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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Reformation_and_religious_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Reformation_and_religious_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The Reformation and religious conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Reformation_and_religious_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biblical_verses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_verses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Biblical verses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_verses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="نيقوديموس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيقوديموس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Нікадзім (таемны вучань Хрыста) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нікадзім (таемны вучань Хрыста)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Никодим – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Никодим" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Nicodem" title="Sant Nicodem – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sant Nicodem" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikod%C3%A9m" title="Nikodém – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nikodém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikodemus" title="Nikodemus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nikodemus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Νικόδημος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νικόδημος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicodemo" title="Nicodemo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nicodemo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikodemo" title="Nikodemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nikodemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikodemo" title="Nikodemo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nikodemo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicod%C3%A8me" title="Nicodème – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nicodème" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EA%B3%A0%EB%8D%B0%EB%AA%A8" title="니고데모 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니고데모" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikodem" title="Nikodem – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nikodem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikodemus" title="Nikodemus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nikodemus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicodemo_(discepolo_di_Ges%C3%B9)" title="Nicodemo (discepolo di Gesù) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nicodemo (discepolo di Gesù)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ניקודמוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקודמוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikodemo" title="Nikodemo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nikodemo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikod%C3%A9mosz" title="Nikodémosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nikodémosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik%C3%B4dem%C3%B4sy" title="Nikôdemôsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nikôdemôsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="نيقوديموس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيقوديموس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikodemus" title="Nikodemus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nikodemus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2" title="ニコデモ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニコデモ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikodemus" title="Nikodemus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nikodemus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikodem_(posta%C4%87_biblijna)" title="Nikodem (postać biblijna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nikodem (postać biblijna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicodemos" title="Nicodemos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nicodemos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicodim" title="Nicodim – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nicodim" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Никодим – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Никодим" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicodemu_(discepulu_di_Gesu_Cristu)" title="Nicodemu (discepulu di Gesu Cristu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nicodemu (discepulu di Gesu Cristu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Никодим – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Никодим" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikodim" title="Nikodim – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nikodim" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikodemos" title="Nikodemos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nikodemos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikodemos" title="Nikodemos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nikodemos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நிக்கதேம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிக்கதேம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="นิโคเดมัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิโคเดมัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC_(%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82)" title="Никодим (Новий Заповіт) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Никодим (Новий Заповіт)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic%C3%B4%C4%91%C3%AAm%C3%B4" title="Nicôđêmô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nicôđêmô" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nicodemus (disambiguation)">Nicodemus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Nicodemus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Buonarroti,_piet%C3%A0_bandini,_1547-1555_circa,_02_nicodemo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Michelangelo_Buonarroti%2C_piet%C3%A0_bandini%2C_1547-1555_circa%2C_02_nicodemo.jpg/250px-Michelangelo_Buonarroti%2C_piet%C3%A0_bandini%2C_1547-1555_circa%2C_02_nicodemo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Michelangelo_Buonarroti%2C_piet%C3%A0_bandini%2C_1547-1555_circa%2C_02_nicodemo.jpg/330px-Michelangelo_Buonarroti%2C_piet%C3%A0_bandini%2C_1547-1555_circa%2C_02_nicodemo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Michelangelo_Buonarroti%2C_piet%C3%A0_bandini%2C_1547-1555_circa%2C_02_nicodemo.jpg/500px-Michelangelo_Buonarroti%2C_piet%C3%A0_bandini%2C_1547-1555_circa%2C_02_nicodemo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="4380" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Detail from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Deposition_(Michelangelo)" title="The Deposition (Michelangelo)">The Deposition</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, c. 1547–1555</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Defender of Jesus</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Galilee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Congregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Congregation">Pre-Congregation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Various (see <a href="#Veneration">§ Veneration</a>): 3rd<span class="nowrap"> </span>Sunday of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Pascha</a>, 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>August, 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>August, 31<span class="nowrap"> </span>August</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pharisee" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisee">Pharisee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Undertakers and pallbearers<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nicodemus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Νικόδημος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Nikódēmos</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: <span lang="arc" dir="rtl">𐡍𐡒𐡃𐡉𐡌𐡅𐡍</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Imperial Aramaic-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">Naqdīmūn</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">נַקְדִּימוֹן</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Naqdīmōn</i></span>) is a New Testament figure venerated as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> in a number of Christian traditions. He is depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Pharisee" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisee">Pharisee</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> who is drawn to hear Jesus's teachings. Like <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a>, Nicodemus is not mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">synoptic Gospels</a>, but only by John,<sup id="cite_ref-driscoll_CE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-driscoll_CE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who devotes more than half of <a href="/wiki/John_3" title="John 3">Chapter 3</a> of his gospel and a few verses of <a href="/wiki/John_7" title="John 7">Chapter 7</a> to Nicodemus, and last mentions him in <a href="/wiki/John_19" title="John 19">Chapter 19</a>. </p><p>Both <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> traditions consider Nicodemus to have secretly been a <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciple</a> of Jesus on the basis of <a href="/wiki/John_19" title="John 19">John 19</a>; there is no explicit mention of his discipleship in the Gospel of John. Owing to his insistence on a hearing for Jesus according to Jewish law, Nicodemus is sometimes called "defender of Jesus".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have identified the Nicodemus of the New Testament with a 1st-century historic <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion" title="Nicodemus ben Gurion">Nicodemus ben Gurion</a>, while others say the dates and apparent age discrepancy between the two make this unlikely. An <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> work under his name, the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Nicodemus" title="Gospel of Nicodemus">Gospel of Nicodemus</a>, was produced in the mid-4th century, and is mostly a reworking of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Pilate" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Pilate">Acts of Pilate</a>, which recounts the <a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gospel_narrative">Gospel narrative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gospel narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Jesus_and_nicodemus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Jesus_and_nicodemus.jpg/270px-Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Jesus_and_nicodemus.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Jesus_and_nicodemus.jpg/405px-Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Jesus_and_nicodemus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Jesus_and_nicodemus.jpg/540px-Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Jesus_and_nicodemus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_Visiting_Christ" title="Nicodemus Visiting Christ">Nicodemus Visiting Christ</a>, 1899 painting. Nicodemus (left) talking to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ossawa_Tanner" title="Henry Ossawa Tanner">Henry Ossawa Tanner</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fritz_von_Uhde_-_Christus_und_Nikodemus_(ca.1886).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Fritz_von_Uhde_-_Christus_und_Nikodemus_%28ca.1886%29.jpg/330px-Fritz_von_Uhde_-_Christus_und_Nikodemus_%28ca.1886%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Fritz_von_Uhde_-_Christus_und_Nikodemus_%28ca.1886%29.jpg/500px-Fritz_von_Uhde_-_Christus_und_Nikodemus_%28ca.1886%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Fritz_von_Uhde_-_Christus_und_Nikodemus_%28ca.1886%29.jpg/540px-Fritz_von_Uhde_-_Christus_und_Nikodemus_%28ca.1886%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Christus und Nicodemus, by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_von_Uhde" title="Fritz von Uhde">Fritz von Uhde</a> (1848–1911)</figcaption></figure> <p>Nicodemus is mentioned in three places in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>: </p> <ul><li>He first visits Jesus one night, in secret, to discuss Jesus's teachings. (<a href="/wiki/John_3" title="John 3">John 3</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The second time Nicodemus is mentioned, he reminds his colleagues in the Sanhedrin that the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">law</a> requires that a person be heard before being judged. (<a href="/wiki/John_7" title="John 7">John 7</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Finally, Nicodemus appears after <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Jesus's crucifixion</a> to provide the customary spices for anointing the dead, and assists <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> in preparing the <a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">body of Jesus for burial</a>. (<a href="/wiki/John_19" title="John 19">John 19</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The first time Nicodemus is mentioned, he is identified as a Pharisee who comes to see Jesus at night. According to the scripture, Jesus went to Jerusalem for the <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> feast. While in Jerusalem he <a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">chased the moneychangers from the temple and overturned their tables</a>. His disciples remembered then the words of <a href="/wiki/Psalm_69" title="Psalm 69">Psalm 69</a>: "Zeal for your house will consume me." After these events "many believed in his name when they saw the signs that he was doing".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Nicodemus visits Jesus he makes reference to these events: "Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher who has come from God. For no one could perform the signs you are doing if God were not with him".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jesus replies: "Unless one is born again he cannot see the kingdom of God." Then follows a conversation with Nicodemus about the meaning of being "<a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">born again</a>" or "born from above" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">ἄνωθεν</span>): Nicodemus explores the notion of being literally born again from one's mother's <a href="/wiki/Womb" class="mw-redirect" title="Womb">womb</a>, but most theologians recognise that Nicodemus knew Jesus was not speaking of literal rebirth. Theologian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ellicott" title="Charles Ellicott">Charles Ellicott</a> wrote that "after the method of Rabbinic dialogue, [Nicodemus] presses the impossible meaning of the words in order to exclude it, and to draw forth the true meaning. 'You cannot mean that a man is to enter the second time into his mother's womb, and be born. What is it, then, that you do mean?<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this instance, Nicodemus chooses the literal (rather than the figurative) meaning of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">anōthen</i></span> and assumes that that meaning exhausts the significance of the word. </p><p>Jesus expresses surprise, perhaps ironically, that "a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">teacher of Israel</a>" does not understand the concept of spiritual rebirth:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Jesus answered him, "Are you the teacher of Israel and yet you do not understand these things? Truly, truly, I say to you, we speak of what we know, and bear witness to what we have seen, but you do not receive our testimony."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John 3:10–11</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In Chapter 7, Nicodemus advises his colleagues among "the chief priests and the Pharisees", to hear and investigate before making a judgment concerning Jesus, reminding them that Jewish law requires that a person must be heard before they can be condemned. Their mocking response argues that no prophet comes from <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>. Nonetheless, it is probable that he wielded a certain influence in the Sanhedrin.<sup id="cite_ref-driscoll_CE_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-driscoll_CE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, when Jesus is buried, Nicodemus brought a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aloes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aloes">aloes</a>—about 100 <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement#Weight" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman pounds</a> (33 kilograms, or 73 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicodemus must have been a man of means; in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth:_Holy_Week" title="Jesus of Nazareth: Holy Week">Jesus of Nazareth: Holy Week</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> observes that, "The quantity of the <a href="/wiki/Liniment" title="Liniment">balm</a> is extraordinary and exceeds all normal proportions. This is a royal burial."<sup id="cite_ref-Burke_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there is no clear source of information about Nicodemus outside the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, Ochser and <a href="/wiki/Kaufmann_Kohler" title="Kaufmann Kohler">Kohler</a>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i> in 1905,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identify him with <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion" title="Nicodemus ben Gurion">Nicodemus ben Gurion</a>, mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> as a wealthy and popular holy man reputed to have had miraculous powers. Some 20th- and 21st-century historians make the same connection.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars reject this identification, arguing that the biblical Nicodemus is likely an older man at the time of his conversation with Jesus, while Nicodemus ben Gurion was on the scene forty years later, at the time of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carson_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veneration">Veneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Veneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicodemus is venerated as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> in Eastern and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> and in Catholicism. The Eastern Orthodox and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Catholic_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Catholic Churches">Byzantine Catholic Churches</a> commemorate him on the Sunday of the Holy <a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a>, which is celebrated on the Third Sunday of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Pascha</a> (i.e., the second Sunday after Easter).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Sacred tradition</a> holds that his <a href="/wiki/Relics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">relics</a> were found on 2 August, along with those of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a> the <a href="/wiki/Protomartyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Protomartyr">Protomartyr</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a>; and Gamaliel's second son, <a href="/wiki/Abibon" title="Abibon">Abibon</a> (also, "Abibas"; "Abibo"). This event is commemorated on that date in the Eastern churches,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Catholic <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> marks the anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">translation</a> of Nicodemus' remains, rather than their discovery, which by the same tradition occurred the following day, 3 August.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Martyrology" title="Roman Martyrology">Roman Martyrology</a></i>, Nicodemus' feast day is 31 August, celebrated jointly with Saint <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a>, and generally followed in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-driscoll_CE_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-driscoll_CE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This does not preclude local preferences and traditions from being applied, as dioceses, national churches and religious institutes may have their own days of observance approved.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, at the <a href="/wiki/St._Nicodemus_and_St._Joseph_of_Arimathea_Church" title="St. Nicodemus and St. Joseph of Arimathea Church">St. Nicodemus and St. Joseph of Arimathea Church</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Order">Franciscan Order</a> established in <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a> in the 19th century, permission from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem">Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem</a> was obtained to celebrate the feast day of the two saints on the Saturday of the third week of Easter, so that the link between their role in the burial of Jesus and Easter <a href="/wiki/Solemnities" class="mw-redirect" title="Solemnities">solemnities</a> would be highlighted in the Holy Land.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church has a painting above its altar, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, <i>The Deposition from the Cross</i>, which shows the two saints.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Days_of_observance">Days of observance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Days of observance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eastern Christianity (including Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy and Eastern-rite Catholics): <ul><li>Discovery of the saint's relics: 2 August</li> <li>As a Holy Myrrhbearer: Third Sunday of Pascha (Easter)</li></ul></li> <li>Roman-rite Catholicism: <ul><li>Translation of the saint's relics: 3 August</li> <li>Feast day: 31 August</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entierro_de_Cristo_(Tiziano).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Entierro_de_Cristo_%28Tiziano%29.jpg/270px-Entierro_de_Cristo_%28Tiziano%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Entierro_de_Cristo_%28Tiziano%29.jpg/405px-Entierro_de_Cristo_%28Tiziano%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Entierro_de_Cristo_%28Tiziano%29.jpg/540px-Entierro_de_Cristo_%28Tiziano%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>Entombment, by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nicodemus figures prominently in <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> depictions of the Deposition or <a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Descent from the Cross</a> in which he and Joseph of Arimathea are shown removing the dead Christ from the cross, often with the aid of a ladder.<sup id="cite_ref-schiller_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schiller-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like Joseph, Nicodemus became the object of various pious legends during the Middle Ages, particularly in connection with <a href="/wiki/Monumental_crosses" class="mw-redirect" title="Monumental crosses">monumental crosses</a>. He was reputed to have carved both the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Face_of_Lucca" title="Holy Face of Lucca">Holy Face of Lucca</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Batll%C3%B3_Crucifix" class="mw-redirect" title="Batlló Crucifix">Batlló Crucifix</a>, receiving <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angelic</a> assistance with the face in particular and thus rendering the works instances of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Acheiropoieta" title="Acheiropoieta">acheiropoieta</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-schiller_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schiller-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both of these sculptures date from at least a millennium after Nicodemus's life, but the ascriptions attest to the contemporary interest in Nicodemus as a character in medieval Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-schiller_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schiller-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vaughan" title="Henry Vaughan">Henry Vaughan</a>'s "The Night", Nicodemus is significant to the 17th-century poem's theme: He serves as the departure point and illustration of its meditation on night's relationship with experience of God.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Persuaded: The Story of Nicodemus</i> by David Harder is a fictionalized account of the life of Nicodemus. According to the author, he used episodes and timetables sourced from all four gospels and the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> to develop his novel's timeline of events. Scripture quoted within the novel is taken from the Passion Translation<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> version of the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, prescribed readings were assigned throughout the year; the gospel text of the meeting of Jesus and Nicodemus at night was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> composed several <a href="/wiki/Church_cantata_(Bach)#Trinity" title="Church cantata (Bach)">cantatas</a> for the occasion, of which <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/O_heilges_Geist-_und_Wasserbad,_BWV_165" title="O heilges Geist- und Wasserbad, BWV 165"><i>O heilges Geist- und Wasserbad</i>, BWV 165</a></span></span>, composed in 1715, stays close to the gospel based on a libretto by the court poet in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salomo_Franck" class="mw-redirect" title="Salomo Franck">Salomo Franck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In popular music, Nicodemus' name was used figuratively in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Work" title="Henry Clay Work">Henry Clay Work</a>'s 1864 <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>-era piece "Wake Nicodemus", an abolitionist song hailing the end of slavery,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which at that time was popular in <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrel shows</a>. In 1978 <a href="/wiki/Tim_Curry" title="Tim Curry">Tim Curry</a> covered the song on his debut album <i><a href="/wiki/Read_My_Lips_(Tim_Curry_album)" title="Read My Lips (Tim Curry album)">Read My Lips</a></i>. The song's layered connotations, its anti-slavery sentiment—gave it a connection with "rebirths", and to John's "born again" Nicodemus.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By extension, it became associated with the civil rights movement in the <a href="#United_States">§ United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Pepping" title="Ernst Pepping">Ernst Pepping</a> composed an <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Evangelienmotette</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</a> on gospel text) <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_und_Nikodemus" title="Jesus und Nikodemus">Jesus und Nikodemus</a></i></span> in 1937. In 1941, <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Gate_Quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="The Golden Gate Quartet">The Golden Gate Quartet</a>, sang the Gospel "God Told Nicodemus", in the African-American Jubilee style. The song "Help Yourself" by <a href="/wiki/The_Devil_Makes_Three_(band)" title="The Devil Makes Three (band)">The Devil Makes Three</a>, from their 2009 <i>Do Wrong Right</i> album, contains a very informal retelling of the relationship between Nicodemus and Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicodemus is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Matamoros" title="Diego Matamoros">Diego Matamoros</a> in the 2003 film <a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John_(2003_film)" title="The Gospel of John (2003 film)"><i>The Gospel of John</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The figure of Nicodemus appears in several television productions: </p> <ul><li>In the 1952 series, <i>The Living Bible</i>, <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Taylor" title="Forrest Taylor">Forrest Taylor</a> plays the character of Nicodemus<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 1965 film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Story_Ever_Told" title="The Greatest Story Ever Told">The Greatest Story Ever Told</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schildkraut" title="Joseph Schildkraut">Joseph Schildkraut</a> plays the character of Nicodemus</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> portrayed Nicodemus in <a href="/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli" title="Franco Zeffirelli">Franco Zeffirelli</a>'s 1977 series, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth_(TV_series)" title="Jesus of Nazareth (TV series)"><i>Jesus of Nazareth</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erick_Avari" title="Erick Avari">Erick Avari</a> plays Nicodemus in the 2019 web series <a href="/wiki/The_Chosen_(TV_series)" title="The Chosen (TV series)"><i>The Chosen</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_influence">Social influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Reformation_and_religious_conflict">The Reformation and religious conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Reformation and religious conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemite</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></div> <p>During the struggle between <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholics</a> in Europe, from the 16th century to the 18th, a person professing a creed different from the locally approved one often risked severe penalties—in many cases, capital punishment. There developed the use of "<a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemite</a>", usually a <a href="/wiki/Term_of_disparagement" class="mw-redirect" title="Term of disparagement">term of disparagement</a>, referring to a person who is suspected of public misrepresentation of their actual religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-overell_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overell-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117–118">: 117–118 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CODoCC_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODoCC-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is recorded from at least 1529, in relation to religious concealment or reticence. It is a reference to the clandestine night visit of Nicodemus to Jesus, suggesting an analogy between the undeclared belief of Nicodemus and the reluctance of some dissenters from (at first) Catholicism to risk being open about their true creed. To <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, who opposed all veneration of saints, the fact of Nicodemus being a Catholic saint in no way exonerated this "duplicity". Calvin used the word in his 1544 <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Excuse à messieurs les Nicodemites</i></span> referring to religious dissemblers in France—outwardly, conforming Catholics; inwardly, adherents of Protestantism. He was apparently not completely comfortable with the term's allusion to Nicodemus, however; subsequent editions of the work reduced the label's use and later French editions replaced the word with "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">faux</i></span> ('false') Nicodemus" instead.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the epithet initially applied to <a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestant">crypto-protestants</a>, it later came to be used broadly for anyone suspected of exhibiting a false appearance of their religious adherence and concealing their genuine beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-CODoCC_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODoCC-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The discussion with Jesus is the source of several common expressions of contemporary <a href="/wiki/American_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="American Christianity">American Christianity</a>, specifically, the descriptive phrase "<a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">born again</a>" used to describe salvation or <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> by some groups, and <a href="/wiki/John_3:16" title="John 3:16">John 3:16</a>, a commonly quoted verse used to describe God's plan of salvation. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_National_Historic_Site" title="Nicodemus National Historic Site">Nicodemus National Historic Site</a>, commemorating the only remaining western town established by African Americans during the Reconstruction Period following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, is in <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> indicates the town's name came from the 1864 piece, "Wake Nicodemus" by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Work" title="Henry Clay Work">Henry Clay Work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some point to the lyrics' use of the name <i>Nicodemus</i> as a figurative reference to the biblical figure.<sup id="cite_ref-rodman_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodman-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of the song, Nicodemus is an enslaved African, long deceased, but acknowledged in the lyrics as both prophet and herald of freedom. The contrast in the lyrics between <i>night</i> and <i>morning</i>, and the enslaved Nicodemus' certainty in what the metaphorical "morning" would bring, have been seen as drawing a parallel to, and being inspired by, the story of the biblical figure. In one story, emancipation, and in the other, salvation, is to come "in the morning"; each Nicodemus has faith in their eventual advent. The lyrics say, in part:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><i>First verse</i>:<br /> Nicodemus, the slave, was of African birth,<br /> And was bought for a bagful of gold;<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...]<br /> But he died years ago, very old.<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...]<br /> "Wake me up!" was his charge,<br /> at the first break of day–<br /> Wake me up for the great Jubilee!<br /> <span class="nowrap"> </span><br /> <i>Chorus</i>:<br /> The "Good Coming" is almost here!<br /> It was long, long, long on the way!<br /> Now run and tell Elijah to hurry up, Pomp<br /> And meet up at the gum tree down in the swamp,<br /> To wake Nicodemus today.<br /> <span class="nowrap"> </span><br /> <i>Fourth verse</i>:<br /> 'Twas a long weary night – we were almost in fear<br /> That the future was more than he knew;<br /> 'Twas a long weary night – but the morning is near,<br /> And the words of our prophet are true.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Extract from "Wake Nicodemus" by Henry Clay Work (1864)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Scholar of placenames, researcher Rosamund Rodman, noted in a 2008 article that enslaved people who learnt to read generally did so in secret and at night, due to risks of punishment for this forbidden activity. The gospel's Nicodemus came to Jesus to learn from him, also in secret and at night, for fear of repercussions. Such connections and allusions lead Rodman to conclude that the town's name has its ultimate origin with the biblical figure.<sup id="cite_ref-rodman_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodman-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious affairs journalist Daniel Burke notes that, "To blacks after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, he was a model of rebirth as they sought to cast off their old identity as slaves".<sup id="cite_ref-Burke_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 August 1967, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> invoked Nicodemus as a metaphor concerning the need for the United States to be "born again" in order to effectively address social and economic inequality. The speech was called "Where Do We Go From Here?", and delivered at the 11th Annual SCLC Convention in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Nicodemus in art</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crijn_Hendricksz.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jesus and Nicodemus, by Crijn Hendricksz"><img alt="Jesus and Nicodemus, by Crijn Hendricksz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Crijn_Hendricksz.jpeg/316px-Crijn_Hendricksz.jpeg" decoding="async" width="211" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Crijn_Hendricksz.jpeg/475px-Crijn_Hendricksz.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Crijn_Hendricksz.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jesus and Nicodemus, by <a href="/wiki/Crijn_Hendricksz_Volmarijn" title="Crijn Hendricksz Volmarijn">Crijn Hendricksz</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accademia_-_Cristo_in_piet%C3%A0_sostenuto_dalla_Madonna,_Nicodemo_e_san_Giovanni_Evangelista_con_le_Marie_-_Cima_da_Conegliano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicodemus with Christ's body, by Cima da Conegliano, with Apostle John on the right and Mary to left."><img alt="Nicodemus with Christ's body, by Cima da Conegliano, with Apostle John on the right and Mary to left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Accademia_-_Cristo_in_piet%C3%A0_sostenuto_dalla_Madonna%2C_Nicodemo_e_san_Giovanni_Evangelista_con_le_Marie_-_Cima_da_Conegliano.jpg/500px-Accademia_-_Cristo_in_piet%C3%A0_sostenuto_dalla_Madonna%2C_Nicodemo_e_san_Giovanni_Evangelista_con_le_Marie_-_Cima_da_Conegliano.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Accademia_-_Cristo_in_piet%C3%A0_sostenuto_dalla_Madonna%2C_Nicodemo_e_san_Giovanni_Evangelista_con_le_Marie_-_Cima_da_Conegliano.jpg/960px-Accademia_-_Cristo_in_piet%C3%A0_sostenuto_dalla_Madonna%2C_Nicodemo_e_san_Giovanni_Evangelista_con_le_Marie_-_Cima_da_Conegliano.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="6474" data-file-height="4020" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nicodemus with Christ's body, by <a href="/wiki/Cima_da_Conegliano" title="Cima da Conegliano">Cima da Conegliano</a>, with Apostle John on the right and Mary to left.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_Perugino_cat39.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entombment, by Pietro Perugino, with Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimatea"><img alt="Entombment, by Pietro Perugino, with Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimatea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pietro_Perugino_cat39.jpg/179px-Pietro_Perugino_cat39.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pietro_Perugino_cat39.jpg/269px-Pietro_Perugino_cat39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pietro_Perugino_cat39.jpg/358px-Pietro_Perugino_cat39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entombment, by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a>, with Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimatea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Brassey_Hole_Nicodemus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicodemus (right) talking to Jesus, by William Brassey Hole"><img alt="Nicodemus (right) talking to Jesus, by William Brassey Hole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/William_Brassey_Hole_Nicodemus.jpg/167px-William_Brassey_Hole_Nicodemus.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/William_Brassey_Hole_Nicodemus.jpg/251px-William_Brassey_Hole_Nicodemus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/William_Brassey_Hole_Nicodemus.jpg/335px-William_Brassey_Hole_Nicodemus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Nicodemus (right) talking to Jesus, by <a href="/wiki/William_Brassey_Hole" class="mw-redirect" title="William Brassey Hole">William Brassey Hole</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Nicodemus_coming_to_Christ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicodemus coming to Christ, by Henry Ossawa Tanner"><img alt="Nicodemus coming to Christ, by Henry Ossawa Tanner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Nicodemus_coming_to_Christ.jpg/330px-Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Nicodemus_coming_to_Christ.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Nicodemus_coming_to_Christ.jpg/500px-Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Nicodemus_coming_to_Christ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Nicodemus_coming_to_Christ.jpg/960px-Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Nicodemus_coming_to_Christ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nicodemus coming to Christ, by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ossawa_Tanner" title="Henry Ossawa Tanner">Henry Ossawa Tanner</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism/Patron_Archive/August_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/August 3">Saint Nicodemus, patron saint archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_discourse_with_Nicodemus" title="Christ's discourse with Nicodemus">Christ's discourse with Nicodemus</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output 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portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/40px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/60px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/60px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/21px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/42px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_verses">Biblical verses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Biblical verses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%203:1–21&version=nrsv">John 3:1–21</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%207:50–51&version=nrsv">John 7:50–51</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:39–42&version=nrsv">John 19:39–42</a>; Verse 40: "They took the body of Jesus and wrapped it with the spices in linen cloths, according to the burial custom of the Jews."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%202:23–25&version=nrsv">John 2:23–25</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%203:2&version=nrsv">John 3:2</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/John+3:10">John 3:10–11</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:39&version=nrsv">John 19:39</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepassiontranslation.com/">Passion Translation</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoore2023" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Russell (3 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/januaryfebruary/read-like-nicodemus-book-awards-russell-moore.html">"Read Like Nicodemus"</a>. <i>Christianity Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Read+Like+Nicodemus&rft.date=2023-01-03&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2023%2Fjanuaryfebruary%2Fread-like-nicodemus-book-awards-russell-moore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.religion-online.org/article/a-curious-man-john-31-17/">"A Curious Man (John 3:1-17)"</a>. <i>Christian Century</i>. 14 May 1997. p. 475 – via Religion Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Century&rft.atitle=A+Curious+Man+%28John+3%3A1-17%29&rft.pages=475&rft.date=1997-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.religion-online.org%2Farticle%2Fa-curious-man-john-31-17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605190143/https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-of-the-day/saints-joseph-of-arimathea-and-nicodemus/">"Saints Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus"</a>. <i>Franciscan Media</i>. 31 August 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-of-the-day/saints-joseph-of-arimathea-and-nicodemus/">the original</a> on 5 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Franciscan+Media&rft.atitle=Saints+Joseph+of+Arimathea+and+Nicodemus&rft.date=2020-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.franciscanmedia.org%2Fsaint-of-the-day%2Fsaints-joseph-of-arimathea-and-nicodemus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-driscoll_CE-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-driscoll_CE_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-driscoll_CE_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-driscoll_CE_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Driscoll, James F. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Nicodemus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Nicodemus">"Nicodemus" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicodemus&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPancaro1972" class="citation journal cs1">Pancaro, Severino (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42610052">"The Metamorphosis of a Legal Principle in the Fourth Gospel. A Closer Look at Jn 7,51"</a>. <i>Biblica</i>. <b>53</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">340–</span>361. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-0887">0006-0887</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42610052">42610052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblica&rft.atitle=The+Metamorphosis+of+a+Legal+Principle+in+the+Fourth+Gospel.+A+Closer+Look+at+Jn+7%2C51&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E340-%3C%2Fspan%3E361&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42610052%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0006-0887&rft.aulast=Pancaro&rft.aufirst=Severino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42610052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPilch2021" class="citation web cs1">Pilch, John J. (14 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liturgy.slu.edu/4LentB031421/theword_cultural.html">"The world's darkness — Historical Cultural Context: Fourth Sunday of Lent Year B"</a>. <i>Sunday SLU Liturgy</i>. Saint Louis University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunday+SLU+Liturgy&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+darkness+%E2%80%94+Historical+Cultural+Context%3A+Fourth+Sunday+of+Lent+Year+B&rft.date=2021-03-14&rft.aulast=Pilch&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliturgy.slu.edu%2F4LentB031421%2Ftheword_cultural.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReid1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Reid, George J. (1907). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Acta Pilati"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Acta_Pilati">"Acta Pilati" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Acta+Pilati&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=George+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watkins, H. W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/ellicott/john/3.htm">Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers</a> on John 3, accessed 10 February 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burke-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burke_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burke_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurke2013" class="citation news cs1">Burke, Daniel (17 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514121741/https://st-ignatius.net/nicodemus-the-mystery-man-of-holy-week/">"Nicodemus, The Mystery Man of Holy Week"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Religious News Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionnews.com/2013/03/27/nicodemus-the-mystery-man-of-holy-week/">the original</a> on 14 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Nicodemus%2C+The+Mystery+Man+of+Holy+Week&rft.date=2013-03-17&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionnews.com%2F2013%2F03%2F27%2Fnicodemus-the-mystery-man-of-holy-week%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOchserKohler1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ochser, Schulim; Kohler, Kaufmann (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11525-nicodemus">"Nicodemus"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 9. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. <span class="nowrap">299–</span>300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicodemus&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E300&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Ochser&rft.aufirst=Schulim&rft.au=Kohler%2C+Kaufmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F11525-nicodemus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Flusser" title="David Flusser">Flusser, David</a> (16 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerusalemperspective.com/11476/">"Character Profiles: Gamaliel and Nicodemus"</a>. <i>Jerusalem Perspective</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Perspective&rft.atitle=Character+Profiles%3A+Gamaliel+and+Nicodemus&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.aulast=Flusser&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerusalemperspective.com%2F11476%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Flusser, David (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesus0000flus_b5p9"><i>Jesus</i></a></span>. Jerusalem: Magnes Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-223-978-X" title="Special:BookSources/965-223-978-X"><bdi>965-223-978-X</bdi></a>;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Magnes+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=965-223-978-X&rft.aulast=Flusser&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesus0000flus_b5p9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-223-978-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-223-978-5">978-965-223-978-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Safrai, Zeev (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beginningsofchri0000jack/page/296/">"Nakdimon b. Guryon: A Galilean Aristocrat in Jerusalem"</a>. In Jack Pastor; Menachem Mor (eds.). <i>The Beginnings of Christianity</i>. Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">297–</span>314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9652171511" title="Special:BookSources/978-9652171511"><bdi>978-9652171511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nakdimon+b.+Guryon%3A+A+Galilean+Aristocrat+in+Jerusalem&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Christianity&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.pub=Yad+Ben-Zvi+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9652171511&rft.aulast=Safrai&rft.aufirst=Zeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeginningsofchri0000jack%2Fpage%2F296%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Carson-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarson1991" class="citation book cs1">Carson, D. A. (1991). <i>The Gospel according to John</i>. Leicester: InterVarsity. p. 186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+according+to+John&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=InterVarsity&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBauckham1996" class="citation journal cs1">Bauckham, Richard (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23966458">"Nicodemus and the Gurion Family"</a>. <i>The Journal of Theological Studies</i>. <b>47</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2F47.1.1">10.1093/jts/47.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5185">0022-5185</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23966458">23966458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Nicodemus+and+the+Gurion+Family&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0022-5185&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23966458%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2F47.1.1&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23966458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320190040/https://www.stparaskevi.org.au/saint-nicodemus-the-disciple-by-night-holy-myrrh-bearer/">"Saint Nicodemus the Disciple by Night & Holy Myrrh-Bearer"</a>. <i>Holy Greek Orthodox Church of Saint Paraskevi, Saint Barbara, Saint John the Merciful & Our Mother of Consolation</i>. St Albans, Melbourne: Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stparaskevi.org.au/saint-nicodemus-the-disciple-by-night-holy-myrrh-bearer/">the original</a> on 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holy+Greek+Orthodox+Church+of+Saint+Paraskevi%2C+Saint+Barbara%2C+Saint+John+the+Merciful+%26+Our+Mother+of+Consolation&rft.atitle=Saint+Nicodemus+the+Disciple+by+Night+%26+Holy+Myrrh-Bearer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stparaskevi.org.au%2Fsaint-nicodemus-the-disciple-by-night-holy-myrrh-bearer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/08/02/102182-finding-of-the-relics-of-righteous-saint-ikdmos">"Finding of the relics of Righteous Saint Νikόdēmos: Commemorated on August 2"</a>. <i>Orthodox Church of America</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Church+of+America&rft.atitle=Finding+of+the+relics+of+Righteous+Saint+%CE%9Dik%CF%8Cd%C4%93mos%3A+Commemorated+on+August+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2014%2F08%2F02%2F102182-finding-of-the-relics-of-righteous-saint-ikdmos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323013127/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-nicodemus-552">"St. Nicodemus Feast day: August 03"</a>. <i>Catholic News Agency</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-nicodemus-552">the original</a> on 23 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=St.+Nicodemus+Feast+day%3A+August+03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fsaint%2Fst-nicodemus-552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">Doyle-Nelson, Theresa (6 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230618003501/https://www.ncregister.com/blog/st-nicodemus-a-pharisee-who-risked-his-reputation-for-jesus">"St. Nicodemus ― A Pharisee Who Risked His Reputation for Jesus"</a>. <i>NCR</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncregister.com/blog/st-nicodemus-a-pharisee-who-risked-his-reputation-for-jesus">the original</a> on 18 June 2023. <q>St. Nicodemus shares an Aug. 31 feast day with another religious leader who helped to bury Jesus — St. Joseph of Arimathea</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NCR&rft.atitle=St.+Nicodemus+%E2%80%95+A+Pharisee+Who+Risked+His+Reputation+for+Jesus&rft.date=2020-09-06&rft.aulast=Doyle-Nelson&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fblog%2Fst-nicodemus-a-pharisee-who-risked-his-reputation-for-jesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605190143/https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-of-the-day/saints-joseph-of-arimathea-and-nicodemus/">"Saints Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus"</a>. <i>Franciscan Media</i>. 31 August 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-of-the-day/saints-joseph-of-arimathea-and-nicodemus/">the original</a> on 5 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Franciscan+Media&rft.atitle=Saints+Joseph+of+Arimathea+and+Nicodemus&rft.date=2020-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.franciscanmedia.org%2Fsaint-of-the-day%2Fsaints-joseph-of-arimathea-and-nicodemus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610145459/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html">"<i>Sacrosanctum concilium</i>, solemnly promulgated by his holiness Pope Paul VI"</a>, <i>Constitution of the Sacred Liturgy</i>, 4 December 1963, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html">the original</a> on 10 June 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constitution+of+the+Sacred+Liturgy&rft.atitle=Sacrosanctum+concilium%2C+solemnly+promulgated+by+his+holiness+Pope+Paul+VI&rft.date=1963-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706155104/https://www.custodia.org/en/news/parish-ramle-dedicated-st-joseph-arimathea-and-st-nicodemus">"The parish of Ramle, dedicated to St Joseph Arimathea and St Nicodemus"</a>. <i>Franciscani de Custodia Terrae Sanctae</i>. 28 April 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.custodia.org/en/news/parish-ramle-dedicated-st-joseph-arimathea-and-st-nicodemus">the original</a> on 6 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Franciscani+de+Custodia+Terrae+Sanctae&rft.atitle=The+parish+of+Ramle%2C+dedicated+to+St+Joseph+Arimathea+and+St+Nicodemus&rft.date=2021-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.custodia.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fparish-ramle-dedicated-st-joseph-arimathea-and-st-nicodemus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209134527/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/israel/ramla/attractions/church-of-st-nicodemus-st-joseph-of-arimathea/a/poi-sig/1444061/1332050">"Church of St Nicodemus & St Joseph of Arimathea: Israel, Middle East"</a>. <i>Lonely Planet</i>. n.d. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/israel/ramla/attractions/church-of-st-nicodemus-st-joseph-of-arimathea/a/poi-sig/1444061/1332050">the original</a> on 9 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Church+of+St+Nicodemus+%26+St+Joseph+of+Arimathea%3A+Israel%2C+Middle+East&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fisrael%2Framla%2Fattractions%2Fchurch-of-st-nicodemus-st-joseph-of-arimathea%2Fa%2Fpoi-sig%2F1444061%2F1332050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schiller-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schiller_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schiller_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schiller_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Schiller" title="Gertrud Schiller">Schiller, Gertrud</a> (1972). "The Passion of Jesus Christ". In <i>Iconography of Christian Art</i>. Volume 2. Translated by Janet Seligman. Greenwich, CT, United States: New York Graphic Society. pp. 144–145, 472–473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDurr1960" class="citation journal cs1">Durr, R. A. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27707404">"Vaughan's 'The Night'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Journal of English and Germanic Philology</i>. <b>59</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-6941">0363-6941</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27707404">27707404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+English+and+Germanic+Philology&rft.atitle=Vaughan%27s+%27The+Night%27&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27707404%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0363-6941&rft.aulast=Durr&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27707404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>For the text of the poem, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/50441/the-night-56d22d9009233">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Night' by Henry Vaughan"</a>. <i>Poetry Foundation</i>. 14 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poetry+Foundation&rft.atitle=%27The+Night%27+by+Henry+Vaughan&rft.date=2023-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fpoems%2F50441%2Fthe-night-56d22d9009233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarder2020" class="citation book cs1">Harder, David (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqnmDwAAQBAJ"><i>Persuaded: The Story of Nicodemus, a Novel</i></a>. Emerald House Group, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/Front_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Front matter">Front matter</a>; preface. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62020-710-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62020-710-9"><bdi>978-1-62020-710-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persuaded%3A+The+Story+of+Nicodemus%2C+a+Novel&rft.pages=Front+matter%3B+preface&rft.pub=Emerald+House+Group%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-62020-710-9&rft.aulast=Harder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzqnmDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001204628/https://familyfiction.com/historical-qa-david-harder-persuaded-story-nicodemus/">"Historical Q&A: David Harder (<i>Persuaded: The Story of Nicodemus</i>)"</a>. <i>Family Fiction</i>. 29 June 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://familyfiction.com/historical-qa-david-harder-persuaded-story-nicodemus/">the original</a> on 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Family+Fiction&rft.atitle=Historical+Q%26A%3A+David+Harder+%28Persuaded%3A+The+Story+of+Nicodemus%29&rft.date=2020-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffamilyfiction.com%2Fhistorical-qa-david-harder-persuaded-story-nicodemus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDürr2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%BCrr" title="Alfred Dürr">Dürr, Alfred</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m9JuwslMcq4C&pg=PA371"><i>The Cantatas of J. S. Bach: With Their Librettos in German-English Parallel Text</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Richard_D._P._Jones" title="Richard D. P. Jones">Richard D. P. Jones</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929776-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929776-4"><bdi>978-0-19-929776-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cantatas+of+J.+S.+Bach%3A+With+Their+Librettos+in+German-English+Parallel+Text&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929776-4&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCrr&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm9JuwslMcq4C%26pg%3DPA371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWerthemann2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Werthemann, Helene (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303184228/http://www.bachkantaten.ch/Daten12/06/Einfuehrung.htm">"<i>Einführung: O heilges Geist- und Wasserbad</i>, BWV 165; <i>Es ist ein trotzig und verzagt Ding</i>, BWV 176; <i>Höchsterwünschtes Freudenfest</i>, BWV 194"</a>. <i>Bachkantaten in der Predigerkirche</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachkantaten.ch/Daten12/06/Einfuehrung.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bachkantaten+in+der+Predigerkirche&rft.atitle=Einf%C3%BChrung%3A+O+heilges+Geist-+und+Wasserbad%2C+BWV+165%3B+Es+ist+ein+trotzig+und+verzagt+Ding%2C+BWV+176%3B+H%C3%B6chsterw%C3%BCnschtes+Freudenfest%2C+BWV+194&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Werthemann&rft.aufirst=Helene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bachkantaten.ch%2FDaten12%2F06%2FEinfuehrung.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notablebiographies.com/supp/Supplement-Sp-Z/Work-Henry-Clay.html">"Henry Clay Work Biography"</a>. <i>notablebiographies.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=notablebiographies.com&rft.atitle=Henry+Clay+Work+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.notablebiographies.com%2Fsupp%2FSupplement-Sp-Z%2FWork-Henry-Clay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPramaggiore2007" class="citation book cs1">Pramaggiore, Maria (2007). "Chapter Five – 'Both Sides of the Epic': Identification and the nonessentialist Western". <i>Irish and African American cinema: Identifying others and performing identities, 1980–2000</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7095-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7095-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-7095-4</bdi></a>. p. 171: <q>The name has complex resonances, but clearly signifies new beginnings: the Biblical Nicodemus was a follower of Christ<span class="nowrap"> </span>... also a legendary slave<span class="nowrap"> </span>... who later purchased his freedom. The 1864 song 'Wake Nicodemus'<span class="nowrap"> </span>... recounts another story of Nicodemus, a slave who prophesied a Black Exodus out of slavery. Nicodemus, Kansas, was a town founded in 1877 by former slaves from Kentucky called <i>Exodusters</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Five+%E2%80%93+%27Both+Sides+of+the+Epic%27%3A+Identification+and+the+nonessentialist+Western&rft.btitle=Irish+and+African+American+cinema%3A+Identifying+others+and+performing+identities%2C+1980%E2%80%932000&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7095-4&rft.aulast=Pramaggiore&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdams2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Adams, Ashley A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2708/"><i>Examining the Cultural and Historical Impact of the National Historic Site Designation in Nicodemus, Kansas</i></a> (PhD). Walden University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Examining+the+Cultural+and+Historical+Impact+of+the+National+Historic+Site+Designation+in+Nicodemus%2C+Kansas&rft.inst=Walden+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ashley+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.waldenu.edu%2Fdissertations%2F2708%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705232504/https://genius.com/The-devil-makes-three-help-yourself-lyrics">"The Devil Makes Three – 'Help Yourself' Lyrics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Genius_(company)" title="Genius (company)">Genius</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/The-devil-makes-three-help-yourself-lyrics">the original</a> on 5 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genius&rft.atitle=The+Devil+Makes+Three+%E2%80%93+%27Help+Yourself%27+Lyrics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FThe-devil-makes-three-help-yourself-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_gospel_of_john">"<i>The Gospel of John</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Fandango_Media" title="Fandango Media">Fandango Media</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+of+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Fthe_gospel_of_john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/tv/reviews/the-living-bible-1952">"The Living Bible (1952)"</a>. <i>The A.V. Club</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(4 April 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230826114831/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0%2C33009%2C947874%2C00.html">"Franco Zeffirelli's Classical Christ for Prime Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time magazine">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,947874,00.html">the original</a> on 26 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Franco+Zeffirelli%27s+Classical+Christ+for+Prime+Time&rft.date=1977-04-04&rft.aulast=Ostling&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C947874%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNg2020" class="citation news cs1">Ng, Alan (11 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813205552/https://filmthreat.com/reviews/the-chosen/">"Reviews: <i>The Chosen</i>"</a>. <i>Film Threat</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filmthreat.com/reviews/the-chosen/">the original</a> on 13 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film+Threat&rft.atitle=Reviews%3A+The+Chosen&rft.date=2020-04-11&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffilmthreat.com%2Freviews%2Fthe-chosen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-overell-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-overell_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOverell2004" class="citation book cs1">Overell, M. Anne (2004). "A Nicodemite in England and Italy: Edward Courtenay, 1548-56". In David M. Loades (ed.). <i>John Foxe at Home and Abroad</i>. Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate. pp. <span class="nowrap">117–</span>135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3239-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3239-9"><bdi>978-0-7546-3239-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Nicodemite+in+England+and+Italy%3A+Edward+Courtenay%2C+1548-56&rft.btitle=John+Foxe+at+Home+and+Abroad&rft.place=Farnham%2C+Surrey%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3239-9&rft.aulast=Overell&rft.aufirst=M.+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CODoCC-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CODoCC_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CODoCC_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Livingstone, Elizabeth A., ed. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic0000unse_c3x6/page/410/mode/2up">"Nicodemism"</a></span>. <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian church</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 411. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861442-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861442-5"><bdi>978-0-19-861442-5</bdi></a>. <q>Calvin applied it to those converts to Protestantism in Catholic France who outwardly continued RC practices. In modern times Nicodemism covers all forms of religious simulation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicodemism&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+church&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=411&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861442-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseoxforddic0000unse_c3x6%2Fpage%2F410%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEire1986" class="citation book cs1">Eire, Carlos M. N. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waragainstidolsr0000eire/page/234/mode/2up">"Calvin against the Nicodemites"</a>. <i>War against the idols: The reformation of worship from Erasmus to Calvin</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">234–</span>275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30685-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30685-0"><bdi>978-0-521-30685-0</bdi></a>. p. 243: <q>Calvin argues that since the cowardly Nicodemus changed into an honorable and courageous Christian, it is not right to use his name as a defense for timid simulation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calvin+against+the+Nicodemites&rft.btitle=War+against+the+idols%3A+The+reformation+of+worship+from+Erasmus+to+Calvin&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E234-%3C%2Fspan%3E275&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30685-0&rft.aulast=Eire&rft.aufirst=Carlos+M.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaragainstidolsr0000eire%2Fpage%2F234%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nico/faqs.htm">"Nicodemus National Historic Site"</a>, National Park Service.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rodman-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rodman_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rodman_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rodman, Rosamond C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23534184">"Naming a Place Nicodemus"</a>. <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i>. <b>28</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-7664">0275-7664</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23534184">23534184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Great+Plains+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Naming+a+Place+Nicodemus&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23534184%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0275-7664&rft.aulast=Rodman&rft.aufirst=Rosamond+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23534184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240720092912/https://religionlab.virginia.edu/people/rosamund-rodman/">"Profile: Rosamund Rodman (also, Rosamond C.)"</a>. <i>UVA Religion, Race & Democracy Lab</i>. University of Virginia. 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionlab.virginia.edu/people/rosamund-rodman/">the original</a> on 20 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UVA+Religion%2C+Race+%26+Democracy+Lab&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Rosamund+Rodman+%28also%2C+Rosamond+C.%29&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligionlab.virginia.edu%2Fpeople%2Frosamund-rodman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2023" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Kynala (3 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kansascity.com/news/your-kcq/article258562293.html">"Do you know the story of the first and last all-Black town in the West?"</a>. KC Black History. <i>The Kansas City Star</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kansas+City+Star&rft.atitle=Do+you+know+the+story+of+the+first+and+last+all-Black+town+in+the+West%3F&rft.date=2023-02-03&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Kynala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansascity.com%2Fnews%2Fyour-kcq%2Farticle258562293.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWork1864" class="citation cs2">Work, Henry Clay (1864), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/sheetmusic/1545">"Wake Nicodemus"</a>, <i>Historic Sheet Music Collection</i>, Connecticut College Digital Commons, [1545]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historic+Sheet+Music+Collection&rft.atitle=Wake+Nicodemus&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Work&rft.aufirst=Henry+Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.conncoll.edu%2Fsheetmusic%2F1545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKing1967" class="citation cs2">King, Martin Luther Jr. (16 August 1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/where-do-we-go-here-address-delivered-eleventh-annual-sclc-convention">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Where Do We Go From Here?', Address Delivered at the Eleventh Annual SCLC Convention"</a>, <i>The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute</i>, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.+Research+and+Education+Institute&rft.atitle=%27Where+Do+We+Go+From+Here%3F%27%2C+Address+Delivered+at+the+Eleventh+Annual+SCLC+Convention&rft.date=1967-08-16&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fking-papers%2Fdocuments%2Fwhere-do-we-go-here-address-delivered-eleventh-annual-sclc-convention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicodemus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/210/8/032.html">"St. Nicodemus"</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_Lives_of_the_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Butler's Lives of the Saints">Butler's Lives of the Saints</a></i></li> <li>Cornel Heinsdorff: <i>Christus, Nikodemus und die Samaritanerin bei <a href="/wiki/Juvencus" title="Juvencus">Juvencus</a>. Mit einem Anhang zur lateinischen Evangelienvorlage</i> (Untersuchungen zur antiken Literatur und Geschichte, Bd. 67), Berlin/New York, 2003.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicodemus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Testament_people273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_people" title="Category:New Testament people">New Testament people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphaeus" title="Alphaeus">Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna the Prophetess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_blind_near_Jericho" title="Healing the blind near Jericho">Bartimaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_man_of_Bethsaida" title="Blind man of Bethsaida">Blind man <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bethsaida)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celidonius" title="Celidonius">Celidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopas" title="Cleopas">Cleopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Penitent thief <span style="font-size:85%;">("Dismas")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">Impenitent thief <span style="font-size:85%;">("Gestas")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">Jairus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_wife_of_Chuza" title="Joanna, wife of Chuza">Joanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(demons)" title="Legion (demons)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_the_son_of_the_widow_of_Nain" title="Raising of the son of the widow of Nain">Son of Nain's widow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicodemus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion" title="Nicodemus ben Gurion">Nicodemus ben Gurion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Leper" title="Simon the Leper">Simon the Leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Pharisee" title="Simon the Pharisee">Simon the Pharisee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(disciple)" title="Susanna (disciple)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Syrophoenician_woman%27s_daughter" title="Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter">Syrophoenician woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_James" title="New Testament people named James">People named James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_John" title="New Testament people named John">People named John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Joseph" title="New Testament people named Joseph">People named Joseph</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Judas_or_Jude" title="New Testament people named Judas or Jude">People named Judas or Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">People named Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Simon" title="New Testament people named Simon">People named Simon or Simeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel#Christian_beliefs" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Jesus's brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Female disciples of Jesus">Female disciples of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless#New_Testament" title="List of names for the biblical nameless">Nameless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">Women at the crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Judas Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias <span style="font-size:85%;">(Damascus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias <span style="font-size:85%;">(Judaea)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias son of Nedebeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaris_(biblical_figure)" title="Damaris (biblical figure)">Damaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Elymas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_(prophet)" title="Egyptian (prophet)">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary, mother of (John) Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnason" title="Mnason">Mnason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism#Nicolas" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_of_the_Seventy" title="Silvanus of the Seventy">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes" title="Sosthenes">Sosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_the_Lawyer" title="Zenas the Lawyer">Zenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Romans and<br /><a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herod's family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Antipas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife" title="Pontius Pilate's wife">Pilate's wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaicus_of_Corinth" title="Achaicus of Corinth">Achaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Ephesian)" title="Alexander (Ephesian)">Alexander of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Coppersmith" title="Alexander the Coppersmith">Alexander the Coppersmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Pannonia" title="Andronicus of Pannonia">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archippus" title="Archippus">Archippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_(saint)" title="Artemas (saint)">Artemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Beroea" title="Carpus of Beroea">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Claudia" title="Saint Claudia">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescens" title="Crescens">Crescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demas" title="Demas">Demas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diotrephes" title="Diotrephes">Diotrephes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphras" title="Epaphras">Epaphras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus" title="Epaphroditus">Epaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth" title="Erastus of Corinth">Erastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(biblical_figure)" title="Eunice (biblical figure)">Eunice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euodia_and_Syntyche" title="Euodia and Syntyche">Euodia and Syntyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodion_of_Patras" title="Herodion of Patras">Herodion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenaeus_(biblical_figure)" title="Hymenaeus (biblical figure)">Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Justus" title="Jesus Justus">Jesus Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junia_(New_Testament_person)" title="Junia (New Testament person)">Junia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_(biblical_figure)" title="Lois (biblical figure)">Lois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Rome" title="Mary of Rome">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphas" title="Nymphas">Nymphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympas" title="Olympas">Olympas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimus" title="Onesimus">Onesimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesiphorus" title="Onesiphorus">Onesiphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pudens" title="Saint Pudens">Pudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_(biblical_figure)" title="Philetus (biblical figure)">Philetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" 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witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/59428314">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1427827/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjDk4Vy86D6M79xw3tdWQm">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118588001">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83157940">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20040518003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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