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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">علمي مېتود</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۹۰ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۹۰ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenskaplike_metode" title="Wetenskaplike metode – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wetenskaplike metode" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8B%98%E1%8B%B4" title="ሳይንሳዊ ዘዴ – امهاري" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳይንሳዊ ዘዴ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="امهاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodo_cientifico" title="Metodo cientifico – اراگونېسي" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Metodo cientifico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="اراگونېسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D8%AC_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A" title="منهج علمي – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منهج علمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9todu_cient%C3%ADficu" title="Métodu científicu – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Métodu científicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmi_metod" title="Elmi metod – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elmi metod" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyentipikong_paagi" title="Siyentipikong paagi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Siyentipikong paagi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Навуковы метад – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Навуковы метад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Навуковы мэтад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Навуковы мэтад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Научен метод – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Научен метод" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A1" title="साइंटिफिक मेथड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="साइंटिफिक मेथड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nau%C4%8Dna_metoda" title="Naučna metoda – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Naučna metoda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8tode_cient%C3%ADfic" title="Mètode científic – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mètode científic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="میتۆدی زانستی – منځنۍ کوردي" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میتۆدی زانستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="منځنۍ کوردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%9Bdeck%C3%A1_metoda" title="Vědecká metoda – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vědecká metoda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%C4%95" title="Ăслăх меслечĕ – چوواشي" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ăслăх меслечĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="چوواشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dull_gwyddonol" title="Dull gwyddonol – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dull gwyddonol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturvidenskabelig_metode" title="Naturvidenskabelig metode – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Naturvidenskabelig metode" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Επιστημονική μέθοδος – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιστημονική μέθοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Scientific method" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienca_metodo" title="Scienca metodo – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Scienca metodo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9todo_cient%C3%ADfico" title="Método científico – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Método científico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaduslik_meetod" title="Teaduslik meetod – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teaduslik meetod" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodo_zientifiko" title="Metodo zientifiko – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metodo zientifiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C" title="روش علمی – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روش علمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutkimusote" title="Tutkimusote – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tutkimusote" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_scientifique" title="Méthode scientifique – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Méthode scientifique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8toda_scientifica" title="Mètoda scientifica – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mètoda scientifica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modh_eola%C3%ADochta" title="Modh eolaíochta – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Modh eolaíochta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tod_syantifik" title="Métod syantifik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Métod syantifik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9todo_cient%C3%ADfico" title="Método científico – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Método científico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA" title="השיטה המדעית – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השיטה המדעית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="वैज्ञानिक विधि – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वैज्ञानिक विधि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanstvena_metoda" title="Znanstvena metoda – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Znanstvena metoda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudom%C3%A1nyos_m%C3%B3dszer" title="Tudományos módszer – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tudományos módszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodo_scientific" title="Methodo scientific – انټرلنګوا" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Methodo scientific" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="انټرلنګوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metode_ilmiah" title="Metode ilmiah – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metode ilmiah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metode_scientific" title="Metode scientific – آسا نا جبة" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Metode scientific" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="آسا نا جبة" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencala_metodo" title="Ciencala metodo – اڊو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ciencala metodo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="اڊو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADsindaleg_a%C3%B0fer%C3%B0" title="Vísindaleg aðferð – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vísindaleg aðferð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodo_scientifico" title="Metodo scientifico – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metodo scientifico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科学的方法 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="科学的方法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayantifik_metod" title="Sayantifik metod – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sayantifik metod" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paricara_%C3%A8lmiah" title="Paricara èlmiah – جاوايي" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paricara èlmiah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="جاوايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarrayt_tusnant" title="Tarrayt tusnant – کیبیل" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tarrayt tusnant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="کیبیل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D3%99%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81" title="Ғылыми әдіс – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғылыми әдіс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="ការស្រាវជ្រាវបែបវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ – خمر" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ការស្រាវជ្រាវបែបវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="خمر" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ವಿಧಾನ – کناډا" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ವಿಧಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="کناډا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EB%B0%A9%EB%B2%95" title="과학적 방법 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과학적 방법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodus_scientifica" title="Methodus scientifica – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Methodus scientifica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokslinis_metodas" title="Mokslinis metodas – ليتواني" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mokslinis metodas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليتواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zin%C4%81tnisk%C4%81_metode" title="Zinātniskā metode – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zinātniskā metode" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metode_ilmiah" title="Metode ilmiah – مينيگاباو" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Metode ilmiah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="مينيگاباو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Научен метод – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Научен метод" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ശാസ്ത്രീയ സമീപനം – مالايالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശാസ്ത്രീയ സമീപനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مالايالم" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Шинжлэх ухааны арга – منګولیایی" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шинжлэх ухааны арга" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="منګولیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaedah_saintifik" title="Kaedah saintifik – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kaedah saintifik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metodu_xjentifiku" title="Metodu xjentifiku – مالټايي" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Metodu xjentifiku" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="مالټايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%B6%E1%80%94%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB_%E1%80%94%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="သိပ္ပံနည်းကျ နည်းလမ်း – برمایی" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သိပ္ပံနည်းကျ နည်းလမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="برمایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%83" title="वैज्ञानिक तवः – نيواري" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वैज्ञानिक तवः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="نيواري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met%C3%B2de_scientific" title="Metòde scientific – اوکسيټاني" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Metòde scientific" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="اوکسيټاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵਿਗਿਆਨਕ ਤਰੀਕਾ – پنجابي" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਗਿਆਨਕ ਤਰੀਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پنجابي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saientifik_methud" title="Saientifik methud – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Saientifik methud" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoda_badawcza" title="Metoda badawcza – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metoda badawcza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9todo_cient%C3%ADfico" title="Método científico – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Método científico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metod%C4%83_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83" title="Metodă științifică – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metodă științifică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Научный метод – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Научный метод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienteefic_method" title="Scienteefic method – سکاټس" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Scienteefic method" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="سکاټس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%88" title="سائنسي طريقو – سندهي" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سائنسي طريقو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="سندهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nau%C4%8Dna_metoda" title="Naučna metoda – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Naučna metoda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රමය – سينهالي" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سينهالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Scientific method" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedeck%C3%A1_met%C3%B3da" title="Vedecká metóda – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vedecká metóda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanstvena_metoda" title="Znanstvena metoda – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Znanstvena metoda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoda_shkencore" title="Metoda shkencore – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metoda shkencore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nau%C4%8Dna_metoda" title="Naučna metoda – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Naučna metoda" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetenskaplig_metod" title="Vetenskaplig metod – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vetenskaplig metod" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="அறிவியல் அறிவு வழி – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அறிவியல் அறிவு வழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ระเบียบวิธีแบบวิทยาศาสตร์ – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระเบียบวิธีแบบวิทยาศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamamaraang_makaagham" title="Pamamaraang makaagham – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamamaraang makaagham" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilimsel_y%C3%B6ntem" title="Bilimsel yöntem – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilimsel yöntem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Науковий метод – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Науковий метод" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%81" title="سائنسی طریقہ – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سائنسی طریقہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%C3%A1p_khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Phương pháp khoa học – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phương pháp khoa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyentipiko_nga_paagi" title="Siyentipiko nga paagi – وارۍ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Siyentipiko nga paagi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="وارۍ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科学方法 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科学方法" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科学方法 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科学方法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho-ha%CC%8Dk-tek_hong-hoat" title="Kho-ha̍k-tek hong-hoat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kho-ha̍k-tek hong-hoat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法 – کانټوني" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="科學方法" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانټوني" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%258A_%25D9%2585%25DB%2590%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF"><span>د QR کوډ يې ډاونلوډ کړئ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> چاپول/صادرول </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A+%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF"><span>يو کتاب جوړول</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF&action=show-download-screen"><span>د PDF په بڼه ښکته کول</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">پټول</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><p><b>علمي مېتود</b> یا طریقه د پوهې ترلاسه کولو یو تجربي اسلوب دی چې لږ تر لږه له ۱۷مې پېړۍ راهیسې یې د علم پرمختګ مشخص کړی (سره له دې چې په تېرو پېړیو کې یې هم د پام‌وړ متخصصین لرلي دي). دې ته په کتلو چې پوهنیزې یا ادراکي فرضیې کولی شي، د مشاهدې یا کتنې د تفسیر څرنګوالی تحریف کړي، په علمي مېتود کې دقیقه مشاهده او د اړوندې موضوع په اړه له شک او تردید څخه کار اخیستل شاملېږي. په دې کې همدا راز د استقراء/نتیجې اخیستلو یا induction له لارې د ورته مشاهدو پر بنسټ د فرضیو ترتیب؛ له فرضیې څخه د ترلاسه شوي استنتاج deductions تجربوي او پر اندازه کولو ولاړې ازموینې؛ او د تجربوي موندنو پربنسټ د فرضیو چاڼ (یا حذفول) شاملېږي. دا د علمي مېتود اصول دي چې په ټولو علمي نوښتونو کې د پلي کېدو وړ پړاوونو له یوې غوڅې لړۍ څخه توپیر لري.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>که څه هم د څېړنې د یوه ډګر کړنلارې له بل سره توپیر لري، خو د یوه ډګر بنسټیز بهیر بیا ډېری وختونه له بل سره ورته وي. د علمي مېتود په بهیر کې د اټکلونو جوړول (فرضي توضیحات)، د منطقي پایلو په توګه له فرضیو څخه د وړاندوینو راایستل او بیا د دغو وړاندوینو پر بنسټ د ازمویښت یا تجربي مشاهدو ترسره کول شاملېږي. فرضیه، پوښتنې ته د ځوابونو لټولو پرمهال د ترلاسه شوې پوهې پر بنسټ یو اټکل یا ګومان دی. فرضیه ښایي ډېره مشخصه وي او یا هم ښایي ډېره پراخه وي. پوهان بیا د تجربو یا څېړنو له لارې فرضیې ازمویي. یوه علمي فرضیه باید ناسمه ثابتېدونکې یا falsifiable وي، معنا دا چې کېدای شي د یوې تجربې یا مشاهدې یوه داسې احتمالي پایله په ثبوت ورسوي، چې له فرضیې څخه ترلاسه شوې وړاندوینې سره په ټکر کې وي، له دې پرته، فرضیه په معنادار ډول نه شي ازمویل کېدای.<sup id="cite_ref-NA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopper1959273_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopper1959273-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د یوې ازموینې موخه دا ښودل دي چې ایا مشاهدې یا کتنې له یوې فرضیې څخه ترلاسه شوو هیلو سره موافقت لري او که ورسره په ټکر کې دي. ازمویښتونه یا تجربې له یوه عادي ګاراج څخه نیولې د اروپا د اتومي څېړنو سازمان (CERN) تر لوی هاډرن کولیډر (Large Hadron Collider LHC) پورې هر چېرې ترسره کېدای شي. له دې سره سره، د مېتود په فورمولیک بیان کې ستونزې شته دي. سره له دې چې علمي مېتود، ډېری وختونه د پړاوونو د ثابت ترتیب په توګه وړاندې کېږي، خو بیا هم تر ډېره د یو لړ ټولیزو اصولو د یوې ټولګې ښکارندویي کوي. په هره علمي څېړنه کې نه ټول پړاوونه ترسره کېږي (او نه په یوه مشخصه کچه)، او نه هم تل په یوه سره ورته ترتیب کې وي.<sup id="cite_ref-allScience_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allScience-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Inductive_Science_1837_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inductive_Science_1837-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGauch20033_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGauch20033-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تاریخچه"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.B1.DB.8C.D8.AE.DA.86.D9.87"></span>تاریخچه</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF&action=edit&section=1" title="د سمولو برخه: تاریخچه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د علم په تاریخ کې مهم بحثونه د شک او تردید اړوند دي، چې هر څه هرومرو پېژندل کېدای شي (لکه د فرانسیسکو سانچس نظریات)، عقل یا منطق پالنه (په ځانګړې توګه هغسې چې رنې دکارت یې ملاتړ کوي)، انډکټیوېزم یا استقراء پالنه، تجربه پالنه (لکه څرنګه چې د فرانسیس بېکن له لوري استدلال شوی او بیا له اسحاق نیوټن او د هغه له پلویانو سره یوې ځانګړې لاسبرۍ ته ورسېده)، او فرضیه-قیاسي یا هایپوتیکو-ډیډکټیوېزم چې د ۱۹مې پېړۍ په لومړیو کې مطرح شوه. </p><p>د "علمي مېتود" اصطلاح، په ۱۹مه پېړۍ کې هغه مهال راڅرګنده شوه، چې د علم پام‌وړ بنسټیز پرمختګ روان و او داسې اصطلاحات راڅرګند شول چې د علم یا ساینس او غیر ساینس ترمنځ یې روښانه پولې رامنځته کړې، لکه "ساینس پوه" او "ساینس وزمه یا سیوډوساینس". د ۱۸۳۰مې او ۱۸۵۰مې لسیزو په اوږدو کې، کله چې باکونېزم مشهور و، د وېلیم وېوېل، جان هرشل، جان سټوارټ مېل په څېر طبیعت پال د "استقراء یا induction" او "حقايقو" په اړه په بحثونو کې سره ښکېل وو او پر دې یې تمرکز و چې علم او پوهه څه ډول تولیدېدای شي. د ۱۹مې پېړۍ په وروستیو او د ۲۰مې پېړۍ په لومړیو کې، د واقعیت پالنې یا ریلېزم او انتي ریلېزم په اړه د ځواکمنو علمي تیوریو په توګه بحث ترسره شو چې د مشاهدې یا کتنې له ساحې هاخوا پراخ شو.<sup id="cite_ref-Thurs_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thurs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_علمي_مېتود_عناصر"><span id=".D8.AF_.D8.B9.D9.84.D9.85.D9.8A_.D9.85.DB.90.D8.AA.D9.88.D8.AF_.D8.B9.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.B5.D8.B1"></span>د علمي مېتود عناصر</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF&action=edit&section=2" title="د سمولو برخه: د علمي مېتود عناصر"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د علمي څېړنې لپاره کارېدونکي بنسټیز مېتود د تشرېح لپاره بېلابېلې لارې شته دي. علمي ټولنه او علمي فیلسوفان په ټولیزه توګه د مېتود د برخو پر لاندې ډلبندۍ سره یوه خوله دي. دا مېتودولوژیکي عناصر او د کړنلارو تنظیم د ټولنیزو علومو په پرتله تر ډېره د تجربوي علومو ځانګړتیا ده. له دې سره سره، د فرضیو جوړولو، د پایلو ازمویل او تحلیل، او د نوو فرضیو جوړولو دوره یا کړۍ به له لاندې بیان شوې دورې سره ورته وي. </p><p>علمي مېتود یو تکراري او دوراني بهیر دی، چې له لارې یې معلومات په پرله پسې توګه بدلېږي. دا په ټولیز ډول د لاندې عناصرو له لارې په بېلابېلو ترکیبونو او ګډونونو کې د پوهې پرمختګ ته په ودې ورکولو سره پېژندل شوی.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brody-1993_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brody-1993-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>ځانګړنې (مشاهدې یا کتنې، تعریفونه، او د څېړنې د موضوع اندازه کوونې)</li> <li>فرضیې (د مشاهدو یا کتنو تیوریکي یا نظري او فرضي تشرېحات او د موضوع سر او پای معلومول – کچ مېچ)</li> <li>وړاندوینې (د فرضیې یا نظریې استقرائي او قیاسي یا اېنډکټیو او ډیډکټیو استدلال)</li> <li>ازموینې یا تجربې (د پورته ټولو ازموینې)</li></ul> <p>د علمي مېتود هر عنصر د احتمالي تېروتنو لپاره د دقیقې ارزونې (peer review) تابع دی. دا کړنې ټول هغه څه نه بیانوي چې پوهان یې ترسره کوي، بلکې تر ډېره په تجربوي علومو کې کارېږي (لکه په فزیک، کېمیا، بیولوژي، او ارواپوهنه کې). پورتني عناصر ډېری وختونه په زده‌کړه‌ییز سیستم کې د "علمي مېتود" په توګه تدریسېږي. </p><p>علمي مېتود یوه یوازې نسخه نه ده: دا مېتود هوش، تخیل او نوښت ته اړتیا لري. له دې نظره، دا د معیارونو او کړنچارو یوه بې‌فکره ټولګه نه ده، بلکې یوه روانه دوره یا څرخه ده چې په همېشنۍ توګه ډېر ګټور، دقیق او هراړخیز ماډلونه او مېتودونه رامنځته کوي. د بېلګې په توګه: کله چې انشټاین د نسبیت ځانګړې او عمومي تیورۍ رامنځته کړې، هغه په هېڅ ډول د نیوټن اصول رد یا کم‌ارزښته نه کړل. بالعکس، که د انشټاین له تیوریو څخه نجومي یا ستوریز لویوالی، د بڼکې رڼا، او ډېر تېزوالی ترې لرې کړل شي – ټولې هغه ښکارندې چې نیوټن نه شو کتلی – د نیوټن معادلې هغه څه دي چې پاتې کېږي. د انشټاین تیوري د نیوټن د تیوریو پراختیا او سمونونه دي او له همدې امله د نیوټن پر کار باور زیاتوي.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د پورتنیو څلورو ټکو یوه تکراري، رښتینې یا پراګماټیکه طرحه ځینې وختونه د وړاندې تګ لپاره د یوه لارښود په توګه وړاندې کېږي:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brody-19932_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brody-19932-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>یوه پوښتنه مشخصه کړئ.</li> <li>معلومات او سرچینې راټولې کړئ (مشاهده).</li> <li>یوه توضیحي فرضیه جوړه کړئ.</li> <li>فرضیه د تجربې یا ازمویښت ترسره کولو او د معلوماتو راټولولو له لارې په بیاتولید وړ ډول وازمویئ.</li> <li>مواد او معلومات تحلیل کړئ.</li> <li>معلومات تفسیر او تشرېح کړئ او داسې پایلې راوباسئ چې د یوې نوې فرضیې لپاره د پیل د ټکي په توګه کار ورکړي.</li> <li>پایلې خپرې کړئ.</li> <li>بیا ازموینه (چې ډېری د نورو پوهانو له‌خوا ترسره کېږي)</li></ol> <p>په دغه ګام په ګام مېتود کې اخښل شوې تکراري دوره یا څرخه له ۳ څخه ۶ ټکي ته ځي او بېرته ۳ ته ورګرځي. </p><p>په داسې حال کې چې دا ټولیزه اډانه د فرضیې(ازموینې) د یوه ساده(اسانه) مېتود ښودنه کوي، د پاول فېیېرابنډ په ګډون، ډېری فیلسوفان، تاریخ‌پوهان او ساینسي ټولنپوهان ادعا کوي چې، د علمي مېتود دا ډول توضیحات، له هغو لارو سره ډېر لږ تړاو لري چې ساینس او علم په کې په رښتیني توګه عملي کېږي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچينې_او_ياداښتونه"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.D9.8A.D9.86.DB.90_.D8.A7.D9.88_.D9.8A.D8.A7.D8.AF.D8.A7.DA.9A.D8.AA.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87"></span>سرچينې او ياداښتونه</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF&action=edit&section=3" title="د سمولو برخه: سرچينې او ياداښتونه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFNewton1999" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Issac (1999) [1726 (3rd ed.)]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><i>Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</i></a> [<i>Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy</i>]. <i>The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy</i>. Translated by Cohen, I. Bernard; Whitman, Anne; Budenz, Julia. Includes "A Guide to Newton's Principia" by I. Bernard Cohen, pp. 1–370. (The <i>Principia</i> itself is on pp. 371–946). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 791–796 ("Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy"); <i>see also</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica#Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-520-08817-7" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-520-08817-7 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-520-08817-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophi%C3%A6+Naturalis+Principia+Mathematica&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=791-796+%28%22Rules+of+Reasoning+in+Philosophy%22%29%3B+%27%27see+also%27%27+Philosophi%C3%A6+Naturalis+Principia+Mathematica%23Rules+of+Reasoning+in+Philosophy&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08817-7&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Issac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A+%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160620062539/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/scientific-method">"scientific method"</a>, <i>Oxford Dictionaries: British and World English</i>, 2016, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/scientific-method">the original</a> on 20 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=scientific+method&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionaries%3A+British+and+World+English&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fscientific-method&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A+%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Citation" title="کينډۍ:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|خونديځ تړی=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|تاريخ الأرشيف=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|خونديځ-تړی=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|مسار الأرشيف=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/383323"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014 – via OED Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F383323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A+%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NA_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_wikisource&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="کينډۍ:Cite wikisource (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">کينډۍ:Cite wikisource</a> with added notes. Reprinted with previously unpublished part, <i>Collected Papers</i> v. 6, paragraphs 452–85, <i>The Essential Peirce</i> v. 2, pp. 434–450, and elsewhere. N.B. 435.30 'living institution': Hibbert J. mis-transcribed '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_institution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Living institution (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">living institution</a>': ("constitution" for "institution")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopper1959273-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopper1959273_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopper1959">Popper 1959</a>، م. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allScience-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-allScience_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGauch2003">Gauch 2003</a>, p. 3: "The scientific method 'is often misrepresented as a fixed sequence of steps,' rather than being seen for what it truly is, 'a highly variable and creative process' (AAAS 2000:18). The claim here is that science has general principles that must be mastered to increase productivity and enhance perspective, not that these principles provide a simple and automated sequence of steps to follow."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inductive_Science_1837-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Inductive_Science_1837_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Whewell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Whewell (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">William Whewell</a>, <i>History of Inductive Science</i> (1837), and in <i>Philosophy of Inductive Science</i> (1840)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGauch20033-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGauch20033_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGauch2003">Gauch 2003</a>، م. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thurs-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Thurs_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFThurs2011" class="citation book cs1">Thurs, Daniel (2011). "12. Scientific Methods". In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter (eds.). <i>Wrestling with Nature: From Omens to Science</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 307–336. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-226-31783-0" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-226-31783-0 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-226-31783-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12.+Scientific+Methods&rft.btitle=Wrestling+with+Nature%3A+From+Omens+to+Science&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=307-336&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31783-0&rft.aulast=Thurs&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A+%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFAchinstein,_Peter2004" class="citation book cs1">Achinstein, Peter (2004). <i>General Introduction</i>. <i>Science Rules: A Historical Introduction to Scientific Methods</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–5. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-8018-7943-2" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-8018-7943-2 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-8018-7943-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Introduction&rft.pages=1-5&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7943-2&rft.au=Achinstein%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A+%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFGodfrey-Smith2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Godfrey-Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Godfrey-Smith (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Godfrey-Smith, Peter</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k23egtSWrb8C"><i>Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-226-30062-7" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-226-30062-7 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-226-30062-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Reality%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-30062-7&rft.aulast=Godfrey-Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk23egtSWrb8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A+%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brody-1993-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brody-1993_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrody1993">Brody 1993</a>, p. 10 calls this an <i>epistemic cycle</i>; these cycles can occur at high levels of abstraction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEinsteinInfeld1938">Einstein & Infeld 1938</a>, p. 92: "To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle, requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFCrawfordStucki1990" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford S, Stucki L (1990). "Peer review and the changing research record". <i>J Am Soc Info Science</i>. <b>41</b>: 223–228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Am+Soc+Info+Science&rft.atitle=Peer+review+and+the+changing+research+record&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=223-228&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Stucki%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A+%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brody-19932-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brody-19932_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrody1993">Brody 1993</a>, p. 10 calls this an <i>epistemic cycle</i>; these cycles can occur at high levels of abstraction.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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