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id="toc-International_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Bangladesh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brunei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brunei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Brunei </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brunei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cameroon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cameroon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Cameroon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cameroon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Hong Kong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Macau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauritius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauritius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Mauritius </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauritius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Nepal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seychelles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seychelles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12 Seychelles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seychelles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.13 Singapore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.14 Sri Lanka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanzania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanzania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.15 Tanzania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanzania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.16 Uganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.17 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subjects_offered" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subjects_offered"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.17.1 Subjects offered </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subjects_offered-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A-level_reforms_in_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A-level_reforms_in_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.17.2 A-level reforms in England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-level_reforms_in_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimbabwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimbabwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.18 Zimbabwe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zimbabwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Former usage </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" > 22 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-level" title="A-level – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="A-level" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAG_Safon_Uwch" title="TAG Safon Uwch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="TAG Safon Uwch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Level" title="Advanced Level – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Advanced Level" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Level" title="Advanced Level – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Advanced Level" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-level" title="A-level – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="A-level" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level" title="GCE Advanced Level – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="GCE Advanced Level" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-Level" title="A-Level – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="A-Level" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Level" title="Advanced Level – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Advanced Level" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-level" title="A-level – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="A-level" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-level" title="A-level – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="A-level" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E4%BF%AE%E4%BA%86%E4%B8%8A%E7%B4%9A%E3%83%AC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB" title="一般教育修了上級レベル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="一般教育修了上級レベル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-level" title="A-level – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="A-level" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%92_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84" title="اے لیول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اے لیول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Education_Advanced_Level" title="General Certificate of Education Advanced Level – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="General Certificate of Education Advanced Level" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_GCE_(GCE_A-Level)" title="Продвинутый уровень экзамена GCE (GCE A-Level) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Продвинутый уровень экзамена GCE (GCE A-Level)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level" title="GCE Advanced Level – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="GCE Advanced Level" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Level" title="Advanced Level – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Advanced Level" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-level" title="A-level – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="A-level" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%90" title="Рівень А – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рівень А" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%92_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84" title="اے لیول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اے لیول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-level" title="A-level – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="A-level" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%AB%98%E7%BA%A7%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%81%E4%B9%A6" title="普通教育高级程度证书 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="普通教育高级程度证书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British educational certification</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the general qualification examined in the UK and internationally. For the UK qualification, see <a href="/wiki/A-level_(United_Kingdom)" title="A-level (United Kingdom)">A-level (United Kingdom)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the film, see <a href="/wiki/A_Level_(film)" title="A Level (film)">A Level (film)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Advanced Level (A-level)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:ALevel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ALevel.svg/220px-ALevel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ALevel.svg/330px-ALevel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ALevel.svg/440px-ALevel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">An old GCE Advanced Level logo historically used by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Assessment_International_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Assessment International Education">Cambridge International Education</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Acronym</th><td class="infobox-data">A-level</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Education" title="General Certificate of Education">General Certificate of Education</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year started</th><td class="infobox-data">1951</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">2 years</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prerequisites</th><td class="infobox-data">Typically <a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">General Certificate of Secondary Education</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The A-level (Advanced Level) is a subject-based qualification conferred as part of the <a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Education" title="General Certificate of Education">General Certificate of Education</a>, as well as a <a href="/wiki/School_leaving_qualification" title="School leaving qualification">school leaving qualification</a> offered by <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">the educational bodies in the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Crown_dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Crown dependencies">the educational authorities of British Crown dependencies</a> to students completing secondary or pre-university education.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> They were introduced in England and Wales in 1951 to replace the <a href="/wiki/Higher_School_Certificate_(England_and_Wales)" title="Higher School Certificate (England and Wales)">Higher School Certificate</a>. The A-level permits students to have potential access to a chosen university they applied to with <a href="/wiki/UCAS" title="UCAS">UCAS</a> points. They could be accepted into it should they meet the requirements of the university.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries have developed qualifications with the same name as and a similar format to the British A-levels.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Obtaining an A-level, or equivalent qualifications, is generally required across the board for university entrance, with universities granting offers based on grades achieved.<a href="#cite_note-A_levels-7">[7]</a> Particularly in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Singapore-Cambridge_GCE_Advanced_Level" title="Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level">A-level examinations</a> have been regarded as being much more challenging than those in the United Kingdom and Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-SGA-9">[9]</a> A-levels are typically worked towards over two years. Normally, students take three or four A-level courses in their first year of <a href="/wiki/Sixth_form" title="Sixth form">sixth form</a>, and most taking four cut back to three in their second year.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-A_levels-7">[7]</a> This is because university offers are normally based on three A-level grades, and taking a fourth can have an impact on grades. Unlike other level-3 qualifications, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a>, A-levels have no specific subject requirements, so students have the opportunity to combine any subjects they wish to take. However, students normally pick their courses based on the degree they wish to pursue at university: most degrees require specific A-levels for entry.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In legacy modular courses (last assessment Summer 2019), A-levels are split into two parts, with students within their first year of study pursuing an Advanced Subsidiary qualification, commonly referred to as an AS or AS-level, which can either serve as an independent qualification or contribute 40% of the marks towards a full A-level award. The second part is known as an A2 or A2-level, which is generally more in-depth and academically rigorous than the AS. The AS and A2 marks are combined for a full A-level award. The A2-level is not a qualification on its own and must be accompanied by an AS-level in the same subject for certification.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> A-level exams is a <a href="/wiki/Matriculation_examination" title="Matriculation examination">matriculation examination</a> and can be compared to <a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">matura</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">Baccalauréat</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_usage">Current usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Current usage">edit</a>]</div> Several countries use A-levels as a school-leaving qualification. The A-levels taken by students in other countries may differ from the A-levels taken in the United Kingdom. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_usage">International usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International usage">edit</a>]</div> Many schools in countries world-wide offer A-Levels through international cross-border exam boards, which include <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Assessment_International_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Assessment International Education">Cambridge International Education</a> (CIE), <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Edexcel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Edexcel">Pearson Edexcel</a>, and OxfordAQA. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bangladesh">edit</a>]</div> In Bangladesh, the <a href="/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)">GCE AS and A-level</a> are offered by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Assessment_International_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Assessment International Education">Cambridge International Education (CIE)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edexcel" title="Edexcel">Pearson Edexcel</a> after completion of <a href="/wiki/GCE_Ordinary_Level" title="GCE Ordinary Level">GCE O-level</a> or <a href="/wiki/International_General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="International General Certificate of Secondary Education">IGCSE</a> (CIE), and is conducted by the <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>. GCE Advanced Level qualifications are offered by some of the private, public, and international schools as an alternative to HSC (<a href="/wiki/Higher_Secondary_School_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Secondary School Certificate">Higher Secondary School Certificate</a>) offered by the Government Board of Education. It has become a popular choice among students, but due to financial implications, its reach is limited to the middle and upper classes in major cities such as <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brunei">Brunei</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Brunei">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, the A-level qualification is offered, with examinations conducted by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Assessment_International_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Assessment International Education">Cambridge International Education</a> (CIE). Some subjects are unique to Brunei or have a format, curriculum, or syllabus that is unique to Brunei. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cameroon">Cameroon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cameroon">edit</a>]</div> The Advanced Level of Cameroon is based on the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_International_Examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge International Examinations">Cambridge International Education</a> and similarly, conducted by the government of Cameroon in collaboration with Cambridge University. All the courses taken are related to what the candidate is willing to pursue a career in university and these courses are on a recognizable international standard for university entrance; as they are major relevant courses. You can select between 3 and 5 courses during your advanced level studies, prior to taking your advanced level examination on which. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hong Kong">edit</a>]</div> The British A-level qualifications such as GCE A-level and International A-level are widely accepted in Hong Kong as an alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Diploma_of_Secondary_Education" title="Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education">Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education</a> for both admission and employment purposes. It is one of the most popular qualifications used for university admission via the non-<a href="/wiki/Joint_University_Programmes_Admissions_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint University Programmes Admissions System">JUPAS</a> channel. For example, average non-JUPAS offers from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology require one to three A*s (the mid-50% range). Since the introduction of the high distinction grade (A*) in 2010, the British A-level examination has regained its power to differentiate the very top levels of ability. According to the British Department for Education, in the academic year 2014/15, approximately 7.3%, 2.7%, 1.0%, and 0.3% of all the candidates from the GCSE cohort (548,480) achieved one to four A*s or a better result in the GCE A-level examination. This percentile rank is one important input for equating the levels in both examinations. On the sole basis of percentile ranks and the grade statistics from HKEAA in 2017, a score of 29/35 from the best five subjects in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Diploma_of_Secondary_Education" title="Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education">Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education</a> is comparable to 1A*2A in the best three British A-levels, 32/35 to 2A*1A, 33/35 to 3A* and 34/35 to 4A*. In deriving inferences from these statistics, it is important to note that slightly more than a third of the GCSE candidates can go on to study in the sixth form before applying to universities via <a href="/wiki/UCAS" title="UCAS">the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS)</a> while almost all Hong Kong students can study Form 6 before sitting the HKDSE examination. Relevant authorities such as the <a href="/wiki/HKEAA" class="mw-redirect" title="HKEAA">Hong Kong Examination and Assessment Authority (HKEAA)</a> and UCAS also sought to connect the results from both exam systems to open doors for the holders of these qualifications who wish to study locally or overseas. Officially, the top distinction levels, A* in A-level and 5** in HKDSE, are currently recognized as broadly equivalent.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In particular, in the light of statistical evidence, the 1% cut-off line is often set by admission offices at 2A*1A as compared to a score of 43/45 in the <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> Diploma but the Uniform Mark Scale (UMS) instead of the letter grades would be used in many cases to offer a much more subtle view of the candidate's academic potential. Typical offers from Cambridge Medical School require 2A*1A and <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Medical_School" title="Oxford University Medical School">Oxford University Medical School</a> require 1A*2A whereas those from the medical and dentistry schools of the University of Hong Kong and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chinese University of Hong Kong">Chinese University of Hong Kong</a> require 4A* and 3A* respectively in A-level due to fierce competition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macau">Macau</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Macau">edit</a>]</div> The International Advanced Level qualifications are offered in some private schools and international schools which teaching medium is English and adopt IAL curriculum. Students in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> can take the Cambridge exam board as well as the Edexcel exam board at their school. It is one of the most popular qualifications for the students who want to pursue their university study in UK, Hong Kong, Australia, and New Zealand. International Advanced Level qualification is also accepted by Macau local universities for applying for direct admission, the applicants with IAL qualification are not required to take the Joint Admission Examination for Macao Four Higher Education Institution. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Assessment_International_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Assessment International Education">Cambridge International Education</a> (CIE), and Learning Resource Network (LRN) GCE Advanced Level qualifications are offered at private and international schools as an alternative to the conventional Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Malaysia">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the A-level qualification is offered, with examinations conducted by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Assessment_International_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Assessment International Education">Cambridge International Education</a> (CIE). Some subjects are unique to Malaysia or have a format, curriculum, or syllabus that is unique to Malaysia. For instance, there are two types of A-level in Malaysia, Cambridge A-level (administered by Cambridge International Examinations) and Edexcel International Advanced Level (administered by <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Edexcel</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauritius">Mauritius</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mauritius">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Higher_School_Certificate_(Mauritius)" title="Higher School Certificate (Mauritius)">Higher School Certificate (Mauritius)</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, A/AS-level qualifications are taken as part of the <a href="/wiki/Higher_School_Certificate_(Mauritius)" title="Higher School Certificate (Mauritius)">Higher School Certificate</a>, awarded upon successful completion of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary education in Mauritius">secondary school</a> after passing of examinations jointly administered by the <a href="/wiki/Mauritius_Examinations_Syndicate" title="Mauritius Examinations Syndicate">Mauritius Examinations Syndicate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UCLES" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLES">University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate</a> (UCLES). Some exam papers offered, such as <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, are customized to support the national educational standards. Additionally, International A-level qualifications from <a href="/wiki/Edexcel" title="Edexcel">Edexcel</a> are available, for which exams may be registered through the Mauritius Examinations Syndicate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nepal">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, A-level offered from <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Assessment_International_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Assessment International Education">Cambridge International Education</a> (CIE) is the most popular and is presented by several public, private, and international institutions as an alternative to the <a href="/wiki/National_Examination_Board_(Nepal)" title="National Examination Board (Nepal)">National Examination Board (Nepal)</a>'s 10+2 curriculum. A-level has become a popular choice for many students in Nepal. Besides A-level, <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Placement" title="Advanced Placement">Advanced Placement</a> are also offered at this level. Nepali students generally appear for 4 subjects at A-level and 5 at AS-level. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pakistan">edit</a>]</div> A-levels are offered in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> by governmental and private institutions, along with <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> and other international examinations like the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Placement" title="Advanced Placement">Advanced Placement</a>. Examinations are handled by international British boards and the program is equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Higher_Secondary_School_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Secondary School Certificate">Higher Secondary School Certificate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cram_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Cram Schools">Cram Schools</a> are established all around the country which prepares the students to take the examinations as private candidates. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seychelles">Seychelles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Seychelles">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>, the A-level qualification is offered, with examinations conducted by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Assessment_International_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Assessment International Education">Cambridge International Education</a> (CIE). Some subjects are unique to Seychelles or have a format, curriculum, or syllabus that is unique to Seychelles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Singapore">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singapore-Cambridge_GCE_Advanced_Level" title="Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level">Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore-Cambridge_GCE_Advanced_Level" title="Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level">H1/H2/H3 level</a> qualifications are awarded upon successful completion of examinations jointly administered by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Education (Singapore)">Singapore Ministry of Education</a> (MOE), <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Examinations_and_Assessment_Board" title="Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board">Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board</a> (SEAB) and the <a href="/wiki/UCLES" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLES">University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate</a> (UCLES). Singaporean A-levels are notably much more difficult than the British A-levels but a little bit easier than the Hong Kong A-level Examination in terms of the proportion of students achieving the highest grades,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> as part of the country's wider <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">robust educational policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SGA-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level_in_Sri_Lanka" title="GCE Advanced Level in Sri Lanka">GCE Advanced Level in Sri Lanka</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, A-level qualifications are offered by governmental and non-governmental schools (Private Schools). The qualifications are awarded upon successful completion of examinations called Local A-levels while most of the private schools award them upon London A-levels. Local GCE Advanced Level qualifications are offered by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Examinations" title="Department of Examinations">Department of Examinations</a>. Private Schools (<a href="/wiki/International_School" class="mw-redirect" title="International School">International Schools</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> provide A-level qualifications which are offered by: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Assessment_International_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Assessment International Education">Cambridge International Education</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edexcel" title="Edexcel">Edexcel</a></li></ul> Passing A-levels is a major requirement for applying to local universities and for private universities in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. In the recent past, Universities in Sri Lanka have given the opportunity to apply for their foundation courses which only require <a href="/wiki/GCE_Ordinary_Level" title="GCE Ordinary Level">O-level</a> (Ordinary Level) results.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanzania">Tanzania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tanzania">edit</a>]</div> A-level is an education structure after the completion of 11 years of Universal Primary Education (UPE). Universal Primary Education consists of two levels, the primary school level of seven years and ordinarily secondary level, of four years. Students are then required to sit for the National Examination which is done on a specific month in a certain year. The exams are done throughout the country on the same date provided by the examination board. Examinations will depend on the cluster and core subjects in which a student shall take. There are three major clusters, namely science, business, and liberal arts plus core subjects of which are seven in total or more. Students who will then pass according to the National Examination Standards shall be selected to join Advanced Secondary Education and are selected according to the subjects they passed the most and by their will to pursue certain subjects. There are only three core subjects to study in Advanced Level and one or more optional subjects to sit for the Advanced Certificate of Secondary Education Examination (ACSEE). Then students are awarded Advanced Certificate of Secondary Education only if they have passed. The pass marks are arranged according to grades and the grades will determine whether a student will qualify to join tertiary education. A-level education is a two years education which is offered by the government and non-government schools. It is regulated by the Ministry of Education which assures both qualitative and quantitative subject matters and there is a special independent council that is responsible in composing the Advanced Certificate of Secondary Education Examination (ACSEE) namely The National Examination Council of Tanzania (NECTA). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uganda">Uganda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Uganda">edit</a>]</div> In Uganda, a Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education is awarded to students who have passed their national examinations that are set and marked by the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_National_Examinations_Board" title="Uganda National Examinations Board">Uganda National Examination Board</a> (UNEB). It is among the requirements for one to join a university in Uganda. The advanced level takes two years for one to complete. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/A-level_(United_Kingdom)" title="A-level (United Kingdom)">A-level (United Kingdom)</a></div> A-levels are a college or sixth form leaving qualification offered in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. These are not compulsory, unlike GCSEs. In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, A-levels are also offered by some schools as an alternative school-leaving qualification in place of the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Higher" title="Advanced Higher">Advanced Higher</a>. The main examination boards which administer British A-levels in the UK are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assessment_and_Qualifications_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Assessment and Qualifications Alliance">Assessment and Qualifications Alliance</a> (AQA)</li> <li>Oxford, Cambridge, and RSA Examinations (OCR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edexcel" title="Edexcel">Edexcel</a> (Edexcel Pearson – London Examinations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Joint_Education_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Joint Education Committee">Welsh Joint Education Committee</a> (WJEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Curriculum,_Examinations_%26_Assessment" title="Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment">Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment</a> (CCEA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Assessment_International_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Assessment International Education">Cambridge International Education</a> (CIE)</li> <li>Learning Resource Network (LRN)</li></ul> Oxford AQA, Edexcel, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_International_Examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge International Examinations">Cambridge International Education</a> (CIE), and Learning Resource Network (LRN) also offer international versions of the British A-levels in the United Kingdom and worldwide. The British variant of A/AS-levels is also taken in many <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> and former Commonwealth countries, as well as in examination centers worldwide. British international schools in foreign countries generally offer the British A-levels as offered through Edexcel or Cambridge International Examinations. At select examination centers, the British A-level exams may also be available to private candidates. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subjects_offered">Subjects offered</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Subjects offered">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Advanced_Level_subjects" title="List of Advanced Level subjects">List of Advanced Level Subjects (A-Level)</a></div> A wide variety of subjects are offered at A-level by the five exam boards. Although exam boards often alter their curricula, this table shows the majority of subjects that are consistently available for study. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient History">Ancient History</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Art and Design">Art and Design</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied Science">Applied Science</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">Business</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Studies">Business Studies</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">Classical Civilisation</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Classical Greek</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical Studies</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Science">Computer Science</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_and_Technology" title="Design and Technology">Design and Technology</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">Textiles</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Media">Digital Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Digital Technology</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity_(academic_discipline)" title="Divinity (academic discipline)">Divinity</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">Business</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="English Language">English Language</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English Language and Literature</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="English Literature">English Literature</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Science">Environmental Science</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Technology">Environmental Technology</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">Textiles</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Film Studies">Film Studies</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Food Technology">Food Technology</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Food Preparation and Nutrition<a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_Mathematics" title="Further Mathematics">Further Mathematics</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Development">Global Development</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Global Perspectives and Research<a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care" class="mw-redirect" title="Health and Social Care">Health and Social Care</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Art">History of Art</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Economics">Home Economics</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Biology">Human Biology</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">IT</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Technology">Information Technology</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="International Relations">International Relations</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a> in the Media and Communications Industry<a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_studies" title="Leisure studies">Leisure Studies</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Life and Health Sciences<a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Science">Marine Science</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Studies">Media Studies</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_studies" title="Film studies">Moving Image Arts</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Technology">Music Technology</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Food Science">Food Science</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance Studies">Performance Studies</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Performing Arts">Performing Arts</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Education">Physical Education</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Science">Physical Science</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Product Design">Product Design</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Professional Business Services<a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Mathematics">Pure Mathematics</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative Methods</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Studies">Religious Studies</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li>Science in Society<a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software Systems Development</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports Science">Sports Science</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a><a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Systems and Control Technology<a href="#cite_note-AQA-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a><a href="#cite_note-CCEA-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Thinking Skills</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">Travel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a><a href="#cite_note-OCR-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a><a href="#cite_note-CIE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edexcel-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a><a href="#cite_note-WJEC-22">[22]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A-level_reforms_in_England">A-level reforms in England</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: A-level reforms in England">edit</a>]</div> Between 2015 and 2018 (first assessment Summer 2017), A-levels in England were reformed, transitioning from a modular to linear structure (initially across 13 subjects). This means all A-level exams are taken in one sitting as a set of terminal exams (three exams for the majority of subjects), and there is no coursework set for many subjects. For A-levels that retain a coursework element, the percentage of the final grade determined by coursework has been reduced. An example of this can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Edexcel" title="Edexcel">Edexcel</a>'s new English Literature A-level, reformed in 2015, which reduces the amount of coursework to 20% (from 40% in the old modular specification). A-levels are no longer separated into units, and students must resit all of their exams if they wish to resit the qualification. While these reforms were expected to be complete for first teaching in 2017, this was extended to 2018 to include the reforms of less common languages such as <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>. The AS-level is now a separate qualification and is not required for an A-level award, although it still encompasses the first year of the full A-level content. However, unlike AS-levels in the old modular courses, they are now worth only 40% as many UCAS points as a full A-level (from 50% in the modular courses), as content from the second year of A-level is considered more academically challenging than that of the first year.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> As these reforms took place in stages, many students took a combination of modular and linear courses before all reforms were complete, with AS-levels still being part of an A-level in older modular courses. These reforms look to combat <a href="/wiki/Grade_inflation" title="Grade inflation">grade inflation</a>, where the proportion of students achieving the highest grades increases year upon year, causing the value of those grades to be eroded. The modular system has also been criticised for nurturing a 'resit culture',<a href="#cite_note-thetimes.co.uk-26">[26]</a> while new linear courses give no opportunity to resit individual units. Controversially, some A-level course subjects have been abolished since 2017 as part of these reforms. These include archaeology, anthropology, creative writing, critical thinking, general studies, and home economics. Many universities criticized the scrapping of exams taken at the end of AS-level, which used to be worth 50% of the overall A-level grade. This is because the universities used the grades achieved at AS-level (available to universities after a student applies during the second year of A-levels) as an indication of a student's ability and thus whether to give said student an offer.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Opposition to these reforms in Wales<a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[29]</a> and Northern Ireland has resulted in maintaining the modular structure of their qualification. In September 2023, it was announced by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a> that the A-level would be scrapped in England and merged with T-levels to form the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_British_Standard" title="Advanced British Standard">Advanced British Standard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> however this was cancelled by the Labour government after their victory in the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 general election</a>. <a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe">edit</a>]</div> The GCE Advanced Level qualification is offered by the Zimbabwe School Examinations Council (ZIMSEC).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Before, this qualification was jointly offered by Cambridge International Education and the Council in Zimbabwe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_usage">Former usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Former usage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Caribbean">edit</a>]</div> In 2002, there has been a move away from the GCE Advanced Level to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Examinations_Council" title="Caribbean Examinations Council">CXC</a> CAPE examinations,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> making them a de facto university entrance examination. Some universities also require applicants to take separate entrance examinations. The <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Baccalaureate" title="European Baccalaureate">European Baccalaureate</a> are also accepted. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_British_Standard" title="Advanced British Standard">Advanced British Standard</a>, a proposed replacement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">General Certificate of Secondary Education</a> (GCSE) – an entry qualification</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCE_Ordinary_Level" title="GCE Ordinary Level">GCE Ordinary Level</a> (O-Level) – an entry qualification that has been phased out in the United Kingdom</li> <li>Further / special <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scholarship_level" title="Scholarship level">Scholarship level</a> (S-level) – last offered in 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Extension_Award" title="Advanced Extension Award">Advanced Extension Award</a> (AEA) – 2002–2009, 2015 mathematics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Term_Examination_Paper" title="Sixth Term Examination Paper">Sixth Term Examination Paper</a> (STEP) – used by the University of Cambridge and the University of Warwick for admissions to study mathematics at undergraduate level</li></ul></li> <li>International A-levels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore-Cambridge_GCE_Advanced_Level" title="Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level">Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level</a> – harder examination in Singapore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Advanced_Level_Examination" title="Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination">Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination</a> (HKALE) – now defunct</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level_in_Sri_Lanka" title="GCE Advanced Level in Sri Lanka">GCE Advanced Level in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Scotland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_(Scottish)" title="Higher (Scottish)">Higher (Scottish)</a> – Scottish university entrance qualification</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Higher_(Scottish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Higher (Scottish)">Advanced Higher (Scottish)</a> – Scottish equivalent to A-level</li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Academic_Credit" title="Ontario Academic Credit">Ontario Academic Credit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vocational <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BTEC_Extended_Diploma" title="BTEC Extended Diploma">BTEC Extended Diploma</a> – the highest level of the BTEC structure and is taken by people aged 16 or above (equal to A-levels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Level" title="T Level">T Level</a> (level 3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVQ" class="mw-redirect" title="NVQ">NVQ</a> (level 3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Vocational_Certificate_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Vocational Certificate of Education">Advanced Vocational Certificate of Education</a> (AVCE)</li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a> – similar qualification in Germany and Finland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eindexamen" title="Eindexamen">Eindexamen</a> – similar qualification in the Netherlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">Matura</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maturit%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturità">Maturità</a> – similar qualification in some European countries</li></ul></li> <li>Baccalaureate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">Baccalauréat</a> – similar qualification in France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Baccalaureate" title="European Baccalaureate">European Baccalaureate</a> – examination used mainly in the <a href="/wiki/European_School" title="European School">European School</a> system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IB_Diploma_Programme" title="IB Diploma Programme">IB Diploma Programme</a> – alternative examination found across the world</li></ul></li> <li>International alternatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Placement_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Placement Program">Advanced Placement Program</a> –similar qualification in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrut">Bagrut</a> – similar qualification in Israel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaving_Certificate_(Ireland)" title="Leaving Certificate (Ireland)">Leaving Certificate (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijil_Tinggi_Persekolahan_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia">Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia</a> (Malaysian Higher School Certificate) – better known as "STPM", an equivalent examination in Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriculation_Certificate_(Malta)" title="Matriculation Certificate (Malta)">Matriculation Certificate (Malta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Secondary_Certificate_of_Education" title="Senior Secondary Certificate of Education">Senior Secondary Certificate of Education</a> (Australia)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 12 June 2006. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=A-level&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has more on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/A-level" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/A-level">A-level</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091227175302/http://www.qcda.gov.uk/3773.aspx?searchKey=">Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency: A Level resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cie.org.uk/qualifications/academic/uppersec/alevel">University of Cambridge: International A & AS levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/alevel/page/0,16367,1551646,00.html">2005 A Level results</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/alevel/page/0,16367,1551646,00.html">2005 A Level results</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gcecompilation.com/cie-timetable-2018/">CIE O level and A level Timetable 2018</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_England" title="History of education in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Scotland" title="History of education in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Wales" title="History of education in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Higher education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_England" title="List of universities in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Scotland" title="List of universities in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Wales" title="List of universities in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_students_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="International students in the United Kingdom">International students</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Comprehensive school (England and Wales)">Comprehensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free school (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_inflation_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade inflation in the United Kingdom">Grade inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar schools</a></li> <li>Languages of instruction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_medium_education" class="mw-redirect" title="English medium education">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_medium_education_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic medium education in Scotland">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland#Education" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_medium_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh medium education">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mathematics education in the United Kingdom">Mathematics education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Specialist schools in the United Kingdom">Specialist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Technical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="University Technical College">UTCs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Qualifications_and_Credit_Framework_in_England_and_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qualifications_and_Credit_Framework" title="Template:Qualifications and Credit Framework"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qualifications_and_Credit_Framework" title="Template talk:Qualifications and Credit Framework"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qualifications_and_Credit_Framework" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qualifications and Credit Framework"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Qualifications_and_Credit_Framework_in_England_and_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qualifications_and_Credit_Framework" title="Qualifications and Credit Framework">Qualifications and Credit Framework</a> in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 8</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Doctorate#United_Kingdom" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree_in_Europe#United_Kingdom" title="Master's degree in Europe">Master's degree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_Certificate_in_Education" title="Postgraduate Certificate in Education">Postgraduate Certificate in Education</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree#United_Kingdom" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Bachelor's degree, <a href="/wiki/Foundation_degree" title="Foundation degree">Foundation degree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diploma_of_Higher_Education" title="Diploma of Higher Education">Diploma of Higher Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Diploma" title="Higher National Diploma">Higher National Diploma</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 4</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Bachelor's degree, Foundation degree, <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Higher_Education" title="Certificate of Higher Education">Certificate of Higher Education</a>, Higher National Certificate</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/A-Level" class="mw-redirect" title="A-Level">A-Level</a>, <a href="/wiki/BTEC_Extended_Diploma" title="BTEC Extended Diploma">BTEC Extended Diploma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BTEC_National_Certificate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BTEC National Certificate (page does not exist)">BTEC National Certificate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">GCSE</a> (grades 9–4 or A*–C), <a href="/wiki/BTEC_First_Diploma" title="BTEC First Diploma">BTEC First Diploma</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">GCSE</a> (grades 3–1 or D–G), <a href="/wiki/BTEC_First_Diploma" title="BTEC First Diploma">BTEC First Diploma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundation_Diploma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundation Diploma (page does not exist)">Foundation Diploma</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entry 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_3" title="Key Stage 3">Key Stage 3</a>, E3 Diploma</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_qualifications_frameworks_in_England,_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Qualifications_Framework" title="Template:National Qualifications Framework"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Qualifications_Framework" title="Template talk:National Qualifications Framework"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Qualifications_Framework" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Qualifications Framework"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_qualifications_frameworks_in_England,_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom#England,_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland" title="National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom">National qualifications frameworks</a> in England, Wales and Northern Ireland</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For higher levels, compare with the <a href="/wiki/National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom#Higher_education_qualifications" title="National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom">FHEQ</a> system.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 8</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute#Fellowship_(FCGI)" title="City and Guilds of London Institute">City & Guilds Fellowship</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute#Membership_(MCGI)" title="City and Guilds of London Institute">City & Guilds Membership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_and_Technology_Education_Council" title="Business and Technology Education Council">BTEC Advanced Professional Diploma</a>*, <a href="/wiki/National_Diploma_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Diploma (United Kingdom)">National Diploma</a>*, <a href="/wiki/National_Vocational_Qualification" title="National Vocational Qualification">Level 5 NVQ</a> (historical)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute#Associateship_(ACGI)" title="City and Guilds of London Institute">City & Guilds Associateship</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute#Graduateship_(GCGI)" title="City and Guilds of London Institute">City & Guilds Graduateship</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEBOSH#Diplomas" class="mw-redirect" title="NEBOSH">NEBOSH National Diploma</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Diploma_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Diploma (United Kingdom)">National Diploma</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Business_and_Technology_Education_Council" title="Business and Technology Education Council">BTEC Advanced Professional Diploma</a>*, <a href="/wiki/National_Vocational_Qualification" title="National Vocational Qualification">Level 5 NVQ</a> (historical)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Diploma" title="Higher National Diploma">Higher National Diploma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Certificate" title="Higher National Certificate">Higher National Certificate</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Vocational_Qualification" title="National Vocational Qualification">Level 4 NVQ</a> (historical)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 4</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute#Licentiateship_(LCGI)" title="City and Guilds of London Institute">City & Guilds Licentiateship</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Vocational_Qualification" title="National Vocational Qualification">Level 4 NVQ</a> (historical)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Business_and_Technology_Education_Council" title="Business and Technology Education Council">BTEC Extended Diploma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_and_Technology_Education_Council" title="Business and Technology Education Council">BTEC National Certificate</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEBOSH#Certificates" class="mw-redirect" title="NEBOSH">NEBOSH National General Certificate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Access_to_Higher_Education_Diploma" class="mw-redirect" title="Access to Higher Education Diploma">Access to Higher Education Diploma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Extension_Award" title="Advanced Extension Award">Advanced Extension Award</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extended_Project_Qualification" title="Extended Project Qualification">Extended Project Qualification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Pre-U" title="Cambridge Pre-U">Cambridge Pre-U</a>, <a href="/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)">A-level</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute#Vocational_qualifications" title="City and Guilds of London Institute">City & Guilds Advanced Craft</a> (historical), <a href="/wiki/National_Vocational_Qualification" title="National Vocational Qualification">Level 3 NVQ</a> (historical), <a href="/wiki/National_Diploma_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diploma (UK)">National Diploma</a>* (historical), <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_National_Certificate" title="Ordinary National Certificate">Ordinary National Certificate</a> (historical), <a href="/wiki/14%E2%80%9319_Diploma" title="14–19 Diploma">Advanced Diploma</a> (historical)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">GCSE</a> (grades 9–4 or A*–C), <a href="/wiki/Functional_Skills_Qualification" title="Functional Skills Qualification">Functional Skills</a> (at Level 2), <a href="/wiki/Business_and_Technology_Education_Council" title="Business and Technology Education Council">BTEC First Diploma</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCR_Nationals" title="OCR Nationals">OCR Nationals</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute#Vocational_qualifications" title="City and Guilds of London Institute">City & Guilds Craft</a> (historical), <a href="/wiki/National_Vocational_Qualification" title="National Vocational Qualification">Level 2 NVQ</a> (historical), <a href="/wiki/Skills_for_Life" title="Skills for Life">Skills for Life</a>* (historical)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">GCSE</a> (grades 3–1 or D–G), <a href="/wiki/Business_and_Technology_Education_Council" title="Business and Technology Education Council">BTEC Introductory Diploma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Introductory_Certificate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Introductory Certificate (page does not exist)">Introductory Certificate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_Skills_Qualification" title="Functional Skills Qualification">Functional Skills</a> (at Level 1), <a href="/wiki/National_Vocational_Qualification" title="National Vocational Qualification">Level 1 NVQ</a> (historical), <a href="/wiki/14%E2%80%9319_Diploma" title="14–19 Diploma">Foundation Diploma</a> (historical), <a href="/wiki/Skills_for_Life" title="Skills for Life">Skills for Life</a>* (historical)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Functional_Skills_Qualification" title="Functional Skills Qualification">Functional Skills</a> (at Entry Level), <a href="/wiki/Skills_for_Life" title="Skills for Life">Skills for Life</a>* (historical),</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* certain subjects fall under this level.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Undergraduate_admission_tests_to_colleges_and_universities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Undergraduate_admission_tests" title="Template:Undergraduate admission tests"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Undergraduate_admission_tests" title="Template talk:Undergraduate admission tests"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Undergraduate_admission_tests" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Undergraduate admission tests"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Undergraduate_admission_tests_to_colleges_and_universities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_admission_tests_to_colleges_and_universities" title="List of admission tests to colleges and universities">Undergraduate admission tests to colleges and universities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matriculation_in_South_Africa" title="Matriculation in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Baccalaureate" title="Tunisian Baccalaureate">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Vestibular" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestibular">Vestibular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exame_Nacional_do_Ensino_M%C3%A9dio" title="Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio">ENEM</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Diploma_Exam" title="Alberta Diploma Exam">Alberta Diploma Exam</a></li> <li>Caribbean: <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Advanced_Proficiency_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination">CAPE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Secondary_Education_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate">CSEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/A-Level" class="mw-redirect" title="A-Level">A-Level</a>, <a href="/wiki/GCE_Ordinary_Level" title="GCE Ordinary Level">O-Level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prueba_de_Selecci%C3%B3n_Universitaria" title="Prueba de Selección Universitaria">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICFES_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="ICFES Examination">Colombia</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/ACT_(test)" title="ACT (test)">ACT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classic_Learning_Test" title="Classic Learning Test">CLT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia-Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Tertiary_Admissions_Test" title="Special Tertiary Admissions Test">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Higher_Education_Entrance_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="National Higher Education Entrance Examination">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Diploma_of_Secondary_Education" title="Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E5%9B%9B%E9%AB%98%E6%A0%A1%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%85%A5%E5%AD%B8%E8%80%83%E8%A9%A6" class="extiw" title="zh:澳門四高校聯合入學考試">Macau</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Common_University_Entrance_Test" title="Common University Entrance Test">CUET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Entrance_Examination" title="Joint Entrance Examination">JEE</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Eligibility_cum_Entrance_Test_(Undergraduate)" title="National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)">NEET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_Law_Admission_Test" title="Common Law Admission Test">CLAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleksi_Nasional_Berdasarkan_Tes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleksi Nasional Berdasarkan Tes">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_University_Entrance_Exam" title="Iranian University Entrance Exam">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometric_Entrance_Test" title="Psychometric Entrance Test">Israel</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/National_Center_Test_for_University_Admissions" title="National Center Test for University Admissions">NCTUA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Examination_for_Japanese_University_Admission" title="Examination for Japanese University Admission">EJU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijil_Tinggi_Persekolahan_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Entrance_Examination" title="University Entrance Examination">Myanmar</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_College_Admission_Test" title="University of the Philippines College Admission Test">UPCAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_the_Philippines_College_Entrance_Test" title="Polytechnic University of the Philippines College Entrance Test">PUPCET</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Singapore-Cambridge_GCE_Ordinary_Level" title="Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level">GCE-O</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore-Cambridge_GCE_Advanced_Level" title="Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level">GCE-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Scholastic_Ability_Test" title="College Scholastic Ability Test">South Korea</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/General_Scholastic_Ability_Test" title="General Scholastic Ability Test">GSAT</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%A5%E5%AD%B8%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E7%A7%91%E7%9B%AE%E8%80%83%E8%A9%A6" class="extiw" title="zh:大學入學指定科目考試">AST</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/wiki/Universities_and_Colleges_Selection_Examination" title="Universities and Colleges Selection Examination">TSĐHCĐ</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_High_School_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="National High School Examination">THPTQG</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_School_Graduation_Examination" title="High School Graduation Examination">TNTHPT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Denmark)" title="Gymnasium (Denmark)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriculation_exam_(Finland)" title="Matriculation exam (Finland)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%BAdentspr%C3%B3f" title="Stúdentspróf">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaving_Certificate_(Ireland)" title="Leaving Certificate (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eindexamen" title="Eindexamen">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exames_Nacionais_do_Ensino_Secund%C3%A1rio" title="Exames Nacionais do Ensino Secundário">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Baccalaureate" title="Romanian Baccalaureate">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_State_Exam" title="Unified State Exam">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectividad" title="Selectividad">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Scholastic_Aptitude_Test" title="Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Selection_and_Placement_System" title="Student Selection and Placement System">Turkey</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="uk:Державна підсумкова атестація">SFC</a>, <a href="/wiki/External_independent_evaluation" title="External independent evaluation">EIE</a>, <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82" class="extiw" title="uk:Єдиний вступний іспит">UEE</a>, <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="uk:Єдине фахове вступне випробування">UPEE</a>, <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82" class="extiw" title="uk:Єдиний державний кваліфікаційний іспит">USQE</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)">A-Level</a>, <a href="/wiki/Higher_(Scottish)" title="Higher (Scottish)">Higher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IB_Diploma_Programme" title="IB Diploma Programme">IB Diploma Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Baccalaureate" title="European Baccalaureate">European Baccalaureate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAA_(test)" title="PAA (test)">PAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">Matura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A-level&oldid=1259464104">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A-level&oldid=1259464104</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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