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For the king of the <a href="/wiki/Kamboja-Pala_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja-Pala Dynasty">Kamboja-Pala Dynasty</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Narayan_Pala_(Kamboja)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayan Pala (Kamboja)">Narayan Pala (Kamboja)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Narayanapala</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> : নারায়ণপাল) (9th–10th century CE) was the seventh emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> of the Eastern regions of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> regions. </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pala emperor</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Narayanapala</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">9th to 10th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vigrahapala_I" title="Vigrahapala I">Vigrahapala I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajyapala" title="Rajyapala">Rajyapala</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Mamma, daughter of Govindaraja<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Rajyapala</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Vigrahapala I</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Lajjadevi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2></div> <p>The Gaya temple inscription dated in his 7th regnal year, the Indian Museum (found in the erstwhile Patna district) stone inscription dated in his 9th regnal year, the Bhagalpur copper-plate grant dated in his 17th regnal year, Bihar votive image inscription dated in his 54th regnal year and the Badal pillar inscription of his minister Bhatta Guravamishra provide information about his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records, the different historians estimate Narayanapala's reign as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Susan1984_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susan1984-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Historian </th> <th>Estimate of reign </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar">RC Majumdar</a> (1971) </td> <td>854–908 CE </td></tr> <tr> <td>AM Chowdhury (1967) </td> <td>866–920 CE </td></tr> <tr> <td>BP Sinha (1977) </td> <td>865–920 CE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dineshchandra_Sircar" title="Dineshchandra Sircar">DC Sircar</a> (1975–76) </td> <td>860–917 CE </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badal_Pillar_Inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Badal_Pillar_Inscription.jpg/260px-Badal_Pillar_Inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Badal_Pillar_Inscription.jpg/390px-Badal_Pillar_Inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Badal_Pillar_Inscription.jpg/520px-Badal_Pillar_Inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3613" data-file-height="2973" /></a><figcaption>The Badal Pillar Inscription of Narayanapala.</figcaption></figure> <p>He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Vigrahapala_I" title="Vigrahapala I">Vigrahapala I</a> by his wife, the <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">Kalachuri</a> princess Lajjadevi.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was later succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Rajyapala" title="Rajyapala">Rajyapala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_with_Pratihāras"><span id="War_with_Pratih.C4.81ras"></span>War with Pratihāras</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mihira_Bhoja" title="Mihira Bhoja">Bhoja</a> orchestrated a campaign targeting <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. Various historical records suggest he received support in this endeavor from Guņāmbhodhideva, the Chedi ruler of Gorakhpur, and Guhila II, the Guhilot chief, who happened to be the son of Harsharāja. Narayanapala suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Bhoja, who subsequently conquered a significant portion of his western territories.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a time of turmoil and weakness among their rivals, the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Pratiharas</a> seized the opportunity to expand their power. Their rulers, Bhoja and Mahendrapala, extended their influence towards the east, causing Narayanapala to lose control over Magadha (the southern region of Bihar) and even temporarily lose control of North Bengal, which had been the homeland of the Palas. This resulted in Mahendrapala, the Pratihara king, gaining control over North Bengal for a period.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite facing a humbling defeat at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Pratihara</a> king, Mahendrapala, Narayanapala regained his status and prestige by successfully reclaiming North Bengal and Bihar in 908 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and asserting sovereignty over Kannauj, thereby restoring Pala-supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_Religious_Policy">Religion and Religious Policy</h2></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pāla Dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> struck roots in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, but it was during that dynasty that <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmaņa</a> ministers enhanced their influence and established <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> over <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. Especially during the reign of Narayanapala, <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> gained an extensive hold upon the minds of people of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism's</a> prevalence in the region reduced, gradually becoming blended with <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="List of rulers of Bengal">List of rulers of Bengal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ageofimperialkan04bhar"><i>History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 04, The Age Of Imperial Kanauj</i></a>. Public Resource. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People%2C+Volume+04%2C+The+Age+Of+Imperial+Kanauj&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofimperialkan04bhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarayanapala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBihar_(India)Choudhury1965" class="citation book cs1">Bihar (India); Choudhury, Pranab Chandra Roy (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5NhAAAAIAAJ"><i>Bihar District Gazetteers</i></a>. Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Bihar. pp. 26–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bihar+District+Gazetteers&rft.pages=26-28&rft.pub=Superintendent%2C+Secretariat+Press%2C+Bihar&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Bihar+%28India%29&rft.au=Choudhury%2C+Pranab+Chandra+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR5NhAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarayanapala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2000" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Shah Sufi Mostafizur (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQBuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Archaeological Investigation in Bogra District: From Early Historic to Early Mediaeval Period</i></a>. International Centre for Study of Bengal Art. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-8140-01-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-984-8140-01-7"><bdi>978-984-8140-01-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Investigation+in+Bogra+District%3A+From+Early+Historic+to+Early+Mediaeval+Period&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=International+Centre+for+Study+of+Bengal+Art&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-984-8140-01-7&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Shah+Sufi+Mostafizur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMQBuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarayanapala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMAJUMDAR1971" class="citation book cs1">MAJUMDAR, R. C. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287"><i>HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL</i></a>. G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HISTORY+OF+ANCIENT+BENGAL&rft.pub=G.+BHARADWAJ+%2C+CALCUTTA&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=MAJUMDAR&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.13287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarayanapala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1972" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.53767"><i>Folk-element in Hindu culture</i></a>. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk-element+in+Hindu+culture&rft.pages=170&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Benoy+Kumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.53767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarayanapala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhury2012" class="citation book cs1">Chowdhury, AM (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pala_Dynasty">"Pala Dynasty"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). <i>Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pala+Dynasty&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=AM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPala_Dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarayanapala" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vigrahapala_I" title="Vigrahapala I">Vigrahapala I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Emperor</a> </b><br />9th-10th century </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rajyapala" title="Rajyapala">Rajyapala</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mysorepalace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mysorepalace.jpg/35px-Mysorepalace.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mysorepalace.jpg/53px-Mysorepalace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mysorepalace.jpg/70px-Mysorepalace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="577" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This biography of a member of an Indian royal house is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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