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id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 20th and 21st centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Local government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Westminster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westminster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Westminster </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westminster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography and environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography and environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Ecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_belt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_belt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Green belt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_belt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Historical population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Cycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Railway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Buses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Future plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Cricket </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Rugby </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watersports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watersports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Watersports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Watersports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parkour/freerunning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parkour/freerunning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Parkour/freerunning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parkour/freerunning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Other sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varsity_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varsity_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Varsity sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varsity_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.1 Popular music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.2 Classical music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Contemporary art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Festivals and events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Literature and film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.9 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Public services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twinned_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twinned_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Twinned cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twinned_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panoramic_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panoramic_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Panoramic gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panoramic_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cambridge</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 126 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" > 126 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AC%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AA%E1%8C%85" title="ኬምብሪጅ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኬምብሪጅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantanbrycg" title="Grantanbrycg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Grantanbrycg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AC" title="كامبريدج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كامبريدج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B3" title="Քեմպրիճ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քեմպրիճ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembric" title="Kembric – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kembric" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="کمبریج – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کمبریج" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C" title="কেমব্রিজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেমব্রিজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Кембрыдж – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кембрыдж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Кембрыдж – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кембрыдж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Кеймбридж – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кеймбридж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian)" title="Cambridge (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cambridge (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caergrawnt" title="Caergrawnt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caergrawnt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B6" title="Κέιμπριτζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κέιμπριτζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembri%C4%9Do_(Britio)" title="Kembriĝo (Britio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kembriĝo (Britio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="کمبریج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمبریج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EC%9E%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80" title="케임브리지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케임브리지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BB" title="Քեմբրիջ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քեմբրիջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="कैम्ब्रिज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैम्ब्रिज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridge, Cambridgeshire – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cambridge, Cambridgeshire" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Кембридж – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кембридж" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%92%27" title="קיימברידג' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיימברידג'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕೇಂಬ್ರಿಜ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೇಂಬ್ರಿಜ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="კემბრიჯი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კემბრიჯი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrigia" title="Cantabrigia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cantabrigia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembrid%C5%BEa" title="Kembridža – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kembridža" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(England)" title="Cambridge (England) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Cambridge (England)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembrid%C5%BEas" title="Kembridžas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kembridžas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Cambridgeshire)" title="Cambridge (Cambridgeshire) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cambridge (Cambridgeshire)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9F" title="Кембриџ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кембриџ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D" title="കേംബ്രിഡ്ജ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കേംബ്രിഡ്ജ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="केंब्रिज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="केंब्रिज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AC" title="كامبريدج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كامبريدج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="کمبریج – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کمبریج" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%96" title="ꯀꯦꯝꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯖ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯦꯝꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯖ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6" title="Кембриж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кембриж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ကိန်းဘရစ်ချ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိန်းဘရစ်ချ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Cambridge (Verenigd Koninkrijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cambridge (Verenigd Koninkrijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%B8" title="ケンブリッジ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケンブリッジ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Кембридж – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кембридж" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantebruge" title="Cantebruge – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Cantebruge" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembrij" title="Kembrij – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kembrij" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C" title="ਕੈਂਬਰਿਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਂਬਰਿਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="کیمبرج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیمبرج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Кембридж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кембридж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrig" title="Cambrig – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cambrig" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembrixhi" title="Kembrixhi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kembrixhi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A" title="කේම්බ්‍රිජ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කේම්බ්‍රිජ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Cambridgeshire)" title="Cambridge (Cambridgeshire) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cambridge (Cambridgeshire)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%AC" title="کامبریدج – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کامبریدج" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9F" title="Кембриџ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кембриџ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D" title="கேம்பிரிட்ச் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கேம்பிரிட்ச்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambri%C7%A7" title="Kambriǧ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kambriǧ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D2%97" title="Кембриҗ – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кембриҗ" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D" title="కేంబ్రిడ్జ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కేంబ్రిడ్జ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%8C" title="เคมบริดจ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เคมบริดจ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D2%B7" title="Кембриҷ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кембриҷ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Кембридж – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кембридж" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="کیمبرج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمبرج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrij" title="Kambrij – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Kambrij" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembrid%C5%BE" title="Kembridž – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kembridž" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5" title="剑桥 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="剑桥" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9" title="קעמברידזש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קעמברידזש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%8D%E6%A9%8B" title="劍橋 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="劍橋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97mbr%C4%97d%C5%BEos" title="Kėmbrėdžos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kėmbrėdžos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%8D%E6%A9%8B" title="劍橋 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="劍橋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q350#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cambridge" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cambridge&params=52_12_18_N_00_07_21_E_region:GB_type:adm3rd">52°12′18″N 00°07′21″E / 52.20500°N 0.12250°E / 52.20500; 0.12250</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_UK&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, UK">Cambridge, UK</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and district in Cambridgeshire, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in England. For the city in the United States, see <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>. For the university, see <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cambridge (disambiguation)">Cambridge (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and non-metropolitan district in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Cambridge</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">non-metropolitan district</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_-_Kings_College_vue_des_backs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cambridge_-_Kings_College_vue_des_backs.jpg/248px-Cambridge_-_Kings_College_vue_des_backs.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cambridge_-_Kings_College_vue_des_backs.jpg/372px-Cambridge_-_Kings_College_vue_des_backs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cambridge_-_Kings_College_vue_des_backs.jpg/496px-Cambridge_-_Kings_College_vue_des_backs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4898" data-file-height="3265" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div style="height:81px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Punts,_River_Cam_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5936313.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Punts%2C_River_Cam_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5936313.jpg/122px-Punts%2C_River_Cam_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5936313.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Punts%2C_River_Cam_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5936313.jpg/183px-Punts%2C_River_Cam_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5936313.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Punts%2C_River_Cam_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5936313.jpg/244px-Punts%2C_River_Cam_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5936313.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Punt_(boat)#Punting_in_Cambridge" title="Punt (boat)">Punts</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Cam" title="River Cam">River Cam</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div style="height:81px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Mary_the_Great_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5897670.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Church_of_St_Mary_the_Great_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5897670.jpg/122px-Church_of_St_Mary_the_Great_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5897670.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Church_of_St_Mary_the_Great_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5897670.jpg/183px-Church_of_St_Mary_the_Great_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5897670.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Church_of_St_Mary_the_Great_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5897670.jpg/244px-Church_of_St_Mary_the_Great_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5897670.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Great_St_Mary%27s_Church,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Great St Mary's Church, Cambridge">Great St Mary's Church</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_Street,_Cambridge_(geograph_7688455).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Trinity_Street%2C_Cambridge_%28geograph_7688455%29.jpg/248px-Trinity_Street%2C_Cambridge_%28geograph_7688455%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Trinity_Street%2C_Cambridge_%28geograph_7688455%29.jpg/372px-Trinity_Street%2C_Cambridge_%28geograph_7688455%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Trinity_Street%2C_Cambridge_%28geograph_7688455%29.jpg/496px-Trinity_Street%2C_Cambridge_%28geograph_7688455%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="787" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Street,_Cambridge" title="Trinity Street, Cambridge">Trinity Street</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Cambridge_City_Council.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Cambridge"><img alt="Coat of arms of Cambridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Arms_of_the_Cambridge_City_Council.svg/100px-Arms_of_the_Cambridge_City_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Arms_of_the_Cambridge_City_Council.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_Cambridge_City_Council.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Arms_of_the_Cambridge_City_Council.svg/200px-Arms_of_the_Cambridge_City_Council.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="1032" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_UK_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cambridge shown within Cambridgeshire"><img alt="Cambridge shown within Cambridgeshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cambridge_UK_locator_map.svg/250px-Cambridge_UK_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cambridge_UK_locator_map.svg/375px-Cambridge_UK_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cambridge_UK_locator_map.svg/500px-Cambridge_UK_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1266" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Cambridge shown within <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cambridge&params=52_12_18_N_00_07_21_E_region:GB_type:adm3rd">52°12′18″N 00°07′21″E / 52.20500°N 0.12250°E / 52.20500; 0.12250</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/City_region_(United_Kingdom)" title="City region (United Kingdom)">City region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_and_Peterborough" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridgeshire and Peterborough">Cambridgeshire and Peterborough</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1209 as Granta Brygg</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City status</th><td class="infobox-data">1951</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Guildhall" title="Cambridge Guildhall">Cambridge Guildhall</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Council_leadership-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_City_Council" title="Cambridge City Council">Cambridge City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Executive_arrangements" title="Executive arrangements">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Executive_arrangements#Leader_and_cabinet" title="Executive arrangements">Leader and cabinet</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Political_make-up_of_local_councils_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom">Control</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Executive_arrangements#Leader_and_cabinet" title="Executive arrangements">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mike Davey (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_England" title="Mayors in England">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Baiju Thittala</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pippa_Heylings" title="Pippa Heylings">Pippa Heylings</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">LD</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Zeichner" title="Daniel Zeichner">Daniel Zeichner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 sq mi (41 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_area" title="List of English districts by area">258th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-popstats-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">146,995</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_population" title="List of English districts by population">151st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">9,360/sq mi (3,612/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cantabrigian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity (<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 74.5% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 14.8% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5.1% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.4% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.1% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion (2021)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 44.7% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 35.2% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5.1% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.3% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_England" title="Hinduism in England">Hinduism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.1% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_England" title="Buddhism in England">Buddhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.7% <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">Judaism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.2% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">Sikhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.8% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 9.8% not stated </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode areas</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/CB_postcode_area" title="CB postcode area">CB</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01223</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GSS_coding_system" title="GSS coding system">GSS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">E07000008</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cambridge.gov.uk">cambridge.gov.uk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Cambridge (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/14\/En-uk-Cambridge.ogg\/En-uk-Cambridge.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-Cambridge.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/En-uk-Cambridge.ogg/En-uk-Cambridge.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-Cambridge.ogg" title="File:En-uk-Cambridge.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KAYM-brij</a>)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> is a city and <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">non-metropolitan district</a> in the county of <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a> of Cambridgeshire and is located on the <a href="/wiki/River_Cam" title="River Cam">River Cam</a>, 55 miles (89 km) north of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. As of the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 United Kingdom census</a>, the population of the City of Cambridge was 145,700;<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> the population of the wider built-up area (which extends outside the city council area) was 181,137.<a href="#cite_note-BUA2021-7">[7]</a> Cambridge became an important trading centre during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> ages, and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Town_charter#Municipal_charters" class="mw-redirect" title="Town charter">town charters</a> were granted in the 12th century, although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951. The city is well known as the home of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, which was founded in 1209 and consistently ranks among the best universities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The buildings of the university include <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Library" title="Cambridge University Library">Cambridge University Library</a>, one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world. The city's skyline is dominated by several <a href="/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="Colleges of the University of Cambridge">college buildings</a>, along with the spire of the <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_and_the_English_Martyrs_Church" title="Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church">Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church</a>, and the chimney of <a href="/wiki/Addenbrooke%27s_Hospital" title="Addenbrooke's Hospital">Addenbrooke's Hospital</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a>, which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology, also has its main campus in the city. Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Fen" title="Silicon Fen">Silicon Fen</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_technology_centers" title="List of technology centers">Cambridge Cluster</a>, which contains industries such as <a href="/wiki/Software_industry" title="Software industry">software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bioscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioscience">bioscience</a> and many start-up companies born out of the university. Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification, more than twice the national average. The <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Biomedical_Campus" title="Cambridge Biomedical Campus">Cambridge Biomedical Campus</a>, one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world, includes the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a> and the relocated <a href="/wiki/Royal_Papworth_Hospital" title="Royal Papworth Hospital">Royal Papworth Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Cambridge produced the first 'Laws of the Game' for <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> and was the site of the first game, which was held at <a href="/wiki/Parker%27s_Piece" title="Parker's Piece">Parker's Piece</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Fair" title="Strawberry Fair">Strawberry Fair</a> music and art festival and Midsummer Fair are held on <a href="/wiki/Midsummer_Common" title="Midsummer Common">Midsummer Common</a>, and the annual <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Beer_Festival" title="Cambridge Beer Festival">Cambridge Beer Festival</a> takes place on <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Green" title="Jesus Green">Jesus Green</a>. The city is adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/M11_motorway" title="M11 motorway">M11</a> and <a href="/wiki/A14_road_(England)" title="A14 road (England)">A14</a> roads. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cambridge" title="Timeline of Cambridge">Timeline of Cambridge</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">British Iron Age</a></div> Settlements have existed around the Cambridge area since <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">prehistoric times</a>. The earliest clear evidence of occupation is the remains of a 3,500-year-old farmstead discovered at the site of <a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitzwilliam College">Fitzwilliam College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Archaeological evidence of occupation through the <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age</a> is a settlement on <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Cambridge" title="Castle Hill, Cambridge">Castle Hill</a> from the <a href="/wiki/1st_century_BC" title="1st century BC">1st century BC</a>, perhaps relating to wider cultural changes occurring in southeastern Britain linked to the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman">Roman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duroliponte" title="Duroliponte">Duroliponte</a></div> The principal <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> site is a small fort (<a href="/wiki/Castrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Castrum">castrum</a>) <a href="/wiki/Duroliponte" title="Duroliponte">Duroliponte</a> on <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Cambridge" title="Castle Hill, Cambridge">Castle Hill</a>, just northwest of the city centre around the location of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Britons_(Celtic_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (Celtic people)">British</a> village. The fort was bounded on two sides by the lines formed by the present <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Pleasant, Cambridge">Mount Pleasant</a>, continuing across <a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_Road" title="Huntingdon Road">Huntingdon Road</a> into Clare Street. The eastern side followed Magrath Avenue, with the southern side running near to <a href="/wiki/Chesterton_Lane,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesterton Lane, Cambridge">Chesterton Lane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kettle%27s_Yard" title="Kettle's Yard">Kettle's Yard</a> before turning northwest at Honey Hill.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> It was constructed around AD 70 and converted to civilian use around 50 years later. Evidence of more widespread Roman settlement has been discovered, including numerous farmsteads<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and a village in the Cambridge district of <a href="/wiki/Newnham,_Cambridgeshire" title="Newnham, Cambridgeshire">Newnham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_Street,_Cambridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Trinity_Street%2C_Cambridge.jpg/220px-Trinity_Street%2C_Cambridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Trinity_Street%2C_Cambridge.jpg/330px-Trinity_Street%2C_Cambridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Trinity_Street%2C_Cambridge.jpg/440px-Trinity_Street%2C_Cambridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Street,_Cambridge" title="Trinity Street, Cambridge">Trinity Street</a> in 2008 with <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College</a> on the left and <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Benets_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/St_Benets_exterior.jpg/220px-St_Benets_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/St_Benets_exterior.jpg/330px-St_Benets_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/St_Benets_exterior.jpg/440px-St_Benets_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Bene%27t%27s_Church" title="St Bene't's Church">St Bene't's Church</a>, the oldest standing building in <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>, next to <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Cambridge" title="Corpus Christi College, Cambridge">Corpus Christi College</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peterhouse_Chapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Peterhouse_Chapel.jpg/220px-Peterhouse_Chapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Peterhouse_Chapel.jpg/330px-Peterhouse_Chapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Peterhouse_Chapel.jpg/440px-Peterhouse_Chapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2603" data-file-height="3595" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">Peterhouse</a> was the first college to be founded at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President%27s_Lodge,_Queens%27_College,_Cambridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/President%27s_Lodge%2C_Queens%27_College%2C_Cambridge.jpg/220px-President%27s_Lodge%2C_Queens%27_College%2C_Cambridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/President%27s_Lodge%2C_Queens%27_College%2C_Cambridge.jpg/330px-President%27s_Lodge%2C_Queens%27_College%2C_Cambridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/President%27s_Lodge%2C_Queens%27_College%2C_Cambridge.jpg/440px-President%27s_Lodge%2C_Queens%27_College%2C_Cambridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The President's Lodge, <a href="/wiki/Queens%27_College,_Cambridge" title="Queens' College, Cambridge">Queens' College</a></figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Roman_withdrawal_from_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman withdrawal from Britain">Roman withdrawal from Britain</a> around 410, the location may have been abandoned by the <a href="/wiki/Romano-Britons" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Britons">Britons</a>, although the site is usually identified as Cair Grauth,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> as listed among the 28 <a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">cities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Britain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">History of the Britons</a> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Evidence exists that the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_invasion_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon invasion of Britain">invading Anglo-Saxons</a> had begun occupying the area by the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Their settlement – also on and around Castle Hill – became known as Grantebrycge<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> ("<a href="/wiki/River_Cam" title="River Cam">Granta</a>-bridge". By <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, the settlement's name had changed to "Cambridg koe", deriving from the word 'Camboricum', meaning 'passage' or 'ford' of stream in a town or settlement,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/River_Cam" title="River Cam">lower stretches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Granta_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Granta (river)">Granta</a> changed their name to match.)<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>) <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> grave goods have been found in the area. During this period, Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard-to-travel fenlands. By the 7th century, the town was less significant and described by <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> as a "little ruined city" containing the burial site of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a> (Etheldreda).<a href="#cite_note-Roach2-15-20">[20]</a> Cambridge sat on the border between the <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Anglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Anglia">Middle Anglian</a> kingdoms, and the settlement slowly expanded on both sides of the river.<a href="#cite_note-Roach2-15-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a> reports that <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> arrived in 875; they imposed Viking rule, the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>, by 878.<a href="#cite_note-Brooke-25">[25]</a> Their vigorous trading habits resulted in rapid growth of the town. During this period, the town's centre shifted from Castle Hill on the left bank of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank.<a href="#cite_note-Brooke-25">[25]</a> After the Viking period, the Saxons enjoyed a return to power, building churches, such as <a href="/wiki/St_Bene%27t%27s_Church" title="St Bene't's Church">St Bene't's Church</a>, as well as wharves, merchant houses, and a <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">mint</a> which produced coins with the town's name abbreviated to "Grant".<a href="#cite_note-Brooke-25">[25]</a> In 1068, two years after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of England, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> erected a <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Castle" title="Cambridge Castle">castle</a> on Castle Hill, the <a href="/wiki/Motte" class="mw-redirect" title="Motte">motte</a> of which survives.<a href="#cite_note-Roach2-15-20">[20]</a> Like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies. Cambridge's first town charter was granted by <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a> between 1120 and 1131. It granted the town monopoly of waterborne traffic and hithe tolls and recognised the <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">borough</a> court.<a href="#cite_note-british-history-66606-26">[26]</a> The distinctive <a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Sepulchre,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holy Sepulchre, Cambridge">Round Church</a> dates from this period.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1209, Cambridge University was founded by Oxford students fleeing from hostility.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The oldest existing college, <a href="/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">Peterhouse</a>, was founded in 1284.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Cambridge had a significant <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%E2%80%931290)" title="History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)">Jewish community in the middle ages</a>, centred on what is now known as All Saints Passage, then known as the Jewry. A synagogue stood nearby. In January 1275, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Provence" title="Eleanor of Provence">Eleanor of Provence</a> expelled Jews from all of the towns within her dower lands, and the Jews of Cambridge were ordered to relocate to <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1349, Cambridge was affected by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>. Few records survive but 16 of 40 scholars at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Hall,_Cambridge" title="King's Hall, Cambridge">King's Hall</a> died.<a href="#cite_note-Ziegler-32">[32]</a> The town north of the river was severely impacted, being almost wiped out.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Following further depopulation after a second national epidemic in 1361, a letter from the Bishop of Ely suggested that two parishes in Cambridge be merged as there were not enough people to fill even one church.<a href="#cite_note-Ziegler-32">[32]</a> With more than a third of English clergy dying in the Black Death, four new colleges were established at the university over the following years to train new clergymen, namely <a href="/wiki/Gonville_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonville Hall">Gonville Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Hall,_Cambridge" title="Trinity Hall, Cambridge">Trinity Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Cambridge" title="Corpus Christi College, Cambridge">Corpus Christi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge" title="Clare College, Cambridge">Clare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1382, a revised town charter effected a "diminution of the liberties that the community had enjoyed", due to Cambridge's participation in the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a>. This charter transferred supervision of baking and brewing, weights and measures, and <a href="/wiki/Engrossing_(law)" title="Engrossing (law)">forestalling and regrating</a>, from the town to the university.<a href="#cite_note-british-history-66606-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel</a> was begun in 1446 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">King Henry VI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kings_Chapel-35">[35]</a> Built in phases by a succession of kings of England from 1446 to 1515 — its history intertwined with the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> — the chapel was completed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">King Henry VIII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kings_Chapel-35">[35]</a> The building would become synonymous with Cambridge, and currently is used in the logo for the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_City_Council" title="Cambridge City Council">Cambridge City Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early modern">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_1575_colour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cambridge_1575_colour.jpg/220px-Cambridge_1575_colour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cambridge_1575_colour.jpg/330px-Cambridge_1575_colour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cambridge_1575_colour.jpg/440px-Cambridge_1575_colour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2656" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>Cambridge in 1575</figcaption></figure> Following repeated outbreaks of pestilence throughout the 16th century,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> sanitation and fresh water were brought to Cambridge by the construction of <a href="/wiki/Hobson%27s_Conduit" title="Hobson's Conduit">Hobson's Conduit</a> in the early 1600s. Water was brought from Nine Wells, at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Gog_Magog_Hills" title="Gog Magog Hills">Gog Magog Hills</a> to the southeast of Cambridge, into the centre of the town.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Cambridge played a significant role in the early part of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> as it was the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Association" title="Eastern Association">Eastern Counties Association</a>, an organisation administering a regional <a href="/wiki/East_Anglian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Anglian">East Anglian</a> army, which became the mainstay of the Parliamentarian military effort before the formation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-british-history-66605-39">[39]</a> In 1643 control of the town was given by Parliament to <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, who had been educated at <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sussex_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Sussex College">Sidney Sussex College</a> in Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The town's castle was fortified and garrisoned with troops and some bridges were destroyed to aid its defence. Although <a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a> forces came within 2 miles (3 km) of the town in 1644, the defences were never used, and the garrison was stood down the following year.<a href="#cite_note-british-history-66605-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early-industrial_era">Early-industrial era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early-industrial era">edit</a>]</div> In the 19th century, in common with many other English towns, Cambridge expanded rapidly, due in part to increased life expectancy and improved agricultural production leading to increased trade in town markets.<a href="#cite_note-british-history-66609-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Inclosure_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclosure Acts">Inclosure Acts</a> of 1801 and 1807 enabled the town to expand over surrounding open fields and in 1912 and again in 1935 its boundaries were extended to include Chesterton, Cherry Hinton, and Trumpington.<a href="#cite_note-british-history-66605-39">[39]</a> The railway came to Cambridge in 1845 after initial resistance, with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Railway" title="Great Eastern Railway">Great Eastern Railway</a>'s London to Norwich line. The station was outside the town centre following pressure from the university to restrict travel by undergraduates.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> With the arrival of the railway and associated employment came development of areas around the station, such as <a href="/wiki/Mill_Road,_Cambridge" title="Mill Road, Cambridge">Romsey Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The rail link to London stimulated heavier industries, such as the production of brick, cement and <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-british-history-66609-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries">edit</a>]</div> From the 1930s to the 1980s, the size of the city was increased by several large <a href="/wiki/Council_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Council estate">council estates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The biggest impact has been on the area north of the river, which are now the estates of <a href="/wiki/East_Chesterton" class="mw-redirect" title="East Chesterton">East Chesterton</a>, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Hedges" title="King's Hedges">King's Hedges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arbury" title="Arbury">Arbury</a> where <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a> lived and worked as an assistant priest in the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Cambridge was an important centre for defence of the east coast. The town became a military centre, with an <a href="/wiki/R.A.F." class="mw-redirect" title="R.A.F.">R.A.F.</a> training centre and the regional headquarters for <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire" title="Huntingdonshire">Huntingdonshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a> established during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-british-history-66605-39">[39]</a> The town itself escaped relatively lightly from German bombing raids, which were mainly targeted at the railway. 29 people were killed and no historic buildings were damaged. In 1944, a secret meeting of military leaders held in Trinity College laid the foundation for the allied invasion of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-british-history-66609-41">[41]</a> During the war Cambridge served as an <a href="/wiki/Evacuations_of_civilians_in_Britain_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II">evacuation centre</a> for over 7,000 people from London, as well as for parts of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-british-history-66605-39">[39]</a> Cambridge was granted its <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city charter</a> in 1951 in recognition of its history, administrative importance and economic success.<a href="#cite_note-british-history-66605-39">[39]</a> Cambridge does not have a cathedral, traditionally a prerequisite for city status, instead falling within the Church of England <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Ely" title="Diocese of Ely">Diocese of Ely</a>. In 1962, Cambridge's first shopping arcade, Bradwell's Court, opened on Drummer Street, though this was demolished in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Other shopping arcades followed at Lion Yard, which housed a relocated Central Library for the city, and the <a href="/wiki/Grafton_Centre" title="Grafton Centre">Grafton Centre</a> which replaced Victorian housing stock which had fallen into disrepair in <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Kite,_Cambridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Kite, Cambridge (page does not exist)">the Kite</a> area of the city. This latter project was controversial at the time.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The city gained its second university in 1992 when Anglia Polytechnic became Anglia Polytechnic University. Renamed <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a> in 2005, the institution has its origins in the Cambridge School of Art opened in 1858 by <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Local government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge local elections">Cambridge local elections</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_UK_ward_map_2010_coloured_on_Cambridge-Openstreetmap-08-06-13.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cambridge_UK_ward_map_2010_coloured_on_Cambridge-Openstreetmap-08-06-13.svg/240px-Cambridge_UK_ward_map_2010_coloured_on_Cambridge-Openstreetmap-08-06-13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cambridge_UK_ward_map_2010_coloured_on_Cambridge-Openstreetmap-08-06-13.svg/360px-Cambridge_UK_ward_map_2010_coloured_on_Cambridge-Openstreetmap-08-06-13.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cambridge_UK_ward_map_2010_coloured_on_Cambridge-Openstreetmap-08-06-13.svg/480px-Cambridge_UK_ward_map_2010_coloured_on_Cambridge-Openstreetmap-08-06-13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the 2010 electoral boundaries of the city with <a href="/wiki/Postcode_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcode district">postcode districts</a> superimposed</figcaption></figure> Cambridge is a <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">non-metropolitan district</a> – one of six districts within the county of Cambridgeshire – and is administered by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_City_Council" title="Cambridge City Council">Cambridge City Council</a>. The district covers most of the city's urban area, although some suburbs extend into the surrounding <a href="/wiki/South_Cambridgeshire" title="South Cambridgeshire">South Cambridgeshire</a> district. The city council's headquarters are in the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Guildhall" title="Cambridge Guildhall">Guildhall</a>, a large building in the market square. Cambridge was granted a Royal Charter by King John in 1207, which permitted the appointment of a mayor,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> although the first recorded mayor, Harvey FitzEustace, served in 1213.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> City councillors now elect a mayor annually. For electoral purposes the city is divided into 14 wards: Abbey, <a href="/wiki/Arbury" title="Arbury">Arbury</a>, Castle, <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Hinton" title="Cherry Hinton">Cherry Hinton</a>, Coleridge, <a href="/wiki/Chesterton,_Cambridge" title="Chesterton, Cambridge">East Chesterton</a>, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Hedges" title="King's Hedges">King's Hedges</a>, Market, <a href="/wiki/Newnham,_Cambridgeshire" title="Newnham, Cambridgeshire">Newnham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mill_Road,_Cambridge" title="Mill Road, Cambridge">Petersfield</a>, Queen Edith's, <a href="/wiki/Mill_Road,_Cambridge" title="Mill Road, Cambridge">Romsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trumpington,_Cambridgeshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpington, Cambridgeshire">Trumpington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chesterton,_Cambridge" title="Chesterton, Cambridge">West Chesterton</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/2019_Cambridge_City_Council_election" title="2019 Cambridge City Council election">2019 election</a>, Labour retained its majority.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Each of the 14 wards also elects councillors to <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_County_Council" title="Cambridgeshire County Council">Cambridgeshire County Council</a>, which is responsible for services including school education, social care and highways.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Since 2017, Cambridge has also been within the area of the <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_and_Peterborough_Combined_Authority" title="Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority">Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> which is led by a <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Cambridgeshire_and_Peterborough" title="Mayor of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough">directly elected Mayor</a>. The city is represented on the authority by the leader of the City Council. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Westminster">Westminster</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Westminster">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency)">Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency)</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency)">constituency of Cambridge</a> covers most of the city; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Zeichner" title="Daniel Zeichner">Daniel Zeichner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>) has represented the seat since the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a>. The seat was generally held by the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> until it was won by Labour in 1992, then taken by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> in 2005 and 2010, before returning to Labour in 2015. A southern area of the city, Queen Edith's ward and Cherry Hinton ward,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> falls within the <a href="/wiki/South_Cambridgeshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)">South Cambridgeshire</a> constituency, whose MP is <a href="/wiki/Pippa_Heylings" title="Pippa Heylings">Pippa Heylings</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Lib Dems</a>), first elected in 2024. The University of Cambridge formerly had two seats in the House of Commons; Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> was one of the most notable MPs. The <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)">Cambridge University constituency</a> was abolished under 1948 legislation, and ceased at the dissolution of Parliament for the <a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950 general election</a>, along with the other <a href="/wiki/University_constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="University constituencies">university constituencies</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_environment">Geography and environment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography and environment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cmglee_Cambridge_aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cmglee_Cambridge_aerial.jpg/220px-Cmglee_Cambridge_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cmglee_Cambridge_aerial.jpg/330px-Cmglee_Cambridge_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cmglee_Cambridge_aerial.jpg/440px-Cmglee_Cambridge_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Cambridge</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clare_Colllege_Cambridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Clare_Colllege_Cambridge.jpg/220px-Clare_Colllege_Cambridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Clare_Colllege_Cambridge.jpg/330px-Clare_Colllege_Cambridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Clare_Colllege_Cambridge.jpg/440px-Clare_Colllege_Cambridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Old Court at <a href="/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge" title="Clare College, Cambridge">Clare College</a> as seen from <a href="/wiki/The_Backs" title="The Backs">The Backs</a></figcaption></figure> Cambridge is situated about 55 miles (89 km) north-by-east of London and 95 miles (153 kilometres) east of Birmingham. The city is located in an area of level and relatively low-lying terrain just south of <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">the Fens</a>, which varies between 6 and 24 metres (20 and 79 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The town was thus historically surrounded by low-lying wetlands that have been drained as the town has expanded.<a href="#cite_note-www.cambridge.gov.uk-2016-55">[55]</a> The underlying geology of Cambridge consists of <a href="/wiki/Gault" title="Gault">gault</a> clay and <a href="/wiki/Chalk_Group" title="Chalk Group">Chalk Marl</a>, known locally as Cambridge Greensand,<a href="#cite_note-NatEngGeo-56">[56]</a> partly overlaid by <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">terrace gravel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-www.cambridge.gov.uk-2016-55">[55]</a> A layer of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_nodule" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate nodule">phosphatic nodules</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coprolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Coprolites">coprolites</a>) under the marl was mined in the 19th century for fertiliser; this became a major industry in the county, and its profits yielded buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Corn_Exchange" title="Cambridge Corn Exchange">Corn Exchange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulbourn_Hospital" title="Fulbourn Hospital">Fulbourn Hospital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge#College_Chapel" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St. John's Chapel</a> until the Quarries Act 1894 and competition from America ended production.<a href="#cite_note-NatEngGeo-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/River_Cam" title="River Cam">River Cam</a> flows through the city from the village of <a href="/wiki/Grantchester" title="Grantchester">Grantchester</a>, to the southwest. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Water_meadows" class="mw-redirect" title="Water meadows">water meadows</a> within the city such as <a href="/wiki/Sheep%27s_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep's Green">Sheep's Green</a> as well as residential development.<a href="#cite_note-www.cambridge.gov.uk-2016-55">[55]</a> Like most cities, modern-day Cambridge has many suburbs and areas of high-density housing. The city centre of Cambridge is mostly commercial, historic buildings, and large green areas such as Jesus Green, <a href="/wiki/Parker%27s_Piece" title="Parker's Piece">Parker's Piece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midsummer_Common" title="Midsummer Common">Midsummer Common</a>. Some of the roads in the centre are pedestrianised. Population growth has seen new housing developments in the 21st century, with estates such as the CB1<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accordia" title="Accordia">Accordia</a> schemes near the station,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and developments such as <a href="/wiki/Great_Kneighton" title="Great Kneighton">Great Kneighton</a>, formally known as Clay Farm,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and Trumpington Meadows<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> currently under construction in the south of the city. Other major developments currently being constructed in the city are Darwin Green (formerly <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Agricultural_Botany" title="National Institute of Agricultural Botany">NIAB</a>), and University-led developments at <a href="/wiki/West_Cambridge" title="West Cambridge">West Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_West_Cambridge_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="North West Cambridge Development">North West Cambridge</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Eddington,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddington, Cambridge">Eddington</a>). The entire city centre, as well as parts of Chesterton, Petersfield, West Cambridge, Newnham, and Abbey, are covered by an Air Quality Management Area, implemented to counter high levels of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> in the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> The city has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfb).<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Cambridge has an official weather observing station, at the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Botanic_Garden" title="Cambridge University Botanic Garden">Cambridge University Botanic Garden</a>, about one mile (1.6 km) south of the city centre. In addition, the Digital Technology Group of the university's <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Computer_Science_and_Technology,_University_of_Cambridge" title="Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge">Department of Computer Science and Technology</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> maintains a weather station on the <a href="/wiki/West_Cambridge" title="West Cambridge">West Cambridge</a> site, displaying current weather conditions online via web browsers or an <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">app</a>, and also an archive dating back to 1995.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The city, like most of the UK, has a <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">maritime climate</a> highly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>. Located in the driest region of Britain,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Cambridge's rainfall averages around 570 mm (22.44 in) per year, around half the national average.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The driest recent year was in 2011 with 380.4 mm (14.98 in)<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> of rain at the Botanic Garden and 347.2 mm (13.67 in) at the NIAB site.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> This is just below the <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-arid</a> precipitation threshold for the area, which is 350 mm of annual precipitation.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Conversely, 2012 was the wettest year on record, with 812.7 mm (32.00 in) reported.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Snowfall accumulations are usually small, in part because of Cambridge's low elevation, and low precipitation tendency during transitional snow events. Owing to its low-lying, inland, and easterly position within the British Isles, summer temperatures tend to be somewhat higher than areas further west, and often rival or even exceed those recorded in the London area. Cambridge also often records the annual highest national temperature in any given year – 30.2 °C (86.4 °F) in July 2008 at NIAB<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and 30.1 °C (86.2 °F) in August 2007 at the Botanic Garden<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> are two recent examples. Other years include 1876, 1887, 1888, 1892, 1897, 1899 and 1900.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The absolute maximum stands at 39.9 °C (103.8 °F) recorded on 19 July 2022 at Cambridge University Botanic Garden.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Before this date, Cambridge held the record for the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_weather_records" title="United Kingdom weather records">all-time maximum temperature in the UK</a>, after recording 38.7 °C (101.7 °F) on 25 July 2019. Typically the temperature will reach 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or higher on over 25 days of the year over the 1981–2010 period,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> with the annual warmest day averaging 31.5 °C (88.7 °F)<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> over the same period. The absolute minimum temperature recorded at the Botanic Garden site was −17.2 °C (1.0 °F), recorded in February 1947,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> although a minimum of −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) was recorded at the now defunct observatory site in December 1879.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> More recently the temperature fell to −15.3 °C (4.5 °F) on 11 February 2012,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> −12.2 °C (10.0 °F) on 22 January 2013<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and −10.9 °C (12.4 °F)<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> on 20 December 2010. The average frequency of air frosts ranges from 42.8 days at the NIAB site,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> to 48.3 days at the Botanic Garden<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> per year over the 1981–2010 period. Typically the coldest night of the year at the Botanic Garden will fall to −8.0 °C (17.6 °F).<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Such minimum temperatures and frost averages are typical for inland areas across much of southern and central England. Sunshine averages around 1,500 hours a year or around 35% of possible, a level typical of most locations in inland central England. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cambridge_weatherbox" title="Template:Cambridge weatherbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cambridge_weatherbox" title="Template talk:Cambridge weatherbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cambridge_weatherbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cambridge weatherbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Botanic_Garden" title="Cambridge University Botanic Garden">Cambridge University Botanic Garden</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[a]</a> elevation: 13 m (43 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1914–present</div> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 (60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9 (82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1 (88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.9 (103.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9 (98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0 (84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.9 (103.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 (47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3 (73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9 (67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.8 (51.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 (37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 (54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 (45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 (39.6) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 (35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.5 (43.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.1 (3.0) </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.2 (1.0) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.7 (10.9) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1 (21.0) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.4 (24.1) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6 (30.9) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 (37.9) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2 (28.0) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5 (20.3) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.3 (8.1) </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.6 (3.9) </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−17.2 (1.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.2 (1.86) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9 (1.41) </td> <td style="background: #CFFFCF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (1.27) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 (1.43) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.9 (1.73) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3 (2.06) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.2 (2.09) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.6 (2.27) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.3 (1.94) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.5 (2.22) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.4 (2.14) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.8 (1.96) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">568.4 (22.38) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">107.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/European_Climate_Assessment_and_Dataset" title="European Climate Assessment and Dataset">ECA&D</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cambridge_weatherbox" title="Template:Cambridge weatherbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cambridge_weatherbox" title="Template talk:Cambridge weatherbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cambridge_weatherbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cambridge weatherbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Climate data for Cambridge (<a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Agricultural_Botany" title="National Institute of Agricultural Botany">NIAB</a>)<a href="#cite_note-88">[b]</a>, elevation: 26 m (85 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1959–present</div> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9 (80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5 (85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5 (92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.9 (103.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1 (97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3 (84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.9 (103.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 (57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4 (63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 (41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 (35.4) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (35.2) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 (37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 (45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 (40.1) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.0 (3.2) </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.3 (4.5) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.4 (15.1) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.9 (21.4) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8 (28.8) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 (37.9) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6 (30.9) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.4 (22.3) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.9 (16.0) </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.5 (9.5) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−16.0 (3.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.6 (1.91) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7 (1.41) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9 (1.30) </td> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6 (1.48) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.2 (1.70) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.1 (1.93) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.3 (1.90) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.9 (2.20) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.6 (1.87) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.7 (2.31) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.6 (2.07) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.2 (1.94) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">559.4 (22.02) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">107.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #686868; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57.2 </td> <td style="background: #9C9C9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.8 </td> <td style="background: #B5B564; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118.4 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">157.2 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.7 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.5 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">190.0 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.3 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;" class="notheme">144.0 </td> <td style="background: #B1B17A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">110.3 </td> <td style="background: #7F7F7F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.6 </td> <td style="background: #626262; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53.7 </td> <td style="background: #BABA46; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,522.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> The city contains three <a href="/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Site of Special Scientific Interest">Sites of Special Scientific Interest</a> (SSSIs), at Cherry Hinton East Pit, Cherry Hinton West Pit, and Travellers Pit,<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> and ten <a href="/wiki/Local_nature_reserve" title="Local nature reserve">Local Nature Reserves</a> (LNRs): Sheep's Green and Coe Fen, Coldham's Common, Stourbridge Common, Nine Wells, Byron's Pool, West Pit, Paradise, Barnwell West, Barnwell East, and Logan's Meadow.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_belt">Green belt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Green belt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Green_Belt" title="Cambridge Green Belt">Cambridge Green Belt</a></div> Cambridge is completely enclosed by <a href="/wiki/Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)" title="Green belt (United Kingdom)">green belt</a> as a part of a wider environmental and planning policy first defined in 1965 and formalised in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> While some small tracts of green belt exist on the fringes of the city's boundary, much of the protection is in the surrounding South Cambridgeshire<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> and nearby <a href="/wiki/East_Cambridgeshire" title="East Cambridgeshire">East Cambridgeshire</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> districts, helping to maintain local green space, prevent further <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> and unplanned expansion of the city, as well as protecting smaller outlying villages from further convergence with each other as well as the city.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cambridge_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Cambridge_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cambridge_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Cambridge_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cambridge_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Cambridge_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2743" data-file-height="2168" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of Cambridge in 2021</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_born_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_in_Cambridge_in_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/UK_born_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_in_Cambridge_in_2021.svg/220px-UK_born_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_in_Cambridge_in_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/UK_born_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_in_Cambridge_in_2021.svg/330px-UK_born_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_in_Cambridge_in_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/UK_born_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_in_Cambridge_in_2021.svg/440px-UK_born_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_in_Cambridge_in_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2582" data-file-height="2078" /></a><figcaption>UK born and foreign born population pyramid in Cambridge in 2021</figcaption></figure> At the 2011 census, the population of the Cambridge contiguous built-up area (urban area) was 158,434,<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> while that of the City Council area was 123,867.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">2001 Census</a> held during University term, 89.44% of Cambridge residents identified themselves as white, compared with a national average of 92.12%.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Within the university, 84% of undergraduates and 80% of post-graduates identified as white (including overseas students).<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Cambridge has a much higher than average proportion of people in the highest paid professional, managerial or administrative jobs (32.6% vs. 23.5%)<a href="#cite_note-2001CensusASG-103">[101]</a> and a much lower than average proportion of manual workers (27.6% vs. 40.2%).<a href="#cite_note-2001CensusASG-103">[101]</a> In addition, 41.2% have a higher-level qualification (e.g. degree, <a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Diploma" title="Higher National Diploma">Higher National Diploma</a>, Master's or PhD), much higher than the national average proportion (19.7%).<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Cities" title="Centre for Cities">Centre for Cities</a> identified Cambridge as the UK's most unequal city in 2017 and 2018. Residents' income was the least evenly distributed of 57 British cities measured, with its top 6% earners accounting for 19% of its total income and the bottom 20% for only 2%, and a <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a> of 0.460 in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_population">Historical population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Historical population">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="border:none;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th colspan="2">Population </th> <td rowspan="13" style="border:none;padding:1em;"> </td> <th>Year</th> <th colspan="2">Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1749</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,131 </td> <td align="left">6131<div style="width:6.131px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td> <td>1901</td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,379 </td> <td align="left">38379<div style="width:38.379px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">⋮ </td> <td>1911</td> <td style="text-align:right;">40,027 </td> <td align="left">40027<div style="width:40.027px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1801</td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,087 </td> <td align="left">10087<div style="width:10.087px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td> <td>1921</td> <td style="text-align:right;">59,212 </td> <td align="left">59212<div style="width:59.212px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1811</td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,108 </td> <td align="left">11108<div style="width:11.108px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td> <td>1931</td> <td style="text-align:right;">66,789 </td> <td align="left">66789<div style="width:66.789px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1821</td> <td style="text-align:left;">14,142 </td> <td align="left">14142<div style="width:14.142px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td> <td>1951</td> <td style="text-align:right;">81,500 </td> <td align="left">81500<div style="width:81.5px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1831</td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,917 </td> <td align="left">20917<div style="width:20.917px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td> <td>1961</td> <td style="text-align:right;">95,527 </td> <td align="left">95527<div style="width:95.527px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1841</td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,453 </td> <td align="left">24453<div style="width:24.453px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td> <td>1971</td> <td style="text-align:right;">99,168 </td> <td align="left">99168<div style="width:99.168px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851</td> <td style="text-align:right;">27,815 </td> <td align="left">27815<div style="width:27.815px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td> <td>1981</td> <td style="text-align:right;">87,209 </td> <td align="left">87209<div style="width:87.209px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861</td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,361 </td> <td align="left">26361<div style="width:26.361px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td> <td>1991</td> <td style="text-align:right;">107,496 </td> <td align="left">107496<div style="width:107.496px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1871</td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,078 </td> <td align="left">30078<div style="width:30.078px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td> <td>2001</td> <td style="text-align:right;">108,863 </td> <td align="left">108863<div style="width:108.863px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1891</td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,983 </td> <td align="left">36983<div style="width:36.983px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td> <td>2011</td> <td style="text-align:right;">123,900 </td> <td align="left">123900<div style="width:123.9px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Local census 1749<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> Census: Regional District 1801–1901<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Civil Parish 1911–1961<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> District 1971–2011<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Ethnic Group </th> <th colspan="8">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1991<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a>: Total </th> <th>86,519 </th> <th>94.1% </th> <th>97,365 </th> <th>89.4% </th> <th>102,205 </th> <th>82.5% </th> <th>108,570 </th> <th>74.6% </th></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">British</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>85,472 </td> <td>78.5% </td> <td>81,742 </td> <td>66.0% </td> <td>77,195 </td> <td>53.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">Irish</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,708 </td> <td>1.6% </td> <td>1,767 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>1,885 </td> <td>1.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Gypsy_or_Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="White Gypsy or Irish Traveller">Gypsy or Irish Traveller</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>109 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>110 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: Roma </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>885 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>10,185 </td> <td>9.4% </td> <td>18,587 </td> <td>15.0% </td> <td>28,495 </td> <td>19.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian or Asian British</a>: Total </th> <th>3,371 </th> <th>3.7% </th> <th>6,410, </th> <th>5.9% </th> <th>13,618, </th> <th>11% </th> <th>21,626 </th> <th>14.9% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indian</a> </td> <td>906 </td> <td>1.0% </td> <td>1,952 </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>3,413 </td> <td>2.8% </td> <td>5916 </td> <td>4.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a> </td> <td>248 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>513 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>742 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>1500 </td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a> </td> <td>438 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>976 </td> <td>0.9% </td> <td>1,849 </td> <td>1.7% </td> <td>2874 </td> <td>2.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> </td> <td>909 </td> <td>1.0% </td> <td>2,325 </td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>4,454 </td> <td>3.6% </td> <td>6362 </td> <td>4.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: Other Asian </td> <td>870 </td> <td>0.9% </td> <td>644 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>3,160 </td> <td>2.6% </td> <td>4974 </td> <td>3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black or Black British</a>: Total </th> <th>1,080 </th> <th>1.2% </th> <th>1,461 </th> <th>1.3% </th> <th>2,097 </th> <th>1.7% </th> <th>3,561 </th> <th>2.4% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">African</a> </td> <td>315 </td> <td> </td> <td>786 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,300 </td> <td> </td> <td>2519 </td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>454 </td> <td> </td> <td>547 </td> <td> </td> <td>598 </td> <td> </td> <td>639 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Other Black</a> </td> <td>311 </td> <td> </td> <td>128 </td> <td> </td> <td>199 </td> <td> </td> <td>403 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed or British Mixed</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>2,141 </th> <th>2% </th> <th>3,944 </th> <th>3.2% </th> <th>7,410 </th> <th>5.2% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black Caribbean </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>454 </td> <td> </td> <td>728 </td> <td> </td> <td>1152 </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black African </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>214 </td> <td> </td> <td>470 </td> <td> </td> <td>1010 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Asian </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>735 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,501 </td> <td> </td> <td>2987 </td> <td>2.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: Other Mixed </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>738 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,245 </td> <td> </td> <td>2261 </td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total </th> <th>963 </th> <th>1% </th> <th>1,486 </th> <th>1.4% </th> <th>2,003 </th> <th>1.6% </th> <th>4,507 </th> <th>3.1% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Arab </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>908 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,141 </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Any other ethnic group </td> <td>963 </td> <td>1% </td> <td>1,486 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>1,095 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,366 </td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>91,933 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>108,863 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>123,867 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>145,674 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion </th> <th colspan="2">2001<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Holds religious beliefs </th> <th>69,433 </th> <th>63.8 </th> <th>65,828 </th> <th>53.1 </th> <th>66,225 </th> <th>45.5 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/20px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/30px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/40px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="1052" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> </td> <td align="right">62,764 </td> <td align="right">57.7 </td> <td align="right">55,514 </td> <td align="right">44.8 </td> <td align="right">51,335 </td> <td align="right">35.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/20px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/40px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> </td> <td align="right">1,139 </td> <td align="right">1.0 </td> <td align="right">1,573 </td> <td align="right">1.3 </td> <td align="right">1,668 </td> <td align="right">1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/20px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/31px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/40px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> </td> <td align="right">1,293 </td> <td align="right">1.2 </td> <td align="right">2,058 </td> <td align="right">1.7 </td> <td align="right">3,301 </td> <td align="right">2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/20px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/40px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> </td> <td align="right">850 </td> <td align="right">0.8 </td> <td align="right">870 </td> <td align="right">0.7 </td> <td align="right">1,057 </td> <td align="right">0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/20px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/40px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> </td> <td align="right">2,651 </td> <td align="right">2.4 </td> <td align="right">4,897 </td> <td align="right">4.0 </td> <td align="right">7,392 </td> <td align="right">5.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/19px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/29px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/39px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> </td> <td align="right">205 </td> <td align="right">0.2 </td> <td align="right">213 </td> <td align="right">0.2 </td> <td align="right">322 </td> <td align="right">0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other religion </td> <td align="right">531 </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="right">703 </td> <td align="right">0.6 </td> <td align="right">1,122 </td> <td align="right">0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>No religion </th> <th align="right">28,965 </th> <th align="right">26.6 </th> <th align="right">46,839 </th> <th align="right">37.8 </th> <th align="right">65,160 </th> <th align="right">44.7 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Religion not stated </th> <th align="right">10,465 </th> <th align="right">9.6 </th> <th align="right">11,200 </th> <th align="right">9.0 </th> <th align="right">14,315 </th> <th align="right">9.8 </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th align="right">108,863 </th> <th align="right">100.0 </th> <th align="right">123,867 </th> <th align="right">100.0 </th> <th align="right">145,700 </th> <th align="right">100.0 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S95MarketCambridgefromGreatStMarys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/S95MarketCambridgefromGreatStMarys.jpg/220px-S95MarketCambridgefromGreatStMarys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/S95MarketCambridgefromGreatStMarys.jpg/330px-S95MarketCambridgefromGreatStMarys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/S95MarketCambridgefromGreatStMarys.jpg/440px-S95MarketCambridgefromGreatStMarys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Cambridge Market as seen from the Tower of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_the_Great,_Cambridge" title="Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge">St. Mary the Great</a></figcaption></figure> The town's river link to the surrounding agricultural land, and good road connections to London in the south meant Cambridge has historically served as an important regional trading post. King <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a> granted Cambridge a monopoly on river trade, privileging this area of the economy of Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> The town <a href="/wiki/Market_Hill,_Cambridge" title="Market Hill, Cambridge">market</a> provided for trade in a wide variety of goods and annual trading fairs such as <a href="/wiki/Stourbridge_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Stourbridge Fair">Stourbridge Fair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midsummer_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Midsummer Fair">Midsummer Fair</a> were visited by merchants from across the country. The river was described in an account of 1748 as being "often so full of [merchant boats] that the navigation thereof is stopped for some time".<a href="#cite_note-Gentleman1748-119">[117]</a> For example, 2000 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/firkin" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/firkin">firkins</a> of butter were brought up the river every Monday from the agricultural lands to the northeast, particularly <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>, to be unloaded in the town for road transportation to London.<a href="#cite_note-Gentleman1748-119">[117]</a> Changing patterns of retail distribution and the advent of the railways led to a decline in Cambridge's importance as a market town.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> Cambridge today has a diverse economy with strength in sectors such as research and development, software consultancy, high value engineering, creative industries, pharmaceuticals and tourism.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Described as one of the "most beautiful cities in the world" by <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> with the view from <a href="/wiki/The_Backs" title="The Backs">The Backs</a> being selected as one of the 10 greatest in England by <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a> chair <a href="/wiki/Simon_Jenkins" title="Simon Jenkins">Simon Jenkins</a>. Tourism generates over £750 million for the city's economy.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Cambridge and its surrounds are sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Fen" title="Silicon Fen">Silicon Fen</a>, an allusion to <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>, because of the density of high-tech businesses and <a href="/wiki/Business_incubator" title="Business incubator">technology incubators</a> that have developed on <a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">science parks</a> around the city. Many of these parks and buildings are owned or leased by university colleges, and the companies often have been spun out of the university.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Science_Park" title="Cambridge Science Park">Cambridge Science Park</a>, which is the largest commercial R&D centre in Europe, is owned by <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College</a>;<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's</a> is the landlord of <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Innovation_Centre" title="St John's Innovation Centre">St John's Innovation Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Technology companies include <a href="/wiki/Abcam_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Abcam plc">Abcam</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSR_plc" title="CSR plc">CSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM Limited">ARM Limited</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Semiconductor_Limited" title="Cambridge Semiconductor Limited">CamSemi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagex" title="Jagex">Jagex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Research_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinclair Research Ltd">Sinclair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> has located its <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Microsoft Research</a> UK offices in <a href="/wiki/West_Cambridge" title="West Cambridge">West Cambridge</a>, separate from the main Microsoft UK campus in <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a>, and also has an office on Station Road. Cambridge was also the home of <a href="/wiki/Pye_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Pye Ltd">Pye Ltd</a>, founded in 1898 by W. G. Pye, who worked in the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a>; it began by supplying the university and later specialised in wireless telegraphy equipment, radios, televisions and also defence equipment.<a href="#cite_note-british-history-66609-41">[41]</a> Pye Ltd evolved into several other companies including <a href="/wiki/TETRA" title="TETRA">TETRA</a> radio equipment manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Sepura" title="Sepura">Sepura</a>. Another major business is <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Aerospace">Marshall Aerospace</a> located on the eastern edge of the city. The <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Network" title="Cambridge Network">Cambridge Network</a> keeps businesses in touch with each other. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cambridge" title="Transport in Cambridge">Transport in Cambridge</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_City_Airport" title="Cambridge City Airport">Cambridge City Airport</a> has no scheduled services and is used mainly by charter and training flights<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Aerospace">Marshall Aerospace</a> for aircraft maintenance. <a href="/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport" title="London Stansted Airport">London Stansted Airport</a>, about 30 miles (48 km) south via the <a href="/wiki/M11_motorway" title="M11 motorway">M11</a> or direct rail, offers a broad range of international destinations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cycling">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_bike_racks,_Cambridge_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3109595.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/New_bike_racks%2C_Cambridge_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3109595.jpg/220px-New_bike_racks%2C_Cambridge_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3109595.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/New_bike_racks%2C_Cambridge_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3109595.jpg/330px-New_bike_racks%2C_Cambridge_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3109595.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/New_bike_racks%2C_Cambridge_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3109595.jpg/440px-New_bike_racks%2C_Cambridge_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3109595.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Cycle racks at Cambridge railway station</figcaption></figure> The city lies on fairly flat land and has the highest level of cycle use in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> According to the 2001 census, 25% of residents travelled to work by bicycle. Furthermore, a survey in 2013 found that 47% of residents travel by bike at least once a week.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Railway">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_station_building.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Cambridge_station_building.JPG/220px-Cambridge_station_building.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Cambridge_station_building.JPG/330px-Cambridge_station_building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Cambridge_station_building.JPG/440px-Cambridge_station_building.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Cambridge railway station</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_railway_station" title="Cambridge railway station">Cambridge railway station</a> was opened in 1845.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Trains run to <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_railway_station" title="King's Lynn railway station">King's Lynn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ely_railway_station" title="Ely railway station">Ely</a> (via the <a href="/wiki/Fen_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Fen Line">Fen Line</a>), <a href="/wiki/Norwich_railway_station" title="Norwich railway station">Norwich</a> (via the <a href="/wiki/Breckland_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Breckland Line">Breckland Line</a>), <a href="/wiki/Leicester_railway_station" title="Leicester railway station">Leicester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station" title="Birmingham New Street railway station">Birmingham New Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peterborough_railway_station" title="Peterborough railway station">Peterborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevenage_railway_station" title="Stevenage railway station">Stevenage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_railway_station" title="Ipswich railway station">Ipswich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stansted_Airport_railway_station" title="Stansted Airport railway station">Stansted Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brighton_railway_station" title="Brighton railway station">Brighton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport_railway_station" title="Gatwick Airport railway station">Gatwick Airport</a>. The station has direct rail links to London with termini at <a href="/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">London King's Cross</a> (via the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Line">Cambridge Line</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a>), <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Street railway station">Liverpool Street</a> (on the <a href="/wiki/West_Anglia_Main_Line" title="West Anglia Main Line">West Anglia Main Line</a>) and <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras</a> (on the <a href="/wiki/Thameslink" title="Thameslink">Thameslink</a> line). Fast trains to London King's Cross run every half-hour during peak hours, with a journey time of 53 minutes, and these are supplemented by semi-fast trains to Brighton via London St Pancras, and slow trains to London King's Cross.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> The station's original line to London was to <a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate_railway_station" title="Bishopsgate railway station">Bishopsgate</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Bishops_Stortford_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops Stortford railway station">Bishops Stortford</a>. A second railway station, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_North_railway_station" title="Cambridge North railway station">Cambridge North</a>, opened on 21 May 2017; it was originally planned to open in March 2015.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> A third railway station, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_South_railway_station" title="Cambridge South railway station">Cambridge South</a>, near Addenbrooke's Hospital is now under construction;<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> it is expected to open in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> The former station of <a href="/wiki/Cherryhinton_railway_station" title="Cherryhinton railway station">Cherryhinton</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Hinton" title="Cherry Hinton">Cherry Hinton</a>, operated when it was separate village to Cambridge. Several railway lines were closed during the 1960s, including the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_and_St_Ives_branch_line" title="Cambridge and St Ives branch line">Cambridge and St Ives branch line</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stour_Valley_Railway" title="Stour Valley Railway">Stour Valley Railway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_to_Mildenhall_railway" title="Cambridge to Mildenhall railway">Cambridge to Mildenhall railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Varsity_Line" title="Varsity Line">Varsity Line</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oxford_railway_station" title="Oxford railway station">Oxford</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Road">edit</a>]</div> Areas outside the centre are car dependent causing <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a> in the drivable parts of centre.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/M11_motorway" title="M11 motorway">M11 motorway</a> from east London terminates to the north-west of the city where it joins the <a href="/wiki/A14_road_(England)" title="A14 road (England)">A14</a>, a road from the port of <a href="/wiki/Felixstowe" title="Felixstowe">Felixstowe</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rugby,_Warwickshire" title="Rugby, Warwickshire">Rugby</a>. The <a href="/wiki/A428_road" title="A428 road">A428</a> connects the city with the <a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Neots" title="St Neots">St Neots</a> as the <a href="/wiki/A421_road" title="A421 road">A421</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Bedfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedford, Bedfordshire">Bedford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a>) on to <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>. The <a href="/wiki/A10_road_(England)" title="A10 road (England)">A10</a> connects via <a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a> to <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a> to the north and the historic route south to the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Buses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guided_bus_from_Trumpington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2543891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Guided_bus_from_Trumpington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2543891.jpg/220px-Guided_bus_from_Trumpington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2543891.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Guided_bus_from_Trumpington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2543891.jpg/330px-Guided_bus_from_Trumpington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2543891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Guided_bus_from_Trumpington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2543891.jpg/440px-Guided_bus_from_Trumpington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2543891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Cambridgeshire Guided Busway</figcaption></figure> Cambridge has five <a href="/wiki/Park_and_Ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Park and Ride">Park and Ride</a> sites, all of which operate seven days a week and are aimed at encouraging motorists to park near the city's edge.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Since 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_Guided_Busway" title="Cambridgeshire Guided Busway">Cambridgeshire Guided Busway</a> has carried bus services into the centre of Cambridge from <a href="/wiki/St_Ives,_Cambridgeshire" title="St Ives, Cambridgeshire">St Ives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huntingdon" title="Huntingdon">Huntingdon</a> and other towns and villages along the routes, operated by <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_in_the_Fens" class="mw-redirect" title="Stagecoach in the Fens">Stagecoach in the Fens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whippet_(bus_company)" title="Whippet (bus company)">Whippet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> The A service continues on to the railway station and <a href="/wiki/Addenbrooke%27s_Hospital" title="Addenbrooke's Hospital">Addenbrookes</a>, before terminating at a new Park and Ride in <a href="/wiki/Trumpington,_Cambridgeshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpington, Cambridgeshire">Trumpington</a>. Since 2017, it has also linked to Cambridge North railway station. Service 905 provides a connection with <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, although passengers wishing to continue beyond <a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a> have to change to service X5; both services are operated by <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_East" title="Stagecoach East">Stagecoach East</a> and run daily. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_plans">Future plans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Future plans">edit</a>]</div> In February 2020, consultations opened for a transport system known as the <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_Autonomous_Metro" title="Cambridgeshire Autonomous Metro">Cambridgeshire Autonomous Metro</a>. It would have connected the historic city centre and the existing busway route with the mainline railway stations, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Science_Park" title="Cambridge Science Park">Cambridge Science Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Suffolk" title="Haverhill, Suffolk">Haverhill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> In May 2021 the newly elected mayor said he was focused instead on a "revamped bus network" but would not yet abandon the work done. As of November 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cambridge_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Cambridge Partnership">Greater Cambridge Partnership</a> is consulting on plans comprising: transforming the bus network; investing in other sustainable travel schemes; and introducing a <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Congestion_Charge" title="Cambridge Congestion Charge">Cambridge Congestion Charge</a> as part of a Sustainable Travel Zone.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> In 2024, Cambridge Connect proposed repurposing the planned route of the canceled metro as a <a href="/wiki/Light_railway" title="Light railway">light railway</a>. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Newton line">Isaac Newton line</a>, it would connect the mainline railway stations with Cambourne, the guided busway station at <a href="/wiki/Trumpington" title="Trumpington">Trumpington</a>, Haverhill, <a href="/wiki/Addenbrookes_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Addenbrookes Hospital">Addenbrookes Hospital</a>, and a new station in Cambridge city centre.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Cambridgeshire" title="List of schools in Cambridgeshire">List of schools in Cambridgeshire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglia_Ruskin_Cambridge_Main,_28_Sep,_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Anglia_Ruskin_Cambridge_Main%2C_28_Sep%2C_2012.jpg/220px-Anglia_Ruskin_Cambridge_Main%2C_28_Sep%2C_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Anglia_Ruskin_Cambridge_Main%2C_28_Sep%2C_2012.jpg/330px-Anglia_Ruskin_Cambridge_Main%2C_28_Sep%2C_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Anglia_Ruskin_Cambridge_Main%2C_28_Sep%2C_2012.jpg/440px-Anglia_Ruskin_Cambridge_Main%2C_28_Sep%2C_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a> evolved from the 19th century Cambridge School of Art, which was opened in 1858 by educationist and art figure <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>.</figcaption></figure> Cambridge's two universities,<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> the collegiate <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> and the local campus of <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a>, serve around 30,000 students, by some estimates.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> Cambridge University stated its 2020/21 student population was 24,270,<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> and Anglia Ruskin reports 24,000 students across its two campuses (one of which is outside Cambridge, in <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford,_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelmsford, Essex">Chelmsford</a>) for the same period.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> ARU now (2019) has additional campuses in London and Peterborough. State provision in the <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">further education</a> sector includes <a href="/wiki/Hills_Road_Sixth_Form_College" title="Hills Road Sixth Form College">Hills Road Sixth Form College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Road_Sixth_Form_College" title="Long Road Sixth Form College">Long Road Sixth Form College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Regional_College" title="Cambridge Regional College">Cambridge Regional College</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a> had a presence in the city between 1979 and 2018.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Both state and <a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">private schools</a> serve Cambridge pupils from nursery to secondary school age. State schools are administered by Cambridgeshire County Council, which maintains 251 schools in total,<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> 35 of them in Cambridge city.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Netherhall_School" title="Netherhall School">Netherhall School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chesterton_Community_College" title="Chesterton Community College">Chesterton Community College</a>, the Parkside Federation (comprising <a href="/wiki/Parkside_Community_College" title="Parkside Community College">Parkside Community College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coleridge_Community_College" title="Coleridge Community College">Coleridge Community College</a>), <a href="/wiki/North_Cambridge_Academy" title="North Cambridge Academy">North Cambridge Academy</a> and the Christian inter-denominational <a href="/wiki/St_Bede%27s_Inter-Church_School" title="St Bede's Inter-Church School">St Bede's School</a> provide <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">comprehensive</a> secondary education.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Many other pupils from the Cambridge area attend <a href="/wiki/Village_college" title="Village college">village colleges</a>, an educational institution unique to Cambridgeshire, which serve as secondary schools during the day and adult education centres outside of school hours.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> Independent schools in the city include <a href="/wiki/The_Perse_School" title="The Perse School">The Perse School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Perse_Foundation" title="Stephen Perse Foundation">Stephen Perse Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sancton_Wood_School" title="Sancton Wood School">Sancton Wood School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_School,_Cambridge" title="St Mary's School, Cambridge">St Mary's School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heritage_School,_Cambridge" title="Heritage School, Cambridge">Heritage School</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Leys_School" title="The Leys School">The Leys School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The city has one <a href="/wiki/University_Technical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="University Technical College">university technical college</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Academy_for_Science_and_Technology" title="Cambridge Academy for Science and Technology">Cambridge Academy for Science and Technology</a>, which opened in September 2014. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISH_WC_Cambridge15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ISH_WC_Cambridge15.jpg/220px-ISH_WC_Cambridge15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ISH_WC_Cambridge15.jpg/330px-ISH_WC_Cambridge15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ISH_WC_Cambridge15.jpg/440px-ISH_WC_Cambridge15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parker%27s_Piece" title="Parker's Piece">Parker's Piece</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_rules" title="Cambridge rules">Cambridge rules</a> of <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> were first played</figcaption></figure> Cambridge played a unique role in the invention of modern <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>: the game's first set of rules were drawn up by members of the university in 1848. The <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Rules">Cambridge Rules</a> were first played on <a href="/wiki/Parker%27s_Piece" title="Parker's Piece">Parker's Piece</a> and had a "defining influence on the 1863 <a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">Football Association</a> rules", which again were first played on Parker's Piece.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> The city is home to <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_United_F.C." title="Cambridge United F.C.">Cambridge United</a>, who play at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Stadium" title="Abbey Stadium">Abbey Stadium</a>. Formed in 1912 as Abbey United, they were elected to the <a href="/wiki/English_Football_League" title="English Football League">Football League</a> in 1970 and reached the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division" title="Football League Second Division">Second Division</a> in 1978, although a serious decline in them in the mid-1980s saw them drop back down to the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division" title="Football League Fourth Division">Fourth Division</a> and almost go out of business. Success returned to the club in the early 1990s when they won two successive promotions and reached the <a href="/wiki/FA_Cup" title="FA Cup">FA Cup</a> quarter finals in both of those seasons and, in 1992, they came close to becoming the first English team to win three successive Football League promotions which would have taken them into the newly created <a href="/wiki/FA_Premier_League" class="mw-redirect" title="FA Premier League">FA Premier League</a>; however, they were beaten in the play-offs and another decline set in. In 2005, they were relegated from the Football League and, for the second time in twenty years, narrowly avoided going out of business. After nine years of non-league football, they returned to the Football League in 2014 by winning the <a href="/wiki/Conference_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference National">Conference National</a> play-offs. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_United_WFC" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge United WFC">Cambridge United WFC</a> is a women's only football club based in Cambridge. The team compete in the FA Women's National League South East. The club plays home games at <a href="/wiki/St_Neots_Town_F.C." title="St Neots Town F.C.">St Neots Town</a>'s Rowley Park stadium and the Abbey Stadium. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_City_F.C." title="Cambridge City F.C.">Cambridge City</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Premier_League" title="Northern Premier League">Northern Premier League</a> Division One Midlands, now play in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/St_Ives,_Cambridgeshire" title="St Ives, Cambridgeshire">St Ives</a>. Formed in 1908 as Cambridge Town, the club were <a href="/wiki/Southern_Football_League" title="Southern Football League">Southern Premier League</a> champions in 1962–63, the highest they have finished in the <a href="/wiki/English_football_pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="English football pyramid">English football pyramid</a>. After a legal dispute with their landlords,<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> the club left their <a href="/wiki/City_Ground_(Cambridge)" title="City Ground (Cambridge)">City Ground</a> stadium in 2013 to groundshare at <a href="/wiki/Histon_F.C." title="Histon F.C.">Histon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bridge_Road_(Impington)" title="Bridge Road (Impington)">Bridge Road</a> ground. The club have plans to open their own new ground in <a href="/wiki/Sawston" title="Sawston">Sawston</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cricket">Cricket</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cricket">edit</a>]</div> Parker's Piece was used for <a href="/wiki/First-class_cricket" title="First-class cricket">first-class cricket</a> matches from 1817 to 1864.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> The University of Cambridge's cricket ground, <a href="/wiki/Fenner%27s" title="Fenner's">Fenner's</a>, is located in the city and is one of the home grounds for <a href="/wiki/Minor_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor counties">minor counties</a> team <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_CCC" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridgeshire CCC">Cambridgeshire CCC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> The Cambridgeshire Cricket Association operates an amateur <a href="/wiki/Club_cricket" title="Club cricket">club cricket</a> league with six adult divisions, including numerous clubs in the city, plus junior divisions.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Most of the university colleges also operate their own teams, and there are several casual <a href="/wiki/Village_cricket" title="Village cricket">village cricket</a> teams that play in the city suburbs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby">Rugby</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Rugby">edit</a>]</div> The city is represented in both codes of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby football</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> club <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_R.U.F.C." title="Cambridge R.U.F.C.">Cambridge R.U.F.C.</a> were founded in 1923 <a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> and play in <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_RFU_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The RFU Championship (page does not exist)">the RFU Championship</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> at their home ground, <a href="/wiki/Grantchester_Road" title="Grantchester Road">Grantchester Road</a>, in the south-west corner of the city. Cambridge Lions represent the city in <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> and are members of <a href="/wiki/East_Men%27s_League" class="mw-redirect" title="East Men's League">East Rugby League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Watersports">Watersports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Watersports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_MayBump2015_(pixinn.net).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cambridge_MayBump2015_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/220px-Cambridge_MayBump2015_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cambridge_MayBump2015_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/330px-Cambridge_MayBump2015_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cambridge_MayBump2015_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/440px-Cambridge_MayBump2015_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bumps_race" title="Bumps race">Bumps race</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Cam" title="River Cam">River Cam</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/River_Cam" title="River Cam">River Cam</a>, which runs through the city centre, is used for boating. The university and its colleges are well known for <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">rowing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_Rowing_Association" title="Cambridgeshire Rowing Association">Cambridgeshire Rowing Association</a>, formed in 1868, organises competitive rowing on the river outside of the university.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> Rowing clubs based in the city include <a href="/wiki/City_of_Cambridge_Rowing_Club" title="City of Cambridge Rowing Club">City of Cambridge RC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_%2799_Rowing_Club" title="Cambridge '99 Rowing Club">Cambridge '99 RC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantabrigian_Rowing_Club" title="Cantabrigian Rowing Club">Cantabrigian RC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_Boat_Club" title="Rob Roy Boat Club">Rob Roy BC</a>. Parts of the Cam are used for recreational <a href="/wiki/Punt_(boat)" title="Punt (boat)">punting</a>, a type of boating in which the craft is propelled by pushing against the river bed with a <a href="/wiki/Quant_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Quant pole">quant pole</a>. Cambridge Swimming Club, Cambridge Dive team and City of Cambridge Water Polo Club are all based at Parkside Swimming Pool.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parkour/freerunning">Parkour/freerunning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Parkour/freerunning">edit</a>]</div> Home and training ground to many influential traceurs, Cambridge is well known for its vibrant, and at times high-profile, <a href="/wiki/Parkour" title="Parkour">parkour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freerunning" title="Freerunning">freerunning</a> scene.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Other sports">edit</a>]</div> Cambridge is home to two <a href="/wiki/Real_tennis" title="Real tennis">real tennis</a> courts (out of about 50 in the world) at Cambridge University Real Tennis Club.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_Cats" title="Cambridgeshire Cats">Cambridgeshire Cats</a> play <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> at Coldham's Common. Cambridge Royals are members of the <a href="/wiki/British_Baseball_Federation" title="British Baseball Federation">British Baseball Federation</a>'s Triple-A South Division.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Cambridge has two cycling clubs: Team Cambridge<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> and Cambridge Cycling Club.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_%26_Coleridge_Athletic_Club" title="Cambridge & Coleridge Athletic Club">Cambridge & Coleridge Athletic Club</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> is the city's track and field club, based at the University of Cambridge's <a href="/wiki/Wilberforce_Road" title="Wilberforce Road">Wilberforce Road</a> track. Cambridge <a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a> Club is based at <a href="/wiki/Impington_Village_College" title="Impington Village College">Impington Village College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Cambridge <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a> Club compete in the men's England Handball National Super 8 League and the women's England Handball National Super 7 League. There are three field hockey clubs; <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_City_Hockey_Club" title="Cambridge City Hockey Club">Cambridge City Hockey Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_South_Hockey_Club" title="Cambridge South Hockey Club">Cambridge South Hockey Club</a> and Cambridge Nomads. The city is also represented in <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a> by Cambridge Polo Club, based in <a href="/wiki/Barton,_Cambridgeshire" title="Barton, Cambridgeshire">Barton</a>, just outside the city. The Romsey Town Rollerbillies play <a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">roller derby</a> in Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Parnells_GAA" title="Cambridge Parnells GAA">Cambridge Parnells GAA</a> represent the area in <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a>, playing out of Coldham's Common and participating in the <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_GAA" title="Hertfordshire GAA">Hertfordshire GAA</a> Championship.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Speedway_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Speedway in the United Kingdom">Speedway</a> racing was formerly staged at a greyhound stadium in Coldhams Lane.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varsity_sports">Varsity sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Varsity sports">edit</a>]</div> Cambridge is known for the sporting events between the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, especially the rugby union <a href="/wiki/The_Varsity_Match" title="The Varsity Match">Varsity Match</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_and_Cambridge_Boat_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race">Boat Race</a>, though many of these do not take place within either Cambridge or Oxford. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_Guildhall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cambridge_Guildhall.jpg/220px-Cambridge_Guildhall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cambridge_Guildhall.jpg/330px-Cambridge_Guildhall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cambridge_Guildhall.jpg/440px-Cambridge_Guildhall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Guildhall" title="Cambridge Guildhall">Cambridge Guildhall</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_Corn_Exchange,_Wheeler_Street,_Cambridge_(geograph_4835488).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cambridge_Corn_Exchange%2C_Wheeler_Street%2C_Cambridge_%28geograph_4835488%29.jpg/220px-Cambridge_Corn_Exchange%2C_Wheeler_Street%2C_Cambridge_%28geograph_4835488%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cambridge_Corn_Exchange%2C_Wheeler_Street%2C_Cambridge_%28geograph_4835488%29.jpg/330px-Cambridge_Corn_Exchange%2C_Wheeler_Street%2C_Cambridge_%28geograph_4835488%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cambridge_Corn_Exchange%2C_Wheeler_Street%2C_Cambridge_%28geograph_4835488%29.jpg/440px-Cambridge_Corn_Exchange%2C_Wheeler_Street%2C_Cambridge_%28geograph_4835488%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3669" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Corn_Exchange" title="Cambridge Corn Exchange">Cambridge Corn Exchange</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Theatre">edit</a>]</div> Cambridge's main traditional theatre is the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Arts_Theatre" title="Cambridge Arts Theatre">Arts Theatre</a>, a venue with 666 seats in the town centre.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> The theatre often has touring shows, as well as those by local companies. The largest venue in the city to regular hold theatrical performances is the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Corn_Exchange" title="Cambridge Corn Exchange">Cambridge Corn Exchange</a> with a capacity of 1,800 standing or 1,200 seated. Housed within the city's 19th century former <a href="/wiki/Corn_exchange" title="Corn exchange">corn exchange</a> building the venue was used for a variety of additional functions throughout the 20th century including <a href="/wiki/Tea_party_(social_gathering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea party (social gathering)">tea parties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor show">motor shows</a>, sports matches and a music venue with temporary stage.<a href="#cite_note-Cornexhist-181">[179]</a> The City Council renovated the building in the 1980s, turning it into a full-time arts venue, hosting theatre, dance and music performances.<a href="#cite_note-Cornexhist-181">[179]</a> The newest theatre venue in Cambridge is the 220-seat J2, part of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Junction" title="Cambridge Junction">Cambridge Junction</a> in Cambridge Leisure Park. The venue was opened in 2005 and hosts theatre, dance, live music and comedy<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> The <a href="/wiki/ADC_Theatre" title="ADC Theatre">ADC Theatre</a> is managed by the University of Cambridge, and typically has 3 shows a week during term time. It hosts the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Footlights_Dramatic_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club">Cambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club</a> which has produced many notable figures in British comedy. The Mumford Theatre is part of <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a>, and hosts shows by both student and non-student groups. There are also a number of venues within the colleges. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> Within the city there are several notable museums, some run by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge_Museums" title="University of Cambridge Museums">University of Cambridge Museums</a> consortium and others independent of it. The <a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Museum" title="Fitzwilliam Museum">Fitzwilliam Museum</a> is the city's largest, and is the lead museum of the University of Cambridge Museums. Founded in 1816 from the bequeathment and collections of <a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzWilliam,_7th_Viscount_FitzWilliam" title="Richard FitzWilliam, 7th Viscount FitzWilliam">Richard, Viscount FitzWilliam</a>, the museum was originally located in the building of the <a href="/wiki/Perse_Grammar_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Perse Grammar School">Perse Grammar School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Free_School_Lane" title="Free School Lane">Free School Lane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fitwilliam-183">[181]</a> After a brief housing in the University of Cambridge library, it moved to its current, purpose-built building on <a href="/wiki/Trumpington_Street" title="Trumpington Street">Trumpington Street</a> in 1848.<a href="#cite_note-Fitwilliam-183">[181]</a> The museum has five departments: Antiquities; Applied Arts; Coins and Medals; Manuscripts and Printed Books; and Paintings, Drawings and Prints. Other members of the University of Cambridge Museums are the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology,_University_of_Cambridge" title="Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge">Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Polar_Research_Institute" title="Scott Polar Research Institute">The Polar Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedgwick_Museum_of_Earth_Sciences" title="Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences">The Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Classical_Archaeology,_Cambridge" title="Museum of Classical Archaeology, Cambridge">Museum of Classical Archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whipple_Museum_of_the_History_of_Science" title="Whipple Museum of the History of Science">The Whipple Museum of the History of Science</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Museum_of_Zoology" title="Cambridge University Museum of Zoology">University Museum of Zoology</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Cambridge" title="Museum of Cambridge">Museum of Cambridge</a>, formerly known as the Cambridge & County Folk Museum, is a <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social history</a> museum located in a former pub on Castle Street.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Centre_for_Computing_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Centre for Computing History">The Centre for Computing History</a>, a museum dedicated to the story of the <a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a>, moved to Cambridge from <a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Suffolk" title="Haverhill, Suffolk">Haverhill</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> Housed in a former sewage pumping station, the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Museum_of_Technology" title="Cambridge Museum of Technology">Cambridge Museum of Technology</a> has a collection of large exhibits related to the city's <a href="/wiki/Industrial_heritage" title="Industrial heritage">industrial heritage</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Popular music">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> are the most notable band with roots in Cambridge. The band's former songwriter, guitarist and vocalist <a href="/wiki/Syd_Barrett" title="Syd Barrett">Syd Barrett</a> was born and lived in the city, and he and another founding member, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Waters" title="Roger Waters">Roger Waters</a>, went to school together at <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_High_School_for_Boys" title="Cambridgeshire High School for Boys">Cambridgeshire High School for Boys</a>. <a href="/wiki/David_Gilmour" title="David Gilmour">David Gilmour</a>, the guitarist who replaced Barrett, was also a Cambridge resident and attended the nearby <a href="/wiki/Perse_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Perse School">Perse School</a>. Bands that were formed in Cambridge include <a href="/wiki/Clean_Bandit" title="Clean Bandit">Clean Bandit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cow" title="Henry Cow">Henry Cow</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Movies_(UK_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Movies (UK band)">the Movies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katrina_and_the_Waves" title="Katrina and the Waves">Katrina and the Waves</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Soft_Boys" title="The Soft Boys">the Soft Boys</a>,<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ezio_(band)" title="Ezio (band)">Ezio</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Broken_Family_Band" title="The Broken Family Band">the Broken Family Band</a>,<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Acid_%26_the_Deadbeats" title="Uncle Acid & the Deadbeats">Uncle Acid & the Deadbeats</a>,<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> and the pop-classical group <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Singers" title="The King's Singers">the King's Singers</a>, who were formed at the university.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> Solo artist <a href="/wiki/Boo_Hewerdine" title="Boo Hewerdine">Boo Hewerdine</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> is from Cambridge, as are <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a> artists (and brothers) <a href="/wiki/Nu:Tone" title="Nu:Tone">Nu:Tone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logistics_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Logistics (artist)">Logistics</a>. Singers <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Bellamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Bellamy">Matthew Bellamy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> of the rock band <a href="/wiki/Muse_(band)" title="Muse (band)">Muse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Robinson" title="Tom Robinson">Tom Robinson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John" title="Olivia Newton-John">Olivia Newton-John</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charli_XCX" title="Charli XCX">Charli XCX</a> were born in the city. 2012 <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Prize" title="Mercury Prize">Mercury Prize</a> winners <a href="/wiki/Alt-J" title="Alt-J">Alt-J</a> are based in Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> Live music venues hosting popular music in the city include the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Corn_Exchange" title="Cambridge Corn Exchange">Cambridge Corn Exchange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Junction" title="Cambridge Junction">Cambridge Junction</a>, the Portland Arms, and The Blue Moon.<a href="#cite_note-Naylor-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Classical music">edit</a>]</div> Started in 1991, the annual Cambridge Music Festival takes place each November.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> The Cambridge Summer Music Festival takes place in July.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_art">Contemporary art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Contemporary art">edit</a>]</div> Cambridge contains <a href="/wiki/Kettle%27s_Yard" title="Kettle's Yard">Kettle's Yard</a> gallery of modern and contemporary art and the <a href="/wiki/Downing_College,_Cambridge#Heong_Gallery" title="Downing College, Cambridge">Heong Gallery</a> which opened to the public in 2016 at <a href="/wiki/Downing_College,_Cambridge" title="Downing College, Cambridge">Downing College.</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Anglia Ruskin University operates the publicly accessible Ruskin Gallery within the Cambridge School of Art.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wysing_Arts_Centre" title="Wysing Arts Centre">Wysing Arts Centre</a>, one of the leading research centres for the visual arts in Europe, is associated with the city, though is located several miles west of Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Artist-run organisations including Aid & Abet,<a href="#cite_note-Naylor-196">[194]</a> Cambridge Art Salon, Changing Spaces<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> and Motion Sickness<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> also run exhibitions, events and artists' studios in the city, often in short-term or temporary spaces. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_events">Festivals and events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Festivals and events">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowboys_on_the_field_(14851514483).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cowboys_on_the_field_%2814851514483%29.jpg/220px-Cowboys_on_the_field_%2814851514483%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cowboys_on_the_field_%2814851514483%29.jpg/330px-Cowboys_on_the_field_%2814851514483%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cowboys_on_the_field_%2814851514483%29.jpg/440px-Cowboys_on_the_field_%2814851514483%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4181" data-file-height="2787" /></a><figcaption>Festival-goers attending the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Folk_Festival" title="Cambridge Folk Festival">Cambridge Folk Festival</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cmglee_Cambridge_Science_Festival_2015_Menger_sponge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cmglee_Cambridge_Science_Festival_2015_Menger_sponge.jpg/220px-Cmglee_Cambridge_Science_Festival_2015_Menger_sponge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cmglee_Cambridge_Science_Festival_2015_Menger_sponge.jpg/330px-Cmglee_Cambridge_Science_Festival_2015_Menger_sponge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cmglee_Cambridge_Science_Festival_2015_Menger_sponge.jpg/440px-Cmglee_Cambridge_Science_Festival_2015_Menger_sponge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sierpinski_tetrahedron" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierpinski tetrahedron">Sierpinski tetrahedron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menger_sponge" title="Menger sponge">menger sponge</a> models at the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Science_Festival" title="Cambridge Science Festival">Cambridge Science Festival</a></figcaption></figure> Several fairs and festivals take place in Cambridge, mostly during the British summer. <a href="/wiki/Midsummer_Common" title="Midsummer Common">Midsummer Fair</a> dates back to 1211, when it was granted a charter by <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Today it exists primarily as an annual <a href="/wiki/Travelling_funfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Travelling funfair">funfair</a> with the vestige of a market attached and is held over several days around or close to <a href="/wiki/Midsummers_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Midsummers day">midsummers day</a>. On the first Saturday in June Midsummer Common is the site for <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Fair" title="Strawberry Fair">Strawberry Fair</a>, a free music and children's fair, with various market stalls. For one week in May, on <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Green" title="Jesus Green">Jesus Green</a>, the annual <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Beer_Festival" title="Cambridge Beer Festival">Cambridge Beer Festival</a> has been held since 1974.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_Film_Festival_-_2022_-_Triangle_of_Sadness.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a full cinema auditorium prior to a screening at Cambridge Film Festival" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cambridge_Film_Festival_-_2022_-_Triangle_of_Sadness.jpg/220px-Cambridge_Film_Festival_-_2022_-_Triangle_of_Sadness.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cambridge_Film_Festival_-_2022_-_Triangle_of_Sadness.jpg/330px-Cambridge_Film_Festival_-_2022_-_Triangle_of_Sadness.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cambridge_Film_Festival_-_2022_-_Triangle_of_Sadness.jpg/440px-Cambridge_Film_Festival_-_2022_-_Triangle_of_Sadness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Film_Festival" title="Cambridge Film Festival">Cambridge Film Festival</a> audience for a screening of <a href="/wiki/Triangle_of_Sadness" title="Triangle of Sadness">Triangle of Sadness</a></figcaption></figure> Launched in 1977 <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Film_Festival" title="Cambridge Film Festival">Cambridge Film Festival</a> is the third-longest-running film festival in the UK. Presented annually each autumn by the Cambridge Film Trust, the Festival showcases a selection of around 100, predominantly independent and specialised, films and embeds them within a programme of special events, Q&As, and talks. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Folk_Festival" title="Cambridge Folk Festival">Cambridge Folk Festival</a> is held annually in the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Hinton_Hall" title="Cherry Hinton Hall">Cherry Hinton Hall</a>. The festival has been organised by the city council since its inception in 1964. The Cambridge Summer Music Festival is an annual festival of classical music, held in the university's colleges and chapels.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Shakespeare_Festival" title="Cambridge Shakespeare Festival">Cambridge Shakespeare Festival</a> is an eight-week season of open-air performances of the works of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, held in the gardens of various colleges of the university.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Science_Festival" title="Cambridge Science Festival">Cambridge Science Festival</a>, typically held annually in March, is the United Kingdom's largest free <a href="/wiki/Science_festival" title="Science festival">science festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> The Cambridge Literary Festival, which focusses on contemporary literary fiction and non-fiction, is held bi-annually in April and November.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> Between 1975 and 1985 the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Poetry_Festival" title="Cambridge Poetry Festival">Cambridge Poetry Festival</a> was held biannually.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> Other festivals include the annual Mill Road Winter Fair, held the first Saturday of December,<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> the E-luminate Festival, which took place every February from 2013 to 2018,<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> and The Big Weekend, a city outdoor event organised by the City Council every July.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> Three Cambridge Free Festivals held in 1969, 1970, and 1971 that featured artists including <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Crimson" title="King Crimson">King Crimson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Harper_(singer)" title="Roy Harper (singer)">Roy Harper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_Combustion_(English_band)" title="Spontaneous Combustion (English band)">Spontaneous Combustion</a>, <a href="/wiki/UFO_(band)" title="UFO (band)">UFO</a> and others are believed by the festival organiser to have been the first free multiple-day rock music festivals held in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_film">Literature and film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Literature and film">edit</a>]</div> The city has been the setting for all or part of several novels, including <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a>' <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Gently%27s_Holistic_Detective_Agency" title="Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency">Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Macaulay" title="Rose Macaulay">Rose Macaulay</a>'s <a href="/wiki/They_Were_Defeated" title="They Were Defeated">They Were Defeated</a>,<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kate_Atkinson_(writer)" title="Kate Atkinson (writer)">Kate Atkinson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Case_Histories" title="Case Histories">Case Histories</a>,<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Stott" title="Rebecca Stott">Rebecca Stott</a>'s Ghostwalk<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris</a>' Enigma,<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Susanna_Gregory" title="Susanna Gregory">Susanna Gregory</a> wrote a series of novels set in 14th century Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gwen_Raverat" title="Gwen Raverat">Gwen Raverat</a>, the granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, talked about her late Victorian Cambridge childhood in her memoir <a href="/wiki/Period_Piece_(book)" title="Period Piece (book)">Period Piece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Night_Climbers_of_Cambridge" title="The Night Climbers of Cambridge">The Night Climbers of Cambridge</a> is a book written by <a href="/wiki/Noel_Symington" class="mw-redirect" title="Noel Symington">Noel Symington</a> under the pseudonym "Whipplesnaith" about nocturnal climbing on the colleges and town buildings of Cambridge in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Fictionalised versions of Cambridge appear in <a href="/wiki/Philippa_Pearce" title="Philippa Pearce">Philippa Pearce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tom%27s_Midnight_Garden" title="Tom's Midnight Garden">Tom's Midnight Garden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minnow_on_the_Say" title="Minnow on the Say">Minnow on the Say</a>, the city renamed as Castleford, and as the home of <a href="/wiki/Tom_Sharpe" title="Tom Sharpe">Tom Sharpe</a>'s fictional college in <a href="/wiki/Porterhouse_Blue" title="Porterhouse Blue">Porterhouse Blue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> TV series <a href="/wiki/Grantchester_(TV_series)" title="Grantchester (TV series)">Granchester</a> was partly filmed in Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> News and television programmes are broadcast from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Look_East" title="BBC Look East">BBC Look East</a> (West) studio in Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> Local radio stations are <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cambridgeshire" title="BBC Radio Cambridgeshire">BBC Radio Cambridgeshire</a> on 96.0 FM, <a href="/wiki/Heart_East" title="Heart East">Heart East</a> on 103.0 FM, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_105" title="Cambridge 105">Cambridge 105</a> on 105 FM, <a href="/wiki/Star_Radio_(Cambridge_and_Ely)" title="Star Radio (Cambridge and Ely)">Star Radio</a> on 100.7 FM and <a href="/wiki/Cam_FM" title="Cam FM">Cam FM</a> on 97.2 is a student run-radio station at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Newspapers">edit</a>]</div> The city's local newspapers are <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_News" title="Cambridge News">Cambridge News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Independent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Independent">Cambridge Independent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varsity_(Cambridge)" title="Varsity (Cambridge)">Varsity</a>, the student newspaper of the University of Cambridge. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_services">Public services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Public services">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Addenbrooke%27s_hospital.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Addenbrooke%27s_hospital.JPG/220px-Addenbrooke%27s_hospital.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Addenbrooke%27s_hospital.JPG/330px-Addenbrooke%27s_hospital.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Addenbrooke%27s_hospital.JPG/440px-Addenbrooke%27s_hospital.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Addenbrooke%27s_Hospital" title="Addenbrooke's Hospital">Addenbrooke's Hospital</a></figcaption></figure> Cambridge is served by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust" title="Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust">Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust</a>, with several smaller medical centres in the city and a <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">teaching hospital</a> at <a href="/wiki/Addenbrooke%27s_Hospital" title="Addenbrooke's Hospital">Addenbrooke's</a>. Located on the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Biomedical_Campus" title="Cambridge Biomedical Campus">Cambridge Biomedical Campus</a>, Addenbrooke's is one of the largest hospitals in the United Kingdom and is a designated regional <a href="/wiki/Trauma_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Trauma centre">trauma centre</a>. The East of England Ambulance Service covers the city and has an ambulance station on Hills Road.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> The smaller Brookfields Hospital stands on Mill Road.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_Constabulary" title="Cambridgeshire Constabulary">Cambridgeshire Constabulary</a> provides the city's policing; the main police station is at <a href="/wiki/Parkside,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkside, Cambridge">Parkside</a>,<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> adjacent to the city's <a href="/wiki/Fire_station" title="Fire station">fire station</a>, operated by <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service">Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Water_Company" title="Cambridge Water Company">Cambridge Water Company</a> supplies water services to the city,<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Anglian_Water" title="Anglian Water">Anglian Water</a> provides <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewerage</a> services.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> For the supply of electricity, Cambridge is part of the <a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a> region, for which the <a href="/wiki/Distribution_network_operator" title="Distribution network operator">distribution network operator</a> is <a href="/wiki/UK_Power_Networks" title="UK Power Networks">UK Power Networks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> The city has no power stations, though a five-metre wind turbine, part of a <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Regional_College" title="Cambridge Regional College">Cambridge Regional College</a> development, can be seen in <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Hedges" title="King's Hedges">King's Hedges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> The Cambridge Electric Supply Company had provided the city with electricity since the early twentieth century from Cambridge power station. Upon <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalisation</a> of the electricity industry in 1948 ownership passed to the <a href="/wiki/British_Electricity_Authority" title="British Electricity Authority">British Electricity Authority</a> and later to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Electricity_Generating_Board" title="Central Electricity Generating Board">Central Electricity Generating Board</a>. Electricity connections to the <a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">national grid</a> rendered the small 7.26 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">megawatt</a> (MW) coal fired power station redundant. It closed in 1965 and was subsequently demolished; in its final year of operation it delivered 2771 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">MWh</a> of electricity to the city.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Public_Libraries_Act_1850" title="Public Libraries Act 1850">Public Libraries Act 1850</a> the city's first public library, located on Jesus Lane, was opened in 1855.<a href="#cite_note-Roach116-122-244">[242]</a> It was moved to the Guildhall in 1862,<a href="#cite_note-Roach116-122-244">[242]</a> and is now located in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Arcade_(Cambridge)" title="Grand Arcade (Cambridge)">Grand Arcade</a> shopping centre. The library was reopened in September 2009,<a href="#cite_note-libopen-245">[243]</a> after having been closed for refurbishment for 33 months, more than twice as long as was forecast when the library closed for redevelopment in January 2007.<a href="#cite_note-libopen-245">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> As of 2018 the city contains six public libraries, run by the County Council.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_City_Cemetery" title="Cambridge City Cemetery">Cambridge City Cemetery</a> is located to the north of <a href="/wiki/Newmarket_Road,_Cambridge" title="Newmarket Road, Cambridge">Newmarket Road</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_2">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:241px;max-width:241px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_-_Church_of_St_Mary_the_Great.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cambridge_-_Church_of_St_Mary_the_Great.jpg/239px-Cambridge_-_Church_of_St_Mary_the_Great.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cambridge_-_Church_of_St_Mary_the_Great.jpg/359px-Cambridge_-_Church_of_St_Mary_the_Great.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cambridge_-_Church_of_St_Mary_the_Great.jpg/478px-Cambridge_-_Church_of_St_Mary_the_Great.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5776" data-file-height="3851" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_the_Great,_Cambridge" title="Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge">Great St Mary's Church</a> marks the centre of Cambridge.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Botolph%27s_Church,_Cambridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/St_Botolph%27s_Church%2C_Cambridge.JPG/95px-St_Botolph%27s_Church%2C_Cambridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="95" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/St_Botolph%27s_Church%2C_Cambridge.JPG/143px-St_Botolph%27s_Church%2C_Cambridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/St_Botolph%27s_Church%2C_Cambridge.JPG/190px-St_Botolph%27s_Church%2C_Cambridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2837" data-file-height="4761" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/St_Botolph%27s_Church,_Cambridge" title="St Botolph's Church, Cambridge">St Botolph's Church</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_Street_Methodist_Church,_Cambridge_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Castle_Street_Methodist_Church%2C_Cambridge_%282%29.JPG/177px-Castle_Street_Methodist_Church%2C_Cambridge_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="177" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Castle_Street_Methodist_Church%2C_Cambridge_%282%29.JPG/266px-Castle_Street_Methodist_Church%2C_Cambridge_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Castle_Street_Methodist_Church%2C_Cambridge_%282%29.JPG/354px-Castle_Street_Methodist_Church%2C_Cambridge_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4681" data-file-height="3123" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Castle_Street_Methodist_Church" title="Castle Street Methodist Church">Castle Street Methodist Church</a>, the older of the two Methodist churches</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cmglee_Cambridge_Mosque_look_out.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cmglee_Cambridge_Mosque_look_out.jpg/157px-Cmglee_Cambridge_Mosque_look_out.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cmglee_Cambridge_Mosque_look_out.jpg/236px-Cmglee_Cambridge_Mosque_look_out.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cmglee_Cambridge_Mosque_look_out.jpg/314px-Cmglee_Cambridge_Mosque_look_out.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The atrium of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Central_Mosque" title="Cambridge Central Mosque">Cambridge Central Mosque</a></div></div></div></div></div> Cambridge has a <a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Cambridge" title="List of churches in Cambridge">number of churches</a>, some of which form a significant part of the city's architectural landscape. Like the rest of Cambridgeshire it is part of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Ely" title="Diocese of Ely">Diocese of Ely</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Mary_the_Great_with_St_Michael,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary the Great with St Michael, Cambridge">Great St Mary's Church</a> has the status of "University Church".<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> Many of the university colleges contain chapels that hold services according to the rites and ceremonies of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, while the chapel of <a href="/wiki/St_Edmund%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St Edmund's College, Cambridge">St Edmund's College</a> is Roman Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> The city also has a number of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Theological_Federation" title="Cambridge Theological Federation">theological colleges</a> training clergy for <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a> into a number of denominations, with affiliations to both the University of Cambridge and <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a>. Cambridge is in the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_East_Anglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of East Anglia">Diocese of East Anglia</a> and is served by the large <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a> <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_and_the_English_Martyrs_Church" title="Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church">Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church</a> at the junction of Hills Road and Lensfield Road, <a href="/wiki/St_Laurence%27s_Church,_Cambridge" title="St Laurence's Church, Cambridge">St Laurence's</a> on Milton Road, St Vincent De Paul Church on Ditton Lane and by the church of St Philip Howard, in Cherry Hinton Road.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> There is a <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Patriarchate">Russian Orthodox</a> church under the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Sourozh" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh">Diocese of Sourozh</a> who worship at the chapel of <a href="/wiki/Westcott_House,_Cambridge" title="Westcott House, Cambridge">Westcott House</a>,<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> holds services at the purpose-built St Athanasios church under the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Thyateira_and_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain">Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a> share <a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Church,_Cambridge" title="St Giles' Church, Cambridge">St Giles'</a> with the Church of England.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> There are two <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> churches in the city. <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Methodist_Church,_Cambridge" title="Wesley Methodist Church, Cambridge">Wesley Methodist Church</a> was built in 1913, and is located next to <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_Pieces" title="Christ's Pieces">Christ's Pieces</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Castle_Street_Methodist_Church" title="Castle Street Methodist Church">Castle Street Methodist Church</a> is the oldest of the two, having been built in 1823, and was formerly a <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Methodist_Church" title="Primitive Methodist Church">Primitive Methodist</a> church. There are three <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> Meetings in Cambridge, located on Jesus Lane, Hartington Grove, and a Meeting called "Oast House" that meets in <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge" title="Pembroke College, Cambridge">Pembroke College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> synagogue and Jewish student centre is located on Thompson's Lane, operated jointly by the Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation and the Cambridge University Jewish Society, which is affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Jewish_Students" title="Union of Jewish Students">Union of Jewish Students</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> The Beth Shalom <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> synagogue which previously met at a local school,<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> opened a purpose-built synagogue in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> There is also a student-led egalitarian <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a> which holds services on Friday evenings. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Central_Mosque" title="Cambridge Central Mosque">Cambridge Central Mosque</a> is the main place of worship for Cambridge's community of around 4,000 Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> Opened in 2019, it is described as Europe's first eco-friendly mosque<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> and is the first purpose-built mosque within the city. The Abu Bakr Jamia Islamic Centre on Mawson Road and the Omar Faruque Mosque and Cultural Centre in Kings Hedges are additional places of Muslim worship.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> Cambridge Buddhist Centre, which belongs to <a href="/wiki/Triratna_Buddhist_Community" title="Triratna Buddhist Community">Triratna Buddhist Community</a>, was opened in the former <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Barnwell,_Cambridge" title="Theatre Royal, Barnwell, Cambridge">Barnwell Theatre</a> on Newmarket Road in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> There are also several local Buddhist meditation groups from various <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> including Samatha Trust and Buddha Mettā Society.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> shrine was opened in 2010 at the Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre off <a href="/wiki/Mill_Road,_Cambridge" title="Mill Road, Cambridge">Mill Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> community has met in the city since 1982, and a <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> was opened in <a href="/wiki/Arbury" title="Arbury">Arbury</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twinned_cities">Twinned cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Twinned cities">edit</a>]</div> Cambridge is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with two cities. Like Cambridge, both have universities and are also similar in population; <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, Germany since 1965,<a href="#cite_note-twintown-272">[270]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Szeged" title="Szeged">Szeged</a>, Hungary since 1987.<a href="#cite_note-twintown-272">[270]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Panoramic_gallery">Panoramic gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Panoramic gallery">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Kings_Parade_in_Cambridge,_UK,_at_St._Mary%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King's Parade seen from outside St. Mary the Great"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Panorama_of_Kings_Parade_in_Cambridge%2C_UK%2C_at_St._Mary%27s.jpg/800px-Panorama_of_Kings_Parade_in_Cambridge%2C_UK%2C_at_St._Mary%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Panorama_of_Kings_Parade_in_Cambridge%2C_UK%2C_at_St._Mary%27s.jpg/1200px-Panorama_of_Kings_Parade_in_Cambridge%2C_UK%2C_at_St._Mary%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Panorama_of_Kings_Parade_in_Cambridge%2C_UK%2C_at_St._Mary%27s.jpg/1600px-Panorama_of_Kings_Parade_in_Cambridge%2C_UK%2C_at_St._Mary%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3171" data-file-height="927" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Kings_Parade_in_Cambridge,_UK,_at_St._Mary%27s.jpg" title="File:Panorama of Kings Parade in Cambridge, UK, at St. Mary's.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Parade" title="King's Parade">King's Parade</a> seen from outside <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_the_Great,_Cambridge" title="Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge">St. Mary the Great</a></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Cambridge_City_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of the city centre, viewed from the tower of St. Mary the Great"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Panorama_of_Cambridge_City_Centre.jpg/800px-Panorama_of_Cambridge_City_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Panorama_of_Cambridge_City_Centre.jpg/1200px-Panorama_of_Cambridge_City_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Panorama_of_Cambridge_City_Centre.jpg/1600px-Panorama_of_Cambridge_City_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="19761" data-file-height="3465" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Cambridge_City_Centre.jpg" title="File:Panorama of Cambridge City Centre.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of the city centre, viewed from the tower of St. Mary the Great</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Cambridge" title="List of bridges in Cambridge">List of bridges in Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Cambridge" title="List of churches in Cambridge">List of churches in Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_Archives_and_Local_Studies" title="Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies">Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Cambridge" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Cambridge">Category:Buildings and structures in Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organisations_based_in_Cambridge" title="Category:Organisations based in Cambridge">Category:Organisations based in Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Cambridge" title="Category:People from Cambridge">Category:People from Cambridge</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Weather station is located 0.8 miles (1.3 km) from the Cambridge city centre. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Weather station is located 3 miles (4.8 km) from the Cambridge city centre. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Council_leadership-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Council_leadership_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.gov.uk/your-council">"Your council"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8793862/What-it-takes-to-make-it-to-Oxbridge.html">the original</a> on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=What+it+takes+to+make+it+to+Oxbridge&rft.date=2011-10-01&rft.aulast=Cairns&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Feducation%2Funiversityeducation%2F8793862%2FWhat-it-takes-to-make-it-to-Oxbridge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-25197143">"Papworth heart and lung specialist hospital to move"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 3 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926193731/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-25197143">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Papworth+heart+and+lung+specialist+hospital+to+move&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-cambridgeshire-25197143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cambridgeshire/7194650.stm">"Bronze Age site is found in city"</a>. BBC News. 17 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111121528/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cambridgeshire/7194650.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bronze+Age+site+is+found+in+city&rft.date=2008-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fcambridgeshire%2F7194650.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522090533/http://www.visitcambridge.org/VisitCambridge/Factsheets.aspx">"A brief history of Cambridge"</a>. Cambridge City Council. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitcambridge.org/VisitCambridge/Factsheets.aspx">the original</a> on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+City+Council&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitcambridge.org%2FVisitCambridge%2FFactsheets.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayStubbings,_Derek2000" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Ronald D; Stubbings, Derek (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgestreetn00gray">Cambridge Street-Names: Their Origins and Associations</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgestreetn00gray/page/n23">2</a>–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78956-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78956-1"><bdi>978-0-521-78956-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Street-Names%3A+Their+Origins+and+Associations&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78956-1&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Ronald+D&rft.au=Stubbings%2C+Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgestreetn00gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenley2009" class="citation news cs1">Henley, John (28 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/aug/28/archaeology-cambridge-university-girton-roman">"The Roman foundations of Cambridge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219235450/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/aug/28/archaeology-cambridge-university-girton-roman">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2012. <q>'What's interesting about Cambridge is that with these tracts of land bequeathed to the university, you have a lot of preserved green space coming in close to the city centre,' says Chris Evans, head of the Cambridge unit. 'It hasn't been developed in the intervening centuries. There are iron-age and Roman farmsteads literally every 200–300 metres.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Roman+foundations+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2009-08-28&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2009%2Faug%2F28%2Farchaeology-cambridge-university-girton-roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/schoolgirls-unearth-roman-village-under-college-garden">"Schoolgirls unearth Roman village under College garden"</a>. University of Cambridge. 22 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016055235/http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/schoolgirls-unearth-roman-village-under-college-garden">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2012. <q>Large amounts of Roman pottery convinced both Dr Hills and Dr Lewis that they had dug through to the remains of a 2,000-year-old settlement, significant because it suggests that the Roman presence at Newnham was far more considerable than previously thought.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schoolgirls+unearth+Roman+village+under+College+garden&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2010-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fnews%2Fschoolgirls-unearth-roman-village-under-college-garden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a> (<abbr title="Traditional attribution">attrib.</abbr>). <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a> (<abbr title="Editor">ed.</abbr>). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Historia_Brittonum#VI._CIVITATES_BRITANNIAE" class="extiw" title="s:la:Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum, VI.</a> Composed after AD 830. (in Latin) Hosted at <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:la:Main Page">Latin Wikisource</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Newman, John Henry & al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mocavo.co.uk/Lives-of-the-English-Saints-St-Gilbert-Prior-of-Sempringham-Volume-3/527392/459">Lives of the English Saints: St. German, Bishop of Auxerre, Ch. X: "Britain in 429, A. D.", p. 92.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321234154/http://www.mocavo.co.uk/Lives-of-the-English-Saints-St-Gilbert-Prior-of-Sempringham-Volume-3/527392/459">Archived</a> 21 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> James Toovey (London), 1844. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Ussher" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Ussher">Bishop Ussher</a> believed the listing to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Gloucestershire" title="Cambridge, Gloucestershire">Cambridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnhamWacher,_John1990" class="citation book cs1">Burnham, Barry C; Wacher, John (1990). The Small Towns of Roman Britain. London: B T Batsford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Small+Towns+of+Roman+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=B+T+Batsford&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Barry+C&rft.au=Wacher%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roach2-15-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roach2-15_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roach2-15_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roach2-15_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roach2-15_20-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach1959" class="citation book cs1">Roach, J.P.C., ed. (1959). "The city of Cambridge: Medieval History". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66604">A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3: The City and University of Cambridge</a>. Victoria County History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612160918/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66604">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2011 – via Institute of Historical Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+city+of+Cambridge%3A+Medieval+History&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Cambridge+and+the+Isle+of+Ely%3A+Volume+3%3A+The+City+and+University+of+Cambridge&rft.pub=Victoria+County+History&rft.date=1959&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D66604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>, cited by Roach.<a href="#cite_note-Roach2-15-20">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> A Dictionary, english-latin, and latin-english containing all things necessary for the translating of either language into the other By Elisha Coles · 1679 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> A Restoration of the Ancient Modes of Bestowing Names on the Rivers, Hills, Vallies, Plains, and Settlements of Britain by Gilbert Dyer Publication date 1805 (page 242) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChance1869" class="citation journal cs1">Chance, F. (13 November 1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUsAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA403">"Cambridge"</a>. Notes and Queries. 4. London: Bell & Daldy: 401–404. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644126889">644126889</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203053122/https://books.google.com/books?id=PUsAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA403">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.atitle=Cambridge.&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=401-404&rft.date=1869-11-13&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F644126889&rft.aulast=Chance&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPUsAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooke-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooke_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooke_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooke_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookeRiehl_Leader,_Damien1988" class="citation book cs1">Brooke, Christopher Nugent Lawrence; Riehl Leader, Damien (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7T0uIfkPn28C&q=danelaw%20cambridge%20878&pg=PA7">A History of the University of Cambridge</a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–10 [10]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-32882-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-32882-9"><bdi>0-521-32882-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528155914/https://books.google.com/books?id=7T0uIfkPn28C&q=danelaw+cambridge+878&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.pages=9-10+10&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-521-32882-9&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Nugent+Lawrence&rft.au=Riehl+Leader%2C+Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7T0uIfkPn28C%26q%3Ddanelaw%2520cambridge%2520878%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-british-history-66606-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-british-history-66606_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-british-history-66606_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach1959" class="citation book cs1">Roach, J.P.C., ed. (1959). "The City of Cambridge: Constitutional History". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66606">A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3: The City and University of Cambridge</a>. Victoria County History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612161056/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66606">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012 – via Institute of Historical Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+City+of+Cambridge%3A+Constitutional+History&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Cambridge+and+the+Isle+of+Ely%3A+Volume+3%3A+The+City+and+University+of+Cambridge&rft.pub=Victoria+County+History&rft.date=1959&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D66606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach1959" class="citation book cs1">Roach, J.P.C., ed. (1959). "The City of Cambridge: Churches". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/cambs/vol3/pp123-132">A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3, the City and University of Cambridge</a>. London: Victoria County History. pp. 123–132. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913130648/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/cambs/vol3/pp123-132">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+City+of+Cambridge%3A+Churches&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Cambridge+and+the+Isle+of+Ely%3A+Volume+3%2C+the+City+and+University+of+Cambridge&rft.place=London&rft.pages=123-132&rft.pub=Victoria+County+History&rft.date=1959&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Fcambs%2Fvol3%2Fpp123-132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2009" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, Simon (18 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/oxford/low/people_and_places/history/newsid_8405000/8405640.stm">"The Hanging of the Clerks in 1209"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107223547/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/oxford/low/people_and_places/history/newsid_8405000/8405640.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hanging+of+the+Clerks+in+1209&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2009-12-18&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Flocal%2Foxford%2Flow%2Fpeople_and_places%2Fhistory%2Fnewsid_8405000%2F8405640.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/history/records.html">"University and Colleges: A Brief History"</a>. University of Cambridge. 7 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902111945/http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/history/records.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+and+Colleges%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2008-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Funiv%2Fhistory%2Frecords.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pet.cam.ac.uk/welcome-peterhouse/about-college">"About the College"</a>. Peterhouse College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125020618/http://www.pet.cam.ac.uk/welcome-peterhouse/about-college">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+College&rft.pub=Peterhouse+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pet.cam.ac.uk%2Fwelcome-peterhouse%2Fabout-college&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillabyHillaby2013" class="citation book cs1">Hillaby, Joe; Hillaby, Caroline (2013). The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 141–43, 73–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27816-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27816-5"><bdi>978-0-230-27816-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28086241M">28086241M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Medieval+Anglo-Jewish+History&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=141-43%2C+73-9&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL28086241M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-230-27816-5&rft.aulast=Hillaby&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Hillaby%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziegler-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZieglerPlatt1998" class="citation book cs1">Ziegler, Philip; Platt, Colin (1998). The Black Death (2nd ed.). London: Penguin. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-027524-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-027524-7"><bdi>978-0-14-027524-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Death&rft.place=London&rft.pages=178&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-14-027524-7&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Platt%2C+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson1897" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Thomas (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cambridgedescrib00atkiuoft/cambridgedescrib00atkiuoft_djvu.txt">Cambridge, Described and Illustrated: Being a Short History of the Town and University</a>. London: Macmillan. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1663499">1663499</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160405075301/https://archive.org/stream/cambridgedescrib00atkiuoft/cambridgedescrib00atkiuoft_djvu.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016. <q>The Ward beyond the Bridge, that is, all the town on the Castle side of the river, appears to have been almost entirely destroyed. Most of the people in the parish of All Saints' in Castro died and those that escaped left the neighbourhood for other parishes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge%2C+Described+and+Illustrated%3A+Being+a+Short+History+of+the+Town+and+University&rft.place=London&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1897&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1663499&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcambridgedescrib00atkiuoft%2Fcambridgedescrib00atkiuoft_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy1997" class="citation book cs1">Herlihy, David (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5XeBQwrjLwC&pg=PA70">The Black Death and the Transformation of the West</a>. European History. Harvard University Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07613-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07613-6"><bdi>978-0-674-07613-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203053122/https://books.google.com/books?id=J5XeBQwrjLwC&pg=PA70">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2016. 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King's College, Cambridge. 13 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717025057/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Chapel&rft.pub=King%27s+College%2C+Cambridge&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kings.cam.ac.uk%2Fchapel%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennick2012" class="citation book cs1">Pennick, Nigel (9 January 2012). Secrets of King's College Chapel. Karnac Books. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+King%27s+College+Chapel&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Karnac+Books&rft.date=2012-01-09&rft.aulast=Pennick&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach1959" class="citation book cs1">Roach, J. P. C., ed. (1959). "The city of Cambridge: Public health". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/cambs/vol3/pp101-108">A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3, the City and University of Cambridge</a>. London: Victoria County History. pp. 101–108. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923181342/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/cambs/vol3/pp101-108">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2016. 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Retrieved 22 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hottest+day+of+each+year+from+1875&rft.pub=Trevor+Harley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trevorharley.com%2Fhottest-day-of-each-year-from-1875.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2019/new-official-highest-temperature-in-uk-confirmed">"New official highest temperature in UK confirmed"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729160459/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2019/new-official-highest-temperature-in-uk-confirmed">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2019. 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Retrieved 26 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Civil+Parish&rft.pub=Vision+of+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Fdata_cube_table_page.jsp%3Fdata_theme%3DT_POP%26data_cube%3DN_TPop%26u_id%3D10057243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Data is taken from United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm">Casweb Data services</a> of the United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">Archived</a> 5 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Table 6) </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls">"Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics"</a>. webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. 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Retrieved 29 February 2012. <q>many companies on the park have spun out of Cambridge University...the majority of the companies on the Cambridge Science Park have active links and research partnerships with the University</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Kingdom+Science+Park+Association&rft.atitle=Science+Parks+%26%23124%3B+Cambridge+Science+Park&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukspa.org.uk%2Fscience_parks%2Fcontent%2F1059%2Fcambridge_science_park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130154419/http://www.ukspa.org.uk/science_parks/content/1059/cambridge_science_park">"Science Parks | Cambridge Science Park"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 February 2012. <q>Cambridge Science Park is Europe's longest-serving and largest centre for commercial research and development...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Kingdom+Science+Park+Association&rft.atitle=Science+Parks+%26%23124%3B+Cambridge+Science+Park&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukspa.org.uk%2Fscience_parks%2Fcontent%2F1059%2Fcambridge_science_park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgesciencepark.co.uk/about/history/">"History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Science_Park" title="Cambridge Science Park">Cambridge Science Park</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205065533/http://www.cambridgesciencepark.co.uk/about/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2012. 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Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Description%2C+poster%2C+and+images%2C+1969+Cambridge+Free+Festival%2C+Midsummer+Common%2C+8-11+June+1969.+Performers%3A+David+Bowie%2C+King+Crimson%2C+Roy+Harper%2C+and+others.+Retrieved+15+July+2020.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrockfestivals.com%2Fcambridge-free-1969.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/cambridge-midsummer-pop.jpg">"Concert poster: The Cambridge Free Festival, Midsummer Common, 8-11th June 1969. Performers: David Bowie, King Crimson, Roy Harper, and others. Retrieved 15 July 2020"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120830220314/http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/cambridge-midsummer-pop.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concert+poster%3A+The+Cambridge+Free+Festival%2C+Midsummer+Common%2C+8-11th+June+1969.+Performers%3A+David+Bowie%2C+King+Crimson%2C+Roy+Harper%2C+and+others.+Retrieved+15+July+2020.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrockfestivals.com%2Fcambridge-midsummer-pop.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/cam-69-free-fest-blurb.jpg">"Invitation to attend and explanation of event: The Cambridge Free Festival, Midsummer Common, 8-11th June 1969. Performers: David Bowie, King Crimson, Roy Harper, and others. Retrieved 15 July 2020"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120830220231/http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/cam-69-free-fest-blurb.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invitation+to+attend+and+explanation+of+event%3A+The+Cambridge+Free+Festival%2C+Midsummer+Common%2C+8-11th+June+1969.+Performers%3A+David+Bowie%2C+King+Crimson%2C+Roy+Harper%2C+and+others.+Retrieved+15+July+2020.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrockfestivals.com%2Fcam-69-free-fest-blurb.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/cam-69-free-fest-time-1.jpg">"Programme of performers, 8 and 9 June 1969. The Cambridge Free Festival, Midsummer Common, 8-11th June 1969. Performers: David Bowie, King Crimson, Roy Harper, and others. Retrieved 15 July 2020"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120830220301/http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/cam-69-free-fest-time-1.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Programme+of+performers%2C+8+and+9+June+1969.+The+Cambridge+Free+Festival%2C+Midsummer+Common%2C+8-11th+June+1969.+Performers%3A+David+Bowie%2C+King+Crimson%2C+Roy+Harper%2C+and+others.+Retrieved+15+July+2020.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrockfestivals.com%2Fcam-69-free-fest-time-1.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/cam-69-free-fest-time-2.jpg">"Programme of performers, 10 and 11 June 1969. The Cambridge Free Festival, Midsummer Common, 8-11th June 1969. Performers: David Bowie, King Crimson, Roy Harper, and others. Retrieved 15 July 2020"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120830220248/http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/cam-69-free-fest-time-2.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Programme+of+performers%2C+10+and+11+June+1969.+The+Cambridge+Free+Festival%2C+Midsummer+Common%2C+8-11th+June+1969.+Performers%3A+David+Bowie%2C+King+Crimson%2C+Roy+Harper%2C+and+others.+Retrieved+15+July+2020.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrockfestivals.com%2Fcam-69-free-fest-time-2.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/cambridge-free-1969.html">"1970 Cambridge Free Festival, Coldham's Common, 5 August 1970. Edgar Broughton, Arthur Brown's Kingdom Come, Demon Fuzz, Black Widow, Elder Kindred. Retrieved 15 July 2020"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219023155/http://ukrockfestivals.com/cambridge-free-1969.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1970+Cambridge+Free+Festival%2C+Coldham%27s+Common%2C+5+August+1970.+Edgar+Broughton%2C+Arthur+Brown%27s+Kingdom+Come%2C+Demon+Fuzz%2C+Black+Widow%2C+Elder+Kindred.+Retrieved+15+July+2020.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrockfestivals.com%2Fcambridge-free-1969.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/cambridge-free-festival.html">"Cambridge Free Festival, Coldham's Common, 12th/13th June 1971. Spontaneous Combustion scheduled Saturday afternoon and UFO Saturday evening, 12 June 1971, were among the 23 scheduled performers. Retrieved 15 July 2020"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218015827/http://ukrockfestivals.com/cambridge-free-festival.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Free+Festival%2C+Coldham%27s+Common%2C+12th%2F13th+June+1971.+Spontaneous+Combustion+scheduled+Saturday+afternoon+and+UFO+Saturday+evening%2C+12+June+1971%2C+were+among+the+23+scheduled+performers.+Retrieved+15+July+2020.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrockfestivals.com%2Fcambridge-free-festival.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/cambridge-free-71-timeline.jpg">"Concert line-up, Cambridge Free Festival, Coldham's Common, 12th/13th June 1971. Spontaneous Combustion scheduled Saturday afternoon and UFO Saturday evening, 12 June 1971, were among the 23 scheduled performers. Retrieved 15 July 2020"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128173659/http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/cambridge-free-71-timeline.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concert+line-up%2C+Cambridge+Free+Festival%2C+Coldham%27s+Common%2C+12th%2F13th+June+1971.+Spontaneous+Combustion+scheduled+Saturday+afternoon+and+UFO+Saturday+evening%2C+12+June+1971%2C+were+among+the+23+scheduled+performers.+Retrieved+15+July+2020.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrockfestivals.com%2Fcambridge-free-71-timeline.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/cambridge-free-71-poster.jpg">"Concert poster: Cambridge Free Festival, Coldham's Common, 12th/13th June 1971. Spontaneous Combustion scheduled Saturday afternoon and UFO Saturday evening, 12 June 1971, were among the 23 scheduled performers. Retrieved 15 July 2020"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128013017/http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/cambridge-free-71-poster.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concert+poster%3A+Cambridge+Free+Festival%2C+Coldham%27s+Common%2C+12th%2F13th+June+1971.+Spontaneous+Combustion+scheduled+Saturday+afternoon+and+UFO+Saturday+evening%2C+12+June+1971%2C+were+among+the+23+scheduled+performers.+Retrieved+15+July+2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrockfestivals.com%2Fcambridge-free-71-poster.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19321224.2.33.5">"They were defeated"</a>. Evening Post. Wellington, NZ. 24 December 1932. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921022121/http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19321224.2.33.5">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Post&rft.atitle=They+were+defeated&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1932-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fcgi-bin%2Fpaperspast%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DEP19321224.2.33.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation news cs1">Owen, Katie (29 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3622947/A-daily-sense-of-danger.html">"A Daily Sense of Danger – Case Histories by Kate Atkinson"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611044344/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3622947/A-daily-sense-of-danger.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=A+Daily+Sense+of+Danger+%E2%80%93+Case+Histories+by+Kate+Atkinson&rft.date=2004-08-29&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2F3622947%2FA-daily-sense-of-danger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/03/2007_12_fri.shtml">"Woman's Hour -Rebecca Stott on 'Ghostwalk'"</a>. BBC Radio 4. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728020732/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/03/2007_12_fri.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woman%27s+Hour+-Rebecca+Stott+on+%27Ghostwalk%27&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+4&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Fwomanshour%2F03%2F2007_12_fri.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChainey,_Graham1995" class="citation book cs1">Chainey, Graham (1995) [1985]. A Literary History of Cambridge. Cambridge: Pevensey Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907115-25-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-907115-25-X"><bdi>0-907115-25-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Literary+History+of+Cambridge&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Pevensey+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-907115-25-X&rft.au=Chainey%2C+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett,_Martin2004" class="citation book cs1">Garrett, Martin (2004). Cambridge: a Cultural and Literary History. Oxford: Signal Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902669-79-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-902669-79-7"><bdi>1-902669-79-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge%3A+a+Cultural+and+Literary+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Signal+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-902669-79-7&rft.au=Garrett%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130831223859/http://www.literaturewales.org/writers-of-wales/i/130359/desc/gregory-susanna/">"GREGORY, SUSANNA | List of Writers"</a>. The Writers of Wales Database. Literature Wales. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.literaturewales.org/writers-of-wales/i/130359/desc/gregory-susanna/">the original</a> on 31 August 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Writers+of+Wales+Database&rft.atitle=GREGORY%2C+SUSANNA+%26%23124%3B+List+of+Writers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.literaturewales.org%2Fwriters-of-wales%2Fi%2F130359%2Fdesc%2Fgregory-susanna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090209213416/http://cucc.survex.com/archive/jnl/1983/roof.htm">"Some References to Cambridge Night Climbing"</a>. Cambridge University Caving Club Archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cucc.survex.com/archive/jnl/1983/roof.htm">the original</a> on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+University+Caving+Club+Archive&rft.atitle=Some+References+to+Cambridge+Night+Climbing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcucc.survex.com%2Farchive%2Fjnl%2F1983%2Froof.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley1994" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Joseph N. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noequalinworlda00crow">No equal in the world: an interpretation of the academic presidency</a>. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noequalinworlda00crow/page/167">167</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-237-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-237-9"><bdi>978-0-87417-237-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+equal+in+the+world%3A+an+interpretation+of+the+academic+presidency&rft.place=Reno%2C+NV&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87417-237-9&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Joseph+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoequalinworlda00crow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitcambridge.org/things-to-do/film-and-tv-locations-to-visit/grantchester-tv-series">"Grantchester – Drama Series Hits ITV 1"</a>. Visit Cambridge. 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Retrieved 21 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Orthodox+Church+of+St.+Anthanasius+and+St.+Clement&rft.pub=Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+Thyateira+and+Great+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thyateira.org.uk%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D225%26Itemid%3D136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.orthodoxcamro.co.uk/about-the-parish.html">"St. John the Evangelist Romanian Orthodox Parish in Cambridge"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224083419/http://en.orthodoxcamro.co.uk/about-the-parish.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+John+the+Evangelist+Romanian+Orthodox+Parish+in+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.orthodoxcamro.co.uk%2Fabout-the-parish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725104136/http://www.cambridge-quakers.org.uk/">"Quakers in Cambridge"</a>. Cambridge Quakers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge-quakers.org.uk/">the original</a> on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quakers+in+Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+Quakers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge-quakers.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctjc.org.uk">"Welcome to CTJC"</a>. Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111227111756/http://www.ctjc.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2012. <q>We share our shul building with the students, who run Shabbat services during term-time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+CTJC&rft.pub=Cambridge+Traditional+Jewish+Congregation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctjc.org.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120726021846/http://www.ujs.org.uk/jsocs/view/271/cambridge-university/">"Cambridge University | Union of Jewish Students"</a>. Cambridge University Union of Jewish Students. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ujs.org.uk/jsocs/view/271/cambridge-university/">the original</a> on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012. <q>The Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation hold Orthodox services at Thompsons Lane which are run by the students during term time and the residents in the vacation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambridge+University+%26%23124%3B+Union+of+Jewish+Students&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Union+of+Jewish+Students&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ujs.org.uk%2Fjsocs%2Fview%2F271%2Fcambridge-university%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/cambridgeshire/hi/people_and_places/religion_and_ethics/newsid_8609000/8609693.stm">"Home of its own: Cambridge Synagogue has a new base"</a>. BBC News. 12 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120804181020/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/cambridgeshire/hi/people_and_places/religion_and_ethics/newsid_8609000/8609693.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Home+of+its+own%3A+Cambridge+Synagogue+has+a+new+base&rft.date=2010-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Flocal%2Fcambridgeshire%2Fhi%2Fpeople_and_places%2Freligion_and_ethics%2Fnewsid_8609000%2F8609693.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beth-shalom.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=100">"Beth Shalom Reform Synagogue – Cambridge – A New Synagogue"</a>. beth-shalom.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914171118/http://www.beth-shalom.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=100">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016. <q>Our new Synagogue and Community Centre is an environmentally-friendly, economical and flexible space...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=beth-shalom.org.uk&rft.atitle=Beth+Shalom+Reform+Synagogue+%E2%80%93+Cambridge+%E2%80%93+A+New+Synagogue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beth-shalom.org.uk%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D100%26Itemid%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cambridgecentralmosque.org/">"Cambridge Central Mosque – Home"</a>. Cambridge Central Mosque. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200504140620/https://cambridgecentralmosque.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Central+Mosque&rft.atitle=Cambridge+Central+Mosque+%E2%80%93+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcambridgecentralmosque.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExtance2008" class="citation news cs1">Extance, Rachel (6 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105221743/http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/cn_news_home/displayarticle.asp?id=312719">"Mosque site hunt is over"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_News" title="Cambridge News">Cambridge News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/cn_news_home/displayarticle.asp?id=312719">the original</a> on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+News&rft.atitle=Mosque+site+hunt+is+over&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft.aulast=Extance&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge-news.co.uk%2Fcn_news_home%2Fdisplayarticle.asp%3Fid%3D312719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-48044025">"'Eco mosque' opens for worshippers"</a>. 24 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191004043341/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-48044025">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Eco+mosque%27+opens+for+worshippers&rft.date=2019-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-cambridgeshire-48044025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgemosque.com/">"Cambridge Mosque"</a>. www.cambridgemosque.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224020057/https://cambridgemosque.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cambridgemosque.com&rft.atitle=Cambridge+Mosque&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgemosque.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omarfaruquemosque.org.uk/index.php?section=1">"Omar Faruque Mosque – North Cambridge Mosque, UK"</a>. www.omarfaruquemosque.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118073503/http://www.omarfaruquemosque.org.uk/index.php?section=1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.omarfaruquemosque.org.uk&rft.atitle=Omar+Faruque+Mosque+%E2%80%93+North+Cambridge+Mosque%2C+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omarfaruquemosque.org.uk%2Findex.php%3Fsection%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salatomatic.com/d/Cambridge+17159+Omar-Faruque-Mosque-and-Cultural-Centre/?msg=9">"Omar Faruque Mosque and Cultural Centre"</a>. Salatomatic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715230518/http://www.salatomatic.com/d/Cambridge+17159+Omar-Faruque-Mosque-and-Cultural-Centre/?msg=9">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Omar+Faruque+Mosque+and+Cultural+Centre&rft.pub=Salatomatic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salatomatic.com%2Fd%2FCambridge%2B17159%2BOmar-Faruque-Mosque-and-Cultural-Centre%2F%3Fmsg%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgebuddhistcentre.com/cbc/CBC_history.php">"History of the Barnwell or Festival Theatre"</a>. Cambridge Buddhist Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091006015146/http://www.cambridgebuddhistcentre.com/cbc/CBC_history.php">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Barnwell+or+Festival+Theatre&rft.pub=Cambridge+Buddhist+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgebuddhistcentre.com%2Fcbc%2FCBC_history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cambridgebuddhistsociety.org.uk/meditation.html">"Meditation and Local Groups"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180902132939/http://cambridgebuddhistsociety.org.uk/meditation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meditation+and+Local+Groups&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcambridgebuddhistsociety.org.uk%2Fmeditation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iccacambridge.co.uk/home">"The Indian Community and Culture Association of Cambridge (ICCA)"</a>. Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre. Retrieved 3 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bharat+Bhavan+Indian+cultural+centre&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Community+and+Culture+Association+of+Cambridge+%28ICCA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iccacambridge.co.uk%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iccacambridge.co.uk/hall-hire/shrine">"The Shrine"</a>. Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre. Retrieved 3 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bharat+Bhavan+Indian+cultural+centre&rft.atitle=The+Shrine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iccacambridge.co.uk%2Fhall-hire%2Fshrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridgegurdwara.org/history/">"History of Cambridge Gurdwara – Cambridge Gurdwara"</a>. 18 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424141432/https://www.cambridgegurdwara.org/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Cambridge+Gurdwara+%E2%80%93+Cambridge+Gurdwara&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgegurdwara.org%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cam.sikhsoc.org/our-history/">"Our History – Cambridge University Sikh Society"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225190618/https://cam.sikhsoc.org/our-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+History+%E2%80%93+Cambridge+University+Sikh+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcam.sikhsoc.org%2Four-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twintown-272">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twintown_272-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twintown_272-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heidelberg.de/english/Home/Life/cambridge.html">"Sister Cities: Cambridge"</a>. City of Heidelberg. Retrieved 27 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities%3A+Cambridge&rft.pub=City+of+Heidelberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heidelberg.de%2Fenglish%2FHome%2FLife%2Fcambridge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cambridge#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Cambridge">Bibliography of the history of Cambridge</a></div> <ul><li>Barwell, Noel (1910), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73643">Cambridge</a>, Blackie & Son Limited</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowes,_Robert1894" class="citation book cs1">Bowes, Robert (1894). A catalogue of books printed at or relating to the University, town & county of Cambridge, from 1521 to 1893. Cambridge: Macmillan & Bowes. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1064186">1064186</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23284674M">23284674M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+catalogue+of+books+printed+at+or+relating+to+the+University%2C+town+%26+county+of+Cambridge%2C+from+1521+to+1893&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Bowes&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1064186&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23284674M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Bowes%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Rawle" title="Tim Rawle">Rawle, Tim</a> (author and photographer), <a href="/wiki/John_Adamson_(publisher)" title="John Adamson (publisher)">John Adamson</a> (editor). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_(book)" title="Cambridge (book)">Cambridge</a> (new ed. with foreword by William Bortrick). Cambridge: The Oxbridge Portfolio (2016), 204 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9572867-2-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9572867-2-6">978-0-9572867-2-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://www.cambridge.gov.uk/">Cambridge City Council</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Cambridge_(2.)">"Cambridge (2.)" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. IV (9th ed.). 1878. p. 728.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cambridge+%282.%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=728&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greatercambridge.org.uk/">Greater Cambridge Partnership</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calh.org.uk/">Cambridgeshire Association for Local History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccan.co.uk/">Cambridgeshire Community Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitcambridge.org/">Visit Cambridge</a>: the official tourism website for Cambridge</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Cambridgeshire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cambridgeshire" title="Template:Cambridgeshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cambridgeshire" title="Template talk:Cambridgeshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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selflink">City of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cambridgeshire" title="East Cambridgeshire">District of East Cambridgeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenland_District" title="Fenland District">District of Fenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire" title="Huntingdonshire">District of Huntingdonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Cambridgeshire" title="South Cambridgeshire">District of South Cambridgeshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements (cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambourne" title="Cambourne">Cambourne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatteris" title="Chatteris">Chatteris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godmanchester" title="Godmanchester">Godmanchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon" title="Huntingdon">Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March,_Cambridgeshire" title="March, Cambridgeshire">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough" title="Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ramsey, Cambridgeshire">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ives,_Cambridgeshire" title="St Ives, Cambridgeshire">St Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Neots" title="St Neots">St Neots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soham" title="Soham">Soham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittlesey" title="Whittlesey">Whittlesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisbech" title="Wisbech">Wisbech</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Cambridgeshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil parishes in Cambridgeshire">List of civil parishes in Cambridgeshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Great_Ouse" title="River Great Ouse">Great Ouse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Bedford_River" title="Old Bedford River">Old Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bedford_River" title="New Bedford River">New Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Cam" title="River Cam">Cam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Kym" title="River Kym">Kym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lark" title="River Lark">Lark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Little_Ouse" title="River Little Ouse">Little Ouse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Nene" title="River Nene">Nene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Stour,_Suffolk" title="River Stour, Suffolk">Stour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Welland" title="River Welland">Welland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Cambridgeshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Cambridgeshire">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Cambridgeshire" title="List of places in Cambridgeshire">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cambridgeshire_settlements_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cambridgeshire settlements by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Cambridgeshire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cambridgeshire">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Cambridgeshire" title="Category:Country houses in Cambridgeshire">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Cambridgeshire" title="List of churches in Cambridgeshire">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Cambridgeshire" title="Grade I listed buildings in Cambridgeshire">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambridgeshire" title="History of Cambridgeshire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Cambridgeshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custos_Rotulorum_of_Cambridgeshire" title="Custos Rotulorum of Cambridgeshire">Custodes Rotulorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Cambridgeshire" title="High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Cambridgeshire" title="List of schools in Cambridgeshire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Cambridgeshire" title="List of museums in Cambridgeshire">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Ely" title="Diocese of Ely">Diocese of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Peterborough" title="Anglican Diocese of Peterborough">Diocese of Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Ely" title="Isle of Ely">Isle of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_and_Isle_of_Ely" title="Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely">Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soke_of_Peterborough" title="Soke of Peterborough">Soke of Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_and_Peterborough" title="Huntingdon and Peterborough">Huntingdon and Peterborough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_the_East_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_of_England" title="Template:East of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_of_England" title="Template talk:East of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_the_East_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Bedford" title="Borough of Bedford">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire" title="Central Bedfordshire">Central Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg/100px-East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg/150px-East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg/200px-East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="1266" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cambridgeshire" title="East Cambridgeshire">East Cambridgeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenland_District" title="Fenland District">Fenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire" title="Huntingdonshire">Huntingdonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Cambridgeshire" title="South Cambridgeshire">South Cambridgeshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Basildon" title="Borough of Basildon">Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree_District" title="Braintree District">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Brentwood" title="Borough of Brentwood">Brentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Point" title="Castle Point">Castle Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Colchester" title="City of Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest_District" title="Epping Forest District">Epping Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldon_District" title="Maldon District">Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford_District" title="Rochford District">Rochford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Southend-on-Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendring_District" title="Tendring District">Tendring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttlesford" title="Uttlesford">Uttlesford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Broxbourne" title="Borough of Broxbourne">Broxbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacorum" title="Dacorum">Dacorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hertfordshire" title="East Hertfordshire">East Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertsmere" title="Hertsmere">Hertsmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Hertfordshire" title="North Hertfordshire">North Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_District" title="Three Rivers District">Three Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Hatfield" title="Welwyn Hatfield">Welwyn Hatfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breckland_District" title="Breckland District">Breckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadland" title="Broadland">Broadland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Great_Yarmouth" title="Borough of Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_and_West_Norfolk" title="King's Lynn and West Norfolk">King's Lynn and West Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Norfolk" title="North Norfolk">North Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Norfolk" title="South Norfolk">South Norfolk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babergh_District" title="Babergh District">Babergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Suffolk_District" title="East Suffolk District">East Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Suffolk" title="Mid Suffolk">Mid Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Suffolk_District" title="West Suffolk District">West Suffolk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_cities" title="Template:UK cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_cities" title="Template talk:UK cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">Cities of the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">St Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory#United_Kingdom" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="British_overseas_cities" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_overseas_cities" title="British overseas cities">British overseas cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Cambridge" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Cambridge" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Cambridge</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Girton,_Cambridgeshire" title="Girton, Cambridgeshire">Girton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Histon" title="Histon">Histon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton,_Cambridgeshire" title="Milton, Cambridgeshire">Milton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fen_Ditton" title="Fen Ditton">Fen Ditton</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Coton,_Cambridgeshire" title="Coton, Cambridgeshire">Coton</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Cambridge<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Teversham" title="Teversham">Teversham</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grantchester" title="Grantchester">Grantchester</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_Shelford" title="Great Shelford">Great Shelford</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fulbourn" title="Fulbourn">Fulbourn</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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