safety" title="Infant food safety">Infant food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_formula" title="Infant formula">Infant formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_massage" title="Infant massage">Infant massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Infant respiratory distress syndrome">Infant respiratory distress syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_sleep_training" title="Infant sleep training">Infant sleep training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unit" title="Neonatal intensive care unit">Neonatal intensive care unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newborn_care_and_safety" title="Newborn care and safety">Newborn care and safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy" title="Oral rehydration therapy">Oral rehydration therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedialyte" title="Pedialyte">Pedialyte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaken_baby_syndrome" title="Shaken baby syndrome">Shaken baby syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_formula" title="Soy formula">Soy formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIDS" title="SIDS">SIDS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_parenting" title="Attachment parenting">Attachment parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby-led_weaning" title="Baby-led weaning">Baby-led weaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_talk" title="Baby talk">Baby talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babbling" title="Babbling">Babbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">Birth defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawling_(human)" title="Crawling (human)">Crawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_age" title="Gestational age">Gestational age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_visual_development" title="Infant visual development">Infant visual development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritant_diaper_dermatitis" title="Irritant diaper dermatitis">Irritant diaper dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_cognitive_development" title="Infant cognitive development">Infant cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_crying" title="Infant crying">Infant crying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_care" title="Kangaroo care">Kangaroo care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">Nursery rhyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_permanence" title="Object permanence">Object permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peekaboo" title="Peekaboo">Peekaboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Prenatal_development_table.svg" title="File:Prenatal development table.svg">Prenatal development table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teething" title="Teething">Teething</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_motor_skill#Learning_to_walk" title="Gross motor skill">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">Weaning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socialization and Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babysitting" title="Babysitting">Babysitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">Child custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children's rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">UN Child rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent_visitation" title="Grandparent visitation">Grandparent visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_swimming" title="Infant swimming">Infant swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_milk_banking_in_North_America" title="Human milk banking in North America">Milk bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny" title="Nanny">Nanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">Wet nurse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infant care and equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_jumper" title="Baby jumper">Baby bouncer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_gate" title="Baby gate">Baby gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_monitor" title="Baby monitor">Baby monitor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hidden_camera" title="Hidden camera">Hidden camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_powder" title="Baby powder">Baby powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_shampoo" title="Baby shampoo">Baby shampoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_toy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baby toy (page does not exist)">Baby toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_walker" title="Baby walker">Baby walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bib_(garment)" title="Bib (garment)">Bib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(seat)" title="Swing (seat)">Baby swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_transport" title="Baby transport">Baby transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassinet" title="Bassinet">Bassinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_seat_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Car seat safety">Car seat safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_diaper" title="Cloth diaper">Cloth diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradle board">Cradle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">Diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaper_bag" title="Diaper bag">Diaper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_wipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby wipes">Baby wipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haberman_Feeder" title="Haberman Feeder">Haberman Feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_chair" title="High chair">High chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_bed" title="Infant bed">Infant bed</a> <small><i>(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant carrier">Infant carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_clothing" title="Infant clothing">Infant clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifier" title="Pacifier">Pacifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playpen" title="Playpen">Playpen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroller" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroller">Stroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_nursing_system" title="Supplemental nursing system">Supplemental nursing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaddling" title="Swaddling">Swaddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_diaper" title="Swim diaper">Swim diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teether" title="Teether">Teether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_cot" title="Travel cot">Travel cot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_shower" title="Baby shower">Baby shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babywearing" title="Babywearing">Babywearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">Child neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_adoption" title="Closed adoption">Closed adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_room" title="Cry room">Cry room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_ear_piercing" title="Infant ear piercing">Infant ear piercing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_adoption" title="Open adoption">Open adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_cocaine_exposure" title="Prenatal cocaine exposure">Prenatal cocaine exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal" title="Neonatal withdrawal">Neonatal withdrawal syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_child_abduction" title="Parental child abduction">Parental child abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">Parental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting_plan" title="Parenting plan">Parenting plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_law" title="Paternity law">Paternity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_fraud" title="Paternity fraud">Paternity fraud</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4030594-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572264">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="pediatrie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115705&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000080546&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531681605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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