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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_President_of_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Vice President of Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_President_of_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 President of Egypt </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-President_of_Egypt-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle President of Egypt subsection </button> <ul id="toc-President_of_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egypt's_return_to_the_Arab_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt's_return_to_the_Arab_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Egypt's return to the Arab League </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt's_return_to_the_Arab_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governing_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governing_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Governing style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governing_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulf_War_of_1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_War_of_1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Gulf War of 1991 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_War_of_1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stance_on_the_invasion_of_Iraq_in_2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stance_on_the_invasion_of_Iraq_in_2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Stance on the invasion of Iraq in 2003 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stance_on_the_invasion_of_Iraq_in_2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 2005 elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Widespread_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Widespread_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Widespread corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Widespread_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wealth_and_allegations_of_personal_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wealth_and_allegations_of_personal_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Wealth and allegations of personal corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wealth_and_allegations_of_personal_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Presidential succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli–Palestinian_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli–Palestinian_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Israeli–Palestinian conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli–Palestinian_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_and_overthrow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_and_overthrow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Revolution and overthrow </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revolution_and_overthrow-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Revolution and overthrow subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Revolution_and_overthrow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-resignation_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-resignation_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Post-resignation life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-resignation_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-resignation life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-resignation_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Trial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_Sisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_Sisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Support for Sisi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_Sisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Health problems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquittal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquittal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Acquittal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquittal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Awards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 National </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Foreign honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hosni Mubarak</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 116 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-116" aria-hidden="true" > 116 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%86%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%92_%E1%88%99%E1%89%A3%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%AD" title="ሆስኒ ሙባረክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሆስኒ ሙባረክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="حسني مبارك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حسني مبارك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%A2%DC%9D_%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%92%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%9F" title="ܚܘܣܢܝ ܡܘܒܐܪܟ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܘܣܢܝ ܡܘܒܐܪܟ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC_M%C3%BCbar%C9%99k" title="Hüsnü Mübarək – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hüsnü Mübarək" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95" title="হোসনি মুবারক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হোসনি মুবারক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Хосні Мубарак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хосні Мубарак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Хосьні Мубарак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хосьні Мубарак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Хосни Мубарак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хосни Мубарак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Moubarak" title="Hosni Moubarak – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hosni Moubarak" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mub%C3%A0rak" title="Hosni Mubàrak – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hosni Mubàrak" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husn%C3%AD_Mub%C3%A1rak" title="Husní Mubárak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Husní Mubárak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="حسني مبارك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حسني مبارك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husni_Mubarak" title="Husni Mubarak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Husni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A8usn%C4%AB_Mub%C4%81rak" title="Ḩusnī Mubārak – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ḩusnī Mubārak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BD%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA" title="Χόσνι Μουμπάρακ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χόσνι Μουμπάρακ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="حسنی مبارک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حسنی مبارک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Moubarak" title="Hosni Moubarak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hosni Moubarak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_M%C3%BBbarak" title="Hosni Mûbarak – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hosni Mûbarak" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%88_%EB%AC%B4%EB%B0%94%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%AC" title="호스니 무바라크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호스니 무바라크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Հոսնի Մուբարաք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոսնի Մուբարաք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="होस्नी मुबारक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="होस्नी मुबारक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B" title="חוסני מובארכ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוסני מובארכ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ჰოსნი მუბარაქი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰოსნი მუბარაქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D2%AF%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Хосни Мүбәрәк – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хосни Мүбәрәк" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Мубарак Хосни Сейид – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мубарак Хосни Сейид" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4usn%C4%AB_Mub%C4%81rak" title="Ḥusnī Mubārak – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ḥusnī Mubārak" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosn%C4%AB_Mub%C4%81raks" title="Hosnī Mubāraks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hosnī Mubāraks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husni_Mubarak" title="Husni Mubarak – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Husni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoszni_Mub%C3%A1rak" title="Hoszni Mubárak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hoszni Mubárak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Хосни Мубарак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хосни Мубарак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Moubarak" title="Hosni Moubarak – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hosni Moubarak" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹുസ്നി മുബാറക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹുസ്നി മുബാറക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="होस्नी मुबारक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="होस्नी मुबारक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ჰოსნი მუბარაქი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰოსნი მუბარაქი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="محمد حسنى مبارك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محمد حسنى مبارك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="حسنی مبارک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="حسنی مبارک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Хосни Мубарак – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хосни Мубарак" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဟစနီး မူဘာရက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟစနီး မူဘာရက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Moebarak" title="Hosni Moebarak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hosni Moebarak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubarak" title="Mubarak – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="होस्नी मुबारक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="होस्नी मुबारक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF" title="ホスニー・ムバーラク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホスニー・ムバーラク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Husni_Mubarak" title="Muhammad Husni Mubarak – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Muhammad Husni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husniy_Muborak" title="Husniy Muborak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Husniy Muborak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95" title="ਹੋਸਨੀ ਮੁਬਾਰਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੋਸਨੀ ਮੁਬਾਰਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="حسنی مبارک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حسنی مبارک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="محمد حسنی مبارک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="محمد حسنی مبارک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Husni_Mubarak" title="Muhammad Husni Mubarak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Muhammad Husni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husni_Mubarak" title="Husni Mubarak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Husni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husni_Mubarak" title="Husni Mubarak – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Husni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA,_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мубарак, Хосни – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мубарак, Хосни" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husni_Mubarek" title="Husni Mubarek – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Husni Mubarek" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="හොස්නි මුබාරක් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හොස්නි මුබාරක්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husn%C3%AD_Mub%C3%A1rak" title="Husní Mubárak – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Husní Mubárak" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xusni_Mubaarak" title="Xusni Mubaarak – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xusni Mubaarak" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%A9" title="حوسنی موبارەک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حوسنی موبارەک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Хосни Мубарак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хосни Мубарак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="ஓசுனி முபாரக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓசுனி முபாரக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5mmad_%E1%B8%A4usni_Mbark" title="Muḥmmad Ḥusni Mbark – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Muḥmmad Ḥusni Mbark" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4usni_Mubarak" title="Ḥusni Mubarak – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ḥusni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D3%A9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Хөсни Мөбарәк – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хөсни Мөбарәк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="హోస్నీ ముబారక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హోస్నీ ముబారక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="ฮุสนี มุบาร็อก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮุสนี มุบาร็อก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D3%A3_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ҳуснӣ Муборак – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳуснӣ Муборак" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC_M%C3%BCbarek" title="Hüsnü Mübarek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hüsnü Mübarek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Хосні Мубарак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хосні Мубарак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="حسنی مبارک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حسنی مبارک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="穆罕默德·胡斯尼·穆巴拉克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="穆罕默德·胡斯尼·穆巴拉克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="כאסני מובאראק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כאסני מובאראק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hosni Mubarak" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="穆巴拉克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="穆巴拉克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="穆罕默德·胡斯尼·穆巴拉克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆罕默德·胡斯尼·穆巴拉克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husnu_Mubar%C9%99k" title="Husnu Mubarək – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Husnu Mubarək" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34105#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mubarak" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mubarak (disambiguation)">Mubarak (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/His_Excellency" class="mw-redirect" title="His Excellency">His Excellency</a> <a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">Marshal</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Hosni Mubarak</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>حسني مبارك</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Hosni_Mubarak_-_Official_Photo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hosni_Mubarak_-_Official_Photo.JPG/220px-Hosni_Mubarak_-_Official_Photo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hosni_Mubarak_-_Official_Photo.JPG/330px-Hosni_Mubarak_-_Official_Photo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Hosni_Mubarak_-_Official_Photo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="512" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1985</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President of Egypt</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 14 October 1981 – 11 February 2011</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Himself (1981–1982) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fuad_Mohieddin" title="Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin">Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin</a> (1982–1984) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Hassan_Ali" title="Kamal Hassan Ali">Kamal Hassan Ali</a> (1984–1985) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Aly_Lotfy_Mahmoud" title="Aly Lotfy Mahmoud">Aly Lotfy Mahmoud</a> (1985–1986) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Atef_Sedky" title="Atef Sedky">Atef Sedky</a> (1986–1996) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Ganzouri" title="Kamal Ganzouri">Kamal Ganzouri</a> (1996–1999) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Atef_Ebeid" title="Atef Ebeid">Atef Ebeid</a> (1999–2004) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Nazif" title="Ahmed Nazif">Ahmed Nazif</a> (2004–2011) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shafik" title="Ahmed Shafik">Ahmed Shafik</a> (2011) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Egypt">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>None (1981–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_Abu_Taleb" title="Sufi Abu Taleb">Sufi Abu Taleb</a> (acting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawi">Mohamed Hussein Tantawi</a> (interim)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_aaa">[a]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister of Egypt</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 7 October 1981 – 2 January 1982</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Sufi Abu Taleb (acting)</li> <li>Himself</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fuad_Mohieddin" title="Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin">Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Egypt" title="Vice-President of Egypt">Vice-President of Egypt</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 16 April 1975 – 14 October 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Anwar Sadat</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_el-Shafei" title="Hussein el-Shafei">Hussein el-Shafei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Fawzi" title="Mahmoud Fawzi">Mahmoud Fawzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Omar Suleiman<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_bbb">[b]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement">Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 16 July 2009 – 11 February 2011</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Mohamed Hussein Tantawi (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force" title="Egyptian Air Force">Air Force</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 23 April 1972 – 16 April 1975</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Anwar Sadat</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mustafa_Baghdady" title="Ali Mustafa Baghdady">Ali Mustafa Baghdady</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Shaker" title="Mahmoud Shaker">Mahmoud Shaker</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Director of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Air Academy">Egyptian Air Academy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office November 1967 – June 1969<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Yahia Saleh Al-Aidaros</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Mahmoud Shaker</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak</div> (1928-05-04)4 May 1928 <a href="/wiki/Monufia_Governorate" title="Monufia Governorate">Kafr-El Meselha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 February 2020(2020-02-25) (aged 91) <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">NDP</a> (1978–2011) <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Egypt)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)">ASU</a> (before 1978)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Mubarak" title="Suzanne Mubarak">Suzanne Thabet</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1959)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaa_Mubarak" title="Alaa Mubarak">Alaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Mubarak" title="Gamal Mubarak">Gamal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Military_Academy" title="Egyptian Military Academy">Egyptian Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Air Academy">Egyptian Air Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frunze_Military_Academy" title="Frunze Military Academy">Frunze Military Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Hosni_Mubarak_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hosni Mubarak's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hosni_Mubarak_Signature.svg/128px-Hosni_Mubarak_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hosni_Mubarak_Signature.svg/192px-Hosni_Mubarak_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hosni_Mubarak_Signature.svg/256px-Hosni_Mubarak_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="61" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force" title="Egyptian Air Force">Egyptian Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1950–1975</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Air_chief_marshal" title="Air chief marshal">Air chief marshal</a><a href="#cite_note-EAF-2">[2]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_ccc">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Egyptian Air Force</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Air Academy">Egyptian Air Academy</a></li> <li>Beni Suef Air Base</li> <li>Cairo West Air Base</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><ol type="a" style="margin-left: 1.6em; text-align:left;"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_aaa">^</a> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Supreme Council of the Armed Forces</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_bbb">^</a> Office vacant from 14 October 1981 to 29 January 2011</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_ccc">^</a> Military rank withdrawn after trial</li></ol></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: محمد حسني مبارك‎; 4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the fourth <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">president of Egypt</a> from 1981 to 2011. Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force" title="Egyptian Air Force">Egyptian Air Force</a>. He served as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rose to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Air_chief_marshal" title="Air chief marshal">air chief marshal</a> in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-EAF-2">[2]</a> In 1975, he was appointed vice president by President <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> and assumed the presidency after his <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat" title="Assassination of Anwar Sadat">assassination</a> in 1981. Mubarak's presidency lasted almost thirty years, making him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a>, who ruled the country for 43 years from 1805 to 1848.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> Less than two weeks after the assassination of President Sadat, Mubarak quickly assumed the presidency in the single-candidate <a href="/wiki/1981_Egyptian_presidential_confirmation_referendum" title="1981 Egyptian presidential confirmation referendum">1981 referendum</a>, and renewed his term through single-candidate referendums in <a href="/wiki/1987_Egyptian_presidential_confirmation_referendum" title="1987 Egyptian presidential confirmation referendum">1987</a>, <a href="/wiki/1993_Egyptian_presidential_confirmation_referendum" title="1993 Egyptian presidential confirmation referendum">1993</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1999_Egyptian_presidential_confirmation_referendum" title="1999 Egyptian presidential confirmation referendum">1999</a>. Under United States pressure, Mubarak held the country's first multi-party election in <a href="/wiki/2005_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2005 Egyptian presidential election">2005</a>, which he won. In 1989, he succeeded in reinstating Egypt's membership in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, which had been frozen since the <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> with Israel, and in returning the Arab League's headquarters back to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. He was known for his supportive stance on the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a>, in addition to his role in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Despite providing stability and reasons for economic growth, his rule was repressive. The <a href="/wiki/Emergency_law_in_Egypt" title="Emergency law in Egypt">state of emergency</a>, which had not been lifted since the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 war</a>, stifled <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">political opposition</a>, the security services became known for their brutality, and corruption became widespread.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Mubarak stepped down during the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egyptian Revolution of 2011</a> after 18 days of demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> On 11 February 2011, then–Vice President <a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a> announced that both he and Mubarak had resigned and transferred authority to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council of the Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> On 13 April 2011, a prosecutor ordered Mubarak and his two sons <a href="/wiki/Alaa_Mubarak" title="Alaa Mubarak">Alaa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Mubarak" title="Gamal Mubarak">Gamal</a> to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power.<a href="#cite_note-Detention-10">[9]</a> Mubarak was then ordered to stand trial on charges of negligence for failing to halt the killing of peaceful protesters during the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-reutersmurdercharges-11">[10]</a> These trials began on 3 August 2011,<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> making him the first Arab leader to be tried in his own country in an ordinary court of law.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> On 2 June 2012, an Egyptian court sentenced Mubarak to life imprisonment. After sentencing, he was reported to have suffered a series of health crises. On 13 January 2013, Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Cassation">Court of Cassation</a> (the nation's high court of appeal) overturned Mubarak's sentence and ordered a retrial.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> On retrial, Mubarak and his sons were convicted on 9 May 2015 of corruption and given prison sentences.<a href="#cite_note-shout-16">[15]</a> Mubarak was detained in a military hospital while his sons were freed on 12 October 2015 by a Cairo court.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Mubarak was acquitted on 2 March 2017 by the Court of Cassation and was released on 24 March 2017.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-release-19">[18]</a> Mubarak died in 2020, aged 91.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> He was honoured with a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> and buried at a family plot outside Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianBurial-22">[21]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> Hosni Mubarak was born on 4 May 1928 in Kafr El-Meselha, <a href="/wiki/Monufia_Governorate" title="Monufia Governorate">Monufia Governorate</a>, Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> On 2 February 1949, he left the Military Academy and joined the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Air Academy">Air Force Academy</a>, gaining his commission as a pilot officer on 13 March 1950<a href="#cite_note-EAF-2">[2]</a> and eventually receiving a bachelor's degree in aviation sciences.<a href="#cite_note-madamasr-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_Force_career">Air Force career</h2></div> Mubarak served as an <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force" title="Egyptian Air Force">Egyptian Air Force</a> officer in various formations and units; he spent two years in a <a href="/wiki/Spitfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Spitfire">Spitfire</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter</a> squadron.<a href="#cite_note-EAF-2">[2]</a> Some time in the 1950s, he returned to the Air Force Academy as an instructor, remaining there until early 1959.<a href="#cite_note-EAF-2">[2]</a> From February 1959 to June 1961, Mubarak undertook further training in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, attending a Soviet pilot training school in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and another at <a href="/wiki/Kant_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant Air Base">Kant Air Base</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PBS1-25">[24]</a> Mubarak undertook training on the <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-28" title="Ilyushin Il-28">Ilyushin Il-28</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-16" title="Tupolev Tu-16">Tupolev Tu-16</a> jet bombers. In 1964 he gained a place at the <a href="/wiki/Frunze_Military_Academy" title="Frunze Military Academy">Frunze Military Academy</a> in Moscow. On his return to Egypt, he served as a wing commander, then as a base commander; he commanded the Cairo West Air Base in October 1966 then briefly commanded the <a href="/wiki/Beni_Suef" title="Beni Suef">Beni Suef</a> Air Base.<a href="#cite_note-EAF-2">[2]</a> In November 1967, Mubarak became the Air Force Academy's commander when he was credited with doubling the number of Air Force pilots and navigators during the pre-<a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">October War</a> years.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Two years later, he became Chief of Staff for the Egyptian Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-madamasr-24">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Hosni_Mubarak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/General_Hosni_Mubarak.jpg/200px-General_Hosni_Mubarak.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/General_Hosni_Mubarak.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>General Mubarak as Commander of the Air Force</figcaption></figure> In 1972, Mubarak became Commander of the Air Force and Egyptian Deputy Minister of Defense. On 6 October 1973, at the breakout of the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>, the Egyptian Air Force launched a surprise attack on Israeli soldiers on the east bank of the Suez Canal. Egyptian pilots hit 90% of their targets, making Mubarak a national hero.<a href="#cite_note-Hosni_Mubarak_Fast_Facts-27">[26]</a> The next year he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Chief Marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> in recognition of service during the October War of 1973 against Israel.<a href="#cite_note-EAF-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Mubarak was credited in some publications for Egypt's initial strong performance in the war.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> The Egyptian analyst <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hassanein_Heikal" title="Mohamed Hassanein Heikal">Mohamed Hassanein Heikal</a> said the Air Force played a mostly psychological role in the war, providing an inspirational sight for the Egyptian ground troops who carried out the crossing of the Suez Canal, rather than for any military necessity.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> However Mubarak's influence was also disputed by Shahdan El-Shazli, the daughter of the former Egyptian military Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Saad_el-Shazly" title="Saad el-Shazly">Saad el-Shazly</a>. She said Mubarak exaggerated his role in the 1973 war. In a 2011 interview with the independent Egyptian newspaper <a href="/wiki/Al-Masry_Al-Youm" title="Al-Masry Al-Youm">Al-Masry Al-Youm</a>, El-Shazli said Mubarak altered documents to take credit from her father for the initial success of the Egyptian forces in 1973. She also said photographs pertaining to the discussions in the military command room were altered and Saad El-Shazli was erased and replaced with Mubarak. She stated she intended to take legal action.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_President_of_Egypt">Vice President of Egypt</h2></div> In April 1975, President <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> appointed Mubarak Vice President of Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-fortuneobit-32">[31]</a> In this position, he took part in government consultations that dealt with the future disengagement of forces agreement with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> In September 1975, Mubarak went on a mission to <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> to persuade the Saudi Arabian and Syrian governments to accept the disengagement agreement signed with the Israeli government ("Sinai II"), but was refused a meeting by the Syrian president <a href="/wiki/Hafez_Al-Assad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafez Al-Assad">Hafez Al-Assad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-archive-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> During his meetings with the Saudi government, Mubarak developed a friendship with the nation's powerful <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">Crown Prince Fahd</a>, whom Sadat had refused to meet or contact and who was now seen as a major player who could help mend the failing <a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Egypt_and_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Relationship between Egypt and Saudi Arabia">relationship between Egypt and Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sadhos2-36">[35]</a> Mubarak also developed friendships with several other important Arab leaders, including Saudi Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Prince_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Saud">Prince Saud</a>, Oman's <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Qaboos">Sultan Qaboos</a>, Morocco's <a href="/wiki/King_Hassan_II" class="mw-redirect" title="King Hassan II">King Hassan II</a>, and Sudan's President <a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Nimeiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Nimeiry">Jaafar Nimeiry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sadhos2-36">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mubarak_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mubarak_and_Mao_Zedong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mubarak_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg/220px-Mubarak_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mubarak_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg/330px-Mubarak_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mubarak_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg/440px-Mubarak_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>Meeting Chinese Leader <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> in Beijing, 1976</figcaption></figure> Sadat also sent Mubarak to numerous meetings with foreign leaders outside the Arab world.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Mubarak's political significance as Vice President can be seen from a conversation held on 23 June 1975 between Foreign Minister Fahmy and US Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Eilts" title="Hermann Eilts">Hermann Eilts</a>. Fahmy told Eilts that "Mubarak is, for the time being at least, likely to be a regular participant in all sensitive meetings" and he advised the ambassador not to antagonize Mubarak because he was Sadat's personal choice.<a href="#cite_note-archive-34">[33]</a> Though supportive of Sadat's earlier efforts made to bring the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> back into Egyptian control,<a href="#cite_note-sadhos2-36">[35]</a> Mubarak agreed with the views of various Arab leaders and opposed the <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> for failing to address other issues relating to the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sadhos2-36">[35]</a> Sadat even transferred his decision-making authority to Mubarak temporarily at times he went on vacations.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_Egypt">President of Egypt</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_presidential_referendum_1981_Akhbar_newspaper.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Egyptian_presidential_referendum_1981_Akhbar_newspaper.jpeg/220px-Egyptian_presidential_referendum_1981_Akhbar_newspaper.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Egyptian_presidential_referendum_1981_Akhbar_newspaper.jpeg/330px-Egyptian_presidential_referendum_1981_Akhbar_newspaper.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Egyptian_presidential_referendum_1981_Akhbar_newspaper.jpeg/440px-Egyptian_presidential_referendum_1981_Akhbar_newspaper.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian presidential referendum 1981 Akhbar newspaper</figcaption></figure> Mubarak was injured during the assassination of President Sadat in October 1981 by soldiers led by Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Islambouli" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid Islambouli">Khalid Islambouli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Following Sadat's death, Mubarak became the fourth president of Egypt. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt's_return_to_the_Arab_League">Egypt's return to the Arab League</h3></div> Until <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya's</a> suspension from the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan Civil War">Libyan Civil War</a>, Egypt was the only state in the history of the organization to have had its membership suspended, because of President Sadat's peace treaty with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> In June 1982, Mubarak met King <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">Fahd of Saudi Arabia</a>, which marked a beginning of an Egyptian-Saudi rapprochement.<a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Imperialism_2006,_p._175-41">[40]</a> Since Egypt is the most populous Arab country and Saudi Arabia the richest, the Saudi–Egyptian axis was a powerful force in the Arab world. At an Arab League summit later in 1982 in Fez, Saudi Arabia put forward an Egyptian peace plan where in exchange for Israel resolving the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> by allowing a <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestinian state</a>, the entire Arab world would make peace with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Imperialism_2006,_p._175-41">[40]</a> The Islamic Republic of Iran had, from 1979 onward, been making the claim to be the leader of the Islamic world, and in particular <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> had called for the overthrow of the governments of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and other Arab states along the southern shores of the Persian Gulf, calling these states illegitimate.<a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Imperialism_2006,_p._174-42">[41]</a> The claim of the Ayatollah Khomeini to be the rightful leader of the Islamic world and his attempts to export the Iranian revolution by working to overthrow governments that Khomeini deemed un-Islamic caused profound alarm and fear in the governments that were targeted like Iraq and Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Imperialism_2006,_p._174-42">[41]</a> In the face of the Iranian challenge, the other Arab states looked towards Egypt as an ally.<a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Imperialism_2006,_p._174-42">[41]</a> For King Fahd of Saudi Arabia and the other leaders of the Arab Gulf states, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict faded into the background and the main concern was resisting Iranian pretensions to be the leader of the Islamic world, meaning that Egypt could not be ignored.<a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Imperialism_2006,_p._174-42">[41]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> from 1980 to 1988, Egypt supported Iraq militarily and economically with one million Egyptians working in Iraq to take the place of Iraqi men serving on the front-line.<a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Imperialism_2006,_p._174-42">[41]</a> In December 1983, Mubarak welcomed <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> of the PLO to a summit in Cairo, marking a rapprochement with the PLO, and from that time, Egypt became the PLO's main ally.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> In 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Achille_Lauro_hijacking" title="Achille Lauro hijacking">Achille Lauro hijacking</a> caused a major crisis in relations when the U.S Air Force forced an EgyptAir plane carrying the Achille Lauro hijackers to <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> to land in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>; otherwise the plane would have been shot down. Mubarak stated in a press conference on 12 October 1985: "I am very wounded. Now there is coolness and strain as a result of this incident."<a href="#cite_note-Chilling-44">[43]</a> Egypt had been ostracized by the other Arab states for signing the Camp David Accords in 1979, but Egypt's weight within the Arab world had led to Egypt regaining its "central place in the Arab world" by 1989.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> In 1989, Egypt was re-admitted as a full member to the Arab League and the League's headquarters were moved to their original location in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governing_style">Governing style</h3></div> Throughout the 1980s, Mubarak increased the production of affordable housing, clothing, furniture, and medicine. By the time he became president, Mubarak was one of a few Egyptian officials who refused to visit Israel and vowed to take a less enthusiastic approach to normalizing <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Egypt–Israel relations">relations with the Israeli government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sadhos2-36">[35]</a> Under Mubarak, Israeli journalists often wrote about the "cold peace" with Egypt, observing Israeli–Egyptian relations were frosty at best.<a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Imperialism_2006,_p._183-47">[46]</a> Mubarak was quick to deny that his policies would result in difficulties for Egyptian–Israeli dealings in the future.<a href="#cite_note-sadhos2-36">[35]</a> The Israeli historian Major <a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Efraim Karsh</a> wrote in 2006 that in Egypt "...numberless articles, scholarly writings, books, cartoons, public statements, and radio and television programs, Jews are painted in the blackest terms imaginable".<a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Imperialism_2006,_p._184-48">[47]</a> Karsh accused Mubarak of being personally antisemitic, writing he "evidently shared the premises" of his propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Imperialism_2006,_p._183-47">[46]</a> Egypt's heavy dependence on US aid<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> and its hopes for US pressure on Israel for a Palestinian settlement continued under Mubarak.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> He quietly improved relations with the former Soviet Union. In 1987, Mubarak won an election to a second six-year term.<a href="#cite_note-PBS1-25">[24]</a> In his early years in power, Mubarak expanded the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Investigations_Service" title="State Security Investigations Service">State Security Investigations Service</a> (Mabahith Amn ad-Dawla) and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Security_Forces" title="Central Security Forces">Central Security Forces</a> (anti-riot and containment forces).<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarek_Osman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarek Osman (page does not exist)">Tarek Osman</a>, the experience of seeing his predecessor assassinated "right in front of him" and his lengthy military career—which was longer than those of Nasser or Sadat—may have instilled in him more focus and absorption with security than seemed the case with the latter heads of state. Mubarak sought advice and confidence not in leading ministers, senior advisers or leading intellectuals, but from his security chiefs—"interior ministers, army commanders, and the heads of the ultra-influential intelligence services."<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> All through the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, violations of human rights by the security services in Egypt were described as "systematic" by Amnesty International.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-53">[52]</a> In 2007, Amnesty International reported that the Egyptian police routinely engaged in "beatings, electric shocks, prolonged suspension by the wrists and ankles in contorted positions, death threats and sexual abuse".<a href="#cite_note-Economist-53">[52]</a> The state remained large under Mubarak employing 8 million people out of a population of 75 million.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-53">[52]</a> Because of his positions against <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a> and his diplomacy towards Israel, Mubarak was the target of repeated assassination attempts. According to the BBC, Mubarak survived six attempts on his life.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> In June 1995, there was an alleged assassination attempt involving noxious gases and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a> while Mubarak was in Ethiopia for a conference of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of African Unity">Organization of African Unity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> He was also reportedly injured by a knife-wielding assailant in <a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a> in September 1999.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P115717,_Berlin,_Besuch_%C3%A4gyptischer_Pr%C3%A4sident_Mubarak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P115717%2C_Berlin%2C_Besuch_%C3%A4gyptischer_Pr%C3%A4sident_Mubarak.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P115717%2C_Berlin%2C_Besuch_%C3%A4gyptischer_Pr%C3%A4sident_Mubarak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P115717%2C_Berlin%2C_Besuch_%C3%A4gyptischer_Pr%C3%A4sident_Mubarak.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P115717%2C_Berlin%2C_Besuch_%C3%A4gyptischer_Pr%C3%A4sident_Mubarak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P115717%2C_Berlin%2C_Besuch_%C3%A4gyptischer_Pr%C3%A4sident_Mubarak.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P115717%2C_Berlin%2C_Besuch_%C3%A4gyptischer_Pr%C3%A4sident_Mubarak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Mubarak in <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> in 1989</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gulf_War_of_1991">Gulf War of 1991</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War_vs_Iraq.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War_vs_Iraq.png/220px-Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War_vs_Iraq.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War_vs_Iraq.png/330px-Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War_vs_Iraq.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War_vs_Iraq.png/440px-Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War_vs_Iraq.png 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Egypt was in the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">coalition</a> against Iraq in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></figcaption></figure> Egypt was a member of the allied coalition during the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>; Egyptian infantry were some of the first to land in Saudi Arabia to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-AAN1-57">[56]</a> Egypt's participation in the war solidified its central role in the Arab World and brought financial benefits for the Egyptian government.<a href="#cite_note-AAN1-57">[56]</a> Reports of sums of up to US$20 billion worth of debt forgiveness were published in the news media.<a href="#cite_note-AAN1-57">[56]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>: <blockquote>The programme worked like a charm: a textbook case, says the [International Monetary Fund]. In fact, luck was on Hosni Mubarak's side; when the US was hunting for a military alliance to force Iraq out of Kuwait, Egypt's president joined without hesitation. After the war, his reward was that America, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and Europe forgave Egypt around $20 billion of debt.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stance_on_the_invasion_of_Iraq_in_2003">Stance on the invasion of Iraq in 2003</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_and_President_Hosni_Mubarak_of_Egypt_during_a_meeting_at_the_Red_Sea_Summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/President_George_W._Bush_and_President_Hosni_Mubarak_of_Egypt_during_a_meeting_at_the_Red_Sea_Summit.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_and_President_Hosni_Mubarak_of_Egypt_during_a_meeting_at_the_Red_Sea_Summit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/President_George_W._Bush_and_President_Hosni_Mubarak_of_Egypt_during_a_meeting_at_the_Red_Sea_Summit.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush_and_President_Hosni_Mubarak_of_Egypt_during_a_meeting_at_the_Red_Sea_Summit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/President_George_W._Bush_and_President_Hosni_Mubarak_of_Egypt_during_a_meeting_at_the_Red_Sea_Summit.jpg/440px-President_George_W._Bush_and_President_Hosni_Mubarak_of_Egypt_during_a_meeting_at_the_Red_Sea_Summit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>With the U.S. President, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in Sharm El-Sheikh, June 2003</figcaption></figure> President Mubarak spoke out against the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, arguing that the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> should have been resolved first. He also said the war would cause "100 <a href="/wiki/Bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bin Laden">Bin Ladens</a>".<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> However, as President he did not support an immediate <a href="/wiki/US_withdrawal_from_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="US withdrawal from Iraq">US withdrawal from Iraq</a> because he believed it would probably lead to chaos.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005_elections">2005 elections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2005_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2005 Egyptian presidential election">2005 Egyptian presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sharm_El_Sheikh,_Egypt,_on_September_14,_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sharm_El_Sheikh%2C_Egypt%2C_on_September_14%2C_2010.jpg/220px-Sharm_El_Sheikh%2C_Egypt%2C_on_September_14%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sharm_El_Sheikh%2C_Egypt%2C_on_September_14%2C_2010.jpg/330px-Sharm_El_Sheikh%2C_Egypt%2C_on_September_14%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sharm_El_Sheikh%2C_Egypt%2C_on_September_14%2C_2010.jpg/440px-Sharm_El_Sheikh%2C_Egypt%2C_on_September_14%2C_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Mubarak meeting with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. State Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, Palestinian president <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a>, and Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sharm_el-Sheikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharm el-Sheikh">Sharm el-Sheikh</a> on 14 September 2010.</figcaption></figure> President Mubarak was re-elected by majority votes in a referendum for successive terms on four occasions in 1987, 1993, and 1999. Each time, Mubarak secured his position by having himself nominated by Parliament then confirmed without opposition in a referendum.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The September 2005 ballot was a multiple-candidate election rather than a referendum, but the electoral institutions and security apparatus remain under the control of the President. On 28 July 2005, Mubarak announced his candidacy. The election was scheduled for 7 September 2005; according to civil organizations that observed the election it was marred by mass rigging activities.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> In a move widely seen as political persecution, <a href="/wiki/Ayman_Nour" title="Ayman Nour">Ayman Nour</a>, a dissident and candidate for the <a href="/wiki/El-Ghad_Party" title="El-Ghad Party">El-Ghad Party</a> ("Tomorrow party") was convicted of forgery and sentenced to five years' hard labor on 24 December 2005.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Widespread_corruption">Widespread corruption</h3></div> While in office, political corruption in the Mubarak administration's Ministry of the Interior rose dramatically. Political figures and young activists were imprisoned without trial.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Illegal, undocumented, hidden detention facilities were established,<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> and universities, mosques, and newspaper staff were rejected because of their political views.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In 2005 <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, a non-governmental organization that conducts research into democracy, reported that the Egyptian government under Mubarak expanded bureaucratic regulations, registration requirements, and other controls that often feed corruption. Freedom House said, "corruption remained a significant problem under Mubarak, who promised to do much, but in fact never did anything significant to tackle it effectively".<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> report assessed Egypt with a CPI score of 3.1, based on perceptions of the degree of corruption from business people and country analysts, with 10 being very clean and 0 being highly corrupt. Egypt ranked 98th out of the 178 countries included in the report.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wealth_and_allegations_of_personal_corruption">Wealth and allegations of personal corruption</h3></div> In February 2011, <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a> reported that experts believed the personal wealth of Mubarak and his family was between US$40 billion and US$70 billion from military contracts made during his time as an air force officer.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that Mubarak and his family might be worth up to US$70 billion garnered from corruption, <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribes</a> and legitimate business activities. The money was said to be spread out in various bank accounts, including some in Switzerland and the UK, and invested in foreign property. The newspaper said some of the information about the family's wealth might be ten years old.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, these allegations are poorly substantiated and lack credibility.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> On 12 February 2011, the government of Switzerland announced it was freezing the Swiss bank accounts of Mubarak and his family.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> On 20 February 2011, the Egyptian Prosecutor General ordered the freezing of Mubarak's assets and those of his wife Suzanne, his sons Alaa and Gamal Mubarak, and his daughters-in-law Heidi Rasekh and Khadiga Gamal. The Prosecutor General also ordered the Egyptian foreign minister to communicate this to other countries where Mubarak and his family could have assets. This order came two days after Egyptian newspapers reported that Mubarak filed his financial statement.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Egyptian regulations mandate government officials submit a financial statement listing their assets and sources of income while performing government work. On 21 February 2011, the Egyptian Military Council, which was temporarily given the presidential authorities following the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Egyptian Revolution">25 January 2011 revolution</a>, said it had no objection to a trial of Mubarak on charges of corruption.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> On 23 February 2011, the Egyptian newspaper Eldostor reported that a "knowledgeable source" described the order of the Prosecutor General to freeze Mubarak's assets and the threats of a legal action as nothing but a signal for Mubarak to leave Egypt after a number of attempts were made to encourage him to leave willingly.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> In February 2011, <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> reported that Egypt's top prosecutor had ordered a travel ban and an asset freeze for Mubarak and his family as he considered further action.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> On 21 May 2014 a Cairo court convicted Mubarak and his sons of embezzling the equivalent of US$17.6 million of state funds which were allocated for renovation and maintenance of presidential palaces but were instead diverted to upgrade private family homes. The court ordered the repayment of US$17.6 million, fined the trio US$2.9 million, and sentenced Mubarak to three years in prison and each of his sons to four years.<a href="#cite_note-EmbezzlementCharge-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_succession">Presidential succession</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamal_Mubarak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gamal_Mubarak.jpg/170px-Gamal_Mubarak.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gamal_Mubarak.jpg/255px-Gamal_Mubarak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gamal_Mubarak.jpg/340px-Gamal_Mubarak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Mubarak" title="Gamal Mubarak">Gamal Mubarak</a>, son of Hosni Mubarak</figcaption></figure> The National Democratic Party of Egypt continued to state that Hosni Mubarak was to be the party's only candidate in the 2011 Presidential Election. Mubarak said on 1 February 2011 that he had no intention of standing in the 2011 presidential election. When this declaration failed to ease the protests, Mubarak's vice president stated that Gamal Mubarak would not run for president. With the escalation of the demonstration and the fall of Mubarak, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamdy_El-Sayed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamdy El-Sayed (page does not exist)">Hamdy El-Sayed</a>, a former influential figure in the National Democratic Party, said Gamal Mubarak intended to usurp the presidency, assisted by then Interior Minister, <a href="/wiki/Habib_el-Adly" title="Habib el-Adly">Habib El-Adly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli–Palestinian_conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</h3></div> During his presidency, Mubarak upheld the U.S.-brokered <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> treaty signed between Egypt and Israel in 1978. Mubarak on occasion also hosted meetings relating to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and made a number of attempts to serve as a broker between them.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Mubarak was concerned that Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Menachem_M._Schneerson" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachem M. Schneerson">Menachem M. Schneerson</a> did not trust him on the issue and considered meeting him in New York.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summit_of_the_Peacemakers_in_Sharm_el-Sheikh,_March_13,_1996_II_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Summit_of_the_Peacemakers_in_Sharm_el-Sheikh,_March_13,_1996_II_Dan_Hadani_Archive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Summit_of_the_Peacemakers_in_Sharm_el-Sheikh%2C_March_13%2C_1996_II_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg/220px-Summit_of_the_Peacemakers_in_Sharm_el-Sheikh%2C_March_13%2C_1996_II_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Summit_of_the_Peacemakers_in_Sharm_el-Sheikh%2C_March_13%2C_1996_II_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg/330px-Summit_of_the_Peacemakers_in_Sharm_el-Sheikh%2C_March_13%2C_1996_II_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Summit_of_the_Peacemakers_in_Sharm_el-Sheikh%2C_March_13%2C_1996_II_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg/440px-Summit_of_the_Peacemakers_in_Sharm_el-Sheikh%2C_March_13%2C_1996_II_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>Leaders of the world participated the Sharm El-Sheikh Peace Summit. From left: <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">King Husein</a> (Jordan), <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> (Israel), <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (USA) Mubarak, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> (Russia), <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> (PLO).</figcaption></figure> In October 2000, Mubarak hosted an emergency summit meeting at <a href="/wiki/Sharm_el-Sheikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharm el-Sheikh">Sharm el-Sheikh</a> to discuss the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In attendance were: U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, P.L.O. Chairman <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>, Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah</a> of Jordan, NATO Sec. General <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a>, and U.N. Sec. General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hosni_Mubarak_Fast_Facts-27">[26]</a> Mubarak was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, supporting Arab efforts to achieve a lasting peace in the region. At the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut Summit">Beirut Summit</a> on 28 March 2002, the league adopted the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> a Saudi-inspired plan to end the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> In 2006, Mubarak condemned the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Israeli military attack in Lebanon</a>, but also indirectly criticised <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> for harming Arab interests.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> In June 2007, Mubarak held a summit meeting at <a href="/wiki/Sharm_el-Sheik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharm el-Sheik">Sharm el-Sheik</a> with King <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II of Jordan</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a>. On 19 June 2008, the Egypt-brokered <a href="/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire" title="2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire">pause in hostilities between Israel and Hamas</a> went into effect.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, neither side fully respected the terms of the ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-truce-87">[86]</a> The agreement required Hamas to end rocket attacks on Israel and to enforce the ceasefire throughout <a href="/wiki/Gaza_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza strip">Gaza</a>. In exchange, Hamas expected the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">blockade</a> to end, commerce in Gaza to resume, and truck shipments to be restored to 2005 levels.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-truce-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Israel tied an easing of the blockade to a reduction in rocket fire and gradually re-opened supply lines and permitted around 90 daily truck shipments to enter Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Hamas criticized Israel for its continued blockade<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> while Israel accused Hamas of continued weapons smuggling via tunnels to Egypt and pointed to continued rocket attacks.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-truce-87">[86]</a> In 2009, Mubarak's government banned the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Anti-war_Conference" title="Cairo Anti-war Conference">Cairo Anti-war Conference</a>, which had criticised his lack of action against Israel.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolution_and_overthrow">Revolution and overthrow</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egyptian Revolution of 2011</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tahrir_Square_-_February_9,_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tahrir_Square_-_February_9%2C_2011.png/220px-Tahrir_Square_-_February_9%2C_2011.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tahrir_Square_-_February_9%2C_2011.png/330px-Tahrir_Square_-_February_9%2C_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tahrir_Square_-_February_9%2C_2011.png/440px-Tahrir_Square_-_February_9%2C_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="4120" data-file-height="2564" /></a><figcaption>Massive protests centered on Cairo's <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a> led to Mubarak's resignation in February 2011.</figcaption></figure> Protests against Mubarak and his regime erupted in Cairo and other Egyptian cities in January 2011. On 1 February, Mubarak announced he would not contest the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Egyptian presidential election">presidential election</a> due in September. He also promised constitutional reform.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> This did not satisfy most protesters, who expected Mubarak to depart immediately.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> The demonstrations continued and on 2 February, violent clashes occurred between pro-Mubarak and anti-Mubarak protesters.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> On 10 February, contrary to rumours,<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Mubarak said he would not resign until the September election, though he would be delegating responsibilities to Vice President <a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a>. The next day, Suleiman announced that Mubarak had resigned.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-8">[7]</a> The announcement sparked cheers, flag-waving, and celebrations from protesters in Egypt. Discussions about the nation's future direction began.<a href="#cite_note-HMR1-96">[95]</a> It had been suggested that Egypt be put in the hands of a <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HMR2-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests">Protests</h3></div> On 25 January 2011, protests against Mubarak and his government erupted in Cairo and around Egypt calling for Mubarak's resignation.<a href="#cite_note-HMR1-96">[95]</a> Mubarak stated in a speech that he would not leave, and would die on Egyptian soil. Opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a> paid no attention to Mubarak's remarks<a href="#cite_note-HMR1-96">[95]</a> and labeled it as a trick designed to help Mubarak to stay in power.<a href="#cite_note-HMR2-97">[96]</a> In a state televised broadcast on 1 February 2011, Mubarak announced that he would not seek re-election in September but would like to finish his current term and promised constitutional reform.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> This compromise was not acceptable for the protestors and violent demonstrations occurred in front of the Presidential Palace. On 11 February, then Vice President <a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a> announced Mubarak had resigned and that power would be turned over to the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Egypt">Egyptian military</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Two and a half hours after Mubarak's resignation, an Egyptian military member came on air and thanked Mubarak for "putting the interests of the country first." The statement, which said "The Supreme Council is currently studying the situation," did not state what the council would do next.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-resignation_life">Post-resignation life</h2></div> Mubarak made no media appearances after his resignation. Except for his family and a close circle of aides, he reportedly refused to talk to anyone—even his supporters. His health was speculated to be rapidly deteriorating; some reports said he was in a coma. Most sources said he was no longer interested in performing any duties and wanted to "die in Sharm El-Sheikh".<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> On 28 February 2011, the General Prosecutor of Egypt issued an order prohibiting Mubarak and his family from leaving Egypt. It was reported that Mubarak was in contact with his lawyer in case of possible criminal charges against him.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> As a result, Mubarak and his family were placed under house arrest at a presidential palace in the Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> On 13 April 2011, a prosecutor originally appointed by Mubarak ordered the former president and both his sons to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power amid growing suspicion that the Egyptian military was more aligned with the Mubaraks than with the revolution. Gamal and Alaa were jailed in <a href="/wiki/Tora_Prison" title="Tora Prison">Tora Prison</a>; state television reported that Mubarak was in police custody in a hospital near his residence following a heart attack.<a href="#cite_note-Detention-10">[9]</a> Former Israeli Cabinet minister Benjamin Ben Eliezer told Israeli Radio that he had offered Mubarak refuge in the southern Israeli city of <a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> On 11 May 2013, he told <a href="/wiki/El-Watan" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Watan">El-Watan</a> in his first media appearance since his resignation said, "History will judge and I am still certain that the coming generations will view me fairly." He added that President Mohammed Morsi faced a tough time and that it was too early to judge him.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial">Trial</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Trials_and_judicial_hearings_following_the_Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011#Mubarak_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Trials and judicial hearings following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Trials and judicial hearings following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 § Mubarak family</a></div> On 24 May 2011, Mubarak was ordered to stand trial on charges of premeditated murder of peaceful protesters during the revolution and, if convicted, could face the death penalty. The decision to try Mubarak was made days before a scheduled protest in Tahrir Square. The full list of charges released by the public prosecutor was "intentional murder, attempted killing of some demonstrators ... misuse of influence, deliberately wasting public funds and unlawfully making private financial gains and profits".<a href="#cite_note-reutersmurdercharges-11">[10]</a> On 28 May, a Cairo administrative court found Mubarak guilty of damaging the national economy during the protests by shutting down the Internet and telephone services. He was fined LE200 million—about US$33.6 million—which the court ordered he must pay from his personal assets. This was the first court ruling against Mubarak, who would next have to answer to the murder charges.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> The trial of Hosni Mubarak, his sons Ala'a and Gamal, former interior minister <a href="/wiki/Habib_el-Adly" title="Habib el-Adly">Habib el-Adly</a> and six former top police officials began on 3 August 2011 at a temporary criminal court at the Police Academy in north Cairo. They were charged with corruption and the premeditated killing of peaceful protesters during the mass movement to oust the Mubarak government, the latter of which carries the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> The trial was broadcast on Egyptian television; Mubarak made an unexpected appearance—his first since his resignation. He was taken into the court on a hospital bed and held in a cage for the session. Upon hearing the charges against him, Mubarak pleaded not guilty. Judge Ahmed Refaat adjourned the court, ruling that Mubarak be transferred under continued arrest to the military hospital on the outskirts of Cairo. The second court session scheduled for 15 August.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> On 15 August, the resumed trial lasted three hours. At the end of the session, Rifaat announced that the third session would take place on 5 September and that the remainder of the proceedings would be off-limits to television cameras.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riot_police_outside_Mubarak_courthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Riot_police_outside_Mubarak_courthouse.jpg/220px-Riot_police_outside_Mubarak_courthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Riot_police_outside_Mubarak_courthouse.jpg/330px-Riot_police_outside_Mubarak_courthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Riot_police_outside_Mubarak_courthouse.jpg/440px-Riot_police_outside_Mubarak_courthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Riot police outside the courthouse where Mubarak was being sentenced on 2 June 2012</figcaption></figure> The trial resumed in December 2011 and lasted until January 2012. The defense strategy was that Mubarak never actually resigned, was still president, and thus had <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">immunity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> On 2 June 2012, Mubarak was found guilty of not halting the killing of protesters by the Egyptian security forces; he was sentenced to life imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> The court found Mubarak not guilty of ordering the crackdown on Egyptian protesters. All other charges against Mubarak, including profiteering and economic fraud, were dismissed. Mubarak's sons, Habib el-Adly, and six senior police officials were all acquitted for their roles in the killing of demonstrators because of a lack of evidence.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, the relatives of those killed by Mubarak's forces were angered by the verdict.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-ahram0602-116">[115]</a> Thousands of demonstrators protested the verdict in Tahrir Square, Arbein Square and Al-Qaed Ibrahim Square.<a href="#cite_note-ahram0602-116">[115]</a> In January 2013, an appeals court overturned Mubarak's life sentence and ordered a retrial.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> He remained in custody and returned to court on 11 May 2013 for a retrial on charges of complicity in the murder of protesters.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> On 21 August 2013, a Cairo court ordered his release. Judicial sources confirmed that the court had upheld a petition from Mubarak's longtime lawyer that called for his release.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> A day later, interim prime minister <a href="/wiki/Hazem_El_Beblawi" title="Hazem El Beblawi">Hazem El Beblawi</a> ordered that Mubarak be put under house arrest.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> On 21 May 2014, while awaiting retrial, Mubarak and his sons were convicted on charges of embezzlement; Mubarak was sentenced to three years in prison, while his sons received four-year sentences. The three were fined the equivalent of US$2.9 million, and were ordered to repay US$17.6 million.<a href="#cite_note-EmbezzlementCharge-78">[77]</a> In November 2014, conspiracy to kill charges were dismissed by the Cairo Criminal Court on a technicality.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> The court also cleared Mubarak of corruption charges.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> On 13 January 2015, Egypt's Court of Cassation overturned Mubarak's and his sons' embezzlement charges, the last remaining conviction against him, and ordered a retrial.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> A retrial on the corruption charges led to a conviction and sentencing to three years in prison in May 2015 for Mubarak, with four-year terms for his sons, <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Mubarak" title="Gamal Mubarak">Gamal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaa_Mubarak" title="Alaa Mubarak">Alaa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shout-16">[15]</a> It was not immediately clear whether the sentence would take into account time already served—Mubarak and his sons have already spent more than three years in prison, so potentially will not have to serve any additional time.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Supporters of Mubarak jeered the decision when it was announced in a <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> courtroom on 9 May.<a href="#cite_note-NPost-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The sentence also included a 125 million Egyptian pound (US$16.3 million) fine, and required the return of 21 million embezzled Egyptian pounds (US$2.7 million). These amounts were previously paid after the first trial.<a href="#cite_note-NPost-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_Sisi">Support for Sisi</h3></div> Though mostly out of the public eye, Mubarak granted a rare interview in February 2014 with Kuwaiti journalist <a href="/wiki/Fajer_Al-Saeed" title="Fajer Al-Saeed">Fajer Al-Saeed</a>, expressing support for then-Minister of Defense and Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egyptian Armed Forces</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a> as the next President of Egypt, recognizing that Sisi was working to restore the confidence of the Egyptian people. "The people want Sisi, and the people's will shall prevail," Mubarak noted. Mubarak also expressed great admiration and gratitude towards the late Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Zayed_bin_Sultan_Al_Nahyan" title="Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan">Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> and his children, for their continuous support of Egypt and its people.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> However, Mubarak expressed his dislike of opposition politician <a href="/wiki/Hamdeen_Sabbahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamdeen Sabbahi">Hamdeen Sabbahi</a>, a Nasserist following the policies of <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_problems">Health problems</h3></div> In July 2010, the media said Egypt was about to undergo dramatic change because Mubarak was thought to have cancer and because of the scheduled <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Egyptian presidential election">2011 presidential election</a>. Intelligence sources said he had esophageal cancer,<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> stomach or pancreatic cancer; this was denied by Egyptian authorities.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Speculation about his ill health increased after his resignation from the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> According to Egyptian media, Mubarak's condition worsened after he went into exile in Sharm el-Sheikh. He was reportedly depressed, refused to take medications, and was slipping in and out of consciousness. According to the source—an unnamed Egyptian security official—"Mubarak wants to be left alone and die in his homeland". The source denied that Mubarak was writing his memoirs, stating that he was almost completely unconscious.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> After his resignation, Egypt's ambassador to the United States <a href="/wiki/Sameh_Shoukry" title="Sameh Shoukry">Sameh Shoukry</a> reported that his personal sources said Mubarak "is possibly in somewhat of bad health", while several Egyptian and Saudi Arabian newspapers reported that Mubarak was in a coma and close to death.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> On 12 April 2011, it was reported that he had been hospitalized after suffering a heart attack during questioning over possible corruption charges.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> In June 2011, Mubarak's lawyer Farid el-Deeb said his client "has stomach cancer, and the cancer is growing".<a href="#cite_note-tel-136">[135]</a> Mubarak had undergone surgery for the condition in Germany in 2010 and also suffered from circulatory problems with an irregular heart beat.<a href="#cite_note-tel-136">[135]</a> On 13 July 2011, unconfirmed reports stated that Mubarak had slipped into a coma at his residence after giving his final speech, and on 17 July, el-Deeb confirmed the reports.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> On 26 July 2011, Mubarak was reported to be depressed and refusing solid food while in hospital being treated for a heart condition and in custody awaiting trial.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> On 2 June 2012, Mubarak was reported as have suffered a health crisis while being transported to prison after his conviction on the charges of complicity in the killing of protestors. Some sources reported he had had a heart attack.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Further reports stated that Mubarak's health continued to decline; some said he had to be treated with a <a href="/wiki/Defibrillator" class="mw-redirect" title="Defibrillator">defibrillator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> On 20 June 2012, as Mubarak's condition continued to decline, state-run media erroneously reported that the former president had been declared "clinically dead", causing widespread confusion. Officials later clarified that Mubarak was in a critical condition.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> On 27 December 2012, Mubarak was taken from <a href="/wiki/Tora_Prison" title="Tora Prison">Tora Prison</a> to the Cairo military hospital after falling and breaking a rib. He was released from prison in August 2013.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> On 19 June 2014, Mubarak slipped in the bathroom at the military hospital in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> where he was being held and broke his left leg, also fracturing his left thighbone, requiring surgery. Mubarak was serving a three-year sentence for corruption, and also awaiting <a href="/wiki/Retrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrial">retrial</a> regarding the killing of protesters during his regime. At one time, his release was ordered. However, Mubarak had remained at the military hospital since January 2014 due to his ongoing health issues.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquittal">Acquittal</h3></div> On 2 March 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Cassation">Court of Cassation</a>, Egypt's top appeals court, acquitted Mubarak of conspiring in the killing of protesters during the 2011 uprising.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-18">[17]</a> He was subsequently released on 24 March 2017.<a href="#cite_note-release-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> Hosni Mubarak died on 25 February 2020, in a Cairo military hospital, at the age of 91.<a href="#cite_note-obit-146">[145]</a> A full-honour <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> was held for him at the Tantawi Mosque in eastern Cairo, and he was later buried in a cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis,_Cairo" title="Heliopolis, Cairo">Heliopolis</a>. Egyptian president <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a> participated at the funeral and extended his condolences to Mubarak's widow, Suzanne, and his sons Alaa and Gamal; three days of <a href="/wiki/National_mourning" class="mw-redirect" title="National mourning">national mourning</a> were subsequently proclaimed.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-147">[146]</a> Following his death, President El-Sisi praised Mubarak for his role in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> but remained silent over his role as president. The government-controlled newspaper <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram" title="Al-Ahram">Al-Ahram</a> eulogized Mubarak for his military and political career.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hosni_Mubarak_and_Suzanne_Mubarak_in_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Hosni_Mubarak_and_Suzanne_Mubarak_in_2008.jpg/220px-Hosni_Mubarak_and_Suzanne_Mubarak_in_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Hosni_Mubarak_and_Suzanne_Mubarak_in_2008.jpg/330px-Hosni_Mubarak_and_Suzanne_Mubarak_in_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Hosni_Mubarak_and_Suzanne_Mubarak_in_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Mubarak with his wife <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Mubarak" title="Suzanne Mubarak">Suzanne</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> Hosni Mubarak was married to <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Mubarak" title="Suzanne Mubarak">Suzanne Thabet</a>, with whom he had two sons: <a href="/wiki/Alaa_Mubarak" title="Alaa Mubarak">Alaa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Mubarak" title="Gamal Mubarak">Gamal</a>. Both sons served four years in Egyptian jail for corruption and were released in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-145">[144]</a> Through his son Alaa, Mubarak has two grandsons, Mohammed and Omar; and through his son Gamal, he has a granddaughter Farida. Mohammed died in 2009 from a cerebral hemorrhage.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> In April 2016, Alaa Mubarak was named in the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a> as someone with financial interests that intersect with that of <a href="/wiki/Mossack_Fonseca" title="Mossack Fonseca">Mossack Fonseca</a>, the firm implicated in that scandal.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Hosni_Mubarak_(Order_of_the_Seraphim).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_Arms_of_Hosni_Mubarak_%28Order_of_the_Seraphim%29.svg/175px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Hosni_Mubarak_%28Order_of_the_Seraphim%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_Arms_of_Hosni_Mubarak_%28Order_of_the_Seraphim%29.svg/263px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Hosni_Mubarak_%28Order_of_the_Seraphim%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_Arms_of_Hosni_Mubarak_%28Order_of_the_Seraphim%29.svg/350px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Hosni_Mubarak_%28Order_of_the_Seraphim%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms as Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of the Seraphim">Royal Order of the Seraphim</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National">National</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:EGY_Order_of_the_Republic_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/EGY_Order_of_the_Republic_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png/55px-EGY_Order_of_the_Republic_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/EGY_Order_of_the_Republic_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png/83px-EGY_Order_of_the_Republic_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/EGY_Order_of_the_Republic_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png/110px-EGY_Order_of_the_Republic_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Republic_(Egypt)" title="Order of the Republic (Egypt)">Order of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:EGY_Order_of_the_Nile_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/EGY_Order_of_the_Nile_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.svg/55px-EGY_Order_of_the_Nile_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/EGY_Order_of_the_Nile_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.svg/83px-EGY_Order_of_the_Nile_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/EGY_Order_of_the_Nile_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.svg/110px-EGY_Order_of_the_Nile_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Nile" title="Order of the Nile">Order of the Nile</a>, 1st class</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Sinai_Star_1st_class.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Order_of_the_Sinai_Star_1st_class.png/55px-Order_of_the_Sinai_Star_1st_class.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Order_of_the_Sinai_Star_1st_class.png/83px-Order_of_the_Sinai_Star_1st_class.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Order_of_the_Sinai_Star_1st_class.png/110px-Order_of_the_Sinai_Star_1st_class.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="81" /></a> Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sinai_Star" title="Order of the Sinai Star">Order of the Sinai Star</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Noribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Noribbon.svg/55px-Noribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Noribbon.svg/83px-Noribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Noribbon.svg/110px-Noribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="63" data-file-height="17" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Honor_Star" title="Order of Honor Star">Honor Star Medal</a>, twice<a href="#cite_note-mmc-152">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Noribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Noribbon.svg/55px-Noribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Noribbon.svg/83px-Noribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Noribbon.svg/110px-Noribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="63" data-file-height="17" /></a> Military Training Medal<a href="#cite_note-mmc-152">[151]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h3></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Family_Order_of_Laila_Utama" title="Family Order of Laila Utama">Family Order of Laila Utama</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>: First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Stara_Planina" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Stara Planina">Order of the Balkan Mountains</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>: Grand Officer of the Order of Recognition</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>: Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Leopard" title="National Order of the Leopard">National Order of the Leopard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Order of the Redeemer</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>: Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Award" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Award">Jawaharlal Nehru Award</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>: First Class (Adipurna) of the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia" title="Star of the Republic of Indonesia">Star of the Republic of Indonesia</a>, 1st class</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi dynasty</a>: <ul><li>First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Zolfaghar" title="Order of Zolfaghar">Order of Zolfaghar</a></li> <li>Recipient of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamayon_Merit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamayon Merit (page does not exist)">Hamayon Merit</a><a href="#cite_note-mmc-152">[151]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>: Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Eagle" title="Order of the Golden Eagle">Order of the Golden Eagle</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>: Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great" title="Order of Mubarak the Great">Order of Mubarak the Great</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Mali" title="National Order of Mali">National Order of Mali</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle" title="Order of the Aztec Eagle">Order of the Aztec Eagle</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" />   <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>: Member First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Nepal" title="Order of the Star of Nepal">Order of the Star of Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>: Grand Cross of the National Order of Niger</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>: First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_National_Flag" title="Order of the National Flag">Order of the National Flag</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>: <ul><li>1st Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Oman" title="Order of Oman">Order of Oman</a>, civil</li> <li>Recipient of the Civil Order of Oman</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>: Honor Star Medal<a href="#cite_note-mmc-152">[151]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland">Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: Grand Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry" title="Order of Prince Henry">Order of Prince Henry</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>: <ul><li>First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz" title="Order of King Abdulaziz">Order of King Abdulaziz</a></li> <li>Second Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz" title="Order of King Abdulaziz">Order of King Abdulaziz</a></li> <li>Excellent Degree<a href="#cite_note-mmc-152">[151]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>: Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Good_Hope" title="Order of Good Hope">Order of Good Hope</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: Knight of the Collar of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>: Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Collar_of_Honour" title="Collar of Honour">Collar of Honour</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of the Seraphim">Royal Order of the Seraphim</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>: <ul><li>Member First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Umayyads" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Umayyads">Order of the Umayyads</a></li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces#Awards_and_decorations" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Military Honor Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-mmc-152">[151]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>: <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Republic_(Tunisia)" title="Order of the Republic (Tunisia)">Order of the Republic</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the Order of 7 November 1987</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>: First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_State_of_Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the State of Republic of Turkey">Order of the State of Republic of Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Yugoslav_Great_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Yugoslav Great Star">Order of the Yugoslav Great Star</a> on 26 February 1984<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: محمد حسني السيد مبارك, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Muḥammad Ḥusnī as-Sayyid Mubārak, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Egyptian Arabic: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[mæˈħæmmæd ˈħosni (ʔe)sˈsæjjed moˈbɑːɾɑk]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDarrajCox2007" 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Retrieved 2 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Hosni+Mubarak+%27has+a+heart+attack%27+while+taken+to+prison&rft.date=2012-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fegypt%2F9307456%2FHosni-Mubarak-has-a-heart-attack-while-taken-to-prison.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHosni+Mubarak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513141236/http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mubarak-has-heart-attack-on-way-to-jail-report-20120602">"Mubarak has heart attack on way to jail"</a>. AP via News24. 2 June 2012. 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Retrieved 11 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraphl&rft.atitle=Hosni+Mubarak+%27defibrillated+after+heart+stops%27&rft.date=2012-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fegypt%2F9324508%2FHosni-Mubarak-defibrillated-after-heart-stops.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHosni+Mubarak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/19/world/meast/egypt-mubarak/">"Conflicting reports about whether Mubarak has died"</a>. CNN. 19 June 2012. 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Hosni Mubarak and the future of democracy in Egypt (Springer, 2011).</li> <li>Beinin, Joel. "Workers and Egypt's January 25 Revolution." International Labor and Working-Class History 80.1 (2011): 189–196.</li> <li>Brownlee, Jason. "Democratization in the Arab World? The Decline of Pluralism in Mubarak's Egypt." Journal of democracy 13.4 (2002): 6–14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jason-Brownlee/publication/236831112_The_Decline_of_Pluralism_in_Mubarak's_Egypt/links/5416f9230cf2bb7347db83e6/The-Decline-of-Pluralism-in-Mubaraks-Egypt.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Cook, Steven A. The Struggle for Egypt: From Nasser to Tahrir Square (Oxford UP, 2011)</li> <li>Darraj, Susan Muaddi, and Vicki Cox. Hosni Mubarak (Infobase Publishing, 2007).</li> <li>Heiss, Andrew. "The failed management of a dying regime: Hosni Mubarak, Egypt's National Democratic Party, and the January 25 revolution." Journal of Third World Studies 29.1 (2012): 155–171. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.andrewheiss.com/research/articles/heiss-2012/2011-heiss-failed-management-arab-spring.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Joya, Angela. The Roots of Revolt: A Political Economy of Egypt from Nasser to Mubarak (Cambridge University Press, 2020).</li> <li>Ketchley, Neil. Egypt in a Time of Revolution: Contentious Politics and the Arab Spring (Cambridge UP, 2017)</li> <li>Masoud, Tarek. "The upheavals in Egypt and Tunisia: The road to (and from) Liberation Square." Journal of Democracy 22.3 (2011): 20–34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/444757/summary">excerpt</a></li> <li>Osman, Tarek. Egypt on the brink: from the rise of Nasser to the fall of Mubarak (Yale University Press, 2011)</li> <li>Piazza, Bárbara Azaola. "The foreign policy of post-Mubarak Egypt and the strengthening of relations with Saudi Arabia: balancing between economic vulnerability and regional and regime security." Journal of North African Studies 24.3 (2019): 401–425. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/56217816/The_foreign_policy_of_post_Mubarak_Egypt.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Roccu, Roberto. The political economy of the Egyptian revolution: Mubarak, economic reforms and failed hegemony (Springer, 2013).</li> <li>Rougier, Bernard, and Stéphane Lacroix (eds.) Egypt's Revolutions: Politics, Religion, and Social Movements (Palgrave, 2016)</li> <li>Shama, Nael. Egyptian foreign policy from Mubarak to Morsi: Against the national interest (Routledge, 2013).</li> <li>Sharp, Jeremy M. Egypt: The January 25 Revolution and implications for US foreign policy (Diane Publishing, 2011).</li> <li>Soliman, Samer. The Autumn of Dictatorship: Fiscal Crisis and Political Change in Egypt under Mubarak (Stanford University Press, 2011)</li> <li>Springborg, Robert. Mubarak's Egypt: Fragmentation of the Political Order (Routledge, 2019)</li> <li>Tripp, Charles, and Roger Owen, eds. Egypt under Mubarak (Routledge, 1989).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hosni_Mubarak" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Hosni Mubarak">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Hosni_Mubarak" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Hosni Mubarak">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" class="extiw" title="q:Hosni Mubarak">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34105" class="extiw" title="d:Q34105">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.eg/en/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83/">Presidency biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323064657/http://www.mmc.gov.eg/branches/AIRFORCE/gg16.htm">Air Marshal Hosni Mubarak</a> at the official Egyptian Air Force site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?6897">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlierose.com/videos/1180">Hosni Mubarak</a> on <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(talk_show)" title="Charlie Rose (talk show)">Charlie Rose</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0610804/">Hosni Mubarak</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/person/hosni-mubarak.html">Hosni Mubarak</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/hosni-mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34105#P3106" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/hosni_mubarak/index.html">Hosni Mubarak</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/55221/hosni-mubarak-the-last-pharaoh#index/0">Hosni Mubarak: The Last Pharaoh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110205085253/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/55221/hosni-mubarak-the-last-pharaoh#index/0">Archived</a> 5 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, slideshow by Life magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+MOTION+P6-RC-2008-0023+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN">European Parliament Resolution on Egypt's Human Rights Situation</a>, 16 January 2008</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahia_Saleh_Al-Aidaros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahia Saleh Al-Aidaros (page does not exist)">Yahia Saleh Al-Aidaros</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Director of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Air Academy">Egyptian Air Academy</a> 1967–1969 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Shaker" title="Mahmoud Shaker">Mahmoud Shaker</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mustafa_Baghdady" title="Ali Mustafa Baghdady">Ali Mustafa Baghdady</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force" title="Egyptian Air Force">Egyptian Air Force</a> 1972–1975 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/wiki/Hussein_el-Shafei" title="Hussein el-Shafei">Hussein el-Shafei</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Egypt" title="Vice-President of Egypt">Vice-President of Egypt</a> 1975–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_El_Sadat" class="mw-redirect" title="Anwar El Sadat">Anwar El Sadat</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister of Egypt</a> 1981–1982 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fuad_Mohieddin" title="Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin">Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sufi_Abu_Taleb" title="Sufi Abu Taleb">Sufi Abu Taleb</a> Acting</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President of Egypt</a> 1981–2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_El_Sadat" class="mw-redirect" title="Anwar El Sadat">Anwar El Sadat</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">Chairman of the National Democratic Party</a> 1982–2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shafik" title="Ahmed Shafik">Ahmed Shafik</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Traor%C3%A9" title="Moussa Traoré">Moussa Traoré</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> 1989–1990 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Abdou Diouf</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> 1993–1994 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Secretary General of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> 2009–2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Egypt" title="Template:Presidents of Egypt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Egypt" title="Template talk:Presidents of Egypt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Egypt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Egypt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Egypt&#124;link=Egypt_Presidents_of_Egypt_(List)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">Presidents of</a> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Egypt" title="List of presidents of Egypt">List</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_(Official).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Egypt"><img alt="Coat of arms of Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg/37px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg/55px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg/73px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Egypt</figcaption></figure></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Naguib" title="Mohamed Naguib">Mohamed Naguib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_Abu_Taleb" title="Sufi Abu Taleb">Sufi Abu Taleb</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hosni Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Tantawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Tantawi">Muhammad Tantawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adly_Mansour" title="Adly Mansour">Adly Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italic: acting or interim president</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Egypt&#124;link=Egypt_Prime_ministers_of_Egypt_(List)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Egypt" title="Template:Prime ministers of Egypt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Egypt" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Egypt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Egypt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Egypt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Egypt&#124;link=Egypt_Prime_ministers_of_Egypt_(List)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime ministers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Egypt" title="List of prime ministers of Egypt">List</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a> (1878–1914)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nubar_Pasha" title="Nubar Pasha">Nobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Isma'il Pasha of Egypt">Isma'il</a><a href="#endnote_interim">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewfik_Pasha" title="Tewfik Pasha">Tewfik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Sherif_Pasha" title="Mohamed Sherif Pasha">Sherif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewfik_Pasha" title="Tewfik Pasha">Tewfik</a><a href="#endnote_interim">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riaz_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Riaz Pasha">Riaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Sherif_Pasha" title="Mohamed Sherif Pasha">Sherif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Sami_Elbaroudi" title="Mahmoud Sami Elbaroudi">Elbaroudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghib_Pasha" title="Raghib Pasha">Raghib</a><a href="#endnote_orabi">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Sherif_Pasha" title="Mohamed Sherif Pasha">Sherif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubar_Pasha" title="Nubar Pasha">Nobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riaz_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Riaz Pasha">Riaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Fahmi" title="Mustafa Fahmi">Fahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Fakhry_Pasha" title="Hussein Fakhry Pasha">Fakhry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riaz_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Riaz Pasha">Riaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubar_Pasha" title="Nubar Pasha">Nobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Fahmi" title="Mustafa Fahmi">Fahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutros_Ghali" title="Boutros Ghali">Ghaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Said_Pasha" title="Mohamed Said Pasha">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Roshdy_Pasha" title="Hussein Roshdy Pasha">Roshdy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/40px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/60px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/80px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Egypt_(1882-1922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Egypt_(1922-1958).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Egypt_(1952%E2%80%931958).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/40px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/60px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/80px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate of Egypt</a> (1914–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Roshdy_Pasha" title="Hussein Roshdy Pasha">Roshdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Said_Pasha" title="Mohamed Said Pasha">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssef_Wahba" title="Youssef Wahba">Wahba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Tawfik_Naseem_Pasha" title="Mohamed Tawfik Naseem Pasha">Naseem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adly_Yakan_Pasha" title="Adly Yakan Pasha">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a> (1922–1953)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Khalek_Sarwat_Pasha" title="Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha">Sarwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Tawfik_Naseem_Pasha" title="Mohamed Tawfik Naseem Pasha">Naseem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Yahya Ibrahim Pasha">Y. Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_Zaghloul" title="Saad Zaghloul">Zaghloul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zeiwar_Pasha" title="Ahmed Zeiwar Pasha">Zeiwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adly_Yakan_Pasha" title="Adly Yakan Pasha">Yakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Khalek_Sarwat_Pasha" title="Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha">Sarwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Nahas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mostafa El-Nahas">Nahas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Mahmoud_Pasha" title="Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha">Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adly_Yakan_Pasha" title="Adly Yakan Pasha">Yakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Nahas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mostafa El-Nahas">Nahas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Sidky" title="Ismail Sidky">Sidky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_Yahya_Pasha" title="Abdel Fattah Yahya Pasha">A. Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Tawfik_Naseem_Pasha" title="Mohamed Tawfik Naseem Pasha">Naseem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aly_Maher_Pasha" title="Aly Maher Pasha">Aly Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Nahas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mostafa El-Nahas">Nahas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Mahmoud_Pasha" title="Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha">Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aly_Maher_Pasha" title="Aly Maher Pasha">Aly Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sabry_Pasha" title="Hassan Sabry Pasha">H. Sabry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Sirri_Pasha_(1894%E2%80%931960)" title="Hussein Sirri Pasha (1894–1960)">Sirri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Nahas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mostafa El-Nahas">Nahas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Maher_Pasha" title="Ahmad Maher Pasha">Ahmad Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_El_Nokrashy_Pasha" title="Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha">Nokrashy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Sidky" title="Ismail Sidky">Sidky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_El_Nokrashy_Pasha" title="Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha">Nokrashy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Abdel_Hady_Pasha" title="Ibrahim Abdel Hady Pasha">Hady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Sirri_Pasha_(1894%E2%80%931960)" title="Hussein Sirri Pasha (1894–1960)">Sirri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Nahas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mostafa El-Nahas">Nahas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aly_Maher_Pasha" title="Aly Maher Pasha">Aly Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Naguib_el-Hilaly" title="Ahmed Naguib el-Hilaly">Hilaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Sirri_Pasha_(1894%E2%80%931960)" title="Hussein Sirri Pasha (1894–1960)">Sirri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Naguib_el-Hilaly" title="Ahmed Naguib el-Hilaly">Hilaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aly_Maher_Pasha" title="Aly Maher Pasha">Aly Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Naguib" title="Mohamed Naguib">Naguib</a><a href="#endnote_rebellion">3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Republic of Egypt</a> (1953–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Naguib" title="Mohamed Naguib">Naguib</a><a href="#endnote_rebellion">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a><a href="#endnote_rebellion">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Naguib" title="Mohamed Naguib">Naguib</a><a href="#endnote_rebellion">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a><a href="#endnote_rebellion">3,</a><a href="#endnote_uar">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sabri" title="Ali Sabri">A. Sabry</a><a href="#endnote_uar">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Mohieddin" title="Zakaria Mohieddin">Z. Mohieddin</a><a href="#endnote_uar">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Sedky_Soliman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Sedky Soliman">Soliman</a><a href="#endnote_uar">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a><a href="#endnote_uar">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Fawzi" title="Mahmoud Fawzi">Fawzi</a><a href="#endnote_uar">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sedky" title="Aziz Sedky">A. Sedky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Sadat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Aziz_Mohamed_Hegazy" title="Abdel Aziz Mohamed Hegazy">Hegazy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamdouh_Salem" title="Mamdouh Salem">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Khalil" title="Mustafa Khalil">Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Sadat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fuad_Mohieddin" title="Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin">A. F. Mohieddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Hassan_Aly" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamal Hassan Aly">Aly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aly_Lotfy_Mahmoud" title="Aly Lotfy Mahmoud">Lotfy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef_Sedky" title="Atef Sedky">A. M. N. Sedky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Ganzouri" title="Kamal Ganzouri">Ganzouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef_Ebeid" title="Atef Ebeid">Ebeid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Nazif" title="Ahmed Nazif">Nazif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shafik" title="Ahmed Shafik">Shafik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essam_Sharaf" title="Essam Sharaf">Sharaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Ganzouri" title="Kamal Ganzouri">Ganzouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesham_Qandil" title="Hesham Qandil">Qandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazem_El_Beblawi" title="Hazem El Beblawi">Beblawi</a><a href="#endnote_interim">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Mahlab" title="Ibrahim Mahlab">Mahlab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherif_Ismail" title="Sherif Ismail">Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Madbouly" title="Mostafa Madbouly">Madbouly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd><a href="#ref_interim">^1</a> interim</dd> <dd><a href="#ref_orabi">^2</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Urabi" title="Ahmed Urabi">Urabi</a></dd> <dd><a href="#ref_rebellion">^3</a> headed a government in rebellion, July–September 1882, beginning during Raghib's term</dd> <dd><a href="#ref_uar">^4</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">UAR</a> period</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Egyptian_Crisis_(2011–2014)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Egyptian_Crisis" title="Template:Egyptian Crisis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Egyptian_Crisis" title="Template talk:Egyptian Crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Egyptian_Crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Egyptian Crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Egyptian_Crisis_(2011–2014)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mubarak</a> government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">Revolution of 2011</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Hosni_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Resignation of Hosni Mubarak">Resignation of Hosni Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Domestic responses to the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Domestic responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="International reactions to the Egyptian revolution of 2011">International reactions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Tantawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Tantawi">Tantawi</a> government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_Crisis_under_the_Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_post-Mubarak_electoral_politics_of_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in post-Mubarak electoral politics of Egypt">Muslim Brotherhood (post-Mubarak)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_and_judicial_hearings_following_the_Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Trials and judicial hearings following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Trials and judicial hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt_under_the_Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Human rights in Egypt under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Human rights in Egypt under the SCAF</a></li> <li>Reform process <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_constitutional_review_committee_of_2011" title="Egyptian constitutional review committee of 2011">Constitutional review committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum" title="2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum">2011 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Constitutional_Declaration_of_2011" title="Egyptian Constitutional Declaration of 2011">2011 Constitutional Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_attack_on_the_Israeli_Embassy_in_Egypt" title="2011 attack on the Israeli Embassy in Egypt">2011 attack on the Israeli Embassy in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_Crisis_under_the_Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces#November" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">November 2011 Tahrir clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Said_Stadium_riot" title="Port Said Stadium riot">Port Said Stadium riot</a></li> <li>Elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Egyptian_parliamentary_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Egyptian parliamentary election">2011–2012 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Egyptian_Shura_Council_election" title="2012 Egyptian Shura Council election">2012 Shura Council election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2012 Egyptian presidential election">2012 presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Morsi</a> government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_Crisis_under_Mohamed_Morsi" title="Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under Mohamed Morsi">Timeline</a></li> <li>Reform process <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Constituent_Assembly_of_2012" title="Egyptian Constituent Assembly of 2012">Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum" title="2012 Egyptian constitutional referendum">2012 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2012" title="Egyptian Constitution of 2012">2012 Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Egyptian_protests" title="2012–2013 Egyptian protests">2012–2013 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2013_Egyptian_protests" title="June 2013 Egyptian protests">June 2013 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">2013 coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Adly_Mansour" title="Adly Mansour">Mansour</a> government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-coup_unrest_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)">2013–2014 post-coup unrest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_Guard_headquarters_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Republican Guard headquarters clashes">Republican Guard HQ clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2013 Rabaa massacre">August 2013 Rabaa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerdasa_massacre" title="Kerdasa massacre">Kerdasa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kerdasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kerdasa">Battle of Kerdasa</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2013_Mansoura_bombing" title="December 2013 Mansoura bombing">December 2013 Mansoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Cairo_bombings" title="January 2014 Cairo bombings">January 2014 Cairo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reform process <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum" title="2014 Egyptian constitutional referendum">2014 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Constitution of 2014">2014 Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2014 Egyptian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle" title="Operation Eagle">Operation Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_southern_Israel_cross-border_attacks" title="2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks">August 2011 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2012_Sinai_attack" title="August 2012 Sinai attack">August 2012 attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sinai_(2012)" title="Operation Sinai (2012)">Operation Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Taba_bus_bombing" title="2014 Taba bus bombing">2014 Taba bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2014_Sinai_attacks" title="October 2014 Sinai attacks">October 2014 attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_El_Nil_Bridge" title="Qasr El Nil Bridge">Qasr El Nil Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabaa_Al-Adawiya_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabaa Al-Adawiya Mosque">Rabaa Al-Adawiya Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_October_Bridge" title="6th October Bridge">6th October Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bishr" title="Sidi Bishr">Sidi Bishr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mubarak government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hosni Mubarak</a> (President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a> (Vice President)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Nazif" title="Ahmed Nazif">Ahmed Nazif</a> (Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Nazif_Cabinet" title="Nazif Cabinet">Cabinet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shafik" title="Ahmed Shafik">Ahmed Shafik</a> (Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Shafik_Cabinet" title="Shafik Cabinet">Cabinet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Aboul_Gheit" title="Ahmed Aboul Gheit">Ahmed Aboul Gheit</a> (Foreign Minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_el-Adly" title="Habib el-Adly">Habib el-Adly</a> (Interior Minister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">NDP</a> figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Mubarak" title="Gamal Mubarak">Gamal Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ezz_(businessman)" title="Ahmed Ezz (businessman)">Ahmed Ezz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Azmi" title="Zakaria Azmi">Zakaria Azmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fathi_Sorour" title="Ahmad Fathi Sorour">Ahmad Fathi Sorour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_El-Sherif" title="Safwat El-Sherif">Safwat El-Sherif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Salem" title="Hussein Salem">Hussein Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tantawi government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Tantawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Tantawi">Muhammad Tantawi</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_Hafez_Anan" title="Sami Hafez Anan">Sami Hafez Anan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohab_Mamish" title="Mohab Mamish">Mohab Mamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reda_Mahmoud_Hafez_Mohamed" title="Reda Mahmoud Hafez Mohamed">Reda Mahmoud Hafez Mohamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_El_Aziz_Seif-Eldeen" title="Abd El Aziz Seif-Eldeen">Abd El Aziz Seif-Eldeen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sharaf_Cabinet_(Egypt)" title="Template:Sharaf Cabinet (Egypt)">Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Ganzouri" title="Kamal Ganzouri">Kamal Ganzouri</a> (Prime Minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Kamel_Amr" title="Mohamed Kamel Amr">Mohamed Kamel Amr</a> (Foreign Minister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morsi government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a> (President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mekki" title="Mahmoud Mekki">Mahmoud Mekki</a> (Vice President)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesham_Qandil" title="Hesham Qandil">Hesham Qandil</a> (Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Qandil_Cabinet" title="Qandil Cabinet">Cabinet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Kamel_Amr" title="Mohamed Kamel Amr">Mohamed Kamel Amr</a> (Foreign Minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Gamal_el-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Gamal el-Din">Ahmed Gamal el-Din</a> (Interior Minister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">FJP</a> figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khairat_el-Shater" title="Khairat el-Shater">Khairat el-Shater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Badie" title="Mohammed Badie">Mohammed Badie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essam_el-Erian" title="Essam el-Erian">Essam el-Erian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_El-Katatni" title="Saad El-Katatni">Saad El-Katatni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Beltagy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Beltagy">Mohamed Beltagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Youth_of_the_Revolution" title="Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution">Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Khaled_Mohamed_Saeed#We_are_all_Khaled_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed">We are all Khaled Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6_Youth_Movement" title="April 6 Youth Movement">April 6 Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefaya" title="Kefaya">Kefaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialists_(Egypt)" title="Revolutionary Socialists (Egypt)">Revolutionary Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_Egypt_Party" title="Strong Egypt Party">Strong Egypt Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultras_Ahlawy" title="Ultras Ahlawy">Al-Ahly Ultras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamalek_SC#Fans_and_Ultras_group" title="Zamalek SC">Zamalek’s Ultras White Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Change" title="National Association for Change">National Association for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">Muslim Brotherhood Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarod" title="Tamarod">Tamarod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdeen_Sabahi" title="Hamdeen Sabahi">Hamdeen Sabahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Moneim_Aboul_Fotouh" title="Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh">Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothaina_Kamel" title="Bothaina Kamel">Bothaina Kamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Isaac" title="George Isaac">George Ishak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Ali" title="Khaled Ali">Khaled Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Khalil" title="Kamal Khalil">Kamal Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Abbas" title="Kamal Abbas">Kamal Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_Nour" title="Ayman Nour">Ayman Nour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sameh_Naguib" title="Sameh Naguib">Sameh Naguib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_Bastawisy" title="Hisham Bastawisy">Hisham Bastawisy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Ghonim" title="Wael Ghonim">Wael Ghonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigi_Ibrahim" title="Gigi Ibrahim">Gigi Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Badr" title="Mahmoud Badr">Mahmoud Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Maher_(youth_leader)" title="Ahmed Maher (youth leader)">Ahmed Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossam_el-Hamalawy" title="Hossam el-Hamalawy">Hossam el-Hamalawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Khalil" title="Wael Khalil">Wael Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Abbas" title="Wael Abbas">Wael Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawara_Negm" title="Nawara Negm">Nawara Negm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaa_Abd_El-Fattah" title="Alaa Abd El-Fattah">Alaa Abd El-Fattah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Seif" title="Mona Seif">Mona Seif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmaa_Mahfouz" title="Asmaa Mahfouz">Asmaa Mahfouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israa_Abdel_Fattah" title="Israa Abdel Fattah">Israa Abdel Fattah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maikel_Nabil_Sanad" title="Maikel Nabil Sanad">Maikel Nabil Sanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Douma" title="Ahmed Douma">Ahmed Douma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Adel" title="Mohammed Adel">Mohammed Adel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Spring" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_Spring" title="Template:Arab Spring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_Spring" title="Template talk:Arab Spring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_Spring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab Spring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Spring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div>"<a href="/wiki/Ash-shab_yurid_isqat_an-nizam" title="Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam">Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam</a>"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Events by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932012_Algerian_protests" title="2010–2012 Algerian protests">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Djiboutian_protests" title="2011 Djiboutian protests">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Iraqi_protests" title="2011 Iraqi protests">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_protests_(2011%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian protests (2011–12)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_protests_(2011%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti protests (2011–2013)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Lebanese_protests" title="2011 Lebanese protests">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan civil war">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Mauritanian_protests" title="2011–2012 Mauritanian protests">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Omani_protests" title="2011 Omani protests">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Palestinian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Palestinian protests">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Sudanese_protests" title="2011–2013 Sudanese protests">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Western_Saharan_protests" title="2011 Western Saharan protests">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14_Youth_Coalition" title="February 14 Youth Coalition">February 14 Youth Coalition</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/April_6_Youth_Movement" title="April 6 Youth Movement">April 6 Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefaya" title="Kefaya">Kefaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">FJP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Change" title="National Association for Change">National Association for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">National Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Egypt)" title="National Salvation Front (Egypt)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialists_(Egypt)" title="Revolutionary Socialists (Egypt)">Revolutionary Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayfeencom" title="Shayfeencom">Shayfeencom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultras_Ahlawy" title="Ultras Ahlawy">Ultras Ahlawy</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)" title="National Liberation Army (Libya)">National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Mauritania: <a href="/wiki/February_25th_Movement" title="February 25th Movement">February 25th Movement</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Women_to_drive_movement" title="Women to drive movement">Women to drive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Defense_of_Human_Rights_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in the Arabian Peninsula">CDHRAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Development_and_Change" title="Society for Development and Change">Society for Development and Change</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Syria: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Regional Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">National Command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_rebel_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian civil war">Foreign fighters</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Democratic Rally">Constitutional Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Tunisia)" title="Popular Front (Tunisia)">Popular Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_General_Labour_Union" title="Tunisian General Labour Union">Tunisian General Labour Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Yemeni_Tribes" title="Alliance of Yemeni Tribes">Alliance of Yemeni Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashid" title="Hashid">Hashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthis">Houthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Yemen)" title="General People's Congress (Yemen)">General People's Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="South Yemen Movement">Hiraak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Arab_Spring" title="Women in the Arab Spring">Women in the Arab Spring</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ouyahia" title="Ahmed Ouyahia">Ahmed Ouyahia</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Mushaima" title="Hasan Mushaima">Hasan Mushaima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salman" title="Ali Salman">Ali Salman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Ali_Jawad_al-Sheikh" title="Death of Ali Jawad al-Sheikh">Ali Jawad al-Sheikh</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Egypt: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hosni Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawy">Mohamed Hussein Tantawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Nazif" title="Ahmed Nazif">Ahmed Nazif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shafik" title="Ahmed Shafik">Ahmed Shafik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Ghonim" title="Wael Ghonim">Wael Ghonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Ganzouri" title="Kamal Ganzouri">Kamal Ganzouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Khaled_Mohamed_Saeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed">Khaled Mohamed Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essam_Sharaf" title="Essam Sharaf">Essam Sharaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesham_Qandil" title="Hesham Qandil">Hesham Qandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassem_Youssef_(television_host)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassem Youssef (television host)">Bassem Youssef</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Jordan: <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marouf_al-Bakhit" title="Marouf al-Bakhit">Marouf al-Bakhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Rifai" title="Samir Rifai">Samir Rifai</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Abdul-Jelil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Abdul-Jelil">Mustafa Abdul-Jelil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Gebril" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Gebril">Mahmud Gebril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nabbous" title="Mohammed Nabbous">Mohammed Nabbous</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Mauritania: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulaye_Ould_Mohamed_Laghdaf" title="Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf">Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_El_Fassi" title="Abbas El Fassi">Abbas El Fassi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_al-Johani" title="Khaled al-Johani">Khaled al-Johani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manal_al-Sharif" title="Manal al-Sharif">Manal al-Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Nimr al-Nimr">Nimr al-Nimr</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Sudan: <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Safar" title="Adel Safar">Adel Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad_Farid_Hijab" title="Riyad Farid Hijab">Riyad Farid Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ghannouchi" title="Mohamed Ghannouchi">Mohamed Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncef_Marzouki" title="Moncef Marzouki">Moncef Marzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Ghannushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid al-Ghannushi">Rashid al-Ghannushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Mebazaa" title="Fouad Mebazaa">Fouad Mebazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beji_Caid_Essebsi" title="Beji Caid Essebsi">Beji Caid Essebsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamadi_Jebali" title="Hamadi Jebali">Hamadi Jebali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Mohamed Bouazizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokri_Belaid" title="Chokri Belaid">Chokri Belaid</a></li></ul> <ul><li>United Arab Emirates:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAE_Five" title="UAE Five">UAE Five</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majeed_al-Zindani" title="Abdul Majeed al-Zindani">Abdul Majeed al-Zindani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohsen_al-Ahmar" title="Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar">Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Ahmar" title="Sadiq al-Ahmar">Sadiq al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Malik_al-Houthi" title="Abdul-Malik al-Houthi">Abdul-Malik al-Houthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_al-Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Ali al-Houthi">Mohammed Ali al-Houthi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Impact of the Arab Spring">Impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Albanian_opposition_demonstrations" title="2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Armenian_protests" title="2011 Armenian protests">Armenia</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2011 Azerbaijani protests">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Baku_protests" title="2013 Baku protests">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Belarusian_protests" title="2011 Belarusian protests">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Burkinab%C3%A8_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Burkinabè protests">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Chinese_pro-democracy_protests" title="2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9312_Greek_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–12 Greek protests">Greece</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Indian anti-corruption movement">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests" title="2011–2012 Iranian protests">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kurdish_protests_in_Iraq" title="2011 Kurdish protests in Iraq">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Israeli_social_justice_protests" title="2011 Israeli social justice protests">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Maldives_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Maldives political crisis">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Mali</a></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Peace_with_Justice_and_Dignity" title="Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_Soy_132" title="Yo Soy 132">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Portugal" title="Anti-austerity movement in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Russian_protests" title="2011–2013 Russian protests">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Spanish_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Spanish protests">Spain</a></li> <li>Turkey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey" title="2011–2012 Kurdish protests in Turkey">2011–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_anti-austerity_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 United Kingdom anti-austerity protests">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_public_employee_protests" title="2011 United States public employee protests">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan civil war (2011–present)">Libyan civil war (2011–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">UN Resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_65/265" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265">65/265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1970" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2009" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2014" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2016" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016">2016</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Arab_Spring" title="International reactions to the Arab Spring">International reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Libyan civil war">civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="International reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the death of Muammar Gaddafi">death of Muammar Gaddafi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Tunisian_revolution" title="International reactions to the Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Yemeni_revolution" title="International reactions to the Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Domestic reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Domestic responses to the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic responses to the Libyan Civil War">domestic responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Timeline of the Arab Spring">Timelines</a> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Libyan civil war">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011%E2%80%9313_Saudi_Arabian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2011–13 Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Yemeni_revolution" title="Timeline of the Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni crisis (2011–present)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)">Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_Spring" title="Category:Arab Spring">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairpersons_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity_and_the_African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union_chairpersons" title="Template:African Union chairpersons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union_chairpersons" title="Template talk:African Union chairpersons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union_chairpersons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union chairpersons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div 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title="Haile Selassie">Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Boumédiène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo">Ahidjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moktar_Ould_Daddah" title="Moktar Ould Daddah">Daddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Gowon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seewoosagur_Ramgoolam" title="Seewoosagur Ramgoolam">Ramgoolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Nimeiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Nimeiry">Nimeiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tolbert" title="William Tolbert">Tolbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi" title="Daniel arap Moi">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Traor%C3%A9" title="Moussa Traoré">Traoré</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Museveni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Babangida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Biya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Compaoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Eyadéma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Chiluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Mwanawasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Chissano" title="Joaquim Chissano">Chissano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Obasanjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">Kufuor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaya_Kikwete" title="Jakaya Kikwete">Kikwete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingu_wa_Mutharika" title="Bingu wa Mutharika">Mutharika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo">Obiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boni_Yayi" title="Thomas Boni Yayi">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailemariam_Desalegn" title="Hailemariam Desalegn">Hailemariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Abdel Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Déby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9" title="Alpha Condé">Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Kagame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Tshisekedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Sall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azali_Assoumani" title="Azali Assoumani">Assoumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Ghazouani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NAMSecretary-General" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NAMSecretary-General"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#Chair" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Chairs of the Non-Aligned Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Boumédiène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gopallawa" title="William Gopallawa">Gopallawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">Jayewardene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">F. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Drnov%C5%A1ek" title="Janez Drnovšek">Drnovšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borisav_Jovi%C4%87" title="Borisav Jović">Jović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Mesi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Mesić">Mesić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Kosti%C4%87" title="Branko Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrica_%C4%86osi%C4%87" title="Dobrica Ćosić">Ćosić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Samper" title="Ernesto Samper">Samper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana_Arango" title="Andrés Pastrana Arango">Pastrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi" title="Abdullah Ahmad Badawi">Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">F. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">R. Castro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawi">Tantawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Ahmadinejad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Rouhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Aliyev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34105#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34105#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34105#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120985407">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2664478">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/125828/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjCRvBDTrPQjMDFk9YQMP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118817213">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83198443">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13973486z">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13973486z">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49788398">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20040223009&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073438448">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/8076678">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000285448&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khw05qk35bz3f0k">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810703516005606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265628005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA14420117?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1526314">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118817213.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118817213">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/076711595">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10568631">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6g761wx">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hosni_Mubarak&oldid=1258012300">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hosni_Mubarak&oldid=1258012300</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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