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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6+%28%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%29" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6+%28%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%29" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>定義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-詞源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>詞源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基本模式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本模式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>基本模式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基本模式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-封建制度的歷史傳統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#封建制度的歷史傳統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>封建制度的歷史傳統</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-封建制度的歷史傳統-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关封建制度的歷史傳統子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-封建制度的歷史傳統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-羅馬傳統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#羅馬傳統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>羅馬傳統</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-羅馬傳統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-凯尔特傳統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#凯尔特傳統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>凯尔特傳統</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-凯尔特傳統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-日耳曼傳統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日耳曼傳統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>日耳曼傳統</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日耳曼傳統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-墨洛温王朝傳統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#墨洛温王朝傳統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>墨洛温王朝傳統</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-墨洛温王朝傳統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-加洛林王朝傳統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#加洛林王朝傳統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>加洛林王朝傳統</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-加洛林王朝傳統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-封建的權利與義務" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#封建的權利與義務"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>封建的權利與義務</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-封建的權利與義務-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关封建的權利與義務子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-封建的權利與義務-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-附庸之權利與義務" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#附庸之權利與義務"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>附庸之權利與義務</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-附庸之權利與義務-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-領主之權利與義務" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#領主之權利與義務"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>領主之權利與義務</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-領主之權利與義務-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-封建制度的構成因素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#封建制度的構成因素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>封建制度的構成因素</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-封建制度的構成因素-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关封建制度的構成因素子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-封建制度的構成因素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-政治的形式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治的形式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>政治的形式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治的形式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-土地的佔領" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#土地的佔領"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>土地的佔領</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-土地的佔領-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-私人間的臣屬關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#私人間的臣屬關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>私人間的臣屬關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-私人間的臣屬關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-特色" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特色"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>特色</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-特色-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关特色子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-特色-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-領主、封臣和土地" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#領主、封臣和土地"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>領主、封臣和土地</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-領主、封臣和土地-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">封建制度 (歐洲)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。108种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Feodalisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismus" title="Feudalismus – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Feudalismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismo" title="Feudalismo – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Feudalismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إقطاعية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إقطاعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="اقطاع – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اقطاع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismu" title="Feudalismu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Feudalismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalizm" title="Feodalizm – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Feodalizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="فئودالیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فئودالیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Феодализм – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Феодализм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Феадалізм – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Феадалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фэадалізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фэадалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Феодализъм – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Феодализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%BA" title="ပဒေႏသရာဇ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပဒေႏသရာဇ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="সামন্ততন্ত্র – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামন্ততন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladdalc%27helezh" title="Gladdalc'helezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gladdalc'helezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalizam" title="Feudalizam – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Feudalizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalisme" title="Feudalisme – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Feudalisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyudalismo" title="Piyudalismo – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Piyudalismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دەرەبەگایەتی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەرەبەگایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derebeylik" title="Derebeylik – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Derebeylik" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismus" title="Feudalismus – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Feudalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Феодалисăм – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Феодалисăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffiwdaliaeth" title="Ffiwdaliaeth – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffiwdaliaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalisme" title="Feudalisme – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Feudalisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismus" title="Feudalismus – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feudalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalizm" title="Feodalizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Feodalizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φεουδαρχία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φεουδαρχία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Feudalism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fe%C5%ADdismo" title="Feŭdismo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Feŭdismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismo" title="Feudalismo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Feudalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalism" title="Feodalism – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Feodalism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismo" title="Feudalismo – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Feudalismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ارباب‌رعیتی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارباب‌رعیتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalismi" title="Feodalismi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Feodalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9odalit%C3%A9" title="Féodalité – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Féodalité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Feodalisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodachas" title="Feodachas – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Feodachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismo" title="Feudalismo – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Feudalismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="פיאודליזם – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיאודליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सामंतवाद – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सामंतवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalizam" title="Feudalizam – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Feudalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalizmus" title="Feudalizmus – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Feudalizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ավատատիրություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավատատիրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աւատատիրութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Աւատատիրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Feodalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalisme" title="Feudalisme – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Feudalisme" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudismo" title="Feudismo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Feudismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9nsskipulag" title="Lénsskipulag – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lénsskipulag" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalesimo" title="Feudalesimo – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Feudalesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6" title="封建制 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="封建制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Feodalisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ფეოდალიზმი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფეოდალიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Феодализм – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Феодализм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8A%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಊಳಿಗಮಾನ ಪದ್ಧತಿ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಊಳಿಗಮಾನ ಪದ್ಧತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B4%89%EA%B1%B4%EC%A0%9C" title="봉건제 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="봉건제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodal%C3%AEzm" title="Feodalîzm – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Feodalîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Феодализм – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Феодализм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismus" title="Feudalismus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Feudalismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismus" title="Feudalismus – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Feudalismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8nsjt%C3%A8lsel" title="Liènsjtèlsel – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Liènsjtèlsel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalizmas" title="Feodalizmas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Feodalizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feod%C4%81lisms" title="Feodālisms – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Feodālisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Feodalisme" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Феудализам – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Феудализам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ഫ്യൂഡലിസം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്യൂഡലിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Феодализм – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Феодализм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalisme" title="Feudalisme – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Feudalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ပဒေသရာဇ်စနစ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပဒေသရာဇ်စနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Feodalisme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सामन्तवाद – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सामन्तवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Feodalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8ydalisme" title="Føydalisme – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Føydalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8ydalisme" title="Føydalisme – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Føydalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalitat" title="Feudalitat – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Feudalitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਗੀਰਦਾਰੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਗੀਰਦਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiodalit%C3%A8" title="Fiodalitè – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Fiodalitè" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalizm" title="Feudalizm – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Feudalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جاگیردارانہ نظام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جاگیردارانہ نظام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="ځمکواکي – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځمکواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismo" title="Feudalismo – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Feudalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Feudalism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Феодализм – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Феодализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal%C3%A8simu" title="Feudalèsimu – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Feudalèsimu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalesimu" title="Feudalesimu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Feudalesimu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Feudalism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="جاگيرداري – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جاگيرداري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalizam" title="Feudalizam – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Feudalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Feudalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalizmus" title="Feudalizmus – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Feudalizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevdalizem" title="Fevdalizem – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fevdalizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalizmi" title="Feudalizmi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Feudalizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Феудализам – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Феудализам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9odalisme" title="Féodalisme – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Féodalisme" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalism" title="Feodalism – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Feodalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukabaila" title="Ukabaila – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukabaila" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="நில மானிய முறைமை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நில மானிய முறைமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5" title="భూస్వామ్య వ్యవస్థ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భూస్వామ్య వ్యవస్థ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title="ระบบฟิวดัล – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบฟิวดัล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyudalismo" title="Piyudalismo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Piyudalismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalizm" title="Feodalizm – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Feodalizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Феодалізм – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Феодалізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جاگیردارانہ نظام – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جاگیردارانہ نظام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuda%C5%82%C3%A8zemo" title="Feudałèzemo – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Feudałèzemo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_ki%E1%BA%BFn_(ch%C3%A2u_%C3%82u)" title="Phong kiến (châu Âu) – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phong kiến (châu Âu)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismo" title="Feudalismo – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Feudalismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%EF%BC%88%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%EF%BC%89" title="封建制度（欧洲） – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="封建制度（欧洲）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ჭკორპატჷნობა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭკორპატჷნობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="封建社會 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="封建社會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37739#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" 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hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav 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.sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治主題</a>的一部分</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccc;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政體類型列表（页面不存在）">政体基本形式</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会权力基础" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French and Raven's bases of power"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会权力基础（页面不存在）">权力基础</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Raven%27s_bases_of_power" class="extiw" title="en:French and Raven's bases of power"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French and Raven's bases of power</span></a></span>）</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em; text-align:left;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主政体</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>多数人的权力</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E7%AD%BE%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="抽签式民主">抽签民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="直接民主">直接民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="自由民主制">自由民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="代議民主">代议民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會民主主義">社会民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="社会主义民主制">社会主义民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="贵族民主制">貴族民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="民主制度分类">其他民主政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E5%A4%B4%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="寡头政治">寡头政治</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>少数人的权力</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%AF%E9%85%8D%E9%AB%94%E5%88%B6" title="無支配體制">无体制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="贵族政治">贵族制政体</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="劳工统治" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ergatocracy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="劳工统治（页面不存在）">劳工制政体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergatocracy" class="extiw" title="en:Ergatocracy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ergatocracy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="老人政治">老人制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8A%E7%9B%9C%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB" title="竊盜統治">盗贼制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A4%E5%AE%98%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB" title="判官统治">判官制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%AC%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="神權政治">宗教制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A" title="心智政權">智主制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政黨政治">政党制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%AC%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="金權政治">财阀制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BF_(%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94)" title="軍政 (政體)">军阀制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB" title="专家统治">专家制政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81" title="独裁">独裁政治</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>一个人的权力</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="专制主义">专制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94" title="獨裁政體">獨裁政體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="軍事獨裁">军事独裁政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%AD%E4%B8%BB" title="僭主">僭主政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>没有人的权力</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" title="無政府狀態">无政府政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%BA%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93" title="自由人联合体">自由人政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="無國家社會">无国家政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> 权力思想</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em; text-align:left;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="君主主義">君主制</a> 对 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共和主义">共和制</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>社会政治意识形态</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="君主專制">君主专制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6" title="君主立宪制">君主立宪政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E5%88%B6" title="委員會制">委员会制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" title="法家">法家制度政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="议会共和制">议会共和政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="总统制">总统共和政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="半总统制">半总统制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="社会主义国家">社会主义政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="公司王国">金權政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="威权主义">威权制</a> 对 <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="自由意志主義">自由制</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>社会经济意识形态</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="殖民主义">殖民主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="专制主义">专制主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="分产主义">分产主义</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">封建主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="極權主義">極權主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="部落主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tribalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="部落主义（页面不存在）">部落主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribalism" class="extiw" title="en:Tribalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tribalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86" title="全球治理">全球</a> 对 <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="地方政府">本地</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>地缘文化意识形态</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="公社">公社</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦">城邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%97%B4%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="政府间组织">政府间组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="民族國家">民族政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="世界政府">世界政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="民族主义">民族主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="国际主义">国际主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="全球主義">全球主義</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> 权力结构</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em; text-align:left;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center">单一主义</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" title="单一制">单一制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="帝国">帝国制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="親王國">封国制</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%9E%E5%B1%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="從屬國">从属主义</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E7%B9%AB%E9%82%A6" title="聯繫邦">聯繫邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E5%9C%B0" title="属地">属地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E9%A0%98" title="自治領">自治領</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%9B%BD" title="保护国">保护国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%80%E5%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A" title="傀儡政權">傀儡国</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%8A%B1%E7%93%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政治花瓶（页面不存在）">傀儡君主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%BD" title="卫星国">卫星国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="自治殖民地">自治殖民地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E8%B2%A2" title="朝貢">朝贡国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%93%E5%86%B2%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="缓冲国">缓冲国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%84%E5%BA%B8%E5%9C%8B" title="附庸國">附庸國</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="副王领" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Viceroyalty"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%AF%E7%8E%8B%E9%A2%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="副王领（页面不存在）">副王领</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty" class="extiw" title="en:Viceroyalty"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Viceroyalty</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" title="領地">領地</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="联邦主义">联邦主义</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94%E5%88%B6" title="邦联制">邦联制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B%E4%B8%8B%E6%94%BE" title="权力下放">权力下放制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="联邦制">联邦制</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超国家" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Superstate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超国家（页面不存在）">超国家制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstate" class="extiw" title="en:Superstate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Superstate</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82)" title="超國家主義 (國際關係)">超国家联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="政合国">政合國</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB)" title="权力 (国际关系)">国家权力</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%9C%8B" title="小國">小國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="地域大国">地域大国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="中等強國">中等強國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="大国">大国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%BA%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="超级大国">超级大国</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="行政区划">行政区划</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E6%88%90%E5%9C%8B" title="構成國">構成國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="自治共和國">自治共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%B8%E4%BE%AF%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="諸侯國">諸侯國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="公國">公國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6%E5%9C%8B" title="令制國">令制國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="酋长国">酋长国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="邦國">邦國</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9E" title="州">州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A1" title="郡">郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%81" title="省">省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="邦">邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="縣">縣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82" title="市">市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%85_(%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92)" title="厅 (行政区划)">廳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%89" class="mw-redirect" title="鄉">鄉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="鎮">鎮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="區">區</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="自治區">自治區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%80" class="mw-disambig" title="特區">特區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%96%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="辖区">轄區</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddd;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Politics">政治主題頁</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="Template:政体基本形式"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="Template talk:政体基本形式"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:政体基本形式"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>此條目介紹的是<b>欧洲封建制度</b>。关于<b>中国封建制度</b>，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" title="封建制度 (中國)">封建制度 (中國)</a></b>」。关于<b>马克思主义理论</b>中的<b>封建社会</b>，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="封建社会">封建社会</a></b>」。</div> <p><b>歐洲封建制度</b>，又翻譯為<b>封建等級制</b>、<b>封建君主制</b>，指的是一種在歐洲在9世紀～19世紀廣泛流行的制度，它混合了<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="繼承法">繼承法</a>、軍事單位和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="行政區劃">行政區劃</a>的功能，把國土分割成一個個小型區域。這種制度最先由中歐的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法蘭克王國">法蘭克王國</a>開創，之後就擴散至歐洲的全體基督教國家，在14世紀開始逐漸瓦解，到19世紀時只剩下<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯帝國">俄羅斯帝國</a>在維持著這種模式，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a>後徹底消失。 </p><p>除了在当时作为丹麦一部分的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="斯堪尼亚">斯堪尼亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E8%A8%A5" title="斯科訥">斯科讷</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="哈兰">哈兰</a>，封建制在今<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a>地区并未像在欧洲其他地区那样真正发展起来<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定義"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>定義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：定義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>封建制度的定義非常模糊，歷史學家、哲學家、自由主義者、馬克思主義者都對此有不同的意見，目前還沒有一個明確又被廣泛認可的定義。 </p><p>封建制度形成於第八世紀；11世紀開始定型；之後的兩百年是全盛時期；13世紀中葉之後，王權鞏固後封建逐漸沒落，但他的影響至今仍在歐洲各個層面留下痕跡。在歐洲之外的地方，封建制度的概念一般僅僅用於類比（稱為「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="半封建（页面不存在）">半封建</a>」），最常用於討論在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E5%A4%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D" title="征夷大將軍">將軍</a>們統治下的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>，有時候也用於中世紀和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A2%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE" title="貢德爾">貢德爾</a>時期的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="埃塞俄比亞">埃塞俄比亞</a>。然而，有些人把封建制度類比更廣，把<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及">古埃及</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A" title="帕提亚">帕提亞帝國</a>、封建制的印度（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="封建主義 (印度)（页面不存在）">封建印度</a>），甚至於19世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8" title="美國南部">美國南部</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="美國南部歷史">美國南部歷史</a>）。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1960年代開始，許多西方歷史學家為了將歐洲<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>的制度做一個大範圍的概括，而推薦使用“封建制”一詞。在封建制度中包括了歐洲那複雜的繼承法條文、被束縛在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%9C%92%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="莊園制">莊園制</a>之內<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E5%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="農奴">農奴</a>、權力較小的國王和皇帝、權力巨大的小領主、以<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a>為唯一真理的思維狀態以及隨處可見的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" title="城堡">城堡</a>，對這些使用一個統一的稱謂就是「<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="封建社會">封建社會</a>」。 </p><p>1970年代，重新審視了之前的證據並得出結論——封建制度是一個不可行的術語而需要被從學術和教育討論中去除，或者至少在使用時需要加上嚴格的限制和警告<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="詞源"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E6.BA.90"></span>詞源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：詞源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>最早使用「封建（Feudal）」字眼的是17世紀（1614年）的英國和法國的律師，成為“封建制（Feudalism）”的詞源，他們使用這個詞用來指代迅速地消失的舊有制度，這些制度並不一定是封建制，也有可能是過去的習俗，英國人和法國人用這個詞彙來形容自己的社會正在經歷激烈的變化。 </p><p>而“封建制”是來自法語「féodalisme」，在英語中則改變寫法成為了現在的“Feudalism”，是18世紀晚期的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="法國大革命">法國大革命</a>所造的字。此字一開始具有明確的貶義，是用來形容任何不公正的、利用傳統去道德綁架別人的人事物。雖然此詞是在法國大革命時創造的，但是其法語來源是拉丁文的“<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%87%E9%82%91%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="采邑制">采邑制</a>（Feudum）”，首次出現的時間在西元884年的一份法蘭克語的文獻中，但在之後就被棄用，直到法國大革命時為了去形容那些新的種概念才被重新拉回來，改成法語的構詞方式後繼續使用。 </p><p>而在封建制度真正盛行的9～16世紀的時候，大部份文獻中都不曾使用過此字，因此英國小說家<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%91%A9%E8%90%8A%E7%89%B9" title="托比亞斯·斯摩萊特">托比亞斯·斯摩萊特</a>就對這個現象進行了一個諷刺，他在其作品《漢弗雷克林可》「Humphry Clinker」（1771年出版）嘲弄此字時寫道「每個政策、習俗、甚至任何古怪之處都可上溯至封建一詞，並且加以貶義，我在有生之年預計可以看到一種說法，說男用短褲及奶油麥酒都能是受到封建制度的影響才被發明的。」 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基本模式"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E6.A8.A1.E5.BC.8F"></span>基本模式</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：基本模式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在這種制度圍繞著“<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E4%B8%BB" title="領主">領主</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="封臣">封臣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" title="領地">領地</a>”三個原則實行，互不干涉，嚴格符合<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="契約精神（页面不存在）">契約精神</a>，此基本框架也不可變動： </p> <ol><li>每個基本單位，無論領主還是封臣都能有自己的領地，在領地內自己為最高權威。</li> <li>所有領主都兼任軍事職務，贵族均有从军义务，反而是領土內平民和奴隸不需要服兵役。</li> <li>貴族、教士為領主階層，擁有土地以及土地上的人口；農民、商人為平民階層，無土地，但是可自由移動並更換工作；農奴、奴隸為最低階層，只能和同階層人士結婚生子，其子孫後代也必須繼承他的職業，被奴隸主永遠的束縛在同一個土地和職業上。</li> <li>上一級領主統領下一級封臣，下一級封臣又能統領下兩級的封臣，如此層層疊加。</li> <li>上一級的領主無法直接指揮下兩級的封臣，即“我封臣的封臣不是我的封臣”，因為下兩級的封臣從沒和上一級的領主簽訂契約，所以上一級的領主無權干涉。</li> <li>在一國之內，國王既有他自己可以直接管轄的直轄領地，叫做“王冠領”，也有他無法掌控的的封臣領地，封臣領地猶如一個獨立小國，大多數的方面都不受自己的上級管轄。</li> <li>貴族可分為“皇帝、國王、公爵、侯爵、伯爵、子爵、男爵（女爵）、騎士”這八個階級。</li> <li>領地等級為“帝國、王國、公國、侯国、伯國、子爵領、男爵（女爵）領、騎士采邑”，對應前面的八個貴族階級。</li> <li>只有皇帝及國王的家屬才能自稱皇室；公爵之下、男爵之上的領主的家屬只能自稱貴族；貴族階級的末尾“騎士”則連貴族都不能自稱，只能叫騎士。</li> <li>皇帝只有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="神聖羅馬皇帝">神聖羅馬皇帝</a>擁有，而伯爵領以下的等級基本只能控制數十到數千人，對實際的戰爭較無幫助，故實際上的最強階級基本都集中在國王、大公之中。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="封建制度的歷史傳統"><span id=".E5.B0.81.E5.BB.BA.E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6.E7.9A.84.E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2.E5.82.B3.E7.B5.B1"></span>封建制度的歷史傳統</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：封建制度的歷史傳統"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="羅馬傳統"><span id=".E7.BE.85.E9.A6.AC.E5.82.B3.E7.B5.B1"></span>羅馬傳統</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：羅馬傳統"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>封建制度是一種政治形式，但跟土地的支配有密切的關係。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%88" title="戴克里先">戴克里先</a>前，田租是根據土地的大小而非收成而定的。這使得在荒年時許多農民流離失所。在這種經濟壓力下，許多農民就將自己的土地獻給了大地主，由自由民轉而成為佃農。接收到土地的大地主則保證貢獻土地農民的使用權。所以一個擁有了「所有權」另一個則是「使用權」。農民不再需要被課重稅。這些大戶通常是不用繳稅的元老特權階級，為了保障這樣的約定而有了"Precarium"這種契約的出現。大戶取得土地，而農民可以不用煩惱稅付。而這種契約形式更衍生出了「增地契約」（Precaria remunerate）以及「賜地契約」（Precaria data）這兩種契約。這些契約形式成為了這種土地支配方式的法律依據跟保障。而戴克里先凍結了各種行業，農民屬於土地不能轉業，更使這種制度定行下來。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="凯尔特傳統"><span id=".E5.87.AF.E5.B0.94.E7.89.B9.E5.82.B3.E7.B5.B1"></span>凯尔特傳統</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：凯尔特傳統"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%9B%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="高盧">高盧</a>地區的<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="凯尔特人">凯尔特人</a>有「隨從」的組織。其職務是平日執行酋長命令，戰時協助酋長抗敵。這是一種主人與附庸的關係。封建制度中的“Vassus”（附庸）一詞就是來自塞爾特語。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="日耳曼傳統"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E8.80.B3.E6.9B.BC.E5.82.B3.E7.B5.B1"></span>日耳曼傳統</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：日耳曼傳統"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中世紀封建發達的地方大多是<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼人</a>的所在，日爾曼傳統對封建發展也有直接影響。日耳曼特有的戰友團（Commendatio），也是封建制度的起源之一。其中的年輕人向老戰士宣示效忠，並且共享其社會地位，這就是羅馬傳統所沒有的。兩者在這樣的儀式下共享社會地位，皆為貴族。而日耳曼建國以後，也使用這樣的私人軍隊。用土地來作為僱用私人軍隊的代價。封建制度的軍事意涵可以從這個傳統一窺一二。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="墨洛温王朝傳統"><span id=".E5.A2.A8.E6.B4.9B.E6.B8.A9.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.E5.82.B3.E7.B5.B1"></span>墨洛温王朝傳統</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：墨洛温王朝傳統"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E6%B4%9B%E6%B8%A9%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="墨洛温王朝">墨洛温王朝</a>有兩種制度跟封建制度有密切而直接的關係。一個是「賜地」（Benefice），一個是「豁免權」（Immunity）。墨洛温時代，國王將地方政府託付給郡守（Counts）；其大多是國王的親近，為了感謝其貢獻，國王會賜給他們土地。此外國王也會給教會一片土地，作為宗教服務的代價。國王保有土地的主權，而所謂的受惠者（Beneficium）有土地權。到了加洛琳王朝，這種賞賜成為了世襲的制度，而賞賜的土地開始轉為「采邑」（fief）。而豁免權則是不受到地方政府管轄。而這種豁免權也在後代賞賜的土地中承接了，而不受地方政府的控制，讓受封的領主有了對土地的政治控管權力。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="加洛林王朝傳統"><span id=".E5.8A.A0.E6.B4.9B.E6.9E.97.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.E5.82.B3.E7.B5.B1"></span>加洛林王朝傳統</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：加洛林王朝傳統"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="加洛林王朝">加洛林王朝</a>為了對付阿拉伯騎兵，<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E9%94%A4%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="铁锤查理">鐵鎚查理</a>也開始組織騎兵隊。為了賞賜騎兵隊的戰功，開始沒收教會土地作為賞賜。這也是封建制度的軍事層面一個重大意涵的起源。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="封建的權利與義務"><span id=".E5.B0.81.E5.BB.BA.E7.9A.84.E6.AC.8A.E5.88.A9.E8.88.87.E7.BE.A9.E5.8B.99"></span>封建的權利與義務</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：封建的權利與義務"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="附庸之權利與義務"><span id=".E9.99.84.E5.BA.B8.E4.B9.8B.E6.AC.8A.E5.88.A9.E8.88.87.E7.BE.A9.E5.8B.99"></span>附庸之權利與義務</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：附庸之權利與義務"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>附庸在封建時得到了領主的保護，舉凡其生命、聲譽、財產受到威脅時，領主有義務要保護。領主也不能對附庸有損害其權利的行為，否則附庸可以提出終止關係的要求。這可能會導致戰爭，這也是封建制度穩固的原因其中一點。而附庸如果有違反封建制度法律的情勢時，有權利要求同等地位之附庸群組成陪審群，來裁決這個案件。領主不能獨自審判，這也是日後<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%AA%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="陪审制度">陪審制度</a>的起源。 </p><p>附庸的義務在於提供領主軍事服務，農奴與騎士都是封建莊園的構成要素。但兩者工作截然不同，農奴負責生產，騎士則保衛莊園。而如果是多重的分封，其對自己領主的領主也有相同義務。有時也要為領主有經濟上的援助，平日封建社會貴族不納稅，但他們在戰爭時仍須對領主有經濟上之援助。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="領主之權利與義務"><span id=".E9.A0.98.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.8B.E6.AC.8A.E5.88.A9.E8.88.87.E7.BE.A9.E5.8B.99"></span>領主之權利與義務</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：領主之權利與義務"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>領主對附庸只有權利，在附庸未成年時可以成為其監護者。也可以控制附庸的婚姻權，如同附庸的父母。也可以沒收采邑以及再分封。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="封建制度的構成因素"><span id=".E5.B0.81.E5.BB.BA.E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6.E7.9A.84.E6.A7.8B.E6.88.90.E5.9B.A0.E7.B4.A0"></span>封建制度的構成因素</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：封建制度的構成因素"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政治的形式"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.A2.E5.BC.8F"></span>政治的形式</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：政治的形式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>封建制度不只是土地的分封，國王同時把一些國家行使的主權讓與封建領主。如司法、財政、軍事等。因為土地成為了私財產，國家也開始成為私產。原則上國王還是以國家為出發點，但是封建領主得到權力不是因為國王的認可，而是土地的擁有。使得國家的權力讓渡到私人手上；地方政府的勢力開始龐大；政治權力分裂。這種情形的發生主要是由於迦洛琳王朝的崩潰無法有效控制各地方政府的緣故。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="土地的佔領"><span id=".E5.9C.9F.E5.9C.B0.E7.9A.84.E4.BD.94.E9.A0.98"></span>土地的佔領</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：土地的佔領"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>封建制度的根本在於土地，有土地才能有封建制度，後者是不能單獨存在的。封建領主必須有一塊領土，否則無法行使統治的基礎。而采邑的擁有主要是因為軍事的服務。附庸之所以有一塊土地，即由於附庸給予領主一定的軍事服務。封建制度本身就是一種契約，軍事服務是一種商品，土地則是代價。領主給予武士土地換取其效忠與保護。但雖然稱為一種契約，卻沒有終止的情況。只要武士繼續履行其義務，就可以繼續擁有土地。在封建社會中，沒收采邑是最嚴重的懲罰。同樣的，如果受土地者死亡，只要繼承人繼續履行義務，就不會收回土地。這樣讓封建制度漸漸走向世襲的制度。而長子繼承（Primogeniture）也是封建制度的一個重要因素。土地固然可以分裂繼承，但為了完整性還是會由長子全盤接收。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="私人間的臣屬關係"><span id=".E7.A7.81.E4.BA.BA.E9.96.93.E7.9A.84.E8.87.A3.E5.B1.AC.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>私人間的臣屬關係</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：私人間的臣屬關係"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>封建制度的契約性質造成了領主跟附庸的權利、義務關係。為了維持這種制度，雙方都必須嚴格遵守這樣的制約。領主跟附庸都是同一個貴族階級。所以臣屬關係不是說身分的高低，而是一種權利跟義務的對等關係。這種關係跟土地的賞賜構成了封建制度。雖然這種關係是封建制度的必要條件，但臣屬不一定會形成封建制度。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特色"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E8.89.B2"></span>特色</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：特色"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>封建制度有三大最基本的特徵：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E4%B8%BB" title="領主">領主</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="封臣">封臣</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%87%E9%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="采邑">采邑</a>；封建制度的結構由這三大元素配合。<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E4%B8%BB" title="領主">領主</a>是擁有土地的貴族，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="封臣">封臣</a>是擁有領主所分封給他們土地的人，而這些分封出的土地就是<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%87%E9%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="采邑">采邑</a>。封臣要為領主戰鬥，作為對領主給予采邑的回報。在領主、封臣和采邑之間的關係與責任構成了封建制度的基礎。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="領主、封臣和土地"><span id=".E9.A0.98.E4.B8.BB.E3.80.81.E5.B0.81.E8.87.A3.E5.92.8C.E5.9C.9F.E5.9C.B0"></span>領主、封臣和土地</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：領主、封臣和土地"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在一個領主把土地分封給某人之前，他得先令那人成為封臣。這需要一個正式的象徵性的儀式，稱為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%9A%E8%AD%BD%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="讚譽儀式（页面不存在）">讚譽儀式</a>（commendation ceremony），該儀式包含兩個部分，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%A0%E9%A0%86%E8%AA%93%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="忠順誓言（页面不存在）">忠順誓言</a>（act of homage）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E5%BF%A0%E5%AE%A3%E8%AA%93" class="mw-redirect" title="效忠宣誓">效忠宣誓</a>（oath of fealty）。在忠順誓言中，封臣承諾聽從領主的命令作戰。「效忠（Fealty）」來自拉丁語「Fidelitas」，也就是忠誠；效忠宣誓因此成為一個保證，即封臣會忠於領主。一旦讚譽儀式完成，領主和封臣就建立了封建關係，擁有了雙方承認的相互間的義務和責任。 </p><p>領主對封臣的主要義務是給予一塊采邑或是其收入；采邑是封臣建立封建關係的主要原因。此外，領主有時還需要承擔別的義務。其中一個就是維護這塊采邑。由於領主並沒有割讓這塊土地而僅僅是租借，所以維護這塊采邑仍然是領主的責任。而封臣擁有權力獲得該采邑產出的收入。另一個領主需要承擔的責任是他必須保護采邑和封臣不受傷害。 </p><p>封臣的主要責任是向領主提供「援助」，也就是服兵役。封臣用采邑的產出來配備自己的武器裝備，並響應領主的徵召服兵役以保證領主的權益。這種軍事上的安全機制是領主建立封建關係的主要原因。此外，封臣有時候還需要承擔對領主的別的責任。其中一個就是向領主提出「忠告」。這樣當一個領主面臨大的抉擇，比如是否進入戰爭，他會召集所有的封臣並召開一次參議會。封臣也可能被要求上繳采邑產出的一部分給領主。封臣有時候也被要求在領主所有的磨坊和烤爐中磨碎穀物和烘烤面包並向領主繳稅。 </p><p>封建制度中的關係都是圍繞著采邑。根據領主的權力，封地可以是小至一塊小農田或大至一個區域的土地。現在封地尺寸的標準和過去相當不同。封臣關係並不限制於聖職者；主教和男修道院院長也可以是統治者。 </p><p>因此，有很多不同「級別」的統治權和封國。國王是一個領主，他租借采邑給貴族們，他們是國王的封臣。同時，貴族是他們的封臣，是他們的土地上勞作的農民的領主。這一傳統形成的基礎的'君主制'來作為一個帝國聯盟與世界秩序。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="Larsen" class="citation book">Larsen, Karen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofnorway0000kare">A History of Norway</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton,_New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princeton, New Jersey（页面不存在）">Princeton, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. 1948: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofnorway0000kare/page/201">201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6+%28%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%29&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Norway&rft.date=1948&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=201&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofnorway0000kare&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Scott, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swedennationshis00scot">Sweden: The Nation's History</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需要免费注册"><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1977: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swedennationshis00scot/page/58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8166-0804-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8166-0804-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-8166-0804-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6+%28%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%29&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.btitle=Sweden%3A+The+Nation%27s+History&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0804-1&rft.pages=58&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fswedennationshis00scot&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_017900_feudalism.htm">Reader's Companion to Military History</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2004-11-12</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041112062036/http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_017900_feudalism.htm">存档</a>于2004-11-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6+%28%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%29&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Companion+to+Military+History&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollege.hmco.com%2Fhistory%2Freaderscomp%2Fmil%2Fhtml%2Fmh_017900_feudalism.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <ul><li><small><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_fn_1"><b><a href="#ref_fn_1">^</a></b></span> 注解1：</small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Daileader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Daileader（页面不存在）">Philip Daileader</a>（2001）. "Feudalism". <i>The High Middle Ages</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Teaching_Company" title="The Teaching Company">The Teaching Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1565858271" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-56585-827-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9034150/feudalism">封建制度</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080907020312/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9034150/feudalism">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="大英百科">大英百科</a>線上。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1i.html">封建制度</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141018025458/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1i.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070504130847/http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc1/lectures/19feudalism.html">封建制度</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/economics/china-essays/2.html">封建制度，自己經營，及1949年中國革命</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210307103604/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/economics/china-essays/2.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Marc Bloch, <i>Feudal Society.</i> Tr. L.A. Manyon. Two volumes. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1961 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0226059790" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-226-05979-0</a></li> <li>Francois-Lois Ganshof, <i>Feudalism.</i> Tr Philip Grierson. New York: Harper and Row, 1964.</li> <li>Jean-Pierre Poly and Eric Bournazel, <i>The Feudal Transformation, 900-1200.</i>, Tr. Caroline Higgitt. New York and London: Holmes and Meier, 1991.</li> <li>Susan Reynolds, <i>Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0198206488" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-820648-8</a></li> <li>Normon E. Cantor. <i>Inventing the Middle Ages: The Lives, Works, and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth century.</i> Quill, 1991.</li> <li>Alain Guerreau, <i>L'avenir d'un passé incertain.</i> Paris: Le Seuil, 2001. (complete history of the meaning of the term).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%BD%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="偽封建主義（页面不存在）">偽封建主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E9%A2%86%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="封建领主">封建領主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="封臣">封臣</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%B7%E6%A7%8D%E5%85%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="長槍兵（页面不存在）">長槍兵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="骑士制度">騎士制度</a></li> 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style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="百年战争">百年战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AB%E7%91%B0%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="玫瑰战争">玫瑰战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="胡斯战争">胡斯战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="勃艮第公國">勃艮第</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="哈布斯堡王朝">哈布斯堡王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="天主教會大分裂">天主教會大分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%9A%84%E9%99%B7%E8%90%BD" title="君士坦丁堡的陷落">君士坦丁堡的陷落</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7" title="奧斯曼帝國的崛起">奧斯曼帝國的崛起</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB%E9%9B%87%E4%BD%A3%E5%85%B5" title="瑞士雇佣兵">瑞士雇佣兵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E" title="騎士精神">騎士精神</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="文藝復興人文主義">文藝復興人文主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀大學">中世紀大學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="中世紀晚期危機">中世纪晚期危机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%86%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="小冰期">小冰期</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">文化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪建筑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪建筑（页面不存在）">建筑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval architecture</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF" title="欧洲中世纪美术">艺术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪欧洲的教会和国家" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Church and state in medieval Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%9A%84%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪欧洲的教会和国家（页面不存在）">教会和国家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Church and state in medieval Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Church and state in medieval Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F" title="中世紀飲食">飲食</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪人口" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval demography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪人口（页面不存在）">人口</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_demography" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval demography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval demography</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪家庭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval household"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪家庭（页面不存在）">家庭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_household" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval household"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval household</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="中世纪文学">文学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西欧的中世纪医学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西欧的中世纪医学（页面不存在）">医学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval medicine of Western Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval medicine of Western Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="中世紀音樂">音樂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀美學">美學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪诗歌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval poetry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E8%AF%97%E6%AD%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪诗歌（页面不存在）">诗歌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_poetry" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval poetry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval poetry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="科学史">科学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪欧洲的奴隶制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Slavery in medieval Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪欧洲的奴隶制（页面不存在）">奴隶制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Slavery in medieval Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Slavery in medieval Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪技术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪技术（页面不存在）">技术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval technology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中世纪战争">战争</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">参见</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="歐洲黑暗時代">黑暗時代</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪的残疾人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Disability in the Middle Ages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%8B%E7%96%BE%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪的残疾人（页面不存在）">中世纪的残疾人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="extiw" title="en:Disability in the Middle Ages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Disability in the Middle Ages</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪的概述" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of the Middle Ages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪的概述（页面不存在）">基本主题列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of the Middle Ages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of the Middle Ages</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medievalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪主义（页面不存在）">中世纪主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievalism" class="extiw" title="en:Medievalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medievalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪重演" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval reenactment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E9%87%8D%E6%BC%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪重演（页面不存在）">中世纪重演</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval reenactment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval reenactment</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval studies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪研究（页面不存在）">中世纪研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval studies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval studies</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新中世纪主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neo-medievalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新中世纪主义（页面不存在）">新中世纪主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-medievalism" class="extiw" title="en:Neo-medievalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neo-medievalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="中世纪年表">年表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="后古代史">同一时期的全球历史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="Portal:中世纪">中世纪主题</a> <div style="float:left;"> « <span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古典时代">古典时代</a></span></div><div style="float:right;"><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a></span> » </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=封建制度_(歐洲)&oldid=78421027">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=封建制度_(歐洲)&oldid=78421027</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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