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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Christian_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Medieval Christian Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Christian_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_culture_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_culture_in_the_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Islamic culture in the Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_culture_in_the_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_occultism_and_Renaissance_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_occultism_and_Renaissance_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 European occultism and Renaissance magic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_occultism_and_Renaissance_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Age of Enlightenment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-material_dualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-material_dualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Anti-material dualism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-material_dualism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anti-material dualism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-material_dualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Gnosticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mandaeism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manichaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manichaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Manichaeism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manichaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Judaism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Judaism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hebrew_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Hebrew Bible </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talmudic_tradition_and_Midrashim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talmudic_tradition_and_Midrashim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Talmudic tradition and Midrashim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talmudic_tradition_and_Midrashim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kabbalah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kabbalah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Kabbalah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kabbalah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Temple_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Temple_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Second Temple Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Temple_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Christianity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Christianity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Old Testament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 New Testament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudepigrapha_and_deuterocanonical_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudepigrapha_and_deuterocanonical_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Pseudepigrapha and deuterocanonical books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudepigrapha_and_deuterocanonical_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_demonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_demonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Christian demonology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_demonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_studies_of_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_studies_of_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Comparative studies of religion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparative_studies_of_religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Comparative studies of religion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Comparative_studies_of_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aboriginal_Australian_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aboriginal_Australian_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Aboriginal Australian cultures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aboriginal_Australian_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Ancient Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Chinese folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disambiguation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disambiguation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Disambiguation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disambiguation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Indian religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.2 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Native North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Psychological interpretations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychological_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Psychological interpretations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Psychological_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamic_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Islamic world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Western world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Demon</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" > 81 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8B%E1%8A%94%E1%8A%95" title="ጋኔን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጋኔን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="ديمون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديمون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoniu" title="Demoniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Demoniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Demon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дэман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дэман – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonyo" title="Demonyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Demonyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Демон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Демон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Demon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc%27houere" title="Arc'houere – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arc'houere" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimoni" title="Dimoni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dimoni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mon" title="Démon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Démon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpilikpariga" title="Kpilikpariga – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kpilikpariga" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A6mon" title="Dæmon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dæmon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4mon" title="Dämon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dämon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deemon" title="Deemon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Deemon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Δαίμονας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δαίμονας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonio" title="Demonio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Demonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demono" title="Demono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Demono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deabruak" title="Deabruak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Deabruak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="دمون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دمون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mon_(esprit)" title="Démon (esprit) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démon (esprit)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Demon" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demo" title="Demo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Demo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%85%EB%A0%B9" title="악령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="악령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D6%87" title="Դև – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Demon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demono" title="Demono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Demono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dj%C3%B6full" title="Djöfull – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Djöfull" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%93_(%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="שד (מיתולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שד (מיתולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mon" title="Démon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Démon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დემონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დემონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Демон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Демон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon" title="Daemon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Daemon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%93mons" title="Dēmons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dēmons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonas" title="Demonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Demonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mon" title="Démon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Démon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Демон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Демон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demony" title="Demony – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Demony" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ഭൂതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൂതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5" title="दानव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दानव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დემონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დემონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Demon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Демон – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Демон" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Demon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%AA%E9%9C%8A" title="悪霊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="悪霊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Demon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Demon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dem%C3%B2ni" title="Demòni – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Demòni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amajaajjii" title="Amajaajjii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Amajaajjii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Demon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="ډیمون (شیطان) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډیمون (شیطان)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F" title="អារក្ស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អារក្ស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Demon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dem%C3%B3nio" title="Demónio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Demónio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Demon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Демон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Демон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoni" title="Demoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Demoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimoniu" title="Dimoniu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dimoniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D" title="පිසාචයෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පිසාචයෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Demon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86" title="ڊيمن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊيمن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mon" title="Démon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Démon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Demon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dym%C5%AFn" title="Dymůn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Dymůn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86_(%DA%95%DB%86%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="دیمن (ڕۆحی خراپەکار) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیمن (ڕۆحی خراپەکار)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Демон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Демон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Demon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoni" title="Demoni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Demoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Demon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonyo" title="Demonyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Demonyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88" title="ปิศาจ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปิศาจ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Дев – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дев" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Demon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Демон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Демон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81c_qu%E1%BB%B7" title="Ác quỷ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ác quỷ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimunyu" title="Dimunyu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dimunyu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%AA%E7%81%B5" title="邪灵 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="邪灵" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%AA%E9%9D%88" title="邪靈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="邪靈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%AA%E9%9D%88" title="邪靈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="邪靈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q177413#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Evil supernatural being</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Demon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Demon (disambiguation)">Demon (disambiguation)</a>. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">Daimon</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Evil spirit" and "Evil spirits" redirect here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Evil_Spirit_(film)" title="Evil Spirit (film)">Evil Spirit (film)</a>. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Evil_Spirits_(album)" title="Evil Spirits (album)">Evil Spirits (album)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg/170px-PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg/255px-PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg/340px-PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statue of the <a href="/wiki/Assyro-Babylonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyro-Babylonian">Assyro-Babylonian</a> demon king <a href="/wiki/Pazuzu" title="Pazuzu">Pazuzu</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–700 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></figcaption></figure> A demon is a malevolent <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> entity.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Historically, belief in demons, or stories about demons, occurs in <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>; these beliefs are reflected in <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">media</a> including <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Television series">television</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a>. Belief in demons probably goes back to the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic age</a>, stemming from humanity's fear of the unknown, the strange and the horrific.<a href="#cite_note-dictionary-2">[2]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">ancient Near Eastern religions</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/History_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Judaism">early Judaism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelini2021-3">[3]</a> and ancient-medieval <a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a>, a demon is considered a harmful spiritual entity that may cause <a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">demonic possession</a>, calling for an <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a>. Large portions of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_demonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish demonology">Jewish demonology</a>, a key influence on <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, originated from a later form of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, and was transferred to Judaism during the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1987Duchesne-Guillemin1988-4">[4]</a> Demons may or may not also be considered to be devils: minions of <a href="/wiki/The_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The Devil">the Devil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dictionary-2">[2]</a> In many traditions, demons are independent operators, with different demons causing different types of evils (destructive natural phenomena, specific diseases, etc.). In religions featuring a principal Devil (e.g. Satan) locked in an eternal struggle with God, demons are often also thought to be subordinates of the principal Devil. As lesser <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(supernatural_entity)" title="Spirit (supernatural entity)">spirits</a> doing the Devil's work, they have additional duties— causing humans to have <a href="/wiki/Sinful" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinful">sinful</a> thoughts and tempting humans to commit sinful actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixey2018Chapter_2,_"The_Battleground_of_Demons"-5">[5]</a> The original <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> word <a href="/wiki/Daim%C5%8Dn" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimōn">daimōn</a> (δαίμων) did not carry negative connotations, as it denotes a spirit or divine power.<a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-6">[6]</a> The Greek conception of a daimōn notably appears in the philosophical works of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, where it describes the divine inspiration of <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>. In Christianity, morally ambivalent daimōn were replaced by demons, forces of evil only striving for corruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidw-eKDwAAQBAJpgPA81_81]-7">[7]</a> Such demons are not the Greek intermediary spirits, but hostile entities, already known in Iranian beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197028-8">[8]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance magic</a>, which grew out of an amalgamation of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman magic">Greco-Roman magic</a>, Jewish <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a>, and Christian demonology, a demon is believed to be a spiritual entity that may be <a href="/wiki/Conjuration_(summoning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjuration (summoning)">conjured</a> and controlled. Belief in demons remains an important part of many modern religions and <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> traditions. Demons are still feared largely due to their alleged power to possess living creatures. In contemporary <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esoteric</a> traditions, demons may be used as metaphors for inner psychological processes ("inner demons"). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Daemon_(classical_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (classical mythology)">Daemon (classical mythology)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon" title="Agathodaemon">Agathodaemon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cacodemon" title="Cacodemon">Cacodemon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daimonic" title="Daimonic">Daimonic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mephistopheles2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mephistopheles2.jpg/170px-Mephistopheles2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mephistopheles2.jpg/255px-Mephistopheles2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mephistopheles2.jpg/340px-Mephistopheles2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2132" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mephistopheles" title="Mephistopheles">Mephistopheles</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> demon from <a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">German folklore</a>) flying over <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">lithograph</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> word δαίμων (<a href="/wiki/Daim%C5%8Dn" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimōn">daimōn</a>) denotes a spirit or divine power, much like the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">genius</a> or <a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">numen</a>. Daimōn most likely came from the Greek verb daiesthai ('to divide' or 'distribute').<a href="#cite_note-merriam-webster-9">[9]</a> The Greek conception of a daimōn notably appears in the philosophical works of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, where it describes the divine inspiration of <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>. The original Greek word daimōn does not carry the negative connotation initially understood by implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a> δαιμόνιον (<a href="/wiki/Daimonion_(Socrates)" title="Daimonion (Socrates)">daimonion</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-6">[6]</a> and later ascribed to any cognate words sharing the root. The Greek terms do not have any connotations of evil or malevolence. By the early centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult statues</a> were seen, by <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Pagans</a> and their Christian neighbors alike, as inhabited by the numinous presence of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Greco-Roman gods</a>: "Like pagans, Christians still sensed and saw the gods and their power, and as something, they had to assume, lay behind it, by an easy traditional shift of opinion they turned these pagan daimones into malevolent 'demons', the troupe of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>. Far into the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine period</a>, Christians eyed their cities' old pagan statuary as a seat of the demons' presence. It was no longer beautiful, it was "infested."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane_Fox1988137-10">[10]</a> The term had first acquired its negative connotations in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> translation of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> into Greek, which drew on the mythology of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Semitic religions">ancient Semitic religions</a>. This was then inherited by the Koine text of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. The English use of demon as synonym for devils goes back at least as far as about 825. The German word (Dämon), however, is different from devil (Teufel) and demons as evil spirits, and akin to the original meaning of daimōn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell198637-11">[11]</a> The Western <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern era</a> conception of demons, as in the <a href="/wiki/Ars_Goetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ars Goetia">Ars Goetia</a>, derives seamlessly from the ambient <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mesopotamia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld#Demons" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">Ancient Mesopotamian underworld § Demons</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/220px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/330px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/440px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="1551" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> impression showing the god <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid the Shepherd">Dumuzid</a> being tortured in the <a href="/wiki/Kur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur">Underworld</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">galla</a> demons</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> demonology had strong influence on later <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> concepts of demons,<a href="#cite_note-Russell,_Jeffrey_Burton_1987._p._92-12">[12]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Shedu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shedu">shedu</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldean</a> mythology.<a href="#cite_note-JE-shedim-13">[13]</a> The demons of Mesopotamia were generally hostile spirits of lesser power than a deity.<a href="#cite_note-Russell,_Jeffrey_Burton_1987._p._92-12">[12]</a> Since both nature and culture were in constant change, neither were considered part of a divine cosmos.<a href="#cite_note-Russell,_Jeffrey_Burton_1987._p._88-14">[14]</a> According to the Babylonian creation epic <a href="/wiki/En%C5%ABma_Eli%C5%A1" title="Enūma Eliš">Enūma Eliš</a>, both gods and demons are the children of <a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a>, the goddess of <a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">primordial chaos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The demons were engendered by Tiamat as an act of revenge in reaction to the gods slaying her primordial partner <a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Russell,_Jeffrey_Burton_1987._p._88-14">[14]</a> In the Babylonian tale of the Great Flood, since gods promised to never flood humanity again, instead installed the demoness Lamaštu, to kill humans in order to avoid excessive multiplication.<a href="#cite_note-Maul,_S._2006-16">[16]</a> Some demons were evil spirits of those who died in misery, while other demons were nature demons causing harm by carrying plagues, nightmares, causing headaches, and storms.<a href="#cite_note-Maul,_S._2006-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Russell,_Jeffrey_Burton_1987._p._92-12">[12]</a> To protect oneself from demons, one were to wear amulets, using magic, or seeking refuge among another demon or deity.<a href="#cite_note-Russell,_Jeffrey_Burton_1987._p._92-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maul,_S._2006-16">[16]</a> Many demonic beings were home to the <a href="/wiki/Kur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur">underworld</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992180-17">[17]</a> sometimes referred to as "offspring of arali".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992180-17">[17]</a> These demons ascend from the underworld and terrorize mortals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992180-17">[17]</a> One class of demons that were believed to reside in the underworld were known as <a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">galla</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285-18">[18]</a> their primary purpose appears to have been to drag unfortunate mortals back to Kur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285-18">[18]</a> They are frequently referenced in magical texts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285–86-19">[19]</a> and some texts describe them as being seven in number.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285–86-19">[19]</a> Several extant poems describe the galla dragging the god <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a> into the underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199286-20">[20]</a> Like many other Mesopotamian demons galla could also fulfill a protective role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199286-20">[20]</a> In a hymn from King <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2144 – 2124 BCE), a minor god named Ig-alima is described as "the great galla of <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Girsu</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199286-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Zoroastrianism">Ancient Zoroastrianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient Zoroastrianism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arzhang_(The_Shahnama_of_Shah_Tahmasp).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Arzhang_%28The_Shahnama_of_Shah_Tahmasp%29.png/170px-Arzhang_%28The_Shahnama_of_Shah_Tahmasp%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Arzhang_%28The_Shahnama_of_Shah_Tahmasp%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arzhang_Div" title="Arzhang Div">Arzhang Div</a> (The Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp). The demon is inspired by ancient Persian beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rostam_carried_by_Akwan-Diwa_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rostam_carried_by_Akwan-Diwa_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Rostam_carried_by_Akwan-Diwa_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rostam_carried_by_Akwan-Diwa_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Rostam_carried_by_Akwan-Diwa_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Rostam_carried_by_Akwan-Diwa_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akvan_Div" title="Akvan Div">Akvan Div</a> (The Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daeva</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Zorastrianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> concept of demons (<a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daeva</a>, later dīv)<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> had strong influence on the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic religions</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. By elevating <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> to the one supreme God, the founder <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> relegated the daevas to demons.<a href="#cite_note-Russell,_Jeffrey_Burton_1987._p._104-23">[23]</a> Emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Free-will" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-will">free-will</a>, Zoroaster taught that demons became evil by their own volition in rejecting truth over falsehood.<a href="#cite_note-Russell,_Jeffrey_Burton_1987._p._104-23">[23]</a> At a later stage, <a href="/wiki/Mazdaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazdaism">Mazdaism</a> makes <a href="/wiki/Ahriman" title="Ahriman">Ahriman</a>, the principle of Evil (i.e. the Devil), the creator of demons and leader of daevas.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The battle between the hosts of deities against evil demons (dīv and druz) are described in the <a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Humankind lives in a world between the good powers of God (Ahura Mazda) and the Devil (Ahriman) and suffers corruption through defection of humankind. Therefore, Zorastrianism proposes a threefold nature for humans: divine, animalistic, and demonic.<a href="#cite_note-Russell,_Jeffrey_Burton_1987._p._115-26">[26]</a> As such, humans are obligated to keep fighting the demonic traits.<a href="#cite_note-Russell,_Jeffrey_Burton_1987._p._115-26">[26]</a> After death, people must cross the <a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a> to enter paradise. However, those who have chosen evil in their life will fall into the pit of hell. In hell, the damned are tormented by the demons.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apocalyptic_period_and_early_Christianity">Apocalyptic period and early Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Apocalyptic period and early Christianity">edit</a>]</div> The concept of demons as servants of the Devil entered the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian tradition</a> via <a href="/wiki/Post-exilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-exilic">Post-exilic Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Inspired by Zoroastrian dualistic cosmology,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> the non-Jewish deities were demonized, as evident from <a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">intertestamental writings</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic literature</a> then builds the foundation for the authors of the Gospels in first-century Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In antiquity, belief in demonic agents of misfortune were widespread.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The early Christian community took it for granted that people outside the Judeo-Christian community were worshipping demons.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion to Christianity</a> meant renunciation of the demons by the bearers of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> By the end of the sixth century, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean Christian society</a> widely considered themselves to be unequivocally Christian, with an exception to Jews, the last record of worshipping another pre-Christian deity being in 570s.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Christian_Europe">Medieval Christian Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval Christian Europe">edit</a>]</div> Magical rites, charms, and beliefs in spiritual entities were prominent in pre-Christian Europe.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> While the Church officially declared such beliefs as false,<a href="#cite_note-Scribner,_Robert_W_1993-37">[37]</a> the persistance of such beliefs among the wider populations led Christian monks to assimilate Christian with non-Christian rites.<a href="#cite_note-Scribner,_Robert_W_1993-37">[37]</a> In order to do so, non-Christian symbols and as pagan deities have been substituted by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scribner,_Robert_W_1993-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> To sanction the invocation of non-Christian supernatural powers, Christian missionaries, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a> in the fifth century,<a href="#cite_note-Scribner,_Robert_W_1993-37">[37]</a> declared the pagan gods to be demons, servants of <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a>, who bring disorder to the world.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Many pagan nature spirits like <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarfs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">elves</a> thus became seen as demons, servants of the supreme Devil. A difference was made between <a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">monsters</a> and demons. The monsters, regarded as distorted humans, probably without souls, were created so that people might be grateful to God that they did not suffer in such a state; they ranked above demons in existence and still claimed a small degree of beauty and goodness as they had not turned away from God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell198679-40">[40]</a> In Medieval Christianity, demons and spirits were generally considered to be fallen angels. Morally ambivalent nature spirits, such as <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairies</a> from Irish and Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folktales</a> were often explained as angels who remained neutral during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">war of heaven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilde,_J._F._E._1888_p._89-42">[42]</a> They became spirits of the place they fell into when banished to earth.<a href="#cite_note-Wilde,_J._F._E._1888_p._89-42">[42]</a> Although considered neutral spirits earlier, later <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant thinkers</a> increasingly associated them with Satan and considered them to be demons.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_culture_in_the_Middle_Ages">Islamic culture in the Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islamic culture in the Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Div_(mythology)" title="Div (mythology)">Div (mythology)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Marid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">Ifrit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imam_Ali_and_the_Jinn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Imam_Ali_and_the_Jinn.jpg/220px-Imam_Ali_and_the_Jinn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Imam_Ali_and_the_Jinn.jpg/330px-Imam_Ali_and_the_Jinn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Imam_Ali_and_the_Jinn.jpg/440px-Imam_Ali_and_the_Jinn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Ali">Ali</a> slaying demons with his sword <a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar" title="Zulfiqar">Zulfiqar</a> in a Persian manuscript. As evident from the poetry of Sanā'ī Ghaznavī, the sword is believed to be made from fire (آتش), able to kill not only a body but also a soul.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></figcaption></figure> In Islamic culture, demons (dīv) share many anthropomorphic attributes with the Arabian <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abedinifard-etal-2021-46">[46]</a>(p 37) Like the jinn from Islamic traditions, they can enter sexual relationships with humans and sire offspring.<a href="#cite_note-The_Good_p._24-47">[47]</a> Nonetheless, demons differ from jinn as they are perceived as malign creatures.<a href="#cite_note-The_Good_p._24-47">[47]</a> Within context of the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> belief system, demons are considered to be yet another creature of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>, rather than independent parts of the world,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-49">[49]</a>(p452) as evident from <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Bal%27ami" title="Abu Ali Bal'ami">Abu Ali Bal'ami</a>'s interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Tarikh_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarikh al-Tabari">Tarikh al-Tabari</a><a href="#cite_note-Abedinifard-etal-2021-46">[46]</a>(p40) and the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanname" title="Süleymanname">Süleymanname</a> (written at the time of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Demons are believed to be vanquished by sacred symbols. The content of the symbol depends on the prevailing religion of the culture. Among Turks, the <a href="/wiki/Basmalah" class="mw-redirect" title="Basmalah">basmalah</a> ("invocation of the name of Allah") is used to ward off demons,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> while among Armenians, the symbol of the cross is utilized.<a href="#cite_note-Armenian-52">[52]</a> Common features of these Middle Eastern demons are their immortality and pernicious nature, they can turn invisible, and can be enslaved when pierced by a silver needle.<a href="#cite_note-Armenian-52">[52]</a> Demons are believed to be mostly active at night and a bad smell in the air or sudden change in temperature would announce their presence.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> It is generally accepted that demons can be subjugated as they are said to be enslaved by legendary heroes (<a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Solomon</a> in the Quran and <a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a> in Persian legends).<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Due to their reluctant nature, even enslaved, they do always the opposite of what has been commanded.<a href="#cite_note-The_Good_p._24-47">[47]</a> In some tales, supernatural powers are attributed to them, such as causing sickness, mental illnesses, or even turn humans to stone.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Such demons frequently appear throughout literature as personification of human vices. The protagonist must overcome their own animalistic nature, the demons, in order to heed his rational inclination and achieve salvation.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_occultism_and_Renaissance_magic">European occultism and Renaissance magic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: European occultism and Renaissance magic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">Daimon</a></div> Under influence of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Medieval occult traditions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance magic</a>, demons are often seen as beneficial and useful, lacking an inherent negative connotation.<a href="#cite_note-Saif,_Liana_2015-58">[58]</a> In fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Renaissance magic, the terms demon and devil have two different, although not exclusive, meanings.<a href="#cite_note-Maggi,_A._2001_p._14-15-59">[59]</a> The term demons refers to a cluster of supernatural beings, such as daimons, spirits, and devils, affecting the mind.<a href="#cite_note-Maggi,_A._2001_p._14-15-59">[59]</a> While some people fear demons, or attempt to exorcise them, others willfully attempt to summon them for knowledge, assistance, or power. <a href="/wiki/William_of_Conches" title="William of Conches">William of Conches</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1090/1091 – c. 1155/1170s) understands demon closer to the Greek daimōn, reserving the concept of the devil only for the "demons of the lower regions":<blockquote>You think, as I infer from your words, that a demon is the same as a devil, which is not the case. For a demon is said to be any invisible being using reason, as if knowing. Of these the two high orders are called calodemons, that is, 'good knowing ones', the lower order is called cacodemon, that is, 'evil knowing one', for calos means 'good', cacos 'bad'.<a href="#cite_note-Saif,_Liana_2015-58">[58]</a></blockquote> In the sixteenth century, among proponents of demons as ambivalent spirits, <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> was the most vocal.<a href="#cite_note-Goodare,_Julian_2018-60">[60]</a> He asserted that these beings are spirit-like and thus not human, but they have bodies and flesh and are thus, not angels.<a href="#cite_note-Goodare,_Julian_2018-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kirk_(folklorist)" title="Robert Kirk (folklorist)">Robert Kirk</a> (1644–1692) integrated <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairies</a> into his theories of intermediary spirits.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> He suggested that these beings are structured similar to human societies, intelligent beings who eat and drink yet invisible to most humans.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Their views were rejected by demonologists and religious orthodoxy and labelled as "atheistic". They denied that spirits could have an autonomeous existence and that they are demons with the sole purpose of deceiving and harming people.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> A variety of spirits or the assumption that demons might be morally ambivalent is encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">necromancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Here, a necromancer supposedly converses with the spirits of the dead. A ceremonial magician usually consults a <a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">grimoire</a>, which gives the names and abilities of demons as well as detailed instructions for conjuring and controlling them. Grimoires are not limited to demons – some give instructions for the invocation of deity, a process called <a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">theurgy</a>. The use of ceremonial magic to call demons is also known as <a href="/wiki/Goetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Goetia">goetia</a>, a word derived from the Greek word goes, which originally denoted <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">diviners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)#Magicians" title="Magic (supernatural)">magicians</a>, healers, and <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">seers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDruryHume2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoV4BjGoOZvoCpgPA124_124]-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Age of Enlightenment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_demon_mask.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Japanese_demon_mask.jpg/130px-Japanese_demon_mask.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Japanese_demon_mask.jpg/195px-Japanese_demon_mask.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Japanese_demon_mask.jpg/260px-Japanese_demon_mask.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="1113" /></a><figcaption>The classic <a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">oni</a>, a Japanese ogre-like creature which often has horns and often translated into English as "demon".</figcaption></figure> In the 16th to early 17th centuries, the idea – inherited from Renaissance magic and occultism – that demonic forces could be conjured and controlled may have paved the way for the development of modern sciences.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In Hermetic- and Kabbalist philosophy, demons could be subjugated and shaped the idea that humans can control their social environment and their surrounding natural forces.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> conceptualizes humans as <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">autonomous individuals</a>, mostly independent from external invisible forces, such as demons or gods ruling over human fate.<a href="#cite_note-Rehmann-68">[68]</a> While in the pre-modern period, spirits and demons were assigned to various natural phenomena, the <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalistic school of thought</a>, increasingly rejected the attribution of demons to unknown causes.<a href="#cite_note-Mircea_Eliade_1986_p._287-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rehmann-68">[68]</a> The rejection of demons as a form of superstition was also welcomed by religious perspective, considered to be a "removal" of remaining pagan beliefs. According to <a href="/wiki/Wouter_Hanegraaff" title="Wouter Hanegraaff">Wouter Hanegraaff</a>, demons are pagan beliefs, removed by the Age of Enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Many considered demons to be non-existent and alleged visions of demons and ghosts were explained as results of superstition. By that local religious customs were also oppressed in favor of nationwide (religious) ideas or deities.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Wilkinson Duran states that people who believe in demons are often marginalized in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Rehmann-68">[68]</a> The rejection of demons as the cause of natural events also contributed to the association of demons with delusions and merely mental phenomena. For example, the notion that demons could possess an individual, stripped the individual away from their <a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">personhood</a> and was at odds with modern Western philosophy. The most prominent ones, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, imply the belief that everyone is responsible for their own fate and not at the mercy of external forces, thus has no room left for demons or demonic possessions.<a href="#cite_note-Rehmann-68">[68]</a> The concept of demons has nevertheless not disappeared from the public, permeating media, arts, and psychology.<a href="#cite_note-Mircea_Eliade_1986_p._287-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-material_dualism">Anti-material dualism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anti-material dualism">edit</a>]</div> Privation theories of evil, such as <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">good–evil dualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">neo-platonism</a>, often consider matter to be a refractory element in the cosmos instigating evil.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In religious beliefs, applying such theories of evil, matter (Greek: hyle Ὕλη) becomes a sphere of demonic activity and transforms matter into the devilish principle par excellence.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gnosticism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> largely relies on Greek and Persian dualism, especially on <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a>. In accordance with Platonism, they regarded the idea as good while considering the material and conscious world to be inherently evil.<a href="#cite_note-Zarieva-2019-74">[74]</a> The demonized star-deities of late Persian religion became associated with a demon, thus identifying the seven observable planets with an <a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archon</a> (demonic ruler).<a href="#cite_note-Zarieva-2019-74">[74]</a> These demons rule over the earth and the realm of planets, representing different desires and passions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum2015162-75">[75]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a> depicted the world as surrounded by the demonic <a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum2015162-75">[75]</a> Like in Christianity, the term daimons was used for demons and refers to both the Archons as well as to their demonic assistants. <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a> is, in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a>, portrayed as the thirteenth daimon for betraying Jesus and a supporter of the Archons.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Examples of Gnostic portrayals of demons can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon of John</a> in which they are said to have helped to construct the physical <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Pistis_Sophia" title="Pistis Sophia">Pistis Sophia</a> which states they are ruled over by <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hekate</a> and punish corrupt souls.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mandaeism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demons_in_Mandaeism" title="Demons in Mandaeism">Demons in Mandaeism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a> (alma d-hšuka), also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a> located below <a href="/wiki/Tibil" title="Tibil">Tibil</a> (Earth). It is ruled by its king <a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)" title="Ur (Mandaeism)">Ur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a>) and its queen <a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a>, mother of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven planets">seven planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">twelve constellations</a>. The great dark <a href="/wiki/Ocean_of_Sup" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean of Sup">Ocean of Sup</a> (or Suf) lies in the World of Darkness.<a href="#cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-79">[79]</a> The great dividing river of <a href="/wiki/Hitfun" title="Hitfun">Hitfun</a>, analogous to the river <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, separates the World of Darkness from the <a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GR_Saadi-80">[80]</a> Prominent infernal beings found in the World of Darkness include <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">lilith</a>, nalai (<a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</a>), niuli (<a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">hobgoblin</a>), gadalta (<a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghost</a>), satani (<a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>) and various other demons and evil spirits.<a href="#cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-GR_Saadi-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Manichaeism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> was a major religion<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> founded in the third century AD by the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> prophet <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 216–274 AD), in the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> One of its key concepts is the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Two_Principles_and_Three_Moments" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Principles and Three Moments">Two Principles and Three Moments</a>. Accordingly, the world could be described as resulting from a past moment, in which two principles (good and evil) were separate, a contemporary moment in which both principles are mixed due to an assault of the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_darkness_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of darkness (Manichaeism)">world of darkness</a> on the realm of light, and a future moment when both principles are distinct forever.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Thus, evil and demons played a significant role within Manichaean teachings. There are numberless designations for various groups of demonic entities in Manichaean cosmology.<a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline1-85">[85]</a> The general term used for the beings of the world of darkness is <a href="/wiki/Div_(demon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Div (demon)">div</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline1-85">[85]</a> Before the demons attacked the realm of light, they have been in constant battle and intercourse against each other.<a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline1-85">[85]</a> It is only in the realm of darkness demons are described in their physical form. After their assault on the world above, they have been overcome by the Living Spirit, and imprisoned in the structure of the world.<a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline1-85">[85]</a> From that point onwards, they impact human's ethical life, and appear as personified ethical qualities, mostly greed, envy, grief, and wrath (desire for destruction).<a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline1-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a>, in his work Talbīs Iblīs ('devils' delusion'), credits the Manichaeans with believing that each Light and Darkness (God and the Devil) consist of four bodies and one spirit. The bodies of Light (God) were referred to as <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>, while the bodies of Darkness (Devil) were referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">ifrits</a>. Light and Darkness would multiple by angels and demons respectively.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Giants" title="The Book of Giants">The Book of Giants</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Seven_treatises_of_Manichaeism" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven treatises of Manichaeism">the canonical seven treatises</a> also known from Jewish <a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertestamental literature">intertestamental literature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Grigori</a> (egrēgoroi) beget giant half-demon offspring with human woman. In the Middle Persian version of the Book of Giants they are referred to as kʾw, while in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kephalaia" title="Kephalaia">Kephalaia</a> as gigas.<a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline1-85">[85]</a> In accordance with some interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis 6:1–4</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Grabbe-87">[87]</a> the giant offspring became the ancient tyrannic rulers over mankind, until overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">angels of punishment</a>. Nonetheless, these demons are still active in the <a href="/wiki/Microcosm%E2%80%93macrocosm_analogy" title="Microcosm–macrocosm analogy">microcosm</a>, such as Āz and Āwarzōg.<a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline1-85">[85]</a> Views on stars (abāxtarān) are mixed. On one hand, they are regarded as light particles of the world soul fixed in the sky. On the other hand, stars are identified with powers hindering the soul from leaving the material world.<a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline1-85">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jesus_the_Splendour" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus the Splendour">Third Messenger</a> (Jesus) is said to have chained up demons in the sky. Their offspring, the <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">nephilim</a> (nĕf īlīm) or <a href="/wiki/Asrestar" title="Asrestar">asrestar</a> (āsarēštārān), Ašqalūn and Nebrō'ēl in particular, play instrumental roles in the creation of Adam and Eve.<a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline1-85">[85]</a> According to Manichaeism, the watchers, known as angels in Jewish lore, are not considered angels, but demons.<a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline1-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dybbuk" title="Dybbuk">Dybbuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></div> There are differing opinions in Judaism about the existence or non-existence of demons (<a href="/wiki/Shedim" title="Shedim">shedim</a> or <a href="/wiki/Se%27irim" title="Se'irim">se'irim</a>).<a href="#cite_note-JE-shedim-13">[13]</a> Some Rabbinic scholars assert that demons have existed in Talmudic times, but do not exist regularly in present. When prophecy, <a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">divine presence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Divine_inspiration" title="Divine inspiration">divine inspiration</a> gradually decreased, the demonic powers of impurity have become correspondingly weak, too.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2020190–191-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> mentions two classes of demonic spirits, the se'irim and the shedim. The word shedim (singular shed or sheyd) appears in two places in the Hebrew Bible.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The se'irim (singular sa'ir, 'male goat') are mentioned once in <a href="/wiki/Leviticus_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus 17">Leviticus 17</a>:7,<a href="#cite_note-JE-shedim-13">[13]</a> probably a recollection of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> demons in the shape of goats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCrawArp20179-90">[90]</a> They might be a metaphorical symbol for life-threatening animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrichs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jackals" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackals">jackals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutter2011-91">[91]</a> The shedim, however, are not pagan demigods, but the foreign gods themselves. They are evil insofar that they are not affiliated with the Jewish deity.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> These entities appear in a scriptural context of <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Child_sacrifice" title="Child sacrifice">child sacrifice</a> to non-existent <a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">false gods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JE-shedim-13">[13]</a> Various diseases and ailments were ascribed to demons, particularly those affecting the brain and those of internal nature. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Catalepsy" title="Catalepsy">catalepsy</a>, headache, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> and nightmares. There also existed a demon of blindness, Shabriri (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'dazzling glare'), who rested on uncovered water at night and blinded those who drank from it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacs1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4iLqceVe7S0CpgPA96_96]-93">[93]</a> Demons supposedly entered the body and caused the disease while overwhelming or "seizing" the victim. To cure such diseases, it was necessary to draw out the evil demons by certain incantations and talismanic performances, at which the <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a> excelled.<a href="#cite_note-JE-shedim-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, who spoke of demons as "spirits of the wicked which enter into men that are alive and kill them", but which could be driven out by a certain <a href="/wiki/Rootwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Rootwork">root</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> witnessed such a performance in the presence of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and ascribed its origin to <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Solomon">King Solomon</a>. In mythology, there were few defences against <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian demons</a>. The mythical <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)" title="Mace (bludgeon)">mace</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharur_(mythological_weapon)" title="Sharur (mythological weapon)">Sharur</a> had the power to slay demons such as <a href="/wiki/Asag" title="Asag">Asag</a>, a legendary <a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">gallu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Edimmu" title="Edimmu">edimmu</a> of hideous strength. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talmudic_tradition_and_Midrashim">Talmudic tradition and Midrashim</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Talmudic tradition and Midrashim">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>, notions of shedim ('demons' or 'spirits') are almost unknown or occur only very rarely, whereas in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> there are many references to shedim and magical incantations. The existence of shedim in general was not questioned by most of the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Talmudist" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudist">Talmudists</a>. As a consequence of the rise of influence of the Babylonian Talmud over that of the Jerusalem Talmud, late rabbis, in general, took as fact the existence of shedim, nor did most of the medieval thinkers question their reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohler2020123-96">[96]</a> However, rationalists like <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a> and others explicitly denied their existence, and completely rejected concepts of demons, evil spirits, negative spiritual influences, attaching and possessing spirits. They thought the essential teaching about shedim and similar spirits is, that they should not be an object of worship, not a reality to be acknowledged or feared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohler2020124-97">[97]</a> Their point of view eventually became mainstream Jewish understanding.<a href="#cite_note-JE-shedim-13">[13]</a> The opinion of some authors is not clear. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> states that insane people can see the image of se'irim, when they go astray and ascribe to them powers independent from God. It is not clear from his work, if he considered these images of se'irim as manifestations of actual spirits or merely delusions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Despite academic consensus, <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbis</a> disputed that Maimonides denied the existence of demons entirely. He would only dispute the existence of demons in his own life time, but not that demons had existed once.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2020185–188-98">[98]</a> Occasionally an <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Judaism" title="Angels in Judaism">angel</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">satan</a> in the Babylon Talmud. But satans do not refer to demons as they remain at the service of God: "Stand not in the way of an ox when coming from the pasture, for Satan dances between his horns".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadic</a> tales from the Persian tradition describe the shedim, the <a href="/wiki/Mazzikin" title="Mazzikin">mazziḳim</a> ("harmers"), and the ruḥin ("spirits"). There were also <a href="/wiki/Lilin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilin">lilin</a> ("night spirits"), ṭelane ("shade", or "evening spirits"), ṭiharire ("midday spirits"), and ẓafrire ("morning spirits"), as well as the "demons that bring famine" and "such as cause storm and earthquake".<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-JE-shedim-13">[13]</a> According to some <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">aggadic</a> stories, demons were under the dominion of a king or chief, usually <a href="/wiki/Asmodai" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmodai">Asmodai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kabbalah">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, demons are regarded as a necessary part of the divine emanation in the material world and a byproduct of human sin (<a href="/wiki/Qlippoth" title="Qlippoth">Qlippoth</a>).&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennis2016[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-102">[102]</a> After they are created, they assume an existence on their own. Demons would attach themselves to the sinner and start to multiply as an act of self-preservation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2020185-103">[103]</a> Medieval Kabbalists characterize such demons as <a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">punishing angels of destruction</a>. They are subject to the divine will, and do not act independently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2020182-104">[104]</a> Other demonic entities, such as the shedim, might be considered benevolent. The <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a> classifies them as those who are like humans and submit to the Torah, and those who have no fear of God and are like animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2020184-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Temple_Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Second Temple Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></div> The sources of demonic influence were thought to originate from the <a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watchers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a>, who are first mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Genesis_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 6">Genesis 6</a> and are the focus of <a href="/wiki/1_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Enoch">1 Enoch</a> Chapters 1–16, and also in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a> 10. The Nephilim were seen as the source of the sin and evil on Earth because they are referenced in Genesis 6:4 before the story of the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Flood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanneken_Henoch200611–25-106">[106]</a> In Genesis 6:5, God sees evil in the hearts of men. <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Ethiopic Enoch</a> refers to Genesis 6:4–5, and provides further description of the story connecting the Nephilim to the corruption of humans. According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, sin originates when angels descend from heaven and fornicate with women, birthing giants. The Book of Enoch shows that these <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a> can lead humans to sin through direct interaction or through providing forbidden knowledge. Most scholars understand the text, that demons originate from the evil spirits of the deceased giants, cursed by God to wander the Earth. <a href="/wiki/Dale_Martin_(scholar)" title="Dale Martin (scholar)">Dale Martin</a> disagrees with this interpretation, arguing that the ghosts of the Nephilim are distinct. The evil spirits would make the people sacrifice to the demons, but they were not demons themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2010-107">[107]</a> The spirits are stated in Enoch to "corrupt, fall, be excited, and fall upon the earth, and cause sorrow".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam1999-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> According to Christian theology, demons are fallen angels.<a href="#cite_note-M657-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-111">[111]</a> They are believed to have been created as <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">good angels</a> who then turned evil by joining <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> in his rebellion against <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heinz_Schreckenberg_1992-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-113">[113]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">mythology</a> is not shared by <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> or found as such in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M657-110">[110]</a> The story of fallen angels is a result of interpretation of different Biblical passages in the second and third century.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (5th century) established the position, that demons are spirits (angels) who turn away from God, for <a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Western demonology</a> and for the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Testament">Old Testament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Old Testament">edit</a>]</div> The existence of demons as inherently malicious spirits within Old Testamental texts is absent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum2015127-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kitz_2016-117">[117]</a>: 447  Though there are evil spirits sent by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">YHWH</a>, they can hardly be called demons, since they serve and do not oppose the governing deity.<a href="#cite_note-Kitz_2016-117">[117]</a>: 448  First then the <a href="/wiki/Septuaginta" class="mw-redirect" title="Septuaginta">Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek</a>, the "gods of other nations" were merged into a single category of demons (daimones) with implied negativity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum2015129-118">[118]</a> The Greek Daimons were associated with demi-divine entities, deities, illnesses and <a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">fortune-telling</a>. The Jewish translators rendered them all as demons, depicting their power as nullified comparable to the description of shedim in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>. Although all these supernatural powers were translated, none were angels, despite sharing a similar function to that of the Greek Daimon. This established a dualism between the angels on God's side and negatively evaluated demons of pagan origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2010664-119">[119]</a> Their relationship to the God-head became the main difference between angels and demons, not their degree of benevolence. Both angels and demons might be fierce and terrifying. However, the angels act always at service of the high god of the Israelites, differing from the pagan demons, who represent the powers of foreign deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2010666-120">[120]</a> The Septuagint refers to evil spirits as demons (daimon).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: New Testament">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottheinrich_Folio051r_Mc5A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ottheinrich_Folio051r_Mc5A.jpg/170px-Ottheinrich_Folio051r_Mc5A.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ottheinrich_Folio051r_Mc5A.jpg/255px-Ottheinrich_Folio051r_Mc5A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ottheinrich_Folio051r_Mc5A.jpg/340px-Ottheinrich_Folio051r_Mc5A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3736" data-file-height="4166" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medieval_illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval illumination">Medieval illumination</a> from the Ottheinrich Folio depicting the <a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Gerasene_demoniac" title="Exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac">exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac</a> by Jesus</figcaption></figure> Through the New Testament, demons appear 55 times, and 46 times in reference to <a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">demonic possession</a> or <a href="/wiki/Exorcisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Exorcisms">exorcisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dorian_Gieseler_Greenbaum_2015._pp._136-138-121">[121]</a> Some old English Bible translations such as <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> do not have the word demon in their vocabulary and translate it as 'devil'. As adversaries of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, demons are not morally ambivalent spirits, but evil; causes of misery, suffering, and death.<a href="#cite_note-Dorian_Gieseler_Greenbaum_2015._pp._136-138-121">[121]</a> They are not tempters, but the cause of pain, suffering, and maladies, both physical and mental. Temptation is reserved for the devil only.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Unlike spirits in pagan beliefs, demons are not intermediary spirits who must be sacrificed for the appeasement of a deity. Possession also shows no trace of positivity, contrary to some pagan depictions of <a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">spirit possession</a>. They are explicitly said to be ruled by the Devil or <a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Their origin is unclear, the texts take the existence of demons for granted. Many early Christians, like <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> assumed demons were ghosts of the Nephilim, known from Intertestamental writings.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Because of references to Satan as the lord of demons and evil angels of Satan throughout the New Testament, other scholars identified fallen angels with demons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2010670-125">[125]</a> Demons as entirely evil entities, who have been born evil, may not fit the proposed origin of evil in free will, taught in alternate or opposing theologies.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudepigrapha_and_deuterocanonical_books">Pseudepigrapha and deuterocanonical books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pseudepigrapha and deuterocanonical books">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demon._A_miniature_from_the_Georgian_manuscript_of_the_12th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Demon._A_miniature_from_the_Georgian_manuscript_of_the_12th_century.jpg/170px-Demon._A_miniature_from_the_Georgian_manuscript_of_the_12th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Demon._A_miniature_from_the_Georgian_manuscript_of_the_12th_century.jpg/255px-Demon._A_miniature_from_the_Georgian_manuscript_of_the_12th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Demon._A_miniature_from_the_Georgian_manuscript_of_the_12th_century.jpg/340px-Demon._A_miniature_from_the_Georgian_manuscript_of_the_12th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>A demon from <a href="/wiki/The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent" title="The Ladder of Divine Ascent">The Ladder of Divine Ascent</a>, written in Georgian by <a href="/wiki/Nikrai" title="Nikrai">Nikrai</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a></div> Demons are included in biblical interpretation. In the story of Passover, the Bible tells the story as "the Lord struck down all the firstborn in Egypt" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2012:21–29&version=nrsv">Exodus 12:21–29</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, which is considered canonical only by the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Harris-127">[127]</a> this same event is told slightly differently: "All the powers of [the demon] Mastema had been let loose to slay all the first-born in the land of Egypt. And the powers of the Lord did everything according as the Lord commanded them." (Jubilees 49:2–4) In the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a>, the author explains how God was noticing "how corrupt the earth had become, for all the people on earth had corrupted their ways" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%206:12&version=nrsv">Genesis 6:12</a>). In Jubilees, the sins of man are attributed to "the unclean demons [who] began to lead astray the children of the sons of Noah, and to make to err and destroy them" (Jubilees 10:1). In Jubilees, Mastema questions the loyalty of Abraham and tells God to "bid him offer him as a burnt offering on the altar, and Thou wilt see if he will do this command" (Jubilees 17:16). The discrepancy between the story in Jubilees and the story in Genesis 22 exists with the presence of <a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a>. In Genesis, God tests the will of Abraham merely to determine whether he is a true follower, however; in Jubilees, Mastema has an agenda behind promoting the sacrifice of Abraham's son, "an even more demonic act than that of Satan in Job".<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In Jubilees, where Mastema, an angel tasked with tempting mortals into sin and iniquity, requests that God give him a tenth of the spirits of the children of the watchers, demons, in order to aid the process (Jubilees 10:7–9). These demons are passed into Mastema's authority, where once again, an angel is in charge of demonic spirits. In the <a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Solomon" title="Testament of Solomon">Testament of Solomon</a>, written sometime in the first three centuries C.E., the demon <a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Asmodeus</a> explains that he is the son of an angel and a human mother. Another demon describes himself as having died in the "massacre in the age of giants". Beelzeboul, the prince of demons, appears as a fallen angel, not as a demon, but makes people worship demons as their gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2010670-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_demonology">Christian demonology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Christian demonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Christianity" title="Exorcism in Christianity">Exorcism in Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Exorcism in the Catholic Church">Exorcism in the Catholic Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession#Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">Demonic possession § Christianity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3001" data-file-height="4104" /></a><figcaption>The Torment of Saint Anthony (1488) by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, depicting <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Saint Anthony</a> being assailed by demons</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jheronimus_Bosch_050_detail_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Jheronimus_Bosch_050_detail_01.jpg/170px-Jheronimus_Bosch_050_detail_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Jheronimus_Bosch_050_detail_01.jpg/255px-Jheronimus_Bosch_050_detail_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Jheronimus_Bosch_050_detail_01.jpg/340px-Jheronimus_Bosch_050_detail_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1735" data-file-height="2153" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Miser" title="Death and the Miser">Death and the Miser</a> (detail), a <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a> painting, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Francis_Borgia_Helping_a_Dying_Impenitent_by_Goya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/St._Francis_Borgia_Helping_a_Dying_Impenitent_by_Goya.jpg/220px-St._Francis_Borgia_Helping_a_Dying_Impenitent_by_Goya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/St._Francis_Borgia_Helping_a_Dying_Impenitent_by_Goya.jpg/330px-St._Francis_Borgia_Helping_a_Dying_Impenitent_by_Goya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/St._Francis_Borgia_Helping_a_Dying_Impenitent_by_Goya.jpg/440px-St._Francis_Borgia_Helping_a_Dying_Impenitent_by_Goya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>Painting of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia,_4th_Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía">Saint Francis Borgia</a> performing an <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a>, as depicted by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></figcaption></figure> Since <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a>, demonology has developed from a simple acceptance of demons to a complex study that has grown from the original ideas taken from Jewish demonology and Christian scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Christian demonology is studied in depth within the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> although many other Christian churches affirm and discuss the existence of demons.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Building upon the few references to daimon in the New Testament, especially the poetry of the Book of Revelation, Christian writers of <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocrypha</a> from the second century onwards created a more complicated tapestry of beliefs about "demons" that was largely independent of Christian scripture. While daimons were considered as both potentially benevolent or malevolent, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> argued against <a href="/wiki/Celsus" title="Celsus">Celsus</a> that daimons are exclusively evil entities, supporting the later idea of (evil) demons. According to Origen's cosmology, increasing corruption and evil within the soul, the more estranged the soul gets from God. Therefore, Origen opined that the most evil demons are located underground. Besides the fallen angels known from Christian scriptures, Origen talks about Greek daemons, like nature spirits and giants. These creatures were thought to inhabit nature or air and nourish from pagan sacrifices roaming the earth. However, there is no functional difference between the spirits of the underworld and of earth, since both have fallen from perfection into the material world. Origen sums them up as <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a> and thus equal to demons.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetics</a>, like Origen and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a>, described demons as psychological powers, tempting to evil,<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> in contrast to benevolent angels advising good. According to Life of Anthony, written in Greek around 360 by <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a>, most of the time, the demons were expressed as an internal struggle, inclinations, and temptations. But after Anthony successfully resisted the demons, they would appear in human form to tempt and threaten him even more intensely.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a> described evil as "defiancy" and does not give evil an ontological existence. He explains demons are deficient creatures, who willingly turn themselves towards the unreal and non-existence. Their dangerous nature results not from the power of their nature, but from their tendency to drag others into the "<a href="/wiki/Kenoma" title="Kenoma">void</a>" and the unreal, away from God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell198637-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Psellos" title="Michael Psellos">Michael Psellos</a> proposed the existence of several types of demons, deeply influenced by the material nature of the regions they dwell. The highest and most powerful demons attack the mind of people using their "imaginative action" (phantastikos) to produce illusions in the mind. The lowest demons, on the other hand, are almost mindless, gross, and grunting spirits, which try to possess people instinctively, simply attracted by the warmth and life of humans. These cause diseases, fatal accidents and animalistic behavior in their victims. They are unable to speak, while other lower types of demons might give out false oracles. The demons are divided into: <ul><li>Leliouria: The highest demons who inhabit the ether, beyond the moon</li> <li>Aeria: Demons of the air below the moon</li> <li>Chthonia: Inhabiting the land</li> <li>Hyraia/Enalia: Dwelling in the water</li> <li>Bypochtbonia: They live beneath the earth</li> <li>Misophaes: The lowest type of demon, blind and almost senseless in the lowest hell</li></ul> Invocation of Saints, holy men and women, especially ascetics, reading the Gospel, holy oil or water is said to drive them out. However, Psellos' schemes have been too inconsistent to answer questions about the hierarchy of fallen angels. The devil's position is impossible to assign in this scheme and it does not respond to living perceptions of felt experience and was considered rather impractical to have a lasting effect or impact on Christian demonology.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-136">[136]</a> The contemporary Roman Catholic Church unequivocally teaches that angels and demons are real beings rather than just symbolic devices. The Catholic Church has a cadre of officially sanctioned exorcists which perform many <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcisms</a> each year. The exorcists of the Catholic Church teach that demons attack humans continually but that afflicted persons can be effectively healed and protected either by the formal rite of exorcism, authorized to be performed only by bishops and those they designate, or by prayers of deliverance, which any Christian can offer for themselves or others.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> At various times in Christian history, attempts have been made to classify demons according to various proposed <a href="/wiki/Demonic_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic hierarchy">demonic hierarchies</a>. In recent times, scholars doubted that independent demons exist, and rather considers them, aking to Jewish satan, to be servants of God. According to S. N. Chiu, God is shown sending a demon against Saul in 1 Samuel 16 and 18 in order to punish him for the failure to follow God's instructions, showing God as having the power to use demons for his own purposes, putting the demon under his divine authority.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> According to the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, demons, despite being typically associated with evil, are often shown to be under divine control, and not acting of their own devices.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitab_al-Bulhan_--_devil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kitab_al-Bulhan_--_devil.jpg/220px-Kitab_al-Bulhan_--_devil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kitab_al-Bulhan_--_devil.jpg/330px-Kitab_al-Bulhan_--_devil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kitab_al-Bulhan_--_devil.jpg/440px-Kitab_al-Bulhan_--_devil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Devils depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wonders" title="Book of Wonders">Book of Wonders</a>, a late 14th-century Arabic manuscript</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitab_al-Bulhan_---_demons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kitab_al-Bulhan_---_demons.jpg/220px-Kitab_al-Bulhan_---_demons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kitab_al-Bulhan_---_demons.jpg/330px-Kitab_al-Bulhan_---_demons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kitab_al-Bulhan_---_demons.jpg/440px-Kitab_al-Bulhan_---_demons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Zawba'a or Zoba'ah, the demon-king of Friday depicted in the Book of Wonders.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> beliefs, demons are roughly of two types:<a href="#cite_note-doi.org-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">devils</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: شَيَاطِين, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: šayāṭīn or <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: دیو, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: dīv).<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The jinn derive from <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabian beliefs</a>, although their exact origin is unclear. The presence of jinn in <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabian beliefs</a> is not only testified by the Quran, but also by pre-Islamic literature in the seventh century.<a href="#cite_note-HistMuh-2016-143">[143]</a>: 54  The šayāṭīn (devils or satans) on the other hand, are of <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> origin. Although virtually absent in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, Muslims generally hold the belief that jinn can possess people.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a>, it has been considered to be part of the doctrines (aqidah) of the "<a href="/wiki/Sunnism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">people of the Sunnah</a>" (ahl as-sunnah wal-jammah'a).<a href="#cite_note-Böttcher–2021-145">[145]</a> Nonetheless, the Quran emphasizes similarities between humans and jinn. The Quranic phrase al-ins wa al-jinn (الإِنسِ وَالْجِنِّ) puts the jinn to the same position as humans and whereby also rejecting kinship with God.<a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-49">[49]</a>(p181) In contrast to demons from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical tradition</a>, the jinn are not a source of evil.<a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-49">[49]</a>(p181, 185) In the majority of Muslim writings, the jinn are ephemeral and shadowy creatures and primarily linked to magical practises (both white and black magic), though sometimes to disastrous effects.<a href="#cite_note-Mircea_Eliade_1986_p._286-287-146">[146]</a> While the jinn are morally ambivalent, the šayāṭīn represent malevolent forces akin to the devils of the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian tradition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nünlist-2015-147">[147]</a>: 286  and are actively obstructing the execution of God's will.<a href="#cite_note-Mircea_Eliade_1986_p._286-287-146">[146]</a> Because of that, they bear less resemblance to humans than the jinn.<a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-140">[140]</a> The latter share attributes with humans, such as mortality, whereas the šayāṭīn do not.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Principle-149">[149]</a>(p278)<a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-49">[49]</a>(p452) In Muslim popular culture, the šayāṭīn are sometimes depicted as Dīv (دیو).<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Muslim writers on astrology identified the planetary spirits known from ancient Greek cosmology, with seven demon-kings, often invoked for the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Magic_square#Magic_squares_in_occultism" title="Magic square">Magic squares</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wonders" title="Book of Wonders">Book of Wonders</a> each day of the week is assigned to one of the rūḥāiya ulia (higher spirits) and rūḥāiya sufula (lower spirits).<a href="#cite_note-Carboni-2013-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_studies_of_religion">Comparative studies of religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Comparative studies of religion">edit</a>]</div> Many cultures and belief-systems mention demon-like entities or entities sometimes interpreted or translated as demons. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aboriginal_Australian_cultures">Aboriginal Australian cultures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Aboriginal Australian cultures">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunyip_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bunyip_1890.jpg/170px-Bunyip_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bunyip_1890.jpg/255px-Bunyip_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bunyip_1890.jpg/340px-Bunyip_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1472" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Bunyip" title="Bunyip">Bunyip</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian">Aboriginal Australian</a> cultures have various beings translated into English as "demons" or "devils". The most notable is the <a href="/wiki/Bunyip" title="Bunyip">Bunyip</a>, which was originally a term applied to malevolent spirits in general.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Tasmanians" title="Aboriginal Tasmanians">Tasmanian</a> mythology in particular has many beings translated as "devils"; these include malicious spirits like Rageowrapper<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> as well as spirits summoned in magic. Tasmanian Aboriginal people would describe these entities as "devils" and related that these spiritual beings as walking alongside Aboriginal people "carrying a torch but could not be seen".<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram-headed_demon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ram-headed_demon.jpg/170px-Ram-headed_demon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ram-headed_demon.jpg/255px-Ram-headed_demon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ram-headed_demon.jpg/340px-Ram-headed_demon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Ram-headed demon. The hands probably outstretch to hold two snakes. From a royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings, Thebes, Egypt. End of the 18th Dynasty, around 1325 BCE</figcaption></figure> The exact definition of demon in <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a> posed a major problem for modern scholarship, since the borders between a deity and a demon are sometimes blurred and the ancient <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a> lacks a term for the modern English demon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucarelli20102-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-BhayroRider2017-157">[157]</a> Both deities and demons can act as intermediaries to deliver messages to humans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucarelli20103-158">[158]</a> By that, they share some resemblance to the Greek daimon. However, magical writings indicate that ancient Egyptians acknowledged the existence of malevolent demons by highlighting the demon names with red ink.<a href="#cite_note-BhayroRider2017-157">[157]</a> Demons in this culture appeared to be subordinative and related to a specific deity, yet they may have occasionally acted independently of the divine will. The existence of demons can be related to the realm of chaos, beyond the created world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucarelli20102-156">[156]</a> But even this negative connotation cannot be denied in light of the magical texts. The role of demons in relation to the human world remains ambivalent and largely depends on context. Ancient Egyptian demons can be divided into two classes: "guardians" and "wanderers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucarelli20103-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhayroRider201755-159">[159]</a> "Guardians" are tied to a specific place; their demonic activity is topographically defined and their function can be benevolent towards those who have the secret knowledge to face them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucarelli20104-160">[160]</a> Demons protecting the underworld may prevent human souls from entering paradise. Only by knowing the right charms is the deceased able to enter the Halls of Osiris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum2015120-161">[161]</a> Here, the aggressive nature of the guardian demons is motivated by the need to protect their abodes and not by their evil essence. Accordingly, demons guarded sacred places or the gates to the netherworld. During the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman period">Roman period</a>, the guardians shifted towards the role of <a href="/wiki/Genius_loci" title="Genius loci">genius loci</a> and they were the focus of local and private cults. The "wanderers" are associated with possession, mental illness, death and plagues. Many of them serve as executioners for the major deities, such as <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> or <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, when ordered to punish humans on earth or in the netherworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucarelli20104-160">[160]</a> Wanderers can also be agents of chaos, arising from the world beyond creation to bring about misfortune and suffering without any divine instructions, led only by evil motivations. The influences of the wanderers can be warded off and kept at the borders of the human world by the use of magic, but they can never be destroyed. A sub-category of "wanderers" are nightmare demons, which were believed to cause nightmares by entering a human body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucarelli20102-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_folklore">Chinese folklore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Chinese folklore">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Mara (demon)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaoguai" title="Yaoguai">Yaoguai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhiguai_xiaoshuo" title="Zhiguai xiaoshuo">Zhiguai xiaoshuo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_supernatural_beings_in_Chinese_folklore" title="List of supernatural beings in Chinese folklore">List of supernatural beings in Chinese folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_warfare_in_China" title="Spiritual warfare in China">Spiritual warfare in China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%9C%E5%8F%89%E9%AC%BC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E5%A4%9C%E5%8F%89%E9%AC%BC.JPG/220px-%E5%A4%9C%E5%8F%89%E9%AC%BC.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E5%A4%9C%E5%8F%89%E9%AC%BC.JPG/330px-%E5%A4%9C%E5%8F%89%E9%AC%BC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E5%A4%9C%E5%8F%89%E9%AC%BC.JPG/440px-%E5%A4%9C%E5%8F%89%E9%AC%BC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="2106" /></a><figcaption>Carving of a <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">yaksha</a> (夜叉)</figcaption></figure> Chinese folktale, legend and literature are replete with malevolent supernatural creatures who are often rendered "demons" in English translations. These include categories of beings such as the <a href="/wiki/Yaoguai" title="Yaoguai">yao</a> 妖 – shapeshifters with the power to cause insanity, to inflict poison, and to bring about disease, and the mo 魔 – derived from Indian mythology and entering through the influence of Buddhism. In folk belief, these beings are responsible for misfortune, insanity, and illness, and any number of strange phenomena that could not easily be accounted for. Epilepsy and stroke, which led to either temporary or permanent contortions, were generally seen as the results of demonic possession and attacks (中邪). Belief in wilderness demons<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> haunted China from the very earliest periods and persisted throughout the late imperial era. In the Xia dynasty, nine bronze cauldrons with their forms were cast to help the common people to identify and to avoid them.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Classical texts in the Zhou and Warring-States period distinguish between the demons of mountains and forests (the seductive <a href="/wiki/Chi_(mythology)" title="Chi (mythology)">Chimei</a> 魑魅),<a href="#cite_note-De_Groot-1907-164">[164]</a> demons of trees and rocks (a necrophagous fever-demon, the <a href="/wiki/Wangliang" title="Wangliang">Wangliang</a> 魍魎),<a href="#cite_note-De_Groot-1907-164">[164]</a> subterranean demons of the earth and of decay (the goat-like and necrophagous Fenyang 墳羊 (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'grave-goat'),<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> who caused disease and miscarriage) and fever demons born from water (Wangxiang 罔象, a child-like being with red eyes).<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> These demons were said to be born of aberrant <a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a> (breath or energy), known to accost and kill travellers, and held responsible for sickness. People also feared the Muling 木灵 <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'tree spirit' (also muzhong 木肿 <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'tree swelling') – demons forming over time in trees of immense age, capable of inflicting disease and killing human passers-by and birds flying overhead. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Penghou" title="Penghou">penghou</a> 彭侯 (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'drumbeat marquis'), a demon associated with camphor trees in mountain forests, and which takes the form of a human-headed dog, and in the southern provinces, the banana-leaf spirits. From the Tang dynasty onwards, belief in shapeshifting foxes, tigers and wolves, amongst other creatures, also featured in Chinese folk belief, partly due to the existence of outlawed fox-spirit cults. Fox demons (狐妖)<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> are described as cunning and lustful, capable of clairvoyance, and of inflicting disease and poisoning at will. They are sometimes seen as beings requiring worship to be appeased or placated. Tiger demons (虎妖)<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> and wolf demons (狼妖)<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> are ravening beings roaming large territories for prey, taking the form of humans to conveniently insert themselves into communities and settlements. Tiger demons are described as being enslave the souls of humans they have killed, turning them into minions. In the superstitious climate of the previous centuries, people mistaken as tigers and wolves in human disguise were often put to death or starved in their cells by magistrates. Fish (鱼妖) and snake demons (蛇妖)<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> are said to have attempted to assault Confucius. Even insects are capable of being demonic. In one tale, the sighting of a centipede demon (蜈蚣妖) in the form of an old woman without eyes is said to have led to the sickness and death of an entire household. One notable demon not in the above categories includes the Heisheng or Heiqi 黑气 ('Black Calamity' or 'Black Air'), a kind of roving vapour demon that inflicts damage to persons and property wherever it roams, sometimes killing where it goes. Another are undefined Poltergeists, sometimes afflicting monasteries, causing serious nuisances, and unable to be exorcised. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disambiguation">Disambiguation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Disambiguation">edit</a>]</div> The terms Yao (妖), Mo (魔), Gui (鬼), Guai (怪) and Xie (邪) are their various two-character combinations often used to refer to these creatures, but of these terms, only Mo (魔) denotes demons in the religious sense. China has two classes of beings that might be regarded as demons, and which are generally translated as such: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoguai" title="Yaoguai">Yao</a> (妖)<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-De_Groot-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> – a kind of uncanny supernatural creature, usually with the power to shapeshift, to poison or to cause disease, and to bewilder or enthrall. They are associated with sorcery or sorcery-like powers. They are not always evil in the sense that Western demons or the Chinese mo (魔) are but are represented as having malevolent tendencies and as creatures of ill-omen. They are often invoked as an explanation for strange events, bizarre occurrences, mysterious diseases and horrible accidents. They resemble the unseelie fae of Celtic legend and folklore in their powers and predisposition - and are sometimes translated as 'faeries' or 'daemons' rather than 'demons'.</li> <li>Mo (魔)<a href="#cite_note-De_Groot-173">[173]</a> – derived from the "Mara" of Buddhism and are almost always evil. This kind of being is morally corrupted and rebels against the moral law and heavenly principle. Taoist cultivators, fallen Buddhist monks, gods and mortals who have succumbed to an evil inclination are said to have become demonic or become diabolical – ru mo. (入魔). As such it is often a condition and a state, rather than always being directly the result of a certain innate heritage. Furthermore, certain beings derived directly from Indian mythology, such as the luocha (罗刹 or raksasha) and yecha (夜叉 or yaksha), however are classed as being innately demonic (魔) types by heritage but are nevertheless represented as being capable of repentance or turning to good.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_religions">Indian religions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Indian religions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Hinduism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Surapadman" class="mw-redirect" title="Surapadman">Surapadman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narakasura" title="Narakasura">Narakasura</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Army_of_Super_Creatures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Army_of_Super_Creatures.jpg/220px-The_Army_of_Super_Creatures.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Army_of_Super_Creatures.jpg/330px-The_Army_of_Super_Creatures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/The_Army_of_Super_Creatures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>The Army of Super Creatures – from The Saugandhika Parinaya Manuscript (1821 CE)</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Veda</a>, gods (<a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">deva</a>) and anti-gods (<a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">asura</a>) both share the upper world. It is only by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmanas</a> that they are said to inhabit the underworld. The identification of asura with demons stems from the description of asura as "formerly gods" (pūrvadeva). The gods are said to have claimed heaven for themselves and tricked the demons, ending on earth. During the Vedic period, gods aid humans against demons. By that, gods secure their own place in heaven, using humans as tools to defeat their cosmic enemies.<a href="#cite_note-O'Flaherty_Doniger_1988_p65-95-175">[175]</a> Asura, in the earliest hymns of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, originally meant any supernatural spirit, either good or bad. Since the /s/ of the Indic linguistic branch is cognate with the /h/ of the Early Iranian languages, the word asura, representing a category of celestial beings, is a cognate with Old Persian Ahura. Ancient Hinduism tells that <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> (also called suras) and <a href="/wiki/Asura_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asura (Hinduism)">Asuras</a> are half-brothers, sons of the same father <a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a>; although some of the Devas, such as <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>, are also called Asuras. Later, during <a href="/wiki/Puranic" class="mw-redirect" title="Puranic">Puranic</a> age, <a href="/wiki/Asura_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asura (Hinduism)">Asura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasa</a> came to exclusively mean any of a race of anthropomorphic, powerful, possibly evil beings. <a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a> (lit. sons of the mother <a href="/wiki/Diti" title="Diti">Diti</a>), <a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a> (lit. sons of the mother "<a href="/wiki/Danu_(Hinduism)" title="Danu (Hinduism)">Danu</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Mayasura" title="Mayasura">Maya Danava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasa</a> (lit. from "harm to be guarded against"), and asura are incorrectly translated into English as 'demon'.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> With increase in <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">asceticism</a> during the post-Vedic period, withdrawal of sacrificial rituals was considered a threat to the gods.<a href="#cite_note-O'Flaherty_Doniger_1988_p65-95-175">[175]</a> Ascetic humans or ascetic demons were supposed to be more powerful than gods. Pious, highly enlightened asuras and Rakshasas, such as <a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vibhishana" title="Vibhishana">Vibhishana</a>, are not uncommon. The asura are not fundamentally against the gods, nor do they tempt humans to fall. Many people metaphorically interpret the Asura as manifestations of the ignoble passions in the human mind and as symbolic devices. There were also cases of power-hungry asuras challenging various aspects of the gods, but only to be defeated eventually and seek forgiveness. Hinduism advocates the reincarnation and transmigration of souls according to one's <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>. Souls (<a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a>) of the dead are adjudged by the <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a> and are accorded various purging punishments before being reborn. Humans that have committed extraordinary wrongs are condemned to roam as lonely, often mischief mongers, spirits for a length of time before being reborn. Many kinds of such spirits (<a href="/wiki/Vetala" title="Vetala">Vetalas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pishacha" title="Pishacha">Pishachas</a>) are recognized in the later Hindu texts. According to Hinduism, demons are not inherently evil beings, but good by following their <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> what is being evil and deceitful. However, nothing is purely evil or good, and a demon could eventually abandon his demonic nature. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Mara (demon)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> classifies sentient beings into six types: Deva, Asura, human, animal, ghost, hell-being. When Buddhism spread, it accommodated itself with indigenous popular ideas about demons.<a href="#cite_note-dictionary-2">[2]</a> As in Hinduism, all these beings are part of the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dictionary-2">[2]</a> As with devas, Buddhism does not deny the existence of demons, but considers them equally impotent in search for <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">liberation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dictionary-2">[2]</a> Demons (<a href="/wiki/Bhoota_(ghost)" title="Bhoota (ghost)">bhūta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungry_ghost" title="Hungry ghost">preta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pishacha" title="Pishacha">piśāca</a>) may thus be understood as personifications of correlative mental states projected onto the external cosmos.<a href="#cite_note-Religion_Macmillan_Publishing_1986_p._284-177">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pali_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali Sutras">Pali Sutras</a> represent the unenlightened people as "possessed" by the demons of "desire" and "craving".<a href="#cite_note-Religion_Macmillan_Publishing_1986_p._284-177">[177]</a> These two self-destructive feelings then cause the images of horrorfying demons.<a href="#cite_note-Religion_Macmillan_Publishing_1986_p._284-177">[177]</a> In a state of enlightenment, the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> has overcome such passions and by that, conquered the demons.<a href="#cite_note-Religion_Macmillan_Publishing_1986_p._284-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_North_America">Native North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Native North America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wendigo" title="Wendigo">Wendigo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wechuge" title="Wechuge">Wechuge</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> people traditionally believe in a spirit called a <a href="/wiki/Wendigo" title="Wendigo">wendigo</a>. The spirit is believed to possess people who then become <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibals</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabaskan">Athabaskan</a> folklore, there is a belief in <a href="/wiki/Wechuge" title="Wechuge">wechuge</a>, a similar cannibal spirit.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_interpretations">Psychological interpretations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Psychological interpretations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_world">Islamic world</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Islamic world">edit</a>]</div> A minority of Muslim scholars in the Medieval Age, often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahmi">Jahmītes</a>, denied that demons (jinn, devils, divs etc.) have physicality and asserted, they could only affect the mind by <a href="/wiki/Waswas" class="mw-redirect" title="Waswas">waswās</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: وَسْوَاس, 'demonic whisperings in the mind').<a href="#cite_note-Böttcher–2021-145">[145]</a>(p 73)<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Some scholars, like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina">ibn Sina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a>(p 89) rejected the reality of jinn altogether. <a href="/wiki/Jahiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahiz">Al-Jāḥiẓ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mas%27udi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mas'udi">al-Masʿūdī</a>, explained jinn and demons as merely psychological phenomena. In his <a href="/wiki/Kit%C4%81b_al-Hayaw%C4%81n" title="Kitāb al-Hayawān">Kitāb al-Hayawān</a>, al-Jāḥiẓ states that jinn and demons are the product of loneliness. Such a state induces people to mind-games, causing waswās.<a href="#cite_note-Nünlist-2015-147">[147]</a>(p36) Al-Masʿūdī is similarly critical regarding the reality of demons. He states that alleged demonic encounters are the result of fear and "wrong thinking". Alleged encounters are then told to other generations in bedtime stories and poems. When they grow up, they remember such stories in a state of fear or loneliness. This encourages their imaginations, resulting in another alleged demonic encounter.<a href="#cite_note-Nünlist-2015-147">[147]</a>(p37) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_world">Western world</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Western world">edit</a>]</div> Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a> remarked that "among the activities attributed by myths all over the world to demons, the harmful predominate, so that in popular belief bad demons are clearly older than good ones."<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> developed this idea and claimed that the concept of demons was derived from the important relation of the living to the dead: "The fact that demons are always regarded as the spirits of those who have died recently shows better than anything the influence of mourning on the origin of the belief in demons."<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/M._Scott_Peck" title="M. Scott Peck">M. Scott Peck</a>, an American psychiatrist, wrote two books on the subject, People of the Lie: The Hope For Healing Human Evil<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> and Glimpses of the Devil: A Psychiatrist's Personal Accounts of Possession, Exorcism, and Redemption.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Peck describes in some detail several cases involving his patients. In People of the Lie he provides identifying characteristics of an evil person, whom he classified as having a character disorder. In Glimpses of the Devil Peck goes into significant detail describing how he became interested in <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a> in order to debunk the myth of <a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">possession</a> by evil spirits – only to be convinced otherwise after encountering two cases which did not fit into any category known to <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>. Peck came to the conclusion that possession was a rare phenomenon related to evil and that possessed people are not actually evil; rather, they are doing battle with the forces of evil.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Although Peck's earlier work was met with widespread popular acceptance, his work on the topics of evil and possession has generated significant debate and derision. Much was made of his association with (and admiration for) the controversial <a href="/wiki/Malachi_Martin" title="Malachi Martin">Malachi Martin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> priest and a former <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a>, despite the fact that Peck consistently called Martin a liar and a manipulator.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheri" title="Acheri">Acheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_demons" title="Classification of demons">Classification of demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empusa" title="Empusa">Empusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prayer_to_Saint_Michael" title="Prayer to Saint Michael">Prayer to Saint Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Fairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_devil" title="Folk devil">Folk devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water#Protection_against_evil" title="Holy water">Holy water § Protection against evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_demons" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fictional demons">List of fictional demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_occult_terms" title="List of occult terms">List of occult terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theological_demons" title="List of theological demons">List of theological demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifter" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapeshifter">Shapeshifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_warfare" title="Spiritual warfare">Spiritual warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succubus" title="Succubus">Succubus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Theistic Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">Trickster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclean_spirit" title="Unclean spirit">Unclean spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoguai" title="Yaoguai">Yaoguai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsei" title="Yōsei">Yōsei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABrei" title="Yūrei">Yūrei</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Citation_style plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article has an unclear <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation style</a>. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>. (December 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Martin, Dale Basil. "When Did Angels Become Demons?" Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 129, no. 4, 2010, pp. 657–58. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25765960">10.2307/25765960</a>. 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"Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. pp. 408. Paris, Flammarion, 2004." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.1 (2007): 64-68. pp. 361-363 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Davaran, Fereshteh. Continuity in Iranian identity: Resilience of a cultural heritage. Routledge, 2010. pp. 207-208 </li> <li id="cite_note-Saif,_Liana_2015-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saif,_Liana_2015_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saif,_Liana_2015_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaif2015" class="citation book cs1">Saif, Liana (2015). The Arabic influences on early modern occult philosophy. 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Fairies, Demons, and Nature Spirits: 'Small Gods' at the Margins of Christendom (2018): 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Goodare, Julian. "Between humans and angels: Scientific uses for fairies in early modern Scotland." Fairies, Demons, and Nature Spirits: 'Small Gods' at the Margins of Christendom (2018): 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Goodare, Julian. "Between humans and angels: Scientific uses for fairies in early modern Scotland." Fairies, Demons, and Nature Spirits: 'Small Gods' at the Margins of Christendom (2018): 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Goodare, Julian. "Between humans and angels: Scientific uses for fairies in early modern Scotland." Fairies, Demons, and Nature Spirits: 'Small Gods' at the Margins of Christendom (2018): 186-187. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Goodare, Julian. "Between humans and angels: Scientific uses for fairies in early modern Scotland." Fairies, Demons, and Nature Spirits: 'Small Gods' at the Margins of Christendom (2018): 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDruryHume2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoV4BjGoOZvoCpgPA124_124]-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDruryHume2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoV4BjGoOZvoCpgPA124_124]_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDruryHume2013">Drury & Hume (2013)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oV4BjGoOZvoC&pg=PA124">124</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Mebane, John S. Renaissance magic and the return of the Golden Age: the occult tradition and Marlowe, Jonson, and Shakespeare. U of Nebraska Press, 1992. p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Mebane, John S. Renaissance magic and the return of the Golden Age: the occult tradition and Marlowe, Jonson, and Shakespeare. 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T&T Clark, 2008. 96-109. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_MeyerWillis_Barnstone2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Meyer" title="Marvin Meyer">Marvin Meyer</a>; <a href="/wiki/Willis_Barnstone" title="Willis Barnstone">Willis Barnstone</a> (June 30, 2009). "The Secret Book of John (The Apocryphon of John - The Secret Revelation of John)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnosis.org/naghamm/apocjn-meyer.html">The Gnostic Bible</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423033025/http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/apocjn-meyer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-23. 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University College London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025191042/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444088/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2021-12-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+story+of+creation+in+the+Mandaean+holy+book+in+the+Ginza+Rba&rft.inst=University+College+London&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Aldihisi&rft.aufirst=Sabah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1444088%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR_Saadi-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GR_Saadi_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GR_Saadi_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-SaadiAl-Saadi2019" class="citation book cs1">Al-Saadi, Qais Mughashghash; Al-Saadi, Hamed Mughashghash (2019). "Glossary". Ginza Rabba: The Great Treasure. 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Grabbe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DO6kT5RPuxgC&q=full-blown+story&pg=PA101">An Introduction to First Century Judaism: Jewish Religion and History in the Second Temple Period</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114154952/https://books.google.com/books?id=DO6kT5RPuxgC&pg=PA101#v=snippet&q=full-blown%20story&f=false">Archived</a> 2022-01-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Continuum International Publishing Group 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567085061" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567085061">978-0567085061</a>), p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2020190–191-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2020190–191_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2020">Taylor 2020</a>, pp. 190–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20106:37&version=nrsv">Psalm 106:37</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2032:17&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 32:17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCrawArp20179-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCrawArp20179_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCrawArp2017">McCraw & Arp 2017</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutter2011-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutter2011_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHutter2011">Hutter 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Jackson, D. R. (2004). Enochic Judaism: Three Defining Paradigm Exemplars (Vol. 49). A&C Black. p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacs1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4iLqceVe7S0CpgPA96_96]-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacs1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4iLqceVe7S0CpgPA96_96]_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaacs1998">Isaacs 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4iLqceVe7S0C&pg=PA96">96</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Bellum Judaeorum vii. 6, § 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> "Antiquities" viii. 2, § 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohler2020123-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohler2020123_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKohler2020">Kohler 2020</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohler2020124-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohler2020124_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKohler2020">Kohler 2020</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2020185–188-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2020185–188_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2020">Taylor 2020</a>, pp. 185–188. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Pes. 112b; compare B. Ḳ. 21a </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> (Targ. Yer. to Deuteronomy xxxii. 24 and Numbers vi. 24; Targ. to Cant. iii. 8, iv. 6; Eccl. ii. 5; Ps. xci. 5, 6.) </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Targ. to Eccl. i. 13; Pes. 110a; Yer. Shek. 49b </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennis2016[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennis2016[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDennis2016">Dennis 2016</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2020185-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2020185_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2020">Taylor 2020</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2020182-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2020182_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2020">Taylor 2020</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2020184-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2020184_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2020">Taylor 2020</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanneken_Henoch200611–25-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanneken_Henoch200611–25_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanneken_Henoch2006">Hanneken Henoch 2006</a>, pp. 11–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2010-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2010_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2010">Martin 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Enoch 15:11 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam1999-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam1999_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanderKam1999">VanderKam 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-M657-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M657_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M657_110-1">b</a> Martin, Dale Basil. "When Did Angels Become Demons?" Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 129, no. 4, 2010, pp. 657. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25765960">10.2307/25765960</a>. Accessed 5 Jan 2025. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceE-111"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_111-0">^</a> Joad Raymond Milton's Angels: The Early-Modern Imagination OUP Oxford 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956050-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956050-9">978-0-19-956050-9</a> p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heinz_Schreckenberg_1992-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Heinz_Schreckenberg_1992_112-0">^</a> Heinz Schreckenberg, Kurt Schubert, Jewish Historiography and Iconography in Early and Medieval Christianity (Van Gorcum, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-232-2653-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-232-2653-6">978-90-232-2653-6</a>), p. 253 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceD-113"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_113-0">^</a> David L Bradnick Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic Brill 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8">978-90-04-35061-8</a> p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Martin, Dale Basil. "When Did Angels Become Demons?" Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 129, no. 4, 2010, pp. 657–77. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/25765960">https://doi.org/10.2307/25765960</a>. Accessed 5 Jan. 2025. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-115"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_115-0">^</a> David L Bradnick Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic Brill 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8">978-90-04-35061-8</a> p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum2015127-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum2015127_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenbaum2015">Greenbaum 2015</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitz_2016-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kitz_2016_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kitz_2016_117-1">b</a> Anne Marie Kitz. "Demons in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East". Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 135, no. 3, 2016, pp. 447–464. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.15699/jbl.1353.2016.3074">10.15699/jbl.1353.2016.3074</a>. Accessed 16 May 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum2015129-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum2015129_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenbaum2015">Greenbaum 2015</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2010664-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2010664_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2010">Martin 2010</a>, p. 664. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2010666-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2010666_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2010">Martin 2010</a>, p. 666. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorian_Gieseler_Greenbaum_2015._pp._136-138-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorian_Gieseler_Greenbaum_2015._pp._136-138_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorian_Gieseler_Greenbaum_2015._pp._136-138_121-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenbaum2015">Greenbaum 2015</a>, pp. 136–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> H. A. Kelly (30 January 2004). The Devil, Demonology, and Witchcraft: Christian Beliefs in Evil Spirits. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592445318" title="Special:BookSources/9781592445318">9781592445318</a>. p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Demons and the Devil in Ancient and Medieval Christianity. 2011. Netherlands: Brill. p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Annette Yoshiko Reed (2005). Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521853781" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521853781">978-0521853781</a>. p. 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2010670-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2010670_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2010670_125-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2010">Martin 2010</a>, p. 670. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> James W. Boyd (1975). Satan and Māra: Christian and Buddhist Symbols of Evil. Brill Archive. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004041738" title="Special:BookSources/9789004041738">9789004041738</a>. p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_127-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a>, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. 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Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801494130" title="Special:BookSources/9780801494130">9780801494130</a>. p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> David L Bradnick (2017). Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic. Brill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-35061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-35061-8">978-9-004-35061-8</a>. p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Brakke, D. (2009). Demons and the Making of the Monk: Spiritual Combat in Early Christianity. 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Routledge. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31744-125-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-31744-125-0"><bdi>978-1-31744-125-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Counselling%3A+An+Introduction+to+theory+and+practice&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft.isbn=978-1-31744-125-0&rft.aulast=Rassool&rft.aufirst=G.+Hussein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Böttcher–2021-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Böttcher–2021_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Böttcher–2021_145-1">b</a> Islam, Migration and Jinn: Spiritual Medicine in Muslim Health Management. (2021). Deutschland: Springer International Publishing. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mircea_Eliade_1986_p._286-287-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mircea_Eliade_1986_p._286-287_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mircea_Eliade_1986_p._286-287_146-1">b</a> Mircea Eliade Encyclopedia of Religion Macmillan Publishing (1986) p. 286-287 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nünlist-2015-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nünlist-2015_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nünlist-2015_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nünlist-2015_147-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNünlist2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nünlist, Tobias (2015). Dämonenglaube im Islam [Demonic Belief in Islam] (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-110-33168-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-110-33168-4"><bdi>978-3-110-33168-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%A4monenglaube+im+Islam&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-110-33168-4&rft.aulast=N%C3%BCnlist&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Egdunas Racius ISLAMIC EXEGESIS ON THE JINN: THEIR ORIGIN, KINDS AND SUBSTANCE AND THEIR RELATION TO OTHER BEINGS pp. 132–135 </li> <li id="cite_note-Principle-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Principle_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYOUNG1966" class="citation journal cs1">YOUNG, M. J. L. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/20832847.">"THE TREATMENT OF THE PRINCIPLE OF EVIL IN THE QUR'ĀN"</a>. Islamic Studies. 5 (3): 275–281. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20832847">20832847</a>. Retrieved November 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=THE+TREATMENT+OF+THE+PRINCIPLE+OF+EVIL+IN+THE+QUR%27%C4%80N&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E275-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20832847%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=YOUNG&rft.aufirst=M.+J.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20832847.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Huart, Cl.; Massé, H. (2012) [1960-2007]. "Dīw". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.) </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Mommersteeg, Geert. "'He Has Smitten Her to the Heart with Love' The Fabrication of an Islamic Love-Amulet in West Africa." Anthropos, vol. 83, no. 4/6, 1988, pp. 501–510. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40463380">http://www.jstor.org/stable/40463380</a>. Accessed 13 June 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Carboni-2013-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Carboni-2013_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarboni2013" class="citation journal cs1">Carboni, Stefano (2013). "The Book of Surprises (Kitab al-Buhlan) of the Bodleian Library". The La Trobe Journal. 91: 27–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+La+Trobe+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Surprises+%28Kitab+al-Buhlan%29+of+the+Bodleian+Library&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Carboni&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> See for example, "<a href="/wiki/Oodgeroo_Noonuccal" title="Oodgeroo Noonuccal">Oodgeroo Noonuccal</a>", Kath Walker's story collected in Stradbroke Dreamtime. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nla.gov.au/exhibitions/bunyips/html-site/abor-stories/biami.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206012750/http://www.nla.gov.au/exhibitions/bunyips/html-site/abor-stories/biami.html">Archived</a> 6 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Plomley, N. J. B. (1991). The Westlake papers: records of interviews in Tasmania by Ernest Westlake. Queen Victoria Museum & Art Gallery. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Plomley, N. J. B., ed. (2008) [First published 1966]. Friendly Mission: The Tasmanian Journals and Papers of George Augustus Robinson (2nd ed.). Hobart, Tasmania and Launceston, Tasmania: Quintus and Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery. ISBN 978-0-977-55722-6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELucarelli20102-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucarelli20102_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucarelli20102_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucarelli20102_156-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLucarelli2010">Lucarelli 2010</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-BhayroRider2017-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BhayroRider2017_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BhayroRider2017_157-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhayroRider2017">Bhayro & Rider 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xq28DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">53</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELucarelli20103-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucarelli20103_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucarelli20103_158-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLucarelli2010">Lucarelli 2010</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhayroRider201755-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhayroRider201755_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhayroRider2017">Bhayro & Rider 2017</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELucarelli20104-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucarelli20104_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucarelli20104_160-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLucarelli2010">Lucarelli 2010</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum2015120-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum2015120_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenbaum2015">Greenbaum 2015</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrassberg" class="citation book cs1">Strassberg, Richard E. 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Researches into Chinese Superstitions. pp. 241, 277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Researches+into+Chinese+Superstitions&rft.pages=241%2C+277&rft.aulast=Dore&rft.aufirst=Henry+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Flaherty_Doniger_1988_p65-95-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Flaherty_Doniger_1988_p65-95_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Flaherty_Doniger_1988_p65-95_175-1">b</a> O'Flaherty, W. D., Doniger, W. (1988). The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology. Indien: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 65-95 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Asian Mythologies. (1993). Vereinigtes Königreich: University of Chicago Press. p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-Religion_Macmillan_Publishing_1986_p._284-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Religion_Macmillan_Publishing_1986_p._284_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religion_Macmillan_Publishing_1986_p._284_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religion_Macmillan_Publishing_1986_p._284_177-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religion_Macmillan_Publishing_1986_p._284_177-3">d</a> Mircea Eliade Encyclopedia of Religion Macmillan Publishing (1986) p. 284 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Dein, Simon, and Abdool Samad Illaiee. "Jinn and mental health: looking at jinn possession in modern psychiatric practice." The Psychiatrist 37.9 (2013): 290-293. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Rosen, L. (2008). Varieties of Muslim Experience: Encounters with Arab Political and Cultural Life. Ukraine: University of Chicago Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreud1950">Freud (1950)</a>, p. 65, quoting Wundt (1906, 129). </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreud1950">Freud (1950)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeck1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._Scott_Peck" title="M. Scott Peck">Peck, M. S.</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peopleofliehopef00peck">People of the Lie: The Hope For Healing Human Evil</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671454920" title="Special:BookSources/9780671454920"><bdi>9780671454920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+the+Lie%3A+The+Hope+For+Healing+Human+Evil&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780671454920&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeopleofliehopef00peck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeck2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._Scott_Peck" title="M. Scott Peck">Peck, M. S.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glimpsesofdevila00peck">Glimpses of the Devil: A Psychiatrist's Personal Accounts of Possession, Exorcism, and Redemption</a>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743254670" title="Special:BookSources/9780743254670"><bdi>9780743254670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+the+Devil%3A+A+Psychiatrist%27s+Personal+Accounts+of+Possession%2C+Exorcism%2C+and+Redemption&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780743254670&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglimpsesofdevila00peck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2005/01/18/peck_5/">The exorcist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420045711/http://www.salon.com/2005/01/18/peck_5/">Archived</a> 2017-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, an interview with M. Scott Peck by Rebecca Traister published in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/index.html">Salon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051219102002/http://www.salon.com/news/col/horo/1999/12/13/betty/index.html">Archived</a> 2005-12-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beliefnet.com/story/159/story_15928.html">The Patient Is the Exorcist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005151954/http://www.beliefnet.com/story/159/story_15928.html">Archived</a> 2008-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, an interview with M. Scott Peck by Laura Sheahen </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Ref_expand plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs more complete <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">add missing citation information</a> so that sources are clearly identifiable. (January 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelini2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Angelini, Anna (2021). "Les dieux des autres: entre «démons» et «idoles»". L'imaginaire du démoniaque dans la Septante: Une analyse comparée de la notion de "démon" dans la Septante et dans la Bible Hébraïque. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism (in French). Vol. 197. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 184–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004468474_008">10.1163/9789004468474_008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46847-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46847-4"><bdi>978-90-04-46847-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+dieux+des+autres%3A+entre+%C2%ABd%C3%A9mons%C2%BB+et+%C2%ABidoles%C2%BB&rft.btitle=L%27imaginaire+du+d%C3%A9moniaque+dans+la+Septante%3A+Une+analyse+compar%C3%A9e+de+la+notion+de+%22d%C3%A9mon%22+dans+la+Septante+et+dans+la+Bible+H%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Supplements+to+the+Journal+for+the+Study+of+Judaism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004468474_008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-46847-4&rft.aulast=Angelini&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhayroRider2017" class="citation book cs1">Bhayro, Siam; Rider, Catherine (2017). Demons and Illness from Antiquity to the Early-Modern Period. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-33854-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-33854-8"><bdi>978-9-004-33854-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demons+and+Illness+from+Antiquity+to+the+Early-Modern+Period&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9-004-33854-8&rft.aulast=Bhayro&rft.aufirst=Siam&rft.au=Rider%2C+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreen1992" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714117056" title="Special:BookSources/0714117056"><bdi>0714117056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0714117056&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1987" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, Mary (1987). Zoroastrianism: A Shadowy but Powerful Presence in the Judaeo-Christian World. London: William's Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroastrianism%3A+A+Shadowy+but+Powerful+Presence+in+the+Judaeo-Christian+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William%27s+Trust&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon1970" class="citation book cs1">Brandon, S. G. F., ed. (1970). A Dictionary of Comparative Religion. Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297000440" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297000440"><bdi>978-0297000440</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Comparative+Religion&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0297000440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1970" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Peter (1970). "Sorcery, Demons, and the Rise of Christianity from Late Antiquity into the Middle Age". In Douglas, Mary (ed.). Witchcraft Confessions and Accusations. Tavistock Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0422732000" title="Special:BookSources/978-0422732000"><bdi>978-0422732000</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sorcery%2C+Demons%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Christianity+from+Late+Antiquity+into+the+Middle+Age&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+Confessions+and+Accusations&rft.pub=Tavistock+Publications&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0422732000&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2016" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Geoffrey W. (2016). The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic and Mysticism (2nd ed.). Llewellyn Worldwide. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-738-74814-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-738-74814-6"><bdi>978-0-738-74814-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Jewish+Myth%2C+Magic+and+Mysticism&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Worldwide&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-738-74814-6&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDruryHume2013" class="citation book cs1">Drury, Neville; Hume, Lynne (2013). The Varieties of Magical Experience: Indigenous, Medieval, and Modern Magic. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440804182" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440804182"><bdi>978-1440804182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Varieties+of+Magical+Experience%3A+Indigenous%2C+Medieval%2C+and+Modern+Magic&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1440804182&rft.aulast=Drury&rft.aufirst=Neville&rft.au=Hume%2C+Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchesne-Guillemin1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques (1988). "Zoroastrianism". Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 29. Danbury: Grolier. pp. 813–815.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zoroastrianism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.place=Danbury&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E813-%3C%2Fspan%3E815&rft.pub=Grolier&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Duchesne-Guillemin&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreud1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud, Sigmund</a> (1950). <a href="/wiki/Totem_and_Taboo:Some_Points_of_Agreement_between_the_Mental_Lives_of_Savages_and_Neurotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Totem and Taboo:Some Points of Agreement between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics">Totem and Taboo:Some Points of Agreement between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics</a>. Translated by Strachey. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00143-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00143-3"><bdi>978-0-393-00143-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totem+and+Taboo%3ASome+Points+of+Agreement+between+the+Mental+Lives+of+Savages+and+Neurotics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-393-00143-3&rft.aulast=Freud&rft.aufirst=Sigmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenbaum2015" class="citation book cs1">Greenbaum, Dorian Gieseler (2015). The Daimon in Hellenistic Astrology: Origins and Influence. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004306219" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004306219"><bdi>978-9004306219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Daimon+in+Hellenistic+Astrology%3A+Origins+and+Influence&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9004306219&rft.aulast=Greenbaum&rft.aufirst=Dorian+Gieseler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanneken_Henoch2006" class="citation book cs1">Hanneken Henoch, T. R. (2006). Angels and Demons in the Book of Jubilees and Contemporary Apocalypses.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angels+and+Demons+in+the+Book+of+Jubilees+and+Contemporary+Apocalypses&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hanneken+Henoch&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschGottheilKohlerBroydé1906" class="citation book cs1">Hirsch, Emil G.; Gottheil, Richard; Kohler, Kaufmann; Broydé, Isaac (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5085-demonology">"Demonology"</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107172159/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5085-demonology">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Demonology&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Emil+G.&rft.au=Gottheil%2C+Richard&rft.au=Kohler%2C+Kaufmann&rft.au=Broyd%C3%A9%2C+Isaac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F5085-demonology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutter2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hutter, Manfred; et al. (2011). "Demons and Spirits". Religion Past and Present. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1877-5888_rpp_COM_03364">10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_COM_03364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=Demons+and+Spirits&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1877-5888_rpp_COM_03364&rft.aulast=Hutter&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacs1998" class="citation book cs1">Isaacs, Ronald H. (1998). Ascending Jacob's Ladder: Jewish Views of Angels, Demons, and Evil Spirits. Jason Aronson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7657-5965-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7657-5965-8"><bdi>978-0-7657-5965-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ascending+Jacob%27s+Ladder%3A+Jewish+Views+of+Angels%2C+Demons%2C+and+Evil+Spirits&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7657-5965-8&rft.aulast=Isaacs&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohler2020" class="citation book cs1">Kohler, K. (2020). Jewish Theology. Outlook Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3752378504" title="Special:BookSources/978-3752378504"><bdi>978-3752378504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Theology&rft.pub=Outlook+Verlag&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3752378504&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane_Fox1988" class="citation book cs1">Lane Fox, Robin (1988). Pagans and Christians. San Francisco: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060628529" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060628529"><bdi>978-0060628529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagans+and+Christians&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0060628529&rft.aulast=Lane+Fox&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScottn.d." class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a> (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddaimo%2Fnion">"δαιμόνιον"</a>. <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a>. Perseus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113045816/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddaimo%2Fnion">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-13. Retrieved 2021-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD&rft.btitle=A+Greek%E2%80%93English+Lexicon&rft.pub=Perseus&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Ddaimo%252Fnion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucarelli2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lucarelli, Rita (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1r72q9vv">"Demons (benevolent and malevolent)"</a>. UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Demons+%28benevolent+and+malevolent%29&rft.btitle=UCLA+Encyclopedia+of+Egyptology&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Lucarelli&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F1r72q9vv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Dale Basil (2010). "When Did Angels Become Demons?". Journal of Biblical Literature. 129 (4): 657–677. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25765960">10.2307/25765960</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25765960">25765960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=When+Did+Angels+Become+Demons%3F&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E657-%3C%2Fspan%3E677&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25765960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25765960%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Dale+Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrawArp2017" class="citation book cs1">McCraw, Benjamin W.; Arp, Robert (2017). Philosophical Approaches to Demonology. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-46675-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-46675-0"><bdi>978-1-315-46675-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Approaches+to+Demonology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-315-46675-0&rft.aulast=McCraw&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rft.au=Arp%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixey2018" class="citation book cs1">Nixey, Catherine (2018). The Darkening Age: The Christian Destruction of the Classical World. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0544800939" title="Special:BookSources/978-0544800939"><bdi>978-0544800939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Darkening+Age%3A+The+Christian+Destruction+of+the+Classical+World&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0544800939&rft.aulast=Nixey&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2012" class="citation book cs1">Rees, Valery (2012). From Gabriel to Lucifer: A Cultural History of Angels. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-72162-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-72162-4"><bdi>978-0-857-72162-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Gabriel+to+Lucifer%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+Angels&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-857-72162-4&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Valery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1986" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/luciferdevilinmi0000russ">Lucifer: The Devil in the Middle Ages</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801494291" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801494291"><bdi>978-0801494291</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/557921104">557921104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucifer%3A+The+Devil+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F557921104&rft.isbn=978-0801494291&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fluciferdevilinmi0000russ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2020" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Pinchas (2020). A Jewish Guide to the Mysterious. Torah Lab Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1946351890" title="Special:BookSources/978-1946351890"><bdi>978-1946351890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Jewish+Guide+to+the+Mysterious&rft.pub=Torah+Lab+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1946351890&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Pinchas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderKam1999" class="citation book cs1">VanderKam, James C. (1999). "The Angel Story in The Book Of Jubilees". In Chazon, Esther G.; Stone, Michael E. (eds.). Pseudepigraphic Perspectives: The Apocrypha And Pseudepigrapha In Light Of The Dead Sea Scrolls. Leiden: Brill. pp. 151–170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Angel+Story+in+The+Book+Of+Jubilees&rft.btitle=Pseudepigraphic+Perspectives%3A+The+Apocrypha+And+Pseudepigrapha+In+Light+Of+The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=VanderKam&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Maximilian_Wundt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt">Wundt, W.</a> (1906). Mythus und Religion, Teil II (Völkerpsychologie, Band II). Leipzig.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Baglio, Matt (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ritemakingof000bagl">The Rite: The Making of a Modern Exorcist</a>. Doubleday Religion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52270-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52270-0"><bdi>978-0-385-52270-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rite%3A+The+Making+of+a+Modern+Exorcist&rft.pub=Doubleday+Religion&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-385-52270-0&rft.aulast=Baglio&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fritemakingof000bagl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Chattopadhyay, Subhasis (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esamskriti.com/e/Spirituality/Philosophy/Of-Demons-And-Exorcism-In-Sanatana-Dharma-----------1.aspx">"Of Demons and Exorcism in Sanatana Dharma"</a>. eSamskriti. Retrieved 2023-12-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eSamskriti&rft.atitle=Of+Demons+and+Exorcism+in+Sanatana+Dharma&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Chattopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Subhasis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esamskriti.com%2Fe%2FSpirituality%2FPhilosophy%2FOf-Demons-And-Exorcism-In-Sanatana-Dharma-----------1.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">García Martínez, Florentino (1994). The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The Qumran Texts in English. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10088-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10088-6"><bdi>978-90-04-10088-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Translated%3A+The+Qumran+Texts+in+English&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10088-6&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Florentino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">García Martínez, Florentino (2002). "Magic in the Dead Sea Scrolls". In Bremmer, Jan N.; Veenstra, Jan R. (eds.). The Metamorphosis of Magic from Late Antiquity to the Early Modern Period. Leuven: Peeters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1227-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1227-4"><bdi>978-90-429-1227-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magic+in+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.btitle=The+Metamorphosis+of+Magic+from+Late+Antiquity+to+the+Early+Modern+Period&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1227-4&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Florentino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">George, Andrew (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eCZRK_61adMC&pg=PA225">"Glossary of Proper Nouns"</a>. The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian. London, New York City, Melbourne, Toronto, New Delhi, Auckland, and Rosebank, South Africa: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044919-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044919-8"><bdi>978-0-14-044919-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Proper+Nouns&rft.btitle=The+Epic+of+Gilgamesh%3A+The+Babylonian+Epic+Poem+and+Other+Texts+in+Akkadian+and+Sumerian&rft.place=London%2C+New+York+City%2C+Melbourne%2C+Toronto%2C+New+Delhi%2C+Auckland%2C+and+Rosebank%2C+South+Africa&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044919-8&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeCZRK_61adMC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Oppenheimer, Paul (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evildemonicnewth0000oppe">Evil and the Demonic: A New Theory of Monstrous Behavior</a>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6193-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6193-9"><bdi>978-0-8147-6193-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evil+and+the+Demonic%3A+A+New+Theory+of+Monstrous+Behavior&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6193-9&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevildemonicnewth0000oppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Plaut, W. Gunther (2005). The Torah: A Modern Commentary. Union for Reform Judaism.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Torah%3A+A+Modern+Commentary&rft.pub=Union+for+Reform+Judaism&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Plaut&rft.aufirst=W.+Gunther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Vermes, Geza (2011). The complete Dead Sea scrolls in English. London: Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+Dead+Sea+scrolls+in+English&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Geza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Walton, John H.; Walton, J. Harvey (2019). Demons and Spirits in Biblical Theology: Reading the Biblical Text in its Cultural and Literary Context. Cascade Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1625648259" title="Special:BookSources/978-1625648259"><bdi>978-1625648259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demons+and+Spirits+in+Biblical+Theology%3A+Reading+the+Biblical+Text+in+its+Cultural+and+Literary+Context&rft.pub=Cascade+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1625648259&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Walton%2C+J.+Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemon" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demon&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BC%CF%89%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:δαίμων">demon</a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Demons" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Demons">Demons</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/index/d.htm#Demon">Catechism of the Catholic Church:</a> Hyperlinked references to demons in the online Catechism of the Catholic Church</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050330091329/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-79">Dictionary of the History of Ideas:</a> Demonology</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magic_and_witchcraft160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Africa" title="Witchcraft in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azande_witchcraft" title="Azande witchcraft">Azande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Ghana" title="Witchcraft in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_smeller" title="Witch smeller">Witch smeller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_witchcraft" title="Asian witchcraft">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Italy" title="Witchcraft in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akelarre" title="Akelarre">Akelarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benandanti" title="Benandanti">Benandanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">Greece and Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Völva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Witchcraft in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain" title="Witchcraft in early modern Britain">Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Middle_East" title="Witchcraft in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft#Oceania" title="Witchcraft">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81kutu" title="Mākutu">Mākutu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_magic" title="Chaos magic">Chaos magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_European_magic" title="Medieval European magic">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlock" title="Warlock">Warlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">Witch doctor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Black magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">Anathema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">Damnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">Gray magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_shamanism" title="Black shamanism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_forms_of_shamanism" title="Regional forms of shamanism">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_shamanism" title="Yellow shamanism">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil" title="Sigil">Sigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">Sympathetic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">Broom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">besom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility" title="Cloak of invisibility">Cloak of invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_ball" title="Crystal ball">Crystal ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofer_dust" title="Goofer dust">Goofer dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julleuchter" title="Julleuchter">Julleuchter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkondi" title="Nkondi">Nkondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet" title="Poppet">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">Potions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folklore and mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamede" title="Agamede">Agamede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aradia" title="Aradia">Aradia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Yaga" title="Baba Yaga">Baba Yaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayan_(witch)" title="Dayan (witch)">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huld" title="Huld">Huld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muma_P%C4%83durii" title="Muma Pădurii">Muma Pădurii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">Nine sorceresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayifo" title="Obayifo">Obayifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorginak" title="Sorginak">Sorginak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfinger" title="Spearfinger">Spearfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Witches" title="Three Witches">Three Witches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Benevento" title="Witches of Benevento">Witches of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major historic treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament</a> (8th–2nd centuries BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a> (1376)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_maleficis_mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De maleficis mulieribus">De maleficis mulieribus</a> (1440)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a> (1475)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a> (1484)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a> (1487)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Lamiis_et_Pythonicis_Mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus">De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus</a> (1489)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laienspiegel" title="Laienspiegel">Laienspiegel</a> (1509)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_praestigiis_daemonum" title="De praestigiis daemonum">De praestigiis daemonum</a> (1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a> (1584)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newes_from_Scotland" title="Newes from Scotland">Newes from Scotland</a> (1591)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Witches_and_Witchcrafts" title="A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts">A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts</a> (1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daemonolatreiae_libri_tres" title="Daemonolatreiae libri tres">Daemonolatreiae libri tres</a> (1595)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a> (1597)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical Investigations">Magical Investigations</a> (1599)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compendium_Maleficarum" title="Compendium Maleficarum">Compendium Maleficarum</a> (1608)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Grand-Jury_Men" title="A Guide to Grand-Jury Men">A Guide to Grand-Jury Men</a> (1627)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Witches">The Discovery of Witches</a> (1647)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a> (1751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persecution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_witch_hunts" title="Modern witch hunts">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamyi_Witch_hiring_controversy" title="Jamyi Witch hiring controversy">Jamyi Witch hiring controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_accusations_against_children" title="Witchcraft accusations against children">accusations against children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_India" title="Witch hunts in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Nepal" title="Witch hunts in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_camp" title="Witch camp">Witch camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Witch Trials">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_New_York" title="Witch trials in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Virginia" title="Witch trials in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Hungary" title="Witch trials in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Moravia_witch_trials" title="Northern Moravia witch trials">Northern Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Poland" title="Witch trials in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Latvia_and_Estonia" title="Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Denmark" title="Witch trials in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_England" title="Witch trials in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Finland" title="Witch trials in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Iceland" title="Witch trials in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Norway" title="Witch trials in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Witch trials in early modern Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Sweden" title="Witch trials in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_France" title="Witch trials in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_witch_trials" title="Geneva witch trials">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Italy" title="Witch trials in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Spain" title="Witch trials in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_witch_trials" title="Basque witch trials">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire">Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_mark" title="Witch's mark">Witch's mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricking" title="Pricking">Pricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_for_witchcraft" title="List of people executed for witchcraft">List of people executed for witchcraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_witches" title="List of fictional witches">Witches in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(word)" title="Witch (word)">Witch (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(archetype)" title="Witch (archetype)">Witch (archetype)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">Christian views on magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleficium_(sorcery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleficium (sorcery)">Maleficium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_interpretations_of_witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period">Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adept" title="Adept">Adept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horror_fiction332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horror_fiction" title="Template:Horror fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horror_fiction" title="Template talk:Horror fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horror_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horror fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horror_fiction332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_anime" title="List of horror anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horror_films" title="History of horror films">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction_magazine" title="Horror fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_podcast" title="Horror podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_programs" title="List of horror television programs">Television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_game" title="Horror game">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_games" title="List of horror games">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_horror" title="Black horror">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_horror" title="Body horror">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creepypasta" title="Creepypasta">Creepypasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmicism" title="Cosmicism">Cosmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_based_on_Faust" title="Works based on Faust">Faustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatterpunk" title="Splatterpunk">Splatterpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_horror" title="Erotic horror">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ero_guro" title="Ero guro">Guro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_erotica" title="Monster erotica">Monster erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_pornography" title="Zombie pornography">Zombie pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_horror" title="Folk horror">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Gothic_fiction" title="American Gothic fiction">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario_Gothic" title="Southern Ontario Gothic">Southern Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Gothic" title="Tasmanian Gothic">Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction" title="Jiangshi fiction">Jiangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_literature" title="Vampire literature">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf_fiction" title="Werewolf fiction">Werewolf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful">Penny dreadful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_horror" title="Postmodern horror">Postmodern horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-horror" title="Techno-horror">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_menace" title="Weird menace">Weird menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Evil clowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Killer toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutants_in_fiction" title="Mutants in fiction">Mutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_monster" title="Sea monster">Sea monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">Piranha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Therianthropes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Guignol" title="Grand Guignol">Grand Guignol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_fiction_writers" title="List of horror fiction writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_horror_fiction" title="LGBTQ themes in horror fiction">LGBTQ themes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_series_with_LGBT_characters" title="List of horror television series with LGBT characters">characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabre" title="Macabre">Macabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_host" title="Horror host">Horror host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">Horrorcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">Pulp magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker_Award" title="Bram Stoker Award">Bram Stoker Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_fiction" title="Category:Horror fiction">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Horror" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Horror">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fantasy_fiction451" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template talk:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fantasy_fiction451" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Action-adventure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie" title="Féerie">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom">Harry Potter fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fantasy" title="Outline of fantasy">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-qrf9m","wgBackendResponseTime":144,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.745","walltime":"2.023","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20722,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":327639,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11798,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":52,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":389954,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1687.159 1 -total"," 25.77% 434.802 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.63% 263.682 116 Template:Lang"," 13.78% 232.448 57 Template:Cite_book"," 10.93% 184.354 50 Template:Sfn"," 6.64% 112.025 6 Template:Cite_web"," 5.55% 93.622 9 Template:Navbox"," 4.57% 77.142 15 Template:Rp"," 4.22% 71.281 15 Template:R/superscript"," 4.00% 67.511 1 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[\"CITEREFHanneken_Henoch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirschGottheilKohlerBroydé1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaacs1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephson-Storm2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane_Fox1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddellScottn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucarelli2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarvin_MeyerWillis_Barnstone2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCrawArp2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNigosian1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNixey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNünlist2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrlov2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrthmannKollatz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeck1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeck2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRassool2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRees2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRehmann2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaif2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrassberg\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanderKam1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYOUNG1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarievaIlievKrstevaDonev2019\"] = 1,\n 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-06T09:59:52Z","dateModified":"2025-02-13T01:50:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a8\/PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg","headline":"mythological and paranormal, often malevolent being prevalent in religion, occultism, mythology, and folklore; a broad and vague concept incompatible with modern science"}</script> </body> </html>