UV radiation and its effect

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In this respect, the short-wave energy-rich ultraviolet radiation has the most severe effect on human health.</p> <p>Apart from the visible light (780 - 400 nm) and the more long-wave infrared radiation there is also the more short-wave, more energy-rich ultraviolet radiation (400-100 nm, nm= nanometre). Within ultraviolet radiation one differentiates in analogy to their different effects on organisms between <strong>UV-A radiation</strong> (400-315 nm), UV-B radiation (315-280 nm) and the most energy-rich UV-C radiation (280-100 nm). Whereas the UV-C radiation is completely absorbed by the atmosphere, about 10 % of the UV-B radiation and the most part of the UV-A radiation pierces through to the earth’s surface.</p> <p>Neither can humans – as opposed to some insects for example – see in the UV range, nor can they perceive UV radiation with any other sensory organ, as opposed to the infrared radiation of the sun, which humans cannot see either, but feel as heat on the skin.<br /> This is exactly why UV radiation can become dangerous. If, in the case of intensive sun radiation, the heat sensation disappears, for example due to slight wind, you quite easily forget about the effect of the persistently effective UV radiation.</p> <h2>Effects on Humans</h2> <p>Moderate UV radiation has also positive effects on humans. UV radiation is necessary for the formation of vitamin D3 in human organisms; however, for this purpose mild sunlight for considerably less than one hour per day is sufficient.<br /> However, due to the <strong>changed leisure time behaviour</strong> in the course of the past few decades people have become more and more aware of the harmful effects on excessive UV radiation.</p> <p>The most well-known acute harmful effect is sunburn; in this case inflammatory reactions lead to erythema and itching.</p> <p>On the long run, frequent exposure to UV radiation results in premature skin aging. In the course of this process, the skin loses its elasticity, which results in the formation of wrinkles and in a damage to the connective tissue. As to premature skin aging UV-A radiation plays a considerable role.</p> <p>As the most dangerous consequence of UB radiation, <strong>skin cancer</strong> is to be mentioned. A clear correlation between exposure to UV radiation and the frequency of the occurrence of cases of cancer exists with basalioma and spinalioma. Even if the mortality rate is very low the therapy of these carcinoma especially occurring in the face, on the scalp, and on the forearm can be problematic from the cosmetic point of view.<br /> The malignant melanoma constitutes a special danger, for which there are only good chances of healing in case of early detection. Frequent sunburns in childhood and youth are considered to be risk factors; in general, there seems to be a correlation between the frequency of melanomas and frequently recurring exposure to UV radiation.</p> <p>However, it is not only sunlight that contains a share of UV radiation. In addition, artificial light sources can emit UV radiation. In this context solariums, which are used for cosmetic purposes, have the most severe effects on human health.<br /> <br /> The eye, too, reacts on UV radiation. Very high radiation can lead acutely to conjunctivitis, corneal inflammation and, in extreme cases even to snow blindness. Such diseases are painful, but they heal up without leaving permanent damage.</p> <p>However, on the long run UV radiation increases the probability for the occurrence of cataract.</p> <p>It is also assumed that the UV radiation can weaken the human immune system. 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href="/en/topics/climate-environment/chemicals-policy-biocide/eu/reach.html"> REACH </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/chemicals-policy-biocide/eu/reach/austrian-helpdesk.html"> Austrian REACH Helpdesk </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/chemicals-policy-biocide/eu/reach/creation.html"> On the creation of REACH (2006) </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/chemicals-policy-biocide/eu/reach/regulation.html"> Regulation </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/chemicals-policy-biocide/eu/reach/substances-high-concern.html"> Substances of very high concern </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/chemicals-policy-biocide/eu-regulations.html"> EU Regulations </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/chemicals-policy-biocide/fluorinated-greenhouse-gases.html"> Fluorinated greenhouse gases </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/chemicals-policy-biocide/fluorinated-greenhouse-gases/company-certification.html"> Company certification for the handling of fluorinated greenhouse gases </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/chemicals-policy-biocide/fluorinated-greenhouse-gases/company-certification-greenhousgas.html"> Certification of companies that perform certain services related to fluorinated greenhouse gases </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/chemicals-policy-biocide/green-chemistry.html"> Green Chemistry </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/chemicals-policy-biocide/hazard-pictograms.html"> Hazard pictograms for chemicals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/chemicals-policy-biocide/international.html"> International agreements </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/chemicals-policy-biocide/international/mercury-convention.html"> Mercury Convention </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/chemicals-policy-biocide/international/pic-convention.html"> PIC Convention </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/chemicals-policy-biocide/international/pop-convention.html"> POP Convention </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/chemicals-policy-biocide/international/saicm.html"> SAICM </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/chemicals-policy-biocide/nanotechnology-action-plan.html"> Austrian Nanotechnology Action Plan </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection.html"> Climate protection </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/active-action.html"> Active Action: Why climate protection is important </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/austrian-climate-change-act.html"> Austrian Climate Change Act </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/austrian-strategy-adaptaion.html"> Austrian Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/bioeconomy.html"> Bioeconomy </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/bioeconomy/action-plan.html"> Action Plan Bioeconomy </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/bioeconomy/bioeconomy-austria.html"> Bioeconomy Austria </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/bioeconomy/eu-monitoring.html"> EU Bioeconomy Monitoring (→ europa.eu) </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/bioeconomy/eu-strategy.html"> EU Bioeconomy Strategy (→ europa.eu) </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/bioeconomy/flagship-projects.html"> Flagships of the Bioeconomy in Austria </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/bioeconomy/strategy.html"> Bioeconomy Strategy for Austria </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/bioeconomy/summary-strategy.html"> Summary – Fact Sheet on the Austrian Bioeconomy Strategy </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/climate-energy-fund.html"> Climate and Energy Fund </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/climate-pathways-calculator.html"> Climate pathways calculator for Austria </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/conference_katowice.html"> Decisions taken at the Climate Change Conference of Katowice </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/COP23.html"> COP23 in Bonn </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/eu-emissions-trading-system.html"> EU Emissions Trading System </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/green-finance.html"> Green Finance </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/greenhouse-gas-emissions-2018.html"> Greenhouse gas emissions declined 3.8 percent in 2018 </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/Int-climate-policy.html"> International and EU climate policy </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/klimaaktiv.html"> Climate protection initiative "klimaaktiv" </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/publications.html"> Publications </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/service-platform.html"> Service platform tipps.klimaaktiv.at </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/ufi.html"> UFI </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/climate-protection/what-klimaaktive-offers.html"> What klimaaktiv offers </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/energy-transition.html"> Energy transition </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/energy-transition/electricity-renewable.html"> Electricity from renewable energy sources </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/energy-transition/energy-transition-fact-check.html"> Energy transition fact check </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/energy-transition/energy-transition-index.html"> Energy Transition Index </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/energy-transition/fossil-energy-sources.html"> How municipalities and regions can become independent of fossil energy sources </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/energy-transition/intelligent-heating.html"> Intelligent heating with klimaaktiv </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/energy-transition/quality-biomass.html"> Quality management for biomass heating plants </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/energy-transition/saving-right-heating.html"> Saving energy and money with the right type heating </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/energy-transition/topprodukte.html"> topprodukte.at </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/environmental-protection-company.html"> Environmental protection at company level / EIA </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/environmental-protection-company/ecolabels.html"> Ecolabels </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/environmental-protection-company/ecolabels/austrian-ecolabel.html"> Austrian Ecolabel </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/environmental-protection-company/ecolabels/european-ecolabel.html"> European Ecolabel </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/environmental-protection-company/eia.html"> Environmental impact assessment (EIA) </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/environmental-protection-company/eia/eia-goals.html"> Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/environmental-protection-company/eia/environmental-council.html"> Environmental Council </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/environmental-protection-company/eia/general-facts.html"> General facts </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/environmental-protection-company/emas.html"> EMAS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/environmental-protection-company/environmental_technologies.html"> Environmental technologies </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/environmental-protection-company/inspire.html"> Spatial Data Infrastructure Act </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/environmental-protection-company/plant-related.html"> Plant related environmental protection </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/environmental-protection-company/plant-related/impel.html"> IMPEL </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/environmental-protection-company/plant-related/PRTR-Protocol.html"> PRTR Protocol </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/environmental-protection-company/related-ems.html"> Corporate social responsibility (CSR) </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/environmental-protection-company/Strategic-Environmental-Assessment.html"> Strategic Environmental Assessment </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/eu-international-affairs.html"> EU and international affairs </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/export-initiative.html"> Export initiative </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/export-initiative/2015-japan.html"> Promising market: Japan </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/export-initiative/2015-sispa.html"> International Agriculture Fair SIPSA 2015 </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/export-initiative/2016-tehran.html"> Iran ENVIRO 2016 </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/export-initiative/ceta.html"> CETA Agreement offers opportunities for both sides </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/export-initiative/environmental-technologies.html"> Environmental technologies </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/export-initiative/environmental-technologies-2019.html"> Environmental technologies – target markets 2019 </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/export-initiative/marketplace-austria-2018.html"> Marketplace Austria for food and beverages in 2018 </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/export-initiative/support-best-of-austria.html"> Support Best of Austria now! </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection.html"> Nature- and species protection </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/biodiversity.html"> Biodiversity </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/biodiversity/biodiversity.html"> Biodiversity in Austria </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/biodiversity/targets.html"> Targets of the biodiversity strategy </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/birdlife.html"> BirdLife Austria </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/commitment.html"> Our Commitment </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/compass-species.html"> Compass of species </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/environmental-Umbrella-organisation.html"> Environmental Umbrella Organisation </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/international.html"> International </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/international/bern-convention.html"> Bern Convention </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/international/Bonn-conventionc.html"> Bonn Convention </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/international/ramsar-convention.html"> Ramsar Convention </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/international/washington-convention-cites.html"> Washington Convention CITES </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/life.html"> Life Programme </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/national-parks.html"> National parks </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/natura2000.html"> Natura 2000: EU Directives </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/nature-conservation-union.html"> Austria’s nature conservation union </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/nature-trails.html"> Nature trails </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/nhm.html"> Natural History Museum Vienna </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/species-trading.html"> Species trading </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nature-species-protection/wwf.html"> WWF Austria </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nuclear-coordination.html"> Nuclear affairs </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nuclear-coordination/fairy-tales.html"> Fairy tales by the nuclear lobby </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nuclear-coordination/nuclear-Coordination.html"> Nuclear coordination at the Federal Ministry </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nuclear-coordination/nuclear-energy-eu.html"> Nuclear energy in the European Union </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nuclear-coordination/nuclear-liability.html"> Nuclear liability </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/nuclear-coordination/nuclear-not-green.html"> Nuclear energy is not a "green" investment </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/plastics.html"> Plastics </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/plastics/bags_single-use.html"> Plastic bags and single use plastics </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/plastics/bags_single-use/ban.html"> Ban on plastic carrier bags </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/plastics/bags_single-use/plastic-bag-end2020.html"> Plastic bag ban voted through </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/plastics/bags_single-use/plastic-bags.html"> Bye Bye Plastic Bags </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/plastics/bags_single-use/plastic-bags-end.html"> Bye Bye Plastic Bags on the road to success </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/plastics/bags_single-use/singe-use-plastic.html"> Single-use plastics banned in the EU from now on </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/plastics/classification-plastic-waste.html"> Classification of plastic waste in the context of transboundary shipments </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/plastics/european-strategy.html"> European Plastics Strategy </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/plastics/individual.html"> What can each of us do? </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/plastics/waste-Austria.html"> Plastic waste in Austria </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/radiation-protection.html"> Radiation protection </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development.html"> Sustainable development </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/agenda2030.html"> Agenda 2030 </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/contacts.html"> Austria's environmental and energy technology contacts </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/corporate-social-responsibility.html"> Corporate Social Responsibility </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/corporate-social-responsibility/actionplan.html"> Action Plan </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/corporate-social-responsibility/gri.html"> Guidelines for Sustainability Reporting (GRI) on Events </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/ecological-footprint-calculator.html"> Footprint Calculator </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/environmental-education-forum.html"> Environmental education forum: FORUM Umweltbildung </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/environment-microcensus.html"> Environment Microcensus </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/eu-sds.html"> European Sustainable Development Strategy </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/global-resource-data.html"> Global resource data </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/green-events.html"> Green events </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/green-events/austrian-ecolabels.html"> Austrian Ecolabel </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/green-events/british-standard.html"> British Standard </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/green-events/green-presidency-2018.html"> Green Presidency </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/green-jobs.html"> Green Jobs </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/green-jobs/austria.html"> Green jobs in Austria </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/green-jobs/climate-technology-centre.html"> Climate Technology Centre & Network </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/green-jobs/master-plan.html"> Green Jobs Master Plan </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/green-jobs/master-plan-successful.html"> Green Jobs Master Plan being successfully implemented </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/green-tech-innovations.html"> Green Tech Innovations </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/made-in-Austria.html"> Environmental technology “made in Austria” </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/nstrat.html"> National Strategy for Sustainable Development </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/oestrat.html"> Strategy for Sustainable Development </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/resource-efficiency.html"> Resource efficiency </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/resource-efficiency/buy-aware.html"> Buy Aware </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/resource-efficiency/reset.html"> Reset </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/sustainable-development.html"> Sustainable development </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/sustainable-development/taking-environment-into-account.html"> Taking the environment into account </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management.html"> Waste and resource management </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/contaminated-sites.html"> Contaminated site management </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/digital-query-platform.html"> Digital query platform for rail transports </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/edm.html"> Electronic Data Management (EDM) </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/edm/edm_app_register.html"> EDM as an eGovernment application </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/hap.html"> History and principles </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/ces.html"> The Austrian Circular Economy Strategy </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/waste-management.html"> Waste management </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/waste-management/collect-waste-properly.html"> Collect waste properly </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/waste-management/fed-waste-mgt-plan.html"> Federal Waste Management Plan </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/waste-management/online-notification.html"> Online Notification </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/waste-management/principles.html"> Principles of waste management </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/waste-management/waste-shipment.html"> Waste shipment </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/waste-prevention.html"> Waste prevention </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/waste-prevention/austria.html"> Austria </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/waste-prevention/grants.html"> Grants for waste prevention </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/waste-prevention/plastic-bag.html"> Plastic bag ban in Austria as from 2020 </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/waste-prevention/programme2017.html"> Waste Prevention Programme 2017 </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/what-goes-around.html"> Circular economy </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> 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UV radiation and its effect