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<span>Parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_of_refugee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_of_refugee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Definition of refugee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_refugee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rights_and_responsibilities_of_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights_and_responsibilities_of_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rights and responsibilities of parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rights_and_responsibilities_of_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noncompliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الاتفاقية الخاصة بوضع اللاجئين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاتفاقية الخاصة بوضع اللاجئين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qa%C3%A7q%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1n_Statusuna_dair_BMT_Konvensiyas%C4%B1" title="Qaçqınların Statusuna dair BMT Konvensiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qaçqınların Statusuna dair BMT Konvensiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvencija_o_statusu_izbjeglica" title="Konvencija o statusu izbjeglica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Konvencija o statusu izbjeglica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3_de_28_de_juliol_de_1951_relativa_a_l%27estatut_dels_refugiats" title="Convenció de 28 de juliol de 1951 relativa a l'estatut dels refugiats – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Convenció de 28 de juliol de 1951 relativa a l'estatut dels refugiats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Amluva_o_pr%C3%A1vn%C3%ADm_postaven%C3%AD_uprchl%C3%ADk%C5%AF" title="Úmluva o právním postavení uprchlíků – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Úmluva o právním postavení uprchlíků" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flygtningekonventionen" title="Flygtningekonventionen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Flygtningekonventionen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkommen_%C3%BCber_die_Rechtsstellung_der_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge" title="Abkommen über die Rechtsstellung der Flüchtlinge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abkommen über die Rechtsstellung der Flüchtlinge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagulasseisundi_konventsioon" title="Pagulasseisundi konventsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pagulasseisundi konventsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8E%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Σύμβαση για το καθεστώς των προσφύγων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύμβαση για το καθεστώς των προσφύγων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convensi%C3%B2un_in_sim%27a_%27l_status_ed_rifug%C3%AA" title="Convensiòun in sim'a 'l status ed rifugê – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Convensiòun in sim'a 'l status ed rifugê" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3n_sobre_el_Estatuto_de_los_Refugiados" title="Convención sobre el Estatuto de los Refugiados – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Convención sobre el Estatuto de los Refugiados" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvencioj_pri_la_statuso_de_rifu%C4%9Dintoj_kaj_senpatrujuloj" title="Konvencioj pri la statuso de rifuĝintoj kaj senpatrujuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konvencioj pri la statuso de rifuĝintoj kaj senpatrujuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کنوانسیون مربوط به وضعیت پناهندگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنوانسیون مربوط به وضعیت پناهندگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_relative_au_statut_des_r%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9s" title="Convention relative au statut des réfugiés – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Convention relative au statut des réfugiés" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinbhinsi%C3%BAn_i_dtaobh_St%C3%A1das_D%C3%ADdeanaithe_(1951)" title="Coinbhinsiún i dtaobh Stádas Dídeanaithe (1951) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coinbhinsiún i dtaobh Stádas Dídeanaithe (1951)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%9C%EB%AF%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%A7%80%EC%9C%84%EC%97%90_%EA%B4%80%ED%95%9C_%ED%98%91%EC%95%BD" title="난민의 지위에 관한 협약 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="난민의 지위에 관한 협약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvensi_Terkait_Status_Pengungsi" title="Konvensi Terkait Status Pengungsi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konvensi Terkait Status Pengungsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenzione_relativa_allo_statuto_dei_rifugiati" title="Convenzione relativa allo statuto dei rifugiati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Convenzione relativa allo statuto dei rifugiati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אמנה בדבר מעמדם של פליטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנה בדבר מעמדם של פליטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventio_de_statu_profugorum" title="Conventio de statu profugorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Conventio de statu profugorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_menek%C3%BCltek_helyzet%C3%A9re_vonatkoz%C3%B3_egyezm%C3%A9ny" title="A menekültek helyzetére vonatkozó egyezmény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A menekültek helyzetére vonatkozó egyezmény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdrag_betreffende_de_status_van_vluchtelingen" title="Verdrag betreffende de status van vluchtelingen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verdrag betreffende de status van vluchtelingen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A3%E6%B0%91%E3%81%AE%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" title="難民の地位に関する条約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="難民の地位に関する条約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyktningkonvensjonen" title="Flyktningkonvensjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flyktningkonvensjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyktningkonvensjonen" title="Flyktningkonvensjonen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Flyktningkonvensjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konwencja_dotycz%C4%85ca_statusu_uchod%C5%BAc%C3%B3w" title="Konwencja dotycząca statusu uchodźców – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konwencja dotycząca statusu uchodźców" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Unidas_relativa_ao_Estatuto_dos_Refugiados" title="Convenção das Nações Unidas relativa ao Estatuto dos Refugiados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Convenção das Nações Unidas relativa ao Estatuto dos Refugiados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Конвенция о статусе беженцев – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конвенция о статусе беженцев" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newyorsk%C3%BD_protokol" title="Newyorský protokol – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Newyorský protokol" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DB%95_%DA%95%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پەیماننامەی پەیوەندیدار بە ڕەوشی ئاوارەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیماننامەی پەیوەندیدار بە ڕەوشی ئاوارەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Конвенција о статусу избеглица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конвенција о статусу избеглица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopimus_pakolaisten_oikeudellisesta_asemasta" title="Sopimus pakolaisten oikeudellisesta asemasta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sopimus pakolaisten oikeudellisesta asemasta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyktingkonventionen" title="Flyktingkonventionen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Flyktingkonventionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="அகதிகளின் நிலை தொடர்பான ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் உடன்படிக்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அகதிகளின் நிலை தொடர்பான ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் உடன்படிக்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCltecilerin_Hukuki_Durumuna_Dair_S%C3%B6zle%C5%9Fme" title="Mültecilerin Hukuki Durumuna Dair Sözleşme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mültecilerin Hukuki Durumuna Dair Sözleşme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Конвенція про статус біженців – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конвенція про статус біженців" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="关于难民地位的公约 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="关于难民地位的公约" data-language-autonym="中文" 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searchaux" style="display:none">United Nations multilateral treaty</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Reduction_of_Statelessness" title="Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness">Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CRSR" redirects here. For the American company, see <a href="/wiki/Corsair_Gaming" title="Corsair Gaming">Corsair Gaming</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Refugee_Convention_Signatories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Refugee_Convention_Signatories.svg/300px-Refugee_Convention_Signatories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Refugee_Convention_Signatories.svg/450px-Refugee_Convention_Signatories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Refugee_Convention_Signatories.svg/600px-Refugee_Convention_Signatories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Parties to only the 1951 Convention</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Parties to only the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees">1967 Protocol</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007500; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Parties to both</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b2b2b2; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Non-members</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">28 July 1951</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data">22 April 1954</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist">145</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Convention: 146<sup id="cite_ref-convrat_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-convrat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Protocol: 147<sup id="cite_ref-convrat_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-convrat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depositary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1951_Refugee_Convention" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1951 Refugee Convention">1951 Refugee Convention</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</b>, also known as the <b>1951 Refugee Convention</b> or the <b>Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951</b> is a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Multilateral_treaty" title="Multilateral treaty">multilateral treaty</a> that defines who a <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a> is and sets out the rights of individuals who are granted <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> and the responsibilities of nations that grant asylum. The convention also sets out which people do not qualify as refugees, such as <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war criminals</a>. The convention also provides for some visa-free travel for holders of <a href="/wiki/Refugee_travel_document" title="Refugee travel document">refugee travel documents</a> issued under the convention. </p><p>This convention was enshrined in Article 78 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Refugee Convention builds on Article 14 of the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, which recognizes the right of persons to seek asylum from persecution in other countries. A refugee may enjoy rights and benefits in a state in addition to those provided for in the convention.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rights created by the Convention generally still stand today. Some have argued that the complex nature of 21st century refugee relationships calls for a new treaty that recognizes the evolving nature of the nation-state, <a href="/wiki/Economic_migrant" title="Economic migrant">economic migrants</a>, population displacement, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_migrant" title="Environmental migrant">environmental migrants</a>, and modern warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, ideas like the principle of <a href="/wiki/Non-refoulement" title="Non-refoulement">non-refoulement</a> (non-returning of refugees to dangerous countries) (Article 33) are still applied today, with the 1951 Convention being the source of such rights.<sup id="cite_ref-jaeger01_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaeger01-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the 1951 convention, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_International_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the International Status of Refugees">Convention relating to the International Status of Refugees</a>, of 28 October 1933, dealt with administrative measures such as the issuance of <a href="/wiki/Nansen_passport" title="Nansen passport">Nansen certificates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refoulement" class="mw-redirect" title="Refoulement">refoulement</a>, legal questions, labour conditions, industrial accidents, welfare and relief, education, fiscal regime and exemption from reciprocity, and provided for the creation of committees for refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-jaeger01_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaeger01-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the League of Nations' convention was primarily designed for the relief of refugees from the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, and was only ratified by nine countries, limiting its scope.<sup id="cite_ref-jaeger01_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaeger01-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1951 Convention was adopted by a United Nations Conference on the Status of Refugees and Stateless Persons, convened in Geneva in 1951. The convention was approved on 28 July 1951, and entered into force on 22 April 1954. It was initially limited to providing protection for European refugees from before 1 January 1951 (that is, those displaced by <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>), but states could make a declaration that the provisions would apply to refugees from other places. </p><p>The 1967 <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees">Protocol</a> removed the time limits and applied to refugees "without any geographic limitation" but declarations previously made by parties to the convention on geographic scope were grandfathered.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parties">Parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 20 January 2020, there were 146 parties to the convention, and 147 to the Protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-convrat_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-convrat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-protrat_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-protrat-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> are parties only to the convention, while <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> of America and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> are parties only to the Protocol. Since the US ratified the Protocol in 1968, it undertook a majority of the obligations spelled out in the original 1951 document (Articles 2-34), and Article 1 as amended in the Protocol, as <a href="/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">"supreme Law of the Land"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_of_refugee">Definition of refugee</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definition of refugee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 1 of the Convention defines a <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a> as a person who:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As a result of events occurring before 1 January 1951 and owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a <a href="/wiki/Particular_social_group" title="Particular social group">particular social group</a> or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.</p></blockquote> <p>With the passage of time and the emergence of new refugee situations, the need was increasingly felt to make the provisions of the 1951 Convention applicable to such new refugees. As a result, a <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees">Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees</a> was prepared, and entered into force on 4 October 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UNHCR is called upon to provide international protection to refugees falling within its competence.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Protocol defined <i>refugee</i> to mean any person within the 1951 Convention definition as if the words "As a result of events occurring before 1 January 1951 and ..." were omitted.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several groups have built upon the 1951 Convention to create a more objective definition. While their terms differ from those of the 1951 Convention, the convention has significantly shaped the new, more objective definitions. They include the 1969 <a href="/wiki/Convention_Governing_the_Specific_Aspects_of_Refugee_Problems_in_Africa" title="Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa">Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> (since 2002 <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>) and the 1984 <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena Declaration">Cartagena Declaration</a>, while nonbinding, also sets out regional standards for refugees in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> Americas, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have started to consider this definition unsuitable for contemporary society, where for example environmental refugees are not captured in the definition.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rights_and_responsibilities_of_parties">Rights and responsibilities of parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rights and responsibilities of parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the general principle of international law, treaties in force are binding upon the parties to it and must be performed in good faith. Countries that have ratified the Refugee Convention are obliged to protect refugees that are on their territory in accordance with its terms.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCR_Guide_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCR_Guide-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of provisions to which parties to the Refugee Convention must adhere. </p><p>Refugees shall </p> <ul><li>abide by the national laws of the contracting states (Article 2)</li></ul> <p>The contracting states shall </p> <ul><li>exempt refugees from <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(international_relations)" title="Reciprocity (international relations)">reciprocity</a> after 3 years (Article 7): That means that the granting of a right to a refugee should not be subject to the granting of similar treatment by the refugee's country of nationality, because refugees do not enjoy the protection of their home state.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCR_Guide_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCR_Guide-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>be able to take provisional measures against a refugee if needed in the interest of essential national security (Article 9)</li> <li>respect a refugee's personal status and the rights that come with it, particularly rights related to marriage (Article 12)</li> <li>provide free access to courts for refugees (Article 16)</li> <li>provide administrative assistance for refugees (Article 25)</li> <li>provide identity papers for refugees (Article 27)</li> <li>provide travel documents for refugees (Article 28)</li> <li>allow refugees to transfer their assets (Article 30)</li> <li>provide the possibility of assimilation and naturalization to refugees (Article 34)</li> <li>cooperate with the UNHCR (Article 35) in the exercise of its functions and help the UNHCR to supervise the implementation of the provisions in the convention.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCR_Guide_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCR_Guide-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>provide information on any national legislation they may adopt to ensure the application of the convention (Article 36).<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCR_Guide_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCR_Guide-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>settle disputes they may have with other contracting states at the International Court of Justice if not otherwise possible (Article 38)</li></ul> <p>The contracting states shall not </p> <ul><li>discriminate against refugees (Article 3)</li> <li>take exceptional measures against a refugee solely on account of his or her nationality (Article 8)</li> <li>expect refugees to pay taxes and fiscal charges that are different from those of nationals (Article 29)</li> <li>impose penalties on refugees who entered illegally in search of asylum if they present themselves without delay (Article 31), which is commonly interpreted to mean that their unlawful entry and presence ought not to be prosecuted at all<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>expel refugees (Article 32)</li> <li>forcibly return or <a href="/wiki/Non-refoulement" title="Non-refoulement">"refoul"</a> refugees to the country they have fled from (Article 33). It is widely accepted that the prohibition of forcible return is part of customary international law. This means that even states that are not party to the 1951 Refugee Convention must respect the principle of non-refoulement.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCR_Guide_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCR_Guide-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, states are obligated under the convention and under customary international law to respect the principle of <a href="/wiki/Non-refoulement" title="Non-refoulement">non-refoulement</a>. If this principle is threatened, UNHCR can respond by intervening with relevant authorities and, if it deems necessary, will inform the public.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCR_Guide_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCR_Guide-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Refugees shall be treated at least like <i>nationals</i> in relation to </p> <ul><li>freedom to practice their religion (Article 4)</li> <li>the respect and protection of artistic rights and industrial property (Article 14)</li> <li>rationing (Article 20)</li> <li>elementary education (Article 22)</li> <li>public relief and assistance (Article 23)</li> <li>labour legislation and social security (Article 24)</li></ul> <p>Refugees shall be treated at least like <i>other non-nationals</i> in relation to </p> <ul><li>movable and immovable property (Article 13)</li> <li>the right of association in unions or other associations (Article 15)</li> <li>wage-earning employment (Article 17)</li> <li>self-employment (Article 18)</li> <li>practice of the liberal professions (Article 19)</li> <li>housing (Article 21)</li> <li>education higher than elementary (Article 22)</li> <li>the right to free movement and free choice of residence within the country (Article 26)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noncompliance">Noncompliance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Noncompliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no body that monitors compliance. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR) has supervisory responsibilities but cannot enforce the convention, and there is no formal mechanism for individuals to file complaints. The Convention specifies that complaints should be referred to the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears that no nation has ever done this. </p><p>An individual may lodge a complaint with the <a href="/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Human Rights Committee">UN Human Rights Committee</a> under the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> or with the UN <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> under the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a>, but no one has ever done so in regard to violations of the convention. Nations may levy <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions" title="International sanctions">international sanctions</a> against violators, but no nation has ever done so. </p><p>At present, the only real consequences of violation are 1) <a href="/wiki/Public_shaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Public shaming">public shaming</a> in the press, and 2) verbal condemnation of the violator by the UN and by other nations. To date, those have not proven to be significant deterrents.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_seeker" title="Asylum seeker">Asylum seeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_shopping" title="Asylum shopping">Asylum shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Stateless_Persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons">Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Compact_on_Refugees" title="Global Compact on Refugees">Global Compact on Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impediment_to_expulsion" title="Impediment to expulsion">Impediment to expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> (OHCHR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_employment" title="Refugee employment">Refugee employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_law" title="Refugee law">Refugee law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Statelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (Article 14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refugee_Day" title="World Refugee Day">World Refugee Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXB" class="mw-redirect" title="XXB">XXB</a> Refugee, as per the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-convrat-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-convrat_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-convrat_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Law 1</i>, Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations High Commission for Refugees. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/refugees.htm">Text of Convention</a>. 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"LA SITUACIÓN DE LOS REFUGIADOS EN AMÉRICA LATINA: PROTECCION Y SOLUCIONES BAJO EL ENFOQUE PRAGMÁTICO DE LA DECLARACIÓN DE CARTAGENA SOBRE LOS REFUGIADOS DE 1984". 2004 (in Spanish).<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.oas.org/DIL/xxxiv/Documentos/Juan%20Carlos%20Murillo/JCMurillo.DOCUME~1.DOC">http://www.oas.org/DIL/xxxiv/Documentos/Juan%20Carlos%20Murillo/JCMurillo.DOCUME~1.DOC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeSzkudlarekNguyenNardon2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Eun Su; Szkudlarek, Betina; Nguyen, Duc Cuong; Nardon, Luciara (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijmr.12222">"Unveiling the Canvas Ceiling: A Multidisciplinary Literature Review of Refugee Employment and Workforce Integration"</a>. <i>International Journal of Management Reviews</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">193–</span>216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fijmr.12222">10.1111/ijmr.12222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1460-8545">1460-8545</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216204168">216204168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Management+Reviews&rft.atitle=Unveiling+the+Canvas+Ceiling%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Literature+Review+of+Refugee+Employment+and+Workforce+Integration&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216204168%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1460-8545&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fijmr.12222&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Eun+Su&rft.au=Szkudlarek%2C+Betina&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Duc+Cuong&rft.au=Nardon%2C+Luciara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fijmr.12222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvention+Relating+to+the+Status+of+Refugees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHCR_Guide-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCR_Guide_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCR_Guide_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCR_Guide_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCR_Guide_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCR_Guide_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCR_Guide_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/StatusOfRefugees.aspx">UNHCR: <i>Refugee protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law</i></a>, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-9142-101-4" title="Special:BookSources/92-9142-101-4">92-9142-101-4</a>, retrieved 19 August 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYewa_Holiday2017" class="citation web cs1">Yewa Holiday (24 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/centre-criminology/centreborder-criminologies/blog/2017/03/problem">"The Problem with the Prosecution of Refugees"</a>. University of Oxford, Faculty of Law<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Problem+with+the+Prosecution+of+Refugees&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford%2C+Faculty+of+Law&rft.date=2017-03-24&rft.au=Yewa+Holiday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.ox.ac.uk%2Fresearch-subject-groups%2Fcentre-criminology%2Fcentreborder-criminologies%2Fblog%2F2017%2F03%2Fproblem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvention+Relating+to+the+Status+of+Refugees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Convention relating to the Status of Refugees</b>, Article 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crikey.com.au/2012/11/29/crikey-clarifier-does-australias-refugee-policy-breach-un-rules/">"Crikey clarifier: does Australia's refugee policy breach UN rules?"</a>. <i>crikey.com.au</i>. 29 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=crikey.com.au&rft.atitle=Crikey+clarifier%3A+does+Australia%27s+refugee+policy+breach+UN+rules%3F&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crikey.com.au%2F2012%2F11%2F29%2Fcrikey-clarifier-does-australias-refugee-policy-breach-un-rules%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvention+Relating+to+the+Status+of+Refugees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commission_for_Refugees2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commission for Refugees</a> (2011) [1979]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/3d58e13b4.pdf"><i>Handbook and guidelines on procedures and criteria for determining refugee status</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+and+guidelines+on+procedures+and+criteria+for+determining+refugee+status&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2011&rft.au=United+Nations+High+Commission+for+Refugees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Fpubl%2FPUBL%2F3d58e13b4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvention+Relating+to+the+Status+of+Refugees" class="Z3988"></span> (HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 3)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1951_Refugee_Convention" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1951 Refugee Convention">1951 Refugee Convention</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">Convention relating to the Status of Refugees</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/3b66c2aa10.pdf">Full text of the Convention (UNHCR)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/prsr/prsr.html">Introductory note</a> by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Goodwin-Gill" title="Guy Goodwin-Gill">Guy S. Goodwin-Gill</a>, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the <i>Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees</i> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html">Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Goodwin-Gill_IML.html">Lectures</a> by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Goodwin-Gill" title="Guy Goodwin-Gill">Guy S. Goodwin-Gill</a> entitled <i>International Migration Law – A General Introduction</i> and <i>Forced Migration – The Evolution of International Refugee Law and Organization</i> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Resolution" title="Brazilian Resolution">Brazilian Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Granting_of_Independence_to_Colonial_Countries_and_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples">Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (UDHR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Montreal" title="Declaration of Montreal">Declaration of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Declaration of the Rights of the Child">Declaration of the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women</a> (DEDAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Violence_Against_Women" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women</a> (DEVAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> (UNDRIP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQI%2B_rights_at_the_United_Nations" title="LGBTQI+ rights at the United Nations">Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_the_Rights_and_Duties_of_Man" title="American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man">American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Principles_(human_rights_standards)" title="Paris Principles (human rights standards)">Paris Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Declaration_and_Programme_of_Action" title="Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action">Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action</a> (VDPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</a> (UNDROP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal;"><div id="International_law205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b><a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">International law</a></b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Granting_of_Independence_to_Colonial_Countries_and_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Torture">Convention against Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Political_Rights_of_Women" title="Convention on the Political Rights of Women">Convention on the Political Rights of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_All_Migrant_Workers_and_Members_of_Their_Families" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families">Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_Convention" title="Apartheid Convention">International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_All_Persons_from_Enforced_Disappearance" title="International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance">International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal;"><div id="Regional_law205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b>Regional law</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maputo_Protocol" title="Maputo Protocol">Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)</a></li></ul></li> <li>European <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture_and_Inhuman_or_Degrading_Treatment_or_Punishment" title="European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment">Convention for the Prevention of Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Nationality" title="European Convention on Nationality">European Convention on Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">Social Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_preventing_and_combating_violence_against_women_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence">Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a></li> <li>Inter-American Convention <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_to_Prevent_and_Punish_Torture" title="Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture">to Prevent and Punish Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_all_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities">on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_do_Par%C3%A1_Convention" title="Belém do Pará Convention">on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal;"><div id="International_humanitarian_law205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a></b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees">Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Reduction_of_Statelessness" title="Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness">Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2015_European_migrant_crisis208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_migrant_crisis" title="Template:European migrant crisis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_migrant_crisis" title="Template talk:European migrant crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_migrant_crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European migrant crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2015_European_migrant_crisis208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="Timeline of the 2015 European migrant crisis">Timeline of the 2015 European migrant crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Refugees and immigration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees">Afghan refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_refugees" title="Kurdish refugees">Kurdish refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Syrian refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of Libya">Libyan refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Iraq" title="Refugees of Iraq">Iraqi refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_exodus_from_Iraq" title="Assyrian exodus from Iraq">Assyrian refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Sudan" title="Refugees of Sudan">Sudanese refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration to Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Romania" title="Immigration to Romania">Immigration to Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration to Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Greece" title="Immigration to Greece">Immigration to Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Europe" title="African immigration to Europe">African immigration to Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_diplomacy" title="Migration diplomacy">Migration diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Migrant vehicle incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_2007_Malta_migrant_shipwreck" title="May 2007 Malta migrant shipwreck">May 2007 Malta migrant shipwreck</a> (May 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Mediterranean_Sea_migrant_shipwreck" title="2009 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck">2009 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck</a> (March 2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Mediterranean_Sea_migrant_shipwreck" title="2011 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck">2011 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck</a> (April 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Lampedusa_migrant_shipwreck" title="2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck">Lampedusa shipwreck</a> (October 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Malta_migrant_shipwreck" title="2014 Malta migrant shipwreck">2014 Malta migrant shipwreck</a> (September 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Libya_migrant_shipwreck" title="2014 Libya migrant shipwreck">2014 Libya migrant shipwreck</a> (September 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_M_incident" title="Blue Sky M incident">Blue Sky M incident</a> (December 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezadeen_incident" title="Ezadeen incident">Ezadeen incident</a> (January 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_corpses_discovery" title="Burgenland corpses discovery">Burgenland corpses discovery</a> (August 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Alan_Kurdi" title="Death of Alan Kurdi">Death of Alan Kurdi</a> (September 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Egypt_migrant_shipwreck" title="2016 Egypt migrant shipwreck">2016 Egypt migrant shipwreck</a> (September 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2016_Libya_migrant_shipwrecks" title="November 2016 Libya migrant shipwrecks">November 2016 Libya migrant shipwrecks</a> (November 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Libya_migrant_shipwrecks" title="2018 Libya migrant shipwrecks">2018 Libya migrant shipwrecks</a> (January 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_lorry_deaths" title="Essex lorry deaths">Essex lorry deaths</a> (October 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_lorry_deaths" title="Sofia lorry deaths">Sofia lorry deaths</a> (February 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Calabria_migrant_boat_disaster" title="2023 Calabria migrant boat disaster">2023 Calabria migrant boat disaster</a> (February 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Tunisia_migrant_boat_disasters" title="2023 Tunisia migrant boat disasters">2023 Tunisia migrant boat disasters</a> (March & April 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Libya_migrant_boats_sinking" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Libya migrant boats sinking">2023 Libya migrant boats sinking</a> (April 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Messenia_migrant_boat_disaster" title="2023 Messenia migrant boat disaster">2023 Messenia migrant boat disaster</a> (June 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Canary_Islands_migrant_boat_disaster" title="2023 Canary Islands migrant boat disaster">2023 Canary Islands migrant boat disaster</a> (June 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Cape_Verde_migrant_boat_disaster" title="2023 Cape Verde migrant boat disaster">2023 Cape Verde migrant boat disaster</a> (July 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChldorf_van_crash" title="Mühldorf van crash">Mühldorf van crash</a> (October 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_migrant_vessel_incidents_on_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea">List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_migrant_vehicle_incidents_in_Europe" title="List of migrant vehicle incidents in Europe">List of migrant vehicle incidents in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maritime operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontex#Poseidon" title="Frontex">Operation Poseidon</a> (EU, 2006–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontex#Hermes" title="Frontex">Operation Hermes</a> (EU, 2011–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mare_Nostrum" title="Operation Mare Nostrum">Operation Mare Nostrum</a> (Italy, 2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Triton" title="Operation Triton">Operation Triton</a> (EU, 2014–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Themis" title="Operation Themis">Operation Themis</a> (EU, 2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sophia" title="Operation Sophia">Operation Sophia</a> (EU Navfor Med, 2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontex#Poseidon" title="Frontex">Operation Poseidon Rapid Intervention</a> (EU, 2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hera" title="Operation Hera">Operation Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_Offshore_Aid_Station" title="Migrant Offshore Aid Station">Migrant Offshore Aid Station</a> (NGO, 2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proactiva_Open_Arms" title="Proactiva Open Arms">Proactiva Open Arms</a> (NGO, 2015–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_Dignitus" title="Aquarius Dignitus">Aquarius Dignitus</a> (NGO <a href="/wiki/SOS_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="SOS Méditerranée">SOS Méditerranée</a>, 2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugend_Rettet" title="Jugend Rettet">Jugend Rettet</a> (NGO, 2016–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_for_the_rescue_of_refugees_in_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="List of ships for the rescue of refugees in the Mediterranean Sea">List of ships for the rescue of refugees in the Mediterranean Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Migrant camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basroch_refugee_camp" title="Basroch refugee camp">Basroch refugee camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calais_Jungle" title="Calais Jungle">Calais Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Lini%C3%A8re" title="La Linière">La Linière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampedusa_immigrant_reception_center" title="Lampedusa immigrant reception center">Lampedusa immigrant reception center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria_refugee_camp" title="Moria refugee camp">Moria refugee camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrants_around_Calais" title="Migrants around Calais">Migrants around Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_camp" title="Hotspot camp">Hotspot camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Border barriers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_border_barrier" title="Austrian border barrier">Austrian border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Turkey_border#Border_barrier" title="Bulgaria–Turkey border">Bulgarian border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta_border_fence" title="Ceuta border fence">Ceuta border fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calais_border_barrier" title="Calais border barrier">Calais border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_border_barrier" title="Hungarian border barrier">Hungarian border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla_border_fence" title="Melilla border fence">Melilla border fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_border_barrier" title="North Macedonia border barrier">North Macedonia border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border_barrier" title="Norway–Russia border barrier">Norway–Russia border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Belarus_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland–Belarus barrier">Poland–Belarus barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_border_barrier" title="Slovenian border barrier">Slovenian border barrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Khaled_Idris_Bahray" title="Murder of Khaled Idris Bahray">Murder of Khaled Idris Bahray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Geldermalsen_riot" title="2015 Geldermalsen riot">2015 Geldermalsen riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Corsican_protests" title="2015 Corsican protests">2015 Corsican protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_New_Year%27s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany" title="2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany">2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ashley_Ann_Olsen" title="Murder of Ashley Ann Olsen">Murder of Ashley Ann Olsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatal_stabbing_of_Alexandra_Mezher" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatal stabbing of Alexandra Mezher">Fatal stabbing of Alexandra Mezher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Hungarian_migrant_quota_referendum" title="2016 Hungarian migrant quota referendum">2016 Hungarian migrant quota referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Reutlingen_knife_attack" title="2016 Reutlingen knife attack">2016 Reutlingen knife attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Chemnitz_terrorism_plot" title="2016 Chemnitz terrorism plot">2016 Chemnitz terrorism plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Maria_Ladenburger" title="Murder of Maria Ladenburger">Murder of Maria Ladenburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Turku_attack" title="2017 Turku attack">2017 Turku attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Pamela_Mastropietro" title="Murder of Pamela Mastropietro">Murder of Pamela Mastropietro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Chemnitz_protests" title="2018 Chemnitz protests">2018 Chemnitz protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Desir%C3%A9e_Mariottini" title="Murder of Desirée Mariottini">Murder of Desirée Mariottini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_border_crisis" title="Belarus–European Union border crisis">2021–present Belarus–EU border crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_asylum_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Migration and asylum policy of the European Union">Migration and asylum policy of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_2015_migrant_crisis" title="European Union response to the 2015 migrant crisis">European Union response to the 2015 migrant crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Asylum_Curriculum" title="European Asylum Curriculum">European Asylum Curriculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_Asylum" title="European Union Agency for Asylum">European Union Agency for Asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_shopping" title="Asylum shopping">Asylum shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_migration" title="Chain migration">Chain migration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Regulation" title="Dublin Regulation">Dublin Regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurodac" title="Eurodac">Eurodac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_migrant" title="Economic migrant">Economic migrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edlumino" title="Edlumino">Edlumino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Border_Surveillance_System" title="European Border Surveillance System">European Border Surveillance System</a> (Eurosur)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fire_at_Sea" title="Fire at Sea">Fire at Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontex" title="Frontex">Frontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_Europe" title="Fortress Europe">Fortress Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrants_around_Calais" title="Migrants around Calais">Migrants around Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Information_System" title="Schengen Information System">Schengen Information System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%27s_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey's migrant crisis">Turkey's migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valletta_Summit_on_Migration" title="Valletta Summit on Migration">Valletta Summit on Migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_United_States_and_related_topics751" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_the_United_States_and_related_topics751" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the United States</a> and related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Relevant colonial era,<br />United States and<br />international laws</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_in_the_American_Colonies" title="Nationality law in the American Colonies">Nationality law in the American Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740" title="Plantation Act 1740">Plantation Act 1740</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act 1790</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1795" title="Naturalization Act of 1795">1795</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1798" title="Naturalization Act of 1798">1798</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Law_of_1802" title="Naturalization Law of 1802">Naturalization Law 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_Encourage_Immigration" title="An Act to Encourage Immigration">Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion (1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1891" title="Immigration Act of 1891">Immigration Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act (1892)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Immigration Act 1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1906" title="Naturalization Act of 1906">Naturalization Act 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1907" title="Immigration Act of 1907">Immigration Act 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Repatriation_Act" title="Filipino Repatriation Act">Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_Act_of_1940" title="Nationality Act of 1940">Nationality Act of 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program (1942–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Fianc%C3%A9es_and_Fianc%C3%A9s_Act" title="Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act">Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act (1946)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1950–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">UN Refugee Convention (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act 1952</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_212(f)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 212(f)">Section 212(f)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_287(g)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)">Section 287(g)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Act" title="Refugee Act">Refugee Act (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Fairness" title="Family Fairness">Family Fairness (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Homecoming_Act" title="American Homecoming Act">American Homecoming Act (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Technical_Corrections_Act_of_1994" title="Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994">Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Adjustment_and_Central_American_Relief_Act" title="Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act">Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act" title="American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act">American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Immigration_Family_Equity_Act" title="Legal Immigration Family Equity Act">Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004" title="H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004">H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_ID_Act" title="Real ID Act">Real ID Act (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Parents_of_Americans" title="Deferred Action for Parents of Americans">Deferred Action for Parents of Americans (DAPA) (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ending_Discriminatory_Bans_on_Entry_to_The_United_States" title="Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States">Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeping_Families_Together_(United_States_immigration_policy)" title="Keeping Families Together (United States immigration policy)">Keeping Families Together (KFT) (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visas and policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">Visa policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card" title="Green card">Permanent residence (Green card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Waiver_Program" title="Visa Waiver Program">Visa Waiver Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_protected_status" title="Temporary protected status">Temporary protected status (TPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" title="Diversity Immigrant Visa">Green Card Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Minors_Program" title="Central American Minors Program">Central American Minors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_authorization_document" title="Employment authorization document">Employment authorization document (EAD card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_action" title="Deferred action">Deferred action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_(United_States_immigration)" title="Parole (United States immigration)">Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_of_status" title="Adjustment of status">Adjustment of status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-VISIT" class="mw-redirect" title="US-VISIT">US-VISIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Advisory_Opinion" title="Security Advisory Opinion">Security Advisory Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Verify" title="E-Verify">E-Verify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_removal" title="Expedited removal">Expedited removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration detention in the United States">Detention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Family immigration detention in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccompanied_Alien_Children" title="Unaccompanied Alien Children">Unaccompanied children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">Trump administration family separation policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Government<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/BORTAC" title="BORTAC">BORTAC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_for_Immigration_Review" title="Executive Office for Immigration Review">Executive Office for Immigration Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Immigration_Appeals" title="Board of Immigration Appeals">Board of Immigration Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Refugee_Resettlement" title="Office of Refugee Resettlement">Office of Refugee Resettlement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_immigration_and_naturalization_case_law" title="Category:United States immigration and naturalization case law">Supreme Court cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark"><i>US v. Wong Kim Ark</i> (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozawa_v._United_States" title="Ozawa v. United States"><i>Ozawa v. US</i> (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind"><i>US v. Bhagat Singh Thind</i> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce"><i>US v. Brignoni-Ponce</i> (1975)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zadvydas_v._Davis" title="Zadvydas v. Davis">Zadvydas v. Davis</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_v._Whiting" title="Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting"><i>Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting</i> (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_v._Barr" title="Barton v. Barr"><i>Barton v. Barr</i> (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California"><i>DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.</i></a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_v._Vidal" title="Wolf v. Vidal">Wolf v. Vidal</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niz-Chavez_v._Garland" title="Niz-Chavez v. Garland"><i>Niz-Chavez v. Garland</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanchez_v._Mayorkas" title="Sanchez v. Mayorkas"><i>Sanchez v. Mayorkas</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_v._Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Department of State v. Muñoz"><i>Department of State v. Muñoz</i> (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related issues<br />and events</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests" title="2006 United States immigration reform protests">2006 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Texas" title="Brooks County, Texas">Brooks County, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_illegal_immigrants_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States">Economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Effects of immigration to the United States">Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">Guest worker program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">Human smuggling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coyotaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotaje">Coyotaje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_deported_or_removed_from_the_United_States" title="List of people deported or removed from the United States">List of people deported from the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Mexico–United States border crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">Mexico–United States border wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage#add_Labor_shortage" title="Shortage">Labor shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_America" title="March for America">March for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant population of the United States">Illegal immigrant population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_immigration_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse immigration in the United States">Reverse immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_immigration_crisis" title="2014 American immigration crisis">Unaccompanied minors from Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DREAM_Act" title="DREAM Act">DREAM Act (2001–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Protection,_Anti-terrorism_and_Illegal_Immigration_Control_Act_of_2005" title="Border Protection, Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005">H.R. 4437 (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" title="Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act">McCain–Kennedy (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Through_Regularized_Immigration_and_a_Vibrant_Economy_Act_of_2007" title="Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007">STRIVE Act (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_American_Families_Act" title="Uniting American Families Act">Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security,_Economic_Opportunity,_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013" title="Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013">Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_SAFE_Act_of_2015" title="American SAFE Act of 2015">SAFE Act (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAISE_Act" title="RAISE Act">RAISE Act (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Citizenship_Act_of_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="US Citizenship Act of 2021">US Citizenship Act of 2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigration stations<br />and points of entry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Island_Immigration_Station" title="Angel Island Immigration Station">Angel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston_Immigration_Station" title="East Boston Immigration Station">East Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa_Port_of_Entry" title="Otay Mesa Port of Entry">Otay Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Avenue_Immigration_Station" title="Washington Avenue Immigration Station">Washington Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">"Wetback" (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Babylift" title="Operation Babylift">"Babylift" (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">"Gatekeeper" (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Endgame" title="Operation Endgame">"Endgame" (2003–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Front_Line" title="Operation Front Line">"Front Line" (2004–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Streamline" title="Operation Streamline">"Streamline" (2005–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Return_to_Sender" title="Operation Return to Sender">"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">"Jump Start" (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx_(2010-2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)">"Phalanx" (2010–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_DREAM_Act" title="California DREAM Act">California DREAM Act (2006–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070" title="Arizona SB 1070">Arizona SB 1070 (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_HB_56" title="Alabama HB 56">Alabama HB 56 (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-governmental<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Border_Recon" title="Arizona Border Recon">Arizona Border Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coalition_for_Immigration_Reform" title="California Coalition for Immigration Reform">California Coalition for Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASA_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="CASA of Maryland">CASA of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">Center for Immigration Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Migration_Studies_of_New_York" title="Center for Migration Studies of New York">Center for Migration Studies of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Humane_Immigrant_Rights_of_Los_Angeles" title="Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles">Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform" title="Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform">Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Change" title="Community Change">Community Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">Federation for American Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improve_The_Dream" title="Improve The Dream">Improve The Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexica_Movement" title="Mexica Movement">Mexica Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_Without_Borders" title="Mexicans Without Borders">Mexicans Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Minuteman Civil Defense Corps">Minuteman Civil Defense Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Forum" title="National Immigration Forum">National Immigration Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Korean_American_Service_%26_Education_Consortium" title="National Korean American Service & Education Consortium">National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Population_Growth" title="Negative Population Growth">Negative Population Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_More_Deaths" title="No More Deaths">No More Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_State" title="Save Our State">Save Our State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Compact" title="Utah Compact">Utah Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borderland_(TV_series)" title="Borderland (TV series)">Borderland (TV series)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missing_in_Brooks_County" title="Missing in Brooks County">Missing in Brooks County</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Humanitarian_aid509" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Humanitarian_aid" title="Template:Humanitarian aid"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Humanitarian_aid" title="Template talk:Humanitarian aid"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Humanitarian_aid" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Humanitarian aid"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Humanitarian_aid509" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_in_conflict_zones" title="Humanitarian aid in conflict zones">in conflict zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarianism" title="Humanitarianism">Humanitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_principles" title="Humanitarian principles">Humanitarian principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1850s, Creation of<br />the Red Cross</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Battle of Solferino</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Memory_of_Solferino" title="A Memory of Solferino">A Memory of Solferino</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Humanitarian_Fact-Finding_Commission" title="International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission">International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations" title="History of the United Nations">History of the United Nations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1951 Refugee Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st-century<br />reform attempts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Humanitarian_Summit" title="World Humanitarian Summit">World Humanitarian Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bargain_(humanitarian_reform)" title="Grand Bargain (humanitarian reform)">Grand Bargain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localisation_(humanitarian_practice)" title="Localisation (humanitarian practice)">Localisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian-Development_Nexus" title="Humanitarian-Development Nexus">Humanitarian-Development Nexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Standing_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Standing Committee">Inter-Agency Standing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Cluster_System" title="Humanitarian Cluster System">Humanitarian Cluster System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Humanitarian<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UN agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commission_for_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations High Commission for Refugees">UNHCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">OCHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">WFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross Movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seville_Agreement" title="Seville Agreement">Seville Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">ICRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">The Federation (IFRC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="List of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">National Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Protective Emblems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Against_Hunger" title="Action Against Hunger">Action Against Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Catholic Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARE_International" title="CARE International">CARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Refugee_Council" title="Danish Refugee Council">Danish Refugee Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Medical_Corps" title="International Medical Corps">International Medical Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee" title="International Rescue Committee">International Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Relief" title="Islamic Relief">Islamic Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_du_Monde" title="Médecins du Monde">Médecins du Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Corps" title="Mercy Corps">Mercy Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Refugee_Council" title="Norwegian Refugee Council">Norwegian Refugee Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Girls_International" title="Guardian Girls International">Guardian Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children_International" title="Save the Children International">Save the Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vision_International" title="World Vision International">World Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyamada_International_Foundation" title="Koyamada International Foundation">Koyamada International Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consortiums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_for_Empowered_Aid_Response" title="Network for Empowered Aid Response">NEAR Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALP_Network" title="CALP Network">CALP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Refugee-Led_Network" title="Global Refugee-Led Network">Global Refugee-Led Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRAC_(organisation)" title="BRAC (organisation)">BRAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adeso" title="Adeso">Adeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_for_Refugee_Voices" title="Network for Refugee Voices">Network for Refugee Voices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Relief_and_Reconstruction_Foundation" title="Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation">Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis and reporting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Development Institute">ODI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALNAP" title="ALNAP">ALNAP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_State_of_the_Humanitarian_System" title="The State of the Humanitarian System">The State of the Humanitarian System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">The New Humanitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReliefWeb" title="ReliefWeb">ReliefWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Humanitarian_Overview" title="Global Humanitarian Overview">Global Humanitarian Overview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degan_Ali" title="Degan Ali">Degan Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Egeland" title="Jan Egeland">Jan Egeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christos_Christou" title="Christos Christou">Christos Christou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnie_Byanyima" title="Winnie Byanyima">Winnie Byanyima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Griffiths" title="Martin Griffiths">Martin Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemilah_Mahmood" title="Jemilah Mahmood">Jemilah Mahmood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Slim" title="Hugo Slim">Hugo Slim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Maurer" title="Peter Maurer">Peter Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orbinski" title="James Orbinski">James Orbinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Kiddell-Monroe" title="Rachel Kiddell-Monroe">Rachel Kiddell-Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacKenzie_Scott" title="MacKenzie Scott">MacKenzie Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melinda_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Melinda Gates">Melinda Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshedji_Tata" title="Jamshedji Tata">Jamshedji Tata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Donors and funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Emergency_Response_Fund" title="Central Emergency Response Fund">CERF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_International_Cooperation_Agency" title="Japan International Cooperation Agency">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">FCDO (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Agency_for_Development_Cooperation" title="Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_European_Civil_Protection_and_Humanitarian_Aid_Operations" title="Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations">ECHO (EU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_International_Development_Agency" title="Canadian International Development Agency">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cooperation_and_Coordination_Agency" title="Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Development_Agency" title="French Development Agency">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_Giving" title="Yield Giving">Yield Giving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major emergencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chinese_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931879" title="Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879">Chinese Famine of 1870s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%9378" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Famine of 1876–78">Great Indian Famine of 1870s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%9385_famine_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="1983–85 famine in Ethiopia">Ethiopian famine 1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 tsunami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 Haiti earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_East_Africa_drought" title="2011 East Africa drought">2011 East Africa drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan" title="Typhoon Haiyan">Typhoon Haiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Central African Republic Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western African Ebola virus epidemic">Western African Ebola outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">South Sudanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards,<br />power, abuse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHS_Alliance" title="CHS Alliance">CHS Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_exploitation_and_abuse_in_humanitarian_response" title="Sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian response">Sexual exploitation and abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Humanitarian_Standard_on_Quality_and_Accountability" title="Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality and Accountability">Core Humanitarian Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_(organization)" title="Sphere (organization)">Sphere (organization)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_Handbook" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphere Handbook">Sphere Handbook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_State_of_the_World%27s_Cash_2020" title="The State of the World's Cash 2020">The State of the World's Cash 2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aid worker safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_humanitarian_workers" title="Attacks on humanitarian workers">Attacks on humanitarian workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aid_Worker_Security_Database" title="Aid Worker Security Database">Aid Worker Security Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Humanitarian_Day" title="World Humanitarian Day">World Humanitarian Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Care_In_Danger" title="Health Care In Danger">Health Care In Danger Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunduz_hospital_airstrike" title="Kunduz hospital airstrike">Kunduz hospital airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airstrikes_on_Yemen" title="Airstrikes on Yemen">Airstrikes on Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolo_hospital_airstrike" title="Dolo hospital airstrike">Dolo hospital airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights">Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_development" title="International development">International development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_Centres_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention Centres in Libya">Detention Centres in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_mapping" title="Crisis mapping">Crisis mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Networks_and_Partnerships_Weeks" title="Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks">Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic">United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aid_effectiveness" title="Aid effectiveness">Aid effectiveness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60433#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata770" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60433#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata770" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60433#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/196087597">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4202085-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951 červenec 28.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn2013747359&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees&oldid=1274993408">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees&oldid=1274993408</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Refugees" title="Category:Refugees">Refugees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_instruments" title="Category:Human rights instruments">Human rights instruments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Nations_treaties" title="Category:United Nations treaties">United Nations treaties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_concluded_in_1951" title="Category:Treaties concluded in 1951">Treaties concluded in 1951</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_entered_into_force_in_1954" title="Category:Treaties entered into force in 1954">Treaties entered into force in 1954</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:Treaties of Afghanistan">Treaties of Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Albania" title="Category:Treaties of Albania">Treaties of Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Algeria" title="Category:Treaties of Algeria">Treaties of Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola">Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Category:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda">Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Argentina" title="Category:Treaties of Argentina">Treaties of Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Armenia" title="Category:Treaties of Armenia">Treaties of Armenia</a></li><li><a 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href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_El_Salvador" title="Category:Treaties of El Salvador">Treaties of El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Category:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea">Treaties of Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Estonia" title="Category:Treaties of Estonia">Treaties of Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire">Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Fiji" title="Category:Treaties of Fiji">Treaties of Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Finland" title="Category:Treaties of Finland">Treaties of Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_French_Fourth_Republic" title="Category:Treaties of the French Fourth Republic">Treaties of the French Fourth Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Gabon" title="Category:Treaties of Gabon">Treaties of Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Gambia" title="Category:Treaties of the Gambia">Treaties of the Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Treaties of Georgia (country)">Treaties of Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_West_Germany" title="Category:Treaties of West Germany">Treaties of West Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_East_Germany" title="Category:Treaties of East Germany">Treaties of East Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Ghana" title="Category:Treaties of Ghana">Treaties of Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece">Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Guatemala" title="Category:Treaties of Guatemala">Treaties of Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Guinea" title="Category:Treaties of Guinea">Treaties of Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Category:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau">Treaties of Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Haiti" title="Category:Treaties of Haiti">Treaties of Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Category:Treaties of the Holy See">Treaties of the Holy See</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Honduras" title="Category:Treaties of Honduras">Treaties of Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Category:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic">Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Iceland" title="Category:Treaties of Iceland">Treaties of Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Pahlavi_Iran" title="Category:Treaties of Pahlavi Iran">Treaties of Pahlavi Iran</a></li><li><a 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