CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Niccolò Machiavelli - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a6d4285e-7d15-4447-9836-939f52f019f2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Niccolò_Machiavelli","wgTitle":"Niccolò Machiavelli","wgCurRevisionId":1258396004,"wgRevisionId":1258396004,"wgArticleId":21444,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with Italian IPA","Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2023","Biography with signature","Articles with hCards","Articles containing Italian-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value", "CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with LibriVox links","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Niccolò Machiavelli","Italian political philosophers","Italian Renaissance writers","1469 births","1527 deaths","Burials at Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence","Consequentialists","Italian dramatists and playwrights","15th-century Italian philosophers","16th-century Italian philosophers","16th-century Italian male writers","Italian political writers","Italian military writers","Military theorists","15th-century people from the Republic of Florence","16th-century people from the Republic of Florence", "Philosophers of war","Political realists","Politicians from Florence","16th-century dramatists and playwrights","Writers from Florence","15th-century Italian historians","16th-century Italian historians","Machiavellianism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Niccolò_Machiavelli","wgRelevantArticleId":21444,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Machiavelli","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000, "wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1399","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg/1200px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1542"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg/800px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1028"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg/640px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="822"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Niccolò Machiavelli - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Niccolò_Machiavelli rootpage-Niccolò_Machiavelli skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Niccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Niccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Niccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Niccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Major works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Major works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Major_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Prince" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Prince"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 The Prince </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Prince-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discourses_on_Livy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discourses_on_Livy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Discourses on Livy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discourses_on_Livy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Originality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Originality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Originality </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Originality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Originality subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Originality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coherence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coherence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Coherence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coherence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Beliefs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Beliefs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Empiricism_and_realism_versus_idealism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empiricism_and_realism_versus_idealism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Empiricism and realism versus idealism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empiricism_and_realism_versus_idealism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortune" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortune"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Fortune </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortune-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positive_side_to_factional_and_individual_vice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_side_to_factional_and_individual_vice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Positive side to factional and individual vice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_side_to_factional_and_individual_vice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Machiavellian"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Machiavellian""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 "Machiavellian" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Machiavellian"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_and_historical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_historical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Political and historical works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_historical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Fictional works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Other works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Biographies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Political thought </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Italian studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Niccolò Machiavelli</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 147 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" > 147 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%AB%E1%89%AC%E1%88%8A" title="ማካቬሊ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማካቬሊ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Макиавелли, Никколо – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Макиавелли, Никколо" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="نيكولو مكيافيلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكولو مكيافيلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%85_%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Նիքոլօ Մաքիավելլի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նիքոլօ Մաքիավելլի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="म्याकियावेली – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="म्याकियावेली" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maquiavelo" title="Nicolás Maquiavelo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Nicolás Maquiavelo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Никколо Макиавелли – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Никколо Макиавелли" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccolo_Machiavelli" title="Niccolo Machiavelli – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Niccolo Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkolo_Makiavelli" title="Nikkolo Makiavelli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nikkolo Makiavelli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نیکولا ماکیاولی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیکولا ماکیاولی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="নিক্কোলো মাকিয়াভেল্লি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিক্কোলো মাকিয়াভেল্লি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Никколо Макиавелли – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Никколо Макиавелли" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Нікало Макіявелі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нікало Макіявелі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Нікалё Мак’явэльлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нікалё Мак’явэльлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="निकोलो मैकियावेली – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="निकोलो मैकियावेली" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Николо Макиавели – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Николо Макиавели" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_Maquiavel" title="Nicolau Maquiavel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nicolau Maquiavel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Макиавелли Никколо – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Макиавелли Никколо" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Νικολό Μακιαβέλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νικολό Μακιαβέλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Макиавелли, Никколо – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Макиавелли, Никколо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maquiavelo" title="Nicolás Maquiavelo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nicolás Maquiavelo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makiavelo" title="Makiavelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Makiavelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_Makiavelo" title="Nikolas Makiavelo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nikolas Makiavelo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نیکولو ماکیاولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکولو ماکیاولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Machiavel" title="Nicolas Machiavel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nicolas Machiavel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavelli" title="Machiavelli – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%A1%9C_%EB%A7%88%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84%EB%B2%A8%EB%A6%AC" title="니콜로 마키아벨리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니콜로 마키아벨리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8_%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Նիկոլո Մաքիավելի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկոլո Մաքիավելի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="निकोलो मैकियावेली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निकोलो मैकियावेली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Макиавелли, Никколо – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Макиавелли, Никколо" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99" title="ניקולו מקיאוולי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקולו מקיאוולי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ნიკოლო მაკიაველი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკოლო მაკიაველი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Никколо Макиавелли – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Никколо Макиавелли" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccolo_Machiavelli" title="Niccolo Machiavelli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Niccolo Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Machiavel" title="Nicolas Machiavel – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nicolas Machiavel" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Никколо Макиавелли – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Никколо Макиавелли" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Machiavelli" title="Nicolaus Machiavelli – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicolaus Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolo_Makjavelli" title="Nikolo Makjavelli – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nikolo Makjavelli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiozo_Macciavello" title="Nichiozo Macciavello – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Nichiozo Macciavello" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Николо Макијавели – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Николо Макијавели" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Machiavel" title="Nicolas Machiavel – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nicolas Machiavel" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="നിക്കോളോ മാക്കിയവെല്ലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിക്കോളോ മാക്കിയവെല്ലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="निकोलॉ माक्याव्हेल्ली – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निकोलॉ माक्याव्हेल्ली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ნიკოლო მაკიაველი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიკოლო მაკიაველი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89" title="نيكولو ماكيافيللى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكولو ماكيافيللى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نیکولو ماکیاولی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیکولو ماکیاولی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccolo_Machiavelli" title="Niccolo Machiavelli – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Niccolo Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Никколо Макиавэлли – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Никколо Макиавэлли" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Никколо Макиавелли – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Никколо Макиавелли" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE" title="မက်ခီယာဗယ်လီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မက်ခီယာဗယ်လီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="निकोलो म्याकियाभेली – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="निकोलो म्याकियाभेली" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%83%E3%83%AA" title="ニッコロ・マキャヴェッリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニッコロ・マキャヴェッリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Макиавелли, Никколо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Макиавелли, Никколо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_Maquiav%C3%A8l" title="Nicolau Maquiavèl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nicolau Maquiavèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਨਿਕੋਲੋ ਮੈਕਿਆਵੇਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਕੋਲੋ ਮੈਕਿਆਵੇਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نکولو مکیاولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نکولو مکیاولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%90%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90" title="نېكولو مكياوېلې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نېكولو مكياوېلې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_Maquiavel" title="Nicolau Maquiavel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nicolau Maquiavel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkolo_Makiavelli" title="Nikkolo Makiavelli – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Nikkolo Makiavelli" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccolo_Machiavelli" title="Niccolo Machiavelli – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Niccolo Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Нікколо Макіавеллі – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нікколо Макіавеллі" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Макиавелли, Никколо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Макиавелли, Никколо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni-ke-low.Ma-ci-ya-wi-li%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%AD%E5%88%A9" title="Ni-ke-low.Ma-ci-ya-wi-li尼可羅·馬基亞維利 – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ni-ke-low.Ma-ci-ya-wi-li尼可羅·馬基亞維利" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B3_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱱᱤᱠᱳᱞᱳ ᱢᱮᱠᱤᱭᱟᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱤᱠᱳᱞᱳ ᱢᱮᱠᱤᱭᱟᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolo_Makiaveli" title="Nikolo Makiaveli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nikolo Makiaveli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86_%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A4%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نیکۆلۆ مەکیاڤێلی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیکۆلۆ مەکیاڤێلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Николо Макијавели – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Николо Макијавели" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="நிக்கோலோ மாக்கியவெல்லி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிக்கோலோ மாக்கியவெல்லி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqulu_Makyabilli" title="Niqulu Makyabilli – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Niqulu Makyabilli" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkolo_Makiavelli" title="Nikkolo Makiavelli – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Nikkolo Makiavelli" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Никколо Макиавелли – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Никколо Макиавелли" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80" title="మాకియవెలీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మాకియవెలీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="นิกโกเลาะ มาเกียเวลลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิกโกเลาะ มาเกียเวลลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Никколу Мокиовеллӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Никколу Мокиовеллӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkolo_Makiawelli" title="Nikkolo Makiawelli – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Nikkolo Makiawelli" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Нікколо Макіавеллі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нікколо Макіавеллі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نکولو مکیاویلی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نکولو مکیاویلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makiavelli_Nikkolo" title="Makiavelli Nikkolo – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Makiavelli Nikkolo" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%BA%E9%9B%85%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9" title="尼科洛·马基雅维利 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼科洛·马基雅维利" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99" title="ניקאלא מאקיאוועלי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניקאלא מאקיאוועלי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%9F%BA%E9%9B%85%E7%B6%AD%E5%88%A9" title="馬基雅維利 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬基雅維利" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%9F%BA%E9%9B%85%E7%B6%AD%E5%88%A9" title="尼古洛·馬基雅維利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼古洛·馬基雅維利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1399#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&oldid=1258396004" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&id=1258396004&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNiccol%25C3%25B2_Machiavelli">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNiccol%25C3%25B2_Machiavelli">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1399" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Machiavelli&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Florentine statesman, diplomat, and political theorist (1469–1527)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Machiavelli (disambiguation)">Machiavelli (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macchiavelli_(surname)" title="Macchiavelli (surname)">Macchiavelli (surname)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Niccolò Machiavelli</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2783" data-file-height="3576" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Santi_di_Tito" title="Santi di Tito">Santi di Tito</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1550–1600</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1469-05-03)3 May 1469 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 June 1527(1527-06-21) (aged 58) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Florence, Republic of Florence</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Marietta <a href="/wiki/Corsini_family" title="Corsini family">Corsini</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1501)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_realism_(international_relations)" title="Classical realism (international relations)">Classical realism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">military theory</a>, history</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Classical realism, <a href="/wiki/Virt%C3%B9" title="Virtù">virtù</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">modern republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">national interest</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Machiavelli_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Machiavelli_Signature.svg/150px-Machiavelli_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Machiavelli_Signature.svg/225px-Machiavelli_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Machiavelli_Signature.svg/300px-Machiavelli_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="186" data-file-height="50" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was a <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> diplomat, author, philosopher, and historian who lived during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>. He is best known for his political treatise <a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (Il Principe), written around 1513 but not published until 1532, five years after his death.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> He has often been called the father of modern <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> For many years he served as a senior official in the <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Florentine Republic">Florentine Republic</a> with responsibilities in diplomatic and military affairs. He wrote comedies, carnival songs, and poetry. His personal correspondence is also important to historians and scholars of Italian correspondence.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> He worked as <a href="/wiki/Diplomat#Diplomatic_ranks" title="Diplomat">secretary</a> to the second <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chancery" class="extiw" title="wikt:chancery">chancery</a> of the Republic of Florence from 1498 to 1512, when the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> were out of power. After his death Machiavelli's name came <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Machiavellian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Machiavellian">to evoke unscrupulous acts</a> of the sort he advised most famously in his work, The Prince.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> He claimed that his experience and reading of history showed him that politics has always involved deception, treachery, and crime.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> He advised rulers to do likewise when political necessity requires it, and argued specifically that successful reformers of states should not be blamed for killing other leaders who could block change.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Machiavelli's Prince has been surrounded by controversy since it was published. Some consider it to be a straightforward description of political reality. Others view The Prince as a manual, teaching would-be tyrants how they should seize and maintain power.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Even into recent times, some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a>, have restated the traditional opinion that Machiavelli was a "teacher of evil".<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Even though Machiavelli has become most famous for his work on principalities, scholars also give attention to the exhortations in his other works of political philosophy. While less well known than The Prince, the <a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a> (composed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1517) has been said to have paved the way for modern <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> His works were a major influence on <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> authors who revived interest in <a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">classical republicanism</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">James Harrington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Machiavelli's political realism has continued to influence generations of academics and politicians, including <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, and his approach has been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a> of figures such as <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Timeline of Niccolò Machiavelli">Timeline of Niccolò Machiavelli</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_Cristofano_di_Papi_dell%27Altissimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_Cristofano_di_Papi_dell%27Altissimo.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_Cristofano_di_Papi_dell%27Altissimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_Cristofano_di_Papi_dell%27Altissimo.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_Cristofano_di_Papi_dell%27Altissimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_Cristofano_di_Papi_dell%27Altissimo.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_Cristofano_di_Papi_dell%27Altissimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Oil painting of Machiavelli by <a href="/wiki/Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo" title="Cristofano dell'Altissimo">Cristofano dell'Altissimo</a></figcaption></figure> Machiavelli was born in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy, the third child and first son of attorney <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_di_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Bernardo di Niccolò Machiavelli">Bernardo di Niccolò Machiavelli</a> and his wife, Bartolomea di Stefano Nelli, on 3 May 1469.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The Machiavelli family is believed to be descended from the old <a href="/wiki/Marquesses_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesses of Tuscany">marquesses of Tuscany</a> and to have produced thirteen Florentine <a href="/wiki/Gonfaloniere_of_Justice" title="Gonfaloniere of Justice">Gonfalonieres of Justice</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> one of the offices of a group of nine citizens selected by drawing lots every two months and who formed the government, or <a href="/wiki/Signoria_of_Florence" title="Signoria of Florence">Signoria</a>; he was never, though, a full citizen of Florence because of the nature of Florentine citizenship in that time even under the republican regime. Machiavelli married Marietta <a href="/wiki/Corsini_family" title="Corsini family">Corsini</a> in 1501. They had seven children, five sons and two daughters: Primerana, Bernardo, Lodovico, Guido, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piero_Machiavelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piero Machiavelli (page does not exist)">Piero</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Machiavelli" class="extiw" title="it:Piero Machiavelli">it</a>], Baccina and Totto.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Machiavelli was born in a tumultuous era. The Italian <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>, and the families and individuals who ran them could rise and fall suddenly, as popes and the kings of France, Spain, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> waged acquisitive wars for regional influence and control. Political-military alliances continually changed, featuring <a href="/wiki/Condottieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Condottieri">condottieri</a> (mercenary leaders), who changed sides without warning, and the rise and fall of many short-lived governments.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Machiavelli was taught grammar, rhetoric, and Latin by his teacher, Paolo da Ronciglione.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> It is unknown whether Machiavelli knew Greek; Florence was at the time one of the centres of Greek scholarship in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In 1494 Florence restored <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">the republic</a>, expelling the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> family that had ruled Florence for some sixty years. Shortly after the execution of <a href="/wiki/Savonarola" title="Savonarola">Savonarola</a>, Machiavelli was appointed to an office of the second chancery, a medieval writing office that put Machiavelli in charge of the production of official Florentine government documents.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Shortly thereafter, he was also made the secretary of the Dieci di Libertà e Pace. In the first decade of the sixteenth century, he carried out several diplomatic missions, most notably to the papacy in Rome. Florence sent him to <a href="/wiki/Pistoia" title="Pistoia">Pistoia</a> to pacify the leaders of two opposing factions which had broken into riots in 1501 and 1502; when this failed, the leaders were banished from the city, a strategy which Machiavelli had favoured from the outset.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli1981136notes-29">[28]</a> From 1502 to 1503, he witnessed the brutal reality of the state-building methods of <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare Borgia</a> (1475–1507) and his father, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a>, who were then engaged in the process of trying to bring a large part of central Italy under their possession.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The pretext of defending Church interests was used as a partial justification by the Borgias. Other excursions to the court of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a> and the Spanish court influenced his writings such as <a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a>. At the start of the 16th century, Machiavelli conceived of a militia for Florence, and he then began recruiting and creating it.<a href="#cite_note-Viroli_81–86-31">[30]</a> He distrusted mercenaries (a distrust that he explained in his official reports and then later in his theoretical works for their unpatriotic and uninvested nature in the war that makes their allegiance fickle and often unreliable when most needed),<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> and instead staffed his army with citizens, a policy that yielded some positive results. By February 1506 he was able to have four hundred farmers marching on parade, suited (including iron breastplates), and armed with lances and small firearms.<a href="#cite_note-Viroli_81–86-31">[30]</a> Under his command, Florentine citizen-soldiers conquered <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> in 1509.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Croce_Firenze_Apr_2008_(20).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Santa_Croce_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2820%29.JPG/170px-Santa_Croce_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2820%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Santa_Croce_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2820%29.JPG/255px-Santa_Croce_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2820%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Santa_Croce_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2820%29.JPG/340px-Santa_Croce_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2820%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Machiavelli's tomb in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Croce_di_Firenze" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze">Santa Croce Church</a> in Florence</figcaption></figure> Machiavelli's success was short-lived. In August 1512, the Medici, backed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a>, used Spanish troops to defeat the Florentines at <a href="/wiki/Prato" title="Prato">Prato</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> In the wake of the siege, <a href="/wiki/Piero_Soderini" title="Piero Soderini">Piero Soderini</a> resigned as Florentine head of state and fled into exile. The experience would, like Machiavelli's time in foreign courts and with the Borgia, heavily influence his political writings. The Florentine city-state and the republic were dissolved, with Machiavelli then being removed from office and banished from the city for a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli19813intro-35">[34]</a> In 1513, the Medici accused him of conspiracy against them and had him imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Despite being subjected to torture<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli19813intro-35">[34]</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Strappado" title="Strappado">with the rope</a>", in which the prisoner is hanged from his bound wrists from the back, forcing the arms to bear the body's weight and dislocating the shoulders), he denied involvement and was released after three weeks. Machiavelli then retired to his farm estate at <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_in_Percussina" title="Sant'Andrea in Percussina">Sant'Andrea in Percussina</a>, near <a href="/wiki/San_Casciano_in_Val_di_Pesa" title="San Casciano in Val di Pesa">San Casciano in Val di Pesa</a>, where he devoted himself to studying and writing political treatises. During this period, he represented the Florentine Republic on diplomatic visits to France, Germany, and elsewhere in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli19813intro-35">[34]</a> Despairing of the opportunity to remain directly involved in political matters, after a time he began to participate in intellectual groups in Florence and wrote several plays that (unlike his works on political theory) were both popular and widely known in his lifetime. Politics remained his main passion, and to satisfy this interest, he maintained a well-known correspondence with more politically connected friends, attempting to become involved once again in political life.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Vettori" title="Francesco Vettori">Francesco Vettori</a>, he described his experience: <blockquote>When evening comes, I go back home, and go to my study. On the threshold, I take off my work clothes, covered in mud and filth, and I put on the clothes an ambassador would wear. Decently dressed, I enter the ancient courts of rulers who have long since died. There, I am warmly welcomed, and I feed on the only food I find nourishing and was born to savour. I am not ashamed to talk to them and ask them to explain their actions and they, out of kindness, answer me. Four hours go by without my feeling any anxiety. I forget every worry. I am no longer afraid of poverty or frightened of death. I live entirely through them.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></blockquote> Machiavelli died on 21 June 1527 from a stomach ailment<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> at the age of 58 after receiving his <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">last rites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> He was buried at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Santa_Croce" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Santa Croce">Church of Santa Croce</a> in Florence. In 1789 <a href="/wiki/George_Clavering-Cowper,_3rd_Earl_Cowper" title="George Clavering-Cowper, 3rd Earl Cowper">George Nassau Clavering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Pietro Leopoldo, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a>, initiated the construction of a monument on Machiavelli's tomb. It was sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Spinazzi" title="Innocenzo Spinazzi">Innocenzo Spinazzi</a>, with an epitaph by Doctor Ferroni inscribed on it.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[b]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_works">Major works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major works">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Prince">The Prince</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Prince">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke-Lorenzo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Duke-Lorenzo.jpg/180px-Duke-Lorenzo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Duke-Lorenzo.jpg/270px-Duke-Lorenzo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Duke-Lorenzo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_II_de%27_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo II de' Medici">Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici</a>, to whom the final version of The Prince was dedicated</figcaption></figure> Machiavelli's best-known book Il Principe contains several maxims concerning politics. Instead of the more traditional target audience of a hereditary prince, it concentrates on the possibility of a "new prince". To retain power, the hereditary prince must carefully balance the interests of a variety of institutions to which the people are accustomed.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> By contrast, a new prince has the more difficult task in ruling: He must first stabilise his newfound power in order to build an enduring political structure. Machiavelli suggests that the social benefits of stability and security can be achieved in the face of moral corruption. Machiavelli believed that public and private morality had to be understood as two different things in order to rule well.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> As a result, a ruler must be concerned not only with reputation, but also must be positively willing to act unscrupulously at the right times. Machiavelli believed that, for a ruler, it was better to be widely feared than to be greatly loved; a loved ruler retains authority by obligation, while a feared leader rules by fear of punishment.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> As a political theorist, Machiavelli emphasized the "necessity" for the methodical exercise of brute force or deceit, including extermination of entire noble families, to head off any chance of a challenge to the prince's authority.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Scholars often note that Machiavelli glorifies instrumentality in state building, an approach embodied by the saying, often attributed to interpretations of The Prince, "<a href="/wiki/The_ends_justify_the_means" class="mw-redirect" title="The ends justify the means">The ends justify the means</a>".<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Fraud and deceit are held by Machiavelli as necessary for a prince to use.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Violence may be necessary for the successful stabilization of power and introduction of new political institutions. Force may be used to eliminate political rivals, destroy resistant populations, and purge the community of other men strong enough of a character to rule, who will inevitably attempt to replace the ruler.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Machiavelli has become infamous for such political advice, ensuring that he would be remembered in history through the adjective "Machiavellian".<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Due to the treatise's controversial analysis on politics, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> banned The Prince, putting it on the <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Humanists" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanists">Humanists</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1466 – 1536), also viewed the book negatively. As a treatise, its primary intellectual contribution to the history of political thought is the fundamental break between political <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realism</a> and political <a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">idealism</a>, due to it being a manual on acquiring and keeping political power. In contrast with <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, Machiavelli insisted that an imaginary ideal society is not a model by which a prince should orient himself. Concerning the differences and similarities in Machiavelli's advice to ruthless and tyrannical princes in The Prince and his more republican exhortations in Discourses on Livy, a few commentators assert that The Prince, although written as advice for a monarchical prince, contains arguments for the superiority of republican regimes, similar to those found in the Discourses. In the 18th century, the work was even called a <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>, for example by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> (1712–1778).<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a> (1899–1973) and <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Harvey Mansfield</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1932) have stated that sections of The Prince and his other works have deliberately esoteric statements throughout them.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> However, Mansfield states that this is the result of Machiavelli's seeing grave and serious things as humorous because they are "manipulable by men", and sees them as grave because they "answer human necessities".<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> The Marxist theorist <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> (1891–1937) argued that Machiavelli's audience was the common people, as opposed to the ruling class, who were already made aware of the methods described through their education.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discourses_on_Livy">Discourses on Livy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Discourses on Livy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a></div> The Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius, written around 1517, and published in 1531, often referred to simply as the Discourses or Discorsi, is nominally a discussion regarding the classical history of early <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, although it strays far from this subject matter and also uses contemporary political examples to illustrate points. Machiavelli presents it as a series of lessons on how a republic should be started and structured. It is a larger work than The Prince, and while it more openly explains the advantages of republics, it also contains many similar themes from his other works.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> For example, Machiavelli has noted that to save a republic from corruption, it is necessary to return it to a "kingly state" using violent means.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> He excuses Romulus for murdering his brother <a href="/wiki/Remus" class="mw-redirect" title="Remus">Remus</a> and co-ruler <a href="/wiki/Titus_Tatius" title="Titus Tatius">Titus Tatius</a> to gain absolute power for himself in that he established a "civil way of life".<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Commentators disagree about how much the two works agree with each other, as Machiavelli frequently refers to leaders of republics as "princes".<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Machiavelli even sometimes acts as an advisor to <a href="/wiki/Tyrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrants">tyrants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Other scholars have pointed out the aggrandizing and imperialistic features of Machiavelli's republic.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Nevertheless, it became one of the central texts of modern <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, and has often been argued to be a more comprehensive work than The Prince.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Originality">Originality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Originality">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niccol%C3%B2-Machiavelli-Amelot-de-La-Houssaie-Il-principe_MG_1089.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Niccol%C3%B2-Machiavelli-Amelot-de-La-Houssaie-Il-principe_MG_1089.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Niccol%C3%B2-Machiavelli-Amelot-de-La-Houssaie-Il-principe_MG_1089.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Niccol%C3%B2-Machiavelli-Amelot-de-La-Houssaie-Il-principe_MG_1089.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Niccol%C3%B2-Machiavelli-Amelot-de-La-Houssaie-Il-principe_MG_1089.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Niccol%C3%B2-Machiavelli-Amelot-de-La-Houssaie-Il-principe_MG_1089.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Niccol%C3%B2-Machiavelli-Amelot-de-La-Houssaie-Il-principe_MG_1089.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3412" data-file-height="5280" /></a><figcaption>Engraved portrait of Machiavelli, from the Peace Palace Library's Il Principe, published in 1769</figcaption></figure> Major commentary on Machiavelli's work has focused on two issues: how unified and philosophical his work is and how innovative or traditional it is.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer-65">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coherence">Coherence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coherence">edit</a>]</div> There is some disagreement concerning how best to describe the unifying themes, if there are any, that can be found in Machiavelli's works, especially in the two major political works, The Prince and Discourses. Some commentators have described him as inconsistent, and perhaps as not even putting a high priority on consistency.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer-65">[63]</a> Others such as <a href="/wiki/Hans_Baron" title="Hans Baron">Hans Baron</a> have argued that his ideas must have changed dramatically over time. Some have argued that his conclusions are best understood as a product of his times, experiences and education. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Harvey Mansfield</a>, have argued strongly that there is a strong and deliberate consistency and distinctness, even arguing that this extends to all of Machiavelli's works including his comedies and letters.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influences">edit</a>]</div> Commentators such as Leo Strauss have gone so far as to name Machiavelli as the deliberate originator of <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a> itself. Others have argued that Machiavelli is only a particularly interesting example of trends which were happening around him. In any case, Machiavelli presented himself at various times as someone reminding Italians of the old virtues of the Romans and Greeks, and other times as someone promoting a completely new approach to politics.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer-65">[63]</a> That Machiavelli had a wide range of influences is in itself not controversial. Their relative importance is however a subject of ongoing discussion. It is possible to summarize some of the main influences emphasized by different commentators. The Mirror of Princes genre <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1938">Gilbert (1938)</a> summarized the similarities between The Prince and the genre it obviously imitates, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Mirror_of_Princes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror of Princes">Mirror of Princes</a>" style. This was a classically influenced genre, with models at least as far back as <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a>. While Gilbert emphasized the similarities, however, he agreed with all other commentators that Machiavelli was particularly novel in the way he used this genre, even when compared to his contemporaries such as <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione">Baldassare Castiglione</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>. One of the major innovations Gilbert noted was that Machiavelli focused on the "deliberate purpose of dealing with a new ruler who will need to establish himself in defiance of custom". Normally, these types of works were addressed only to hereditary princes. (Xenophon is also an exception in this regard.) Classical republicanism Commentators such as <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Skinner" title="Quentin Skinner">Quentin Skinner</a> and <a href="/wiki/J.G.A._Pocock" class="mw-redirect" title="J.G.A. Pocock">J.G.A. Pocock</a>, in the so-called "Cambridge School" of interpretation, have asserted that some of the republican themes in Machiavelli's political works, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a>, can be found in medieval Italian literature which was influenced by classical authors such as <a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Classical political philosophy: Xenophon, Plato and Aristotle <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xenophon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Xenophon.jpg/170px-Xenophon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Xenophon.jpg/255px-Xenophon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Xenophon.jpg/340px-Xenophon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, author of the <a href="/wiki/Cyropedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyropedia">Cyropedia</a></figcaption></figure> The Socratic school of classical political philosophy, especially <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, had become a major influence upon European political thinking in the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. It existed both in the Catholicised form presented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, and in the more controversial "<a href="/wiki/Averroist" class="mw-redirect" title="Averroist">Averroist</a>" form of authors like <a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius of Padua</a>. Machiavelli was critical of Catholic political thinking and may have been influenced by Averroism. But he rarely cites Plato and Aristotle, and most likely did not approve of them. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a> argued that the strong influence of <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, a student of Socrates more known as a historian, rhetorician and soldier, was a major source of Socratic ideas for Machiavelli, sometimes not in line with Aristotle. While interest in <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> was increasing in Florence during Machiavelli's lifetime, Machiavelli does not show particular interest in him, but was indirectly influenced by his readings of authors such as <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>. The major difference between Machiavelli and the Socratics, according to Strauss, is Machiavelli's materialism, and therefore his rejection of both a teleological view of nature and of the view that philosophy is higher than politics. With their <a href="/wiki/Teleological" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleological">teleological</a> understanding of things, Socratics argued that by nature, everything that acts, acts towards some end, as if nature desired them, but Machiavelli claimed that such things happen by blind chance or human action.<a href="#cite_note-Strauss-69">[67]</a> Classical materialism Strauss argued that Machiavelli may have seen himself as influenced by some ideas from classical materialists such as <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a>. Strauss however sees this also as a sign of major innovation in Machiavelli, because classical materialists did not share the Socratic regard for political life, while Machiavelli clearly did.<a href="#cite_note-Strauss-69">[67]</a> Thucydides Some scholars note the similarity between Machiavelli and the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, since both emphasized <a href="/wiki/Power_politics" title="Power politics">power politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Strauss argued that Machiavelli may indeed have been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Socratic philosophers">pre-Socratic philosophers</a>, but he felt it was a new combination: <blockquote>...contemporary readers are reminded by Machiavelli's teaching of Thucydides; they find in both authors the same "realism", i.e., the same denial of the power of the gods or of justice and the same sensitivity to harsh necessity and elusive chance. Yet Thucydides never calls in question the intrinsic superiority of nobility to baseness, a superiority that shines forth particularly when the noble is destroyed by the base. Therefore Thucydides' History arouses in the reader a sadness which is never aroused by Machiavelli's books. In Machiavelli we find comedies, parodies, and satires but nothing reminding of tragedy. One half of humanity remains outside of his thought. There is no tragedy in Machiavelli because he has no sense of the sacredness of "the common". – <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1958">Strauss (1958</a>, p. 292)</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Beliefs">edit</a>]</div> Amongst commentators, there are a few consistently made proposals concerning what was most new in Machiavelli's work. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empiricism_and_realism_versus_idealism">Empiricism and realism versus idealism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Empiricism and realism versus idealism">edit</a>]</div> Machiavelli is sometimes seen as the prototype of a modern empirical scientist, building generalizations from experience and historical facts, and emphasizing the uselessness of theorizing with the imagination.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer-65">[63]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">He emancipated politics from theology and moral philosophy. He undertook to describe simply what rulers actually did and thus anticipated what was later called the scientific spirit in which questions of good and bad are ignored, and the observer attempts to discover only what really happens.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Joshua Kaplan, 2005<a href="#cite_note-twsC11r44fzf-72">[70]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Machiavelli felt that his early schooling along the lines of traditional classical education was essentially useless for the purpose of understanding politics. Nevertheless, he advocated intensive study of the past, particularly regarding the founding of a city, which he felt was a key to understanding its later development.<a href="#cite_note-twsC11r44fzf-72">[70]</a> Moreover, he studied the way people lived and aimed to inform leaders how they should rule and even how they themselves should live. Machiavelli denies the classical opinion that living virtuously always leads to happiness. For example, Machiavelli viewed misery as "one of the vices that enables a prince to rule."<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Machiavelli stated that "it would be best to be both loved and feared. But since the two rarely come together, anyone compelled to choose will find greater security in being feared than in being loved."<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> In much of Machiavelli's work, he often states that the ruler must adopt unsavoury policies for the sake of the continuance of his regime. A related and more controversial proposal often made is that he described how to do things in politics in a way which seemed neutral concerning who used the advice – tyrants or good rulers.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer-65">[63]</a> That Machiavelli strove for realism is not doubted, but for four centuries scholars have debated how best to describe his morality. The Prince made the word Machiavellian a byword for deceit, despotism, and political manipulation. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a> declared himself inclined toward the traditional view that Machiavelli was self-consciously a "teacher of evil", since he counsels the princes to avoid the values of justice, mercy, temperance, wisdom, and love of their people in preference to the use of cruelty, violence, fear, and deception.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Strauss takes up this opinion because he asserted that failure to accept the traditional opinion misses the "intrepidity of his thought" and "the graceful subtlety of his speech".<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Italian <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a> (1925) concludes Machiavelli is simply a "realist" or "pragmatist" who accurately states that moral values, in reality, do not greatly affect the decisions that political leaders make.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a> (1946) held that Machiavelli simply adopts the stance of a political scientist – a <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a> of politics – in distinguishing between the "facts" of political life and the "values" of moral judgment.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Russell_Mead" title="Walter Russell Mead">Walter Russell Mead</a> has argued that The Prince's advice presupposes the importance of ideas like <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a> in making changes to the political system.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortune">Fortune</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fortune">edit</a>]</div> Machiavelli is generally seen as being critical of Christianity as it existed in his time, specifically its effect upon politics, and also everyday life.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> In his opinion, Christianity, along with the <a href="/wiki/Teleological" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleological">teleological</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a> that the Church had come to accept, allowed practical decisions to be guided too much by imaginary <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">ideals</a> and encouraged people to lazily leave events up to <a href="/wiki/Divine_Providence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Providence">providence</a> or, as he would put it, chance, luck or fortune. While Christianity sees modesty as a virtue and pride as sinful, Machiavelli took a more classical position, seeing ambition, spiritedness, and the pursuit of glory as good and natural things, and part of the virtue and prudence that good princes should have. Therefore, while it was traditional to say that leaders should have virtues, especially prudence, Machiavelli's use of the words virtù and prudenza was unusual for his time, implying a spirited and immodest ambition. Mansfield describes his usage of virtù as a "compromise with evil".<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Famously, Machiavelli argued that virtue and prudence can help a man control more of his future, in the place of allowing fortune to do so. <a href="#CITEREFNajemy1993">Najemy (1993)</a> has argued that this same approach can be found in Machiavelli's approach to love and desire, as seen in his comedies and correspondence. Najemy shows how Machiavelli's friend Vettori argued against Machiavelli and cited a more traditional understanding of fortune. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> in Machiavelli's time meant that classical pre-Christian ideas about virtue and prudence, including the possibility of trying to control one's future, were not unique to him. But humanists did not go so far as to promote the extra glory of deliberately aiming to establish a new state, in defiance of traditions and laws. While Machiavelli's approach had classical precedents, it has been argued that it did more than just bring back old ideas and that Machiavelli was not a typical humanist. <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1958">Strauss (1958)</a> argues that the way Machiavelli combines classical ideas is new. While Xenophon and Plato also described realistic politics and were closer to Machiavelli than Aristotle was, they, like Aristotle, also saw philosophy as something higher than politics. Machiavelli was apparently a <a href="/wiki/Materialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Materialist">materialist</a> who objected to explanations involving <a href="/wiki/Four_causes" title="Four causes">formal and final causation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleology</a>. Machiavelli's promotion of ambition among leaders while denying any higher standard meant that he encouraged risk-taking, and innovation, most famously the founding of new modes and orders. His advice to princes was therefore certainly not limited to discussing how to maintain a state. It has been argued that Machiavelli's promotion of innovation led directly to the argument for <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a> as an aim of <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>. But while a belief that humanity can control its own future, control nature, and "progress" has been long-lasting, Machiavelli's followers, starting with his own friend <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a>, have tended to prefer peaceful progress through economic development, and not warlike progress. As Harvey <a href="#CITEREFMansfield1995">Mansfield (1995</a>, p. 74) wrote: "In attempting other, more regular and scientific modes of overcoming fortune, Machiavelli's successors formalized and emasculated his notion of virtue." Machiavelli however, along with some of his classical predecessors, saw ambition and spiritedness, and therefore war, as inevitable and part of <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a>. Strauss concludes his 1958 book <a href="/wiki/Thoughts_on_Machiavelli" title="Thoughts on Machiavelli">Thoughts on Machiavelli</a> by proposing that this promotion of progress leads directly to the advent of new technologies being invented in both good and bad governments. Strauss argued that the unavoidable nature of such arms races, which existed before modern times and led to the collapse of peaceful civilizations, show that classical-minded men "had to admit in other words that in an important respect the good city has to take its bearings by the practice of bad cities or that the bad impose their law on the good".<a href="#CITEREFStrauss1958">Strauss (1958</a>, pp. 298–299) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Machiavelli shows repeatedly that he saw religion as man-made, and that the value of religion lies in its contribution to social order and the rules of morality must be dispensed with if security requires it.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> In The Prince, the Discourses and in the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Castruccio_Castracani" title="Life of Castruccio Castracani">Life of Castruccio Castracani</a> he describes "prophets", as he calls them, like <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> (he treated pagan and Christian patriarchs in the same way) as the greatest of new princes, the glorious and brutal founders of the most novel innovations in politics, and men whom Machiavelli assures us have always used a large amount of armed force and murder against their own people.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> He estimated that these sects last from 1,666 to 3,000 years each time, which, as pointed out by Leo Strauss, would mean that Christianity became due to start finishing about 150 years after Machiavelli.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Machiavelli's concern with Christianity as a sect was that it makes men weak and inactive, delivering politics into the hands of cruel and wicked men without a fight.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> While fear of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> can be replaced by fear of the prince, if there is a strong enough prince, Machiavelli felt that having a religion is in any case especially essential to keeping a republic in order.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> For Machiavelli, a truly great prince can never be conventionally religious himself, but he should make his people religious if he can. According to <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1958">Strauss (1958</a>, pp. 226–227) he was not the first person to explain religion in this way, but his description of religion was novel because of the way he integrated this into his general account of princes. Machiavelli's judgment that governments need religion for practical political reasons was widespread among modern proponents of republics until approximately the time of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. This, therefore, represents a point of disagreement between Machiavelli and late modernity.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive_side_to_factional_and_individual_vice">Positive side to factional and individual vice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Positive side to factional and individual vice">edit</a>]</div> Despite the classical precedents, which Machiavelli was not the only one to promote in his time, Machiavelli's realism and willingness to argue that good ends justify bad things, is seen as a critical stimulus towards some of the most important theories of modern politics. Firstly, particularly in the Discourses on Livy, Machiavelli is unusual in the positive side to factionalism in republics which he sometimes seems to describe. For example, quite early in the Discourses, (in Book I, chapter 4), a chapter title announces that the disunion of the <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">senate</a> in Rome "kept Rome free". That a community has different components whose interests must be balanced in any good regime is an idea with classical precedents, but Machiavelli's particularly extreme presentation is seen as a critical step towards the later political ideas of both a <a href="/wiki/Division_of_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of powers">division of powers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Checks_and_balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Checks and balances">checks and balances</a>, ideas which lay behind the <a href="/wiki/US_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="US constitution">US constitution</a>, as well as many other modern state constitutions. Similarly, the modern economic argument for <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, and most modern forms of economics, was often stated in the form of "<a href="/wiki/The_Fable_of_the_Bees" title="The Fable of the Bees">public virtue from private vices</a>". Also in this case, even though there are classical precedents, Machiavelli's insistence on being both realistic and ambitious, not only admitting that vice exists but being willing to risk encouraging it, is a critical step on the path to this insight. Mansfield however argues that Machiavelli's own aims have not been shared by those he influenced. Machiavelli argued against seeing mere peace and economic growth as worthy aims on their own if they would lead to what Mansfield calls the "taming of the prince".<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Machiavel_Offices_Florence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Machiavel_Offices_Florence.jpg/170px-Machiavel_Offices_Florence.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Machiavel_Offices_Florence.jpg/255px-Machiavel_Offices_Florence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Machiavel_Offices_Florence.jpg/340px-Machiavel_Offices_Florence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="3543" /></a><figcaption>Statue at the <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a></figcaption></figure> To quote Robert Bireley:<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...there were in circulation approximately fifteen editions of the Prince and nineteen of the Discourses and French translations of each before they were placed on <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">the Index</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paul_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul IV">Paul IV</a> in 1559, a measure which nearly stopped publication in Catholic areas except in France. Three principal writers took the field against Machiavelli between the publication of his works and their condemnation in 1559 and again by the Tridentine Index in 1564. These were the English cardinal <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a> and the Portuguese bishop <a href="/wiki/Jeronymo_Osorio" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeronymo Osorio">Jeronymo Osorio</a>, both of whom lived for many years in Italy, and the Italian humanist and later bishop, <a href="/wiki/Lancelotto_Politi" title="Lancelotto Politi">Ambrogio Caterino Politi</a>.</blockquote> Machiavelli's ideas had a profound impact on political leaders throughout the modern west, helped by the new technology of the printing press. During the first generations after Machiavelli, his main influence was in non-republican governments. Pole reported that The Prince was spoken of highly by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a> in England and had influenced <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> in his turn towards Protestantism, and in his tactics, for example during the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_of_Grace" title="Pilgrimage of Grace">Pilgrimage of Grace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BireleyP15-91">[89]</a> A copy was also possessed by the Catholic king and emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> In France, after an initially mixed reaction, Machiavelli came to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> and the <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</a>. As <a href="#CITEREFBireley1990">Bireley (1990</a>:17) reports, in the 16th century, Catholic writers "associated Machiavelli with the Protestants, whereas Protestant authors saw him as Italian and Catholic". In fact, he was apparently influencing both Catholic and Protestant kings.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> One of the most important early works dedicated to criticism of Machiavelli, especially The Prince, was that of the <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innocent_Gentillet" title="Innocent Gentillet">Innocent Gentillet</a>, whose work commonly referred to as Discourse against Machiavelli or Anti Machiavel was published in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> in 1576.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> He accused Machiavelli of being an atheist and accused politicians of his time by saying that his works were the "Koran of the courtiers", that "he is of no reputation in the court of France which hath not Machiavel's writings at the fingers ends".<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Another theme of Gentillet was more in the spirit of Machiavelli himself: he questioned the effectiveness of immoral strategies (just as Machiavelli had himself done, despite also explaining how they could sometimes work). This became the theme of much future political discourse in Europe during the 17th century. This includes the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Counter_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Reformation">Counter Reformation</a> writers summarised by Bireley: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Giovanni Botero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justus_Lipsius" title="Justus Lipsius">Justus Lipsius</a>, Carlo Scribani, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Contzen" title="Adam Contzen">Adam Contzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Ribadeneira" title="Pedro de Ribadeneira">Pedro de Ribadeneira</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Saavedra_Fajardo" title="Diego de Saavedra Fajardo">Diego de Saavedra Fajardo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> These authors criticized Machiavelli, but also followed him in many ways. They accepted the need for a prince to be concerned with reputation, and even a need for cunning and deceit, but compared to Machiavelli, and like later modernist writers, they emphasized <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic progress</a> much more than the riskier ventures of war. These authors tended to cite <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> as their source for realist political advice, rather than Machiavelli, and this pretence came to be known as "<a href="/wiki/Tacitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitism">Tacitism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> "Black tacitism" was in support of princely rule, but "red tacitism" arguing the case for republics, more in the original spirit of Machiavelli himself, became increasingly important. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_-_Francis_Bacon_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/British_-_Francis_Bacon_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-British_-_Francis_Bacon_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/British_-_Francis_Bacon_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-British_-_Francis_Bacon_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/British_-_Francis_Bacon_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-British_-_Francis_Bacon_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2501" data-file-height="3226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> argued the case for what would become <a href="/wiki/Modern_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern science">modern science</a> which would be based more upon real experience and experimentation, free from assumptions about metaphysics, and aimed at increasing control of nature. He named Machiavelli as a predecessor.</figcaption></figure> Modern <a href="/wiki/Materialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Materialist">materialist</a> philosophy developed in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, starting in the generations after Machiavelli. Modern political philosophy tended to be republican, but as with the Catholic authors, Machiavelli's realism and encouragement of innovation to try to control one's own fortune were more accepted than his emphasis upon war and factional violence. Not only was innovative economics and politics a result, but also <a href="/wiki/Modern_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern science">modern science</a>, leading some commentators to say that the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> involved a "humanitarian" moderating of Machiavellianism.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> The importance of Machiavelli's influence is notable in many important figures in this endeavour, for example <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Algernon Sidney</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinoza">Spinoza</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>. Although he was not always mentioned by name as an inspiration, due to his controversy, he is also thought to have been an influence for other major philosophers, such as <a href="/wiki/Montaigne" class="mw-redirect" title="Montaigne">Montaigne</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hobbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbes">Hobbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who is associated with very different political ideas, viewed Machiavelli's work as a satirical piece in which Machiavelli exposes the faults of a one-man rule rather than exalting amorality. <blockquote>In the seventeenth century it was in England that Machiavelli's ideas were most substantially developed and adapted, and that republicanism came once more to life; and out of seventeenth-century English republicanism there were to emerge in the next century not only a theme of English political and historical reflection – of the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a> circle and of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a> and of early parliamentary radicals – but a stimulus to the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> in Scotland, on the Continent, and in America.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Adams_A18236.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/John_Adams_A18236.jpg/220px-John_Adams_A18236.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/John_Adams_A18236.jpg/330px-John_Adams_A18236.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/John_Adams_A18236.jpg/440px-John_Adams_A18236.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6811" data-file-height="8259" /></a><figcaption>John Adams admired Machiavelli's rational description of the realities of statecraft. Adams used Machiavelli's works to argue for <a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">mixed government</a>.</figcaption></figure> Scholars have argued that Machiavelli was a major indirect and direct influence upon the political thinking of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a> due to his overwhelming favouritism of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> and the republican type of government. According to John McCormick, it is still very much debatable whether or not Machiavelli was "an advisor of tyranny or partisan of liberty."<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> followed Machiavelli's republicanism when they opposed what they saw as the emerging aristocracy that they feared <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> was creating with the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Hamilton learned from Machiavelli about the importance of foreign policy for domestic policy, but may have broken from him regarding how rapacious a republic needed to be in order to survive.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> was less influenced by Machiavelli.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> The Founding Father who perhaps most studied and valued Machiavelli as a political philosopher was <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, who profusely commented on the Italian's thought in his work, A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America.<a href="#cite_note-thompson-116">[114]</a> In this work, John Adams praised Machiavelli, with Algernon Sidney and <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, as a philosophic defender of mixed government. For Adams, Machiavelli restored empirical reason to politics, while his analysis of factions was commendable. Adams likewise agreed with the Florentine that human nature was immutable and driven by passions. He also accepted Machiavelli's belief that all societies were subject to cyclical periods of growth and decay. For Adams, Machiavelli lacked only a clear understanding of the institutions necessary for good government.<a href="#cite_note-thompson-116">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> The 20th-century Italian Communist <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> drew great inspiration from Machiavelli's writings on ethics, morals, and how they relate to the State and revolution in his writings on <a href="/wiki/Passive_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive Revolution">Passive Revolution</a>, and how a society can be manipulated by controlling popular notions of morality.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> read The Prince and annotated his own copy.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> In the 20th century there was also renewed interest in Machiavelli's play <a href="/wiki/La_Mandragola" class="mw-redirect" title="La Mandragola">La Mandragola</a> (1518), which received numerous stagings, including several in New York, at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Shakespeare_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Shakespeare Festival">New York Shakespeare Festival</a> in 1976 and the <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Shakespeare_Company" title="Riverside Shakespeare Company">Riverside Shakespeare Company</a> in 1979, as a musical comedy by <a href="/wiki/Peer_Raben" title="Peer Raben">Peer Raben</a> in Munich's Anti Theatre in 1971, and at London's <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">National Theatre</a> in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Jann_Racquoi_1979-119">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Machiavellian"">"Machiavellian"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: "Machiavellian"">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cesareborgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cesareborgia.jpg/180px-Cesareborgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cesareborgia.jpg/270px-Cesareborgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cesareborgia.jpg/360px-Cesareborgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Gentleman_(Melone)" title="Portrait of a Gentleman (Melone)">Portrait of a Gentleman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare Borgia</a>), used as an example of a successful ruler in The Prince</figcaption></figure> Machiavelli's works are sometimes even said to have contributed to the modern negative connotations of the words politics and politician,<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> and it is sometimes thought that it is because of him that Old Nick became an English term for the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> More obviously, the adjective Machiavellian became a term describing a form of politics that is "marked by cunning, duplicity, or bad faith".<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Machiavellianism also remains a popular term used casually in political discussions, often as a byword for bare-knuckled political realism.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> While Machiavellianism is notable in the works of Machiavelli, scholars generally agree that his works are complex and have equally influential themes within them. For example, J. G. A. <a href="#CITEREFPocock1975">Pocock (1975)</a> saw him as a major source of the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> that spread throughout England and North America in the 17th and 18th centuries and Leo <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1958">Strauss (1958)</a>, whose view of Machiavelli is quite different in many ways, had similar remarks about Machiavelli's influence on republicanism and argued that even though Machiavelli was a teacher of evil he had a "grandeur of vision" that led him to advocate immoral actions. Whatever his intentions, which are still debated today, he has become associated with any proposal where "<a href="/wiki/The_end_justifies_the_means" class="mw-redirect" title="The end justifies the means">the end justifies the means</a>". For example, Leo <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1987">Strauss (1987</a>, p. 297) wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Machiavelli is the only political thinker whose name has come into common use for designating a kind of politics, which exists and will continue to exist independently of his influence, a politics guided exclusively by considerations of expediency, which uses all means, fair or foul, iron or poison, for achieving its ends – its end being the aggrandizement of one's country or fatherland – but also using the fatherland in the service of the self-aggrandizement of the politician or statesman or one's party.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance theatre</a> (Elizabethan and Jacobian), the term "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Machiavel" class="extiw" title="wikt:Machiavel">Machiavel</a>" (from 'Nicholas Machiavel', an "anglicization" of Machiavelli's name based on French) was used for a stock antagonist that resorted to ruthless means to preserve the power of the state, and is now considered a synonym of "Machiavellian".<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/The_Jew_of_Malta" title="The Jew of Malta">The Jew of Malta</a> (ca. 1589) contains a prologue by a character called Machiavel, a <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Senecan</a> ghost based on Machiavelli.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Machiavel expresses the cynical view that power is amoral, saying "I count religion but a childish toy,/And hold there is no sin but ignorance." <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Maugham" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset Maugham">Somerset Maugham</a>'s last book <a href="/wiki/Then_and_Now_(novel)" title="Then and Now (novel)">Then and Now</a> fictionalizes Machiavelli's interactions with Cesare Borgia, which formed the foundation of The Prince. Niccolò Machiavelli plays a vital role in the young adult book series <a href="/wiki/The_Secrets_of_the_Immortal_Nicholas_Flamel" title="The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel">The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(Irish_author)" title="Michael Scott (Irish author)">Michael Scott</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> He is immortal, and is working in national security for the French government.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Niccolò Machiavelli aids <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare Borgia</a> and protagonist Nicholas Dawson in their dangerous intrigues in <a href="/wiki/Cecelia_Holland" title="Cecelia Holland">Cecelia Holland</a>'s 1979 <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novel</a> <a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(Holland_novel)" title="City of God (Holland novel)">City of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maclaine-130">[128]</a> David Maclaine writes that in the novel, Machiavelli "is an off-stage presence whose spirit permeates this work of intrigue and betrayal ... It is a brilliant introduction to the people and events that gave us the word 'Machiavellian.'"<a href="#cite_note-Maclaine-130">[128]</a> Machiavelli appears as an Immortal adversary of <a href="/wiki/Duncan_MacLeod" title="Duncan MacLeod">Duncan MacLeod</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Holder" title="Nancy Holder">Nancy Holder</a>'s 1997 <a href="/wiki/Highlander_(franchise)" title="Highlander (franchise)">Highlander</a> novel The Measure of a Man, and is a character in <a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(Irish_author)" title="Michael Scott (Irish author)">Michael Scott</a>'s novel series <a href="/wiki/The_Secrets_of_the_Immortal_Nicholas_Flamel" title="The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel">The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel</a> (2007–2012). Machiavelli is also one of the main characters in <a href="/wiki/The_Enchantress_of_Florence" title="The Enchantress of Florence">The Enchantress of Florence</a> (2008) by <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>, mostly referred to as "Niccolò 'il Macchia", and the central protagonist in the 2012 novel The Malice of Fortune by Michael Ennis. Television dramas centring on the early <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> have also made use of Machiavelli to underscore his influence in early modern political philosophy. Machiavelli has been featured as a supporting character in <a href="/wiki/The_Tudors" title="The Tudors">The Tudors</a> (2007–2010),<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Borgia_(TV_series)" title="Borgia (TV series)">Borgia</a> (2011–2014) and <a href="/wiki/The_Borgias_(2011_TV_series)" title="The Borgias (2011 TV series)">The Borgias</a> (2011–2013),<a href="#cite_note-Ashurst-133">[131]</a> and the 1981 BBC mini series <a href="/wiki/The_Borgias_(1981_TV_series)" title="The Borgias (1981 TV series)">The Borgias</a>. Machiavelli appears in the popular historical <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_II" title="Assassin's Creed II">Assassin's Creed II</a> (2009) and <a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed:_Brotherhood" title="Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood">Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood</a> (2010), in which he is portrayed as a member of the secret society of Assassins.<a href="#cite_note-collider-134">[132]</a> A highly fictionalised version of Machiavelli appears in the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> children's TV series <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(2011_TV_series)" title="Leonardo (2011 TV series)">Leonardo</a> (2011–2012),<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> in which he is "Mac", a black streetwise hustler who is best friends with fellow teenagers <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_di_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo di Medici">Lorenzo di Medici</a>. In the 2013 episode "Ewings Unite!" of the television series <a href="/wiki/Dallas_(2012_TV_series)" title="Dallas (2012 TV series)">Dallas</a>, legendary oil baron <a href="/wiki/J._R._Ewing" title="J. R. Ewing">J. R. Ewing</a> wills his copy of <a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> to his adopted nephew <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ewing" title="Christopher Ewing">Christopher Ewing</a>, telling him to "use it, because being smart and sneaky is an unbeatable combination." In <a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci%27s_Demons" title="Da Vinci's Demons">Da Vinci's Demons</a> (2013–2015) – an American <a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">historical fantasy</a> drama series that presents a fictional account of Leonardo da Vinci's early life<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eros_Vlahos" title="Eros Vlahos">Eros Vlahos</a> plays a young Niccolò "Nico" Machiavelli, although the character's full name is not revealed until the finale of the second season. The 1967 <a href="/wiki/The_Time_Tunnel" title="The Time Tunnel">The Time Tunnel</a> episode "The Death Merchant" stars character actor <a href="/wiki/Malachi_Throne" title="Malachi Throne">Malachi Throne</a> as Niccolò Machiavelli, who has been time-displaced to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>. The character's personality and behaviour seem to portray Cesare Borgia rather than Machiavelli himself, suggesting that the writers may have confused the two. Machiavelli is played by <a href="/wiki/Damian_Lewis" title="Damian Lewis">Damian Lewis</a> in the 2013 BBC radio play The Prince written by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Myerson" title="Jonathan Myerson">Jonathan Myerson</a>. Together with his defence attorney <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia" title="Lucrezia Borgia">Lucrezia Borgia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Helen_McCrory" title="Helen McCrory">Helen McCrory</a>), he presents examples from history to the devil to support his political theories and appeal his sentence in Hell.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> The historical novel The City of Man (2009) by author Michael Harrington fully portrays the complex personalities of the two main characters – <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a> and a formative Niccolò Machiavelli – in opposition during the turbulent last decade of 15th-century Florence. The portrayal of Machiavelli draws from his later writings and observations of the chaotic events of his youth before rising from obscurity to be appointed as second chancellor of the Florentine Republic at the age of twenty-nine, only one month after Savonarola's execution. Major characters include <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a>, his son Piero, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pico_della_Mirandola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> (Rodrigo Borgia), <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare Borgia</a> (model for The Prince), Piero and Tommaso Soderini, Il Cronaca and the diarist, Luca Landucci. Rapper <a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a> read The Prince while in prison recovering from an attempt on his life. He was so inspired that once released from prison he changed his stage name to a pseudonym derived from Niccolo Machiavelli; "Makaveli", stating: "Like, Machiavelli. My name is not Machiavelli. My name is Makaveli. I took it, that's mine. He gave me that. And I don't feel no guilt."<a href="#cite_note-auto-138">[136]</a> "That's what got me here, My reading. It's not like I idolize this one guy Machiavelli. I idolize that type of thinking where you do whatever's gonna make you achieve your goal".<a href="#cite_note-auto-138">[136]</a> Released only eight weeks after <a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a> died from gunshot wounds, <a href="/wiki/Death_Row_Records" title="Death Row Records">Death Row</a> records released <a href="/wiki/The_Don_Killuminati:_The_7_Day_Theory" title="The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory">The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory</a>, the posthumous album under the name of Makaveli, after having been influenced by Machiavelli. In the 1993 crime drama <a href="/wiki/A_Bronx_Tale" title="A Bronx Tale">A Bronx Tale</a>, local mob boss Sonny tells his young protégé Calogero that while he was doing a 10-year sentence in jail, he spent his time reading Machiavelli, which helped him pass time and stay out of trouble. He describes Machiavelli as "a famous writer from 500 years ago". He then tells him how Machiavelli's philosophy, including his famous advice about how it is preferable for a leader to be feared rather than loved if he cannot be both, has made him a successful mob boss. Machiavelli also appears as a young <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> spy in the third season of <a href="/wiki/Medici_(TV_series)" title="Medici (TV series)">Medici</a>, where he is portrayed by Vincenzo Crea. He is addressed as "Nico" in all appearances except the season finale, where he reveals his full name. He will appear in the upcoming Firaxis game Civilization VII (releasing February 11, 2025) as a playable leader.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">Federal parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn (Tony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhairi_Black" title="Mhairi Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burgon" title="Richard Burgon">Burgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Campbell" title="Ronnie Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flynn_(politician)" title="Paul Flynn (politician)">Flynn (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn (Stephen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Greer" title="Ross Greer">Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (54–51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a> (1531)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a> (1755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1787–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a> (1963)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha">Gaṇasaṅgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 Libyan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbadian Republic Proclamation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Republicanism in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Bahamas" title="Republicanism in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Morocco" title="Republicanism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Norway" title="Republicanism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Sweden" title="Republicanism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_republics" title="List of republics">List of republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">Primus inter pares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_without_republicans" title="Republic without republicans">Republic without republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Republican empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Republican Party (disambiguation)">Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Category:Works by Niccolò Machiavelli">Category:Works by Niccolò Machiavelli</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_historical_works">Political and historical works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Political and historical works">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_of_War-1573.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Art_of_War-1573.jpg/220px-Art_of_War-1573.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Art_of_War-1573.jpg/330px-Art_of_War-1573.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Art_of_War-1573.jpg/440px-Art_of_War-1573.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Peter Withorne's 1573 translation of The Art of War</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discorso_sopra_le_cose_di_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Discorso sopra le cose di Pisa">Discorso sopra le cose di Pisa</a> (1499)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_modo_di_trattare_i_popoli_della_Valdichiana_ribellati" class="mw-redirect" title="Del modo di trattare i popoli della Valdichiana ribellati">Del modo di trattare i popoli della Valdichiana ribellati</a> (1502)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description_of_the_Manner_in_which_Duke_Valentino_put_Vitellozzo_Vitelli,_Oliverotto_da_Fermo,_Lord_Pagola_and_the_Duke_of_Gravina_to_Death" class="mw-redirect" title="Description of the Manner in which Duke Valentino put Vitellozzo Vitelli, Oliverotto da Fermo, Lord Pagola and the Duke of Gravina to Death">Descrizione del modo tenuto dal Duca Valentino nello ammazzare Vitellozzo Vitelli, Oliverotto da Fermo, il Signor Pagolo e il duca di Gravina Orsini</a> (1502) – A Description of the Methods Adopted by the Duke Valentino when Murdering Vitellozzo Vitelli, Oliverotto da Fermo, the Signor Pagolo, and the Duke di Gravina Orsini</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_about_the_Provision_of_Money" class="mw-redirect" title="Discourse about the Provision of Money">Discorso sopra la provisione del danaro</a> (1502) – A discourse about the provision of money.</li> <li>Ritratti delle cose di Francia (1510) – Portrait of the affairs of France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_on_the_state_of_Germany" title="Report on the state of Germany">Ritratto delle cose della Magna</a> (1508–1512) – Portrait of the affairs of Germany.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1513)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a> (1517)</li> <li>Dell'Arte della Guerra (1519–1520) – <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art of War (Machiavelli)">The Art of War</a>, high military science.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discorso_sopra_il_riformare_lo_stato_di_Firenze" class="mw-redirect" title="Discorso sopra il riformare lo stato di Firenze">Discorso sopra il riformare lo stato di Firenze</a> (1520) – A discourse about the reforming of Florence.</li> <li>Sommario delle cose della citta di Lucca (1520) – A summary of the affairs of the city of Lucca.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Castruccio_Castracani" title="Life of Castruccio Castracani">Life of Castruccio Castracani</a> of Lucca (1520) – Vita di <a href="/wiki/Castruccio_Castracani" class="mw-redirect" title="Castruccio Castracani">Castruccio Castracani</a> da Lucca, a short biography.</li> <li>Istorie Fiorentine (1520–1525) – <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Histories" title="Florentine Histories">Florentine Histories</a>, an eight-volume history of the city-state Florence, commissioned by Giulio de' Medici, later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fictional_works">Fictional works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fictional works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli_as_a_dramatist" title="Machiavelli as a dramatist">Machiavelli as a dramatist</a></div> Besides being a statesman and political scientist, Machiavelli also translated classical works, and was a playwright (Clizia, Mandragola), a poet (Sonetti, Canzoni, Ottave, Canti carnascialeschi), and a novelist (Belfagor arcidiavolo). Some of his other work: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decennale_primo" class="mw-redirect" title="Decennale primo">Decennale primo</a> (1506) – a poem in <a href="/wiki/Terza_rima" title="Terza rima">terza rima</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decennale_secondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Decennale secondo">Decennale secondo</a> (1509) – a poem.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andria_(Machiavelli)" title="Andria (Machiavelli)">Andria</a> or The Girl from Andros (1517) – a semi-autobiographical comedy, adapted from <a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandragola" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandragola">Mandragola</a> (1518) – <a href="/wiki/The_Mandrake" title="The Mandrake">The Mandrake</a> – a five-act prose comedy, with a verse prologue.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clizia" title="Clizia">Clizia</a> (1525) – a prose comedy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfagor_arcidiavolo" title="Belfagor arcidiavolo">Belfagor arcidiavolo</a> (1515) – a novella.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass_(Machiavelli)" title="The Golden Ass (Machiavelli)">Asino d'oro</a> (1517) – <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass_(Machiavelli)" title="The Golden Ass (Machiavelli)">The Golden Ass</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Terza_rima" title="Terza rima">terza rima</a> poem, a new version of the <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">classic work</a> by <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a>.</li> <li>Frammenti storici (1525) – fragments of stories.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other works">edit</a>]</div> Della Lingua (Italian for "On the Language") (1514), a dialogue about Italy's language is normally attributed to Machiavelli. Machiavelli's literary executor, Giuliano de' Ricci, also reported having seen that Machiavelli, his grandfather, made a comedy in the style of <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> which included living Florentines as characters, and to be titled Le Maschere. It has been suggested that due to such things as this and his style of writing to his superiors generally, there was very likely some animosity to Machiavelli even before the return of the Medici.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_military_reforms" title="Florentine military reforms">Florentine military reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_recurrence" title="Historic recurrence">Historic recurrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayberry_Machiavelli" title="Mayberry Machiavelli">Mayberry Machiavelli</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> Footnotes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnɪkəloʊ ˌmækiəˈvɛli/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">NIK-ə-loh MAK-ee-ə-VEL-ee</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/- ˌmɑːk-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">-⁠ MAHK-</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Italian: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[nikkoˈlɔ mmakjaˈvɛlli]</a>; also <a href="#Machiavel">occasionally rendered</a> in English as Nicholas Machiavel (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmækiəvɛl/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MAK-ee-ə-vel</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmɑːk-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MAHK-</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> The Latin legend reads: TANTO NOMINI NULLUM PAR ELOGIUM ("So great a name (has) no adequate praise" or "No <a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">eulogy</a> (would be) a match for such a great name" or "There is no praise equal to so great a name.") </li> </ol></div></div> Citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/niccolo-machiavelli">"Machiavelli, Niccolò"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Longman_Dictionary_of_Contemporary_English" title="Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English">Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English</a>. <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Longman+Dictionary+of+Contemporary+English&rft.atitle=Machiavelli%2C+Niccol%C3%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldoceonline.com%2Fdictionary%2Fniccolo-machiavelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210021945/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/machiavelli,_niccolo?s=t">"Machievelli, Niccolò"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> US English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/en/definition/Machievelli,+Niccol%C3%B2">the original</a> on 10 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Machievelli%2C+Niccol%C3%B2&rft.btitle=Lexico+US+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fen%2Fdefinition%2FMachievelli%2C%2BNiccol%25C3%25B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Machiavelli" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Machiavelli">"Machiavelli"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 9 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Machiavelli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DMachiavelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Dietz, Mary G.. Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469–1527), 1998, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.4324/9780415249126-S080-1">https://doi.org/10.4324/9780415249126-S080-1</a>. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Taylor and Francis </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Berridge, G.R., Lloyd, L. (2012). M. In: Barder, B., Pope, L.E., Rana, K.S. (eds) The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137017611_13">https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137017611_13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niccolo-Machiavelli">"Niccolo Machiavelli – Italian statesman and writer"</a>. 17 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niccolo+Machiavelli+%E2%80%93+Italian+statesman+and+writer&rft.date=2023-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FNiccolo-Machiavelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/machiave/">"Niccolò Machiavelli"</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 1 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Niccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fmachiave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Gregory B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1w5sCPpcDPMC&pg=PA65">Between Eternities: On the Tradition of Political Philosophy, Past, Present, and Future</a>. Lexington Books. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739120774" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739120774"><bdi>978-0739120774</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Eternities%3A+On+the+Tradition+of+Political+Philosophy%2C+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0739120774&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gregory+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1w5sCPpcDPMC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelan2004" class="citation book cs1">Whelan, Frederick G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2d4qgsSLZQgC&pg=PA29">Hume and Machiavelli: Political Realism and Liberal Thought</a>. Lexington Books. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739106310" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739106310"><bdi>978-0739106310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hume+and+Machiavelli%3A+Political+Realism+and+Liberal+Thought&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0739106310&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.aufirst=Frederick+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2d4qgsSLZQgC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss1988" class="citation book cs1">Strauss (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W5m6lCFR53YC">What is Political Philosophy? And Other Studies</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226777139" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226777139"><bdi>978-0226777139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Political+Philosophy%3F+And+Other+Studies&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0226777139&rft.au=Strauss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW5m6lCFR53YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajemy2019" class="citation book cs1">Najemy, John M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1mYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Between Friends: Discourses of Power and Desire in the Machiavelli-Vettori Letters of 1513–1515</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691656649" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691656649"><bdi>978-0691656649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Friends%3A+Discourses+of+Power+and+Desire+in+the+Machiavelli-Vettori+Letters+of+1513%E2%80%931515&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0691656649&rft.aulast=Najemy&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR1mYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niccolo-Machiavelli">"Niccolo Machiavelli"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Niccolo+Machiavelli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FNiccolo-Machiavelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassirer1946" class="citation book cs1">Cassirer, Ernst (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythofstate0000cass">The Myth of the State</a>. Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythofstate0000cass/page/141">141</a>–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300000368" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300000368"><bdi>978-0300000368</bdi></a>. <q>ernst cassirer the myth of the state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+State&rft.pages=141-145&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=978-0300000368&rft.aulast=Cassirer&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythofstate0000cass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> For example, The Prince chap. 15, and The Discourses Book I, chapter 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraussCropsey2012" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Leo; Cropsey, Joseph (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E7mScxst9UoC&q=history%20of%20political%20philosophy&pg=PT315">History of Political Philosophy</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226924717" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226924717"><bdi>978-0226924717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Political+Philosophy&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0226924717&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Cropsey%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE7mScxst9UoC%26q%3Dhistory%2520of%2520political%2520philosophy%26pg%3DPT315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfield1998" class="citation book cs1">Mansfield, Harvey C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4EULB2IM50C&q=machiavelli's%20virtue&pg=PA178">Machiavelli's Virtue</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226503721" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226503721"><bdi>978-0226503721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+Virtue&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0226503721&rft.aulast=Mansfield&rft.aufirst=Harvey+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ4EULB2IM50C%26q%3Dmachiavelli%27s%2520virtue%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiorgini2013" class="citation journal cs1">Giorgini, Giovanni (2013). "Five Hundred Years of Italian Scholarship on Machiavelli's Prince". Review of Politics. 75 (4): 625–640. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034670513000624">10.1017/S0034670513000624</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6705">0034-6705</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146970196">146970196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Five+Hundred+Years+of+Italian+Scholarship+on+Machiavelli%27s+Prince&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=625-640&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146970196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0034-6705&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034670513000624&rft.aulast=Giorgini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2014" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Leo (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oi2GDwAAQBAJ&q=thoughts+on+Machiavelli">Thoughts on Machiavelli</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226230979" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226230979"><bdi>978-0226230979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thoughts+on+Machiavelli&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0226230979&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doi2GDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthoughts%2Bon%2BMachiavelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Harvey Mansfield and Nathan Tarcov, "Introduction to the Discourses". In their translation of the Discourses on Livy </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodosiadis2021" class="citation journal cs1">Theodosiadis, Michail (June–August 2021). "From Hobbes and Locke to Machiavelli's virtù in the political context of meliorism: popular eucosmia and the value of moral memory". Polis Revista. 11: 25–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polis+Revista&rft.atitle=From+Hobbes+and+Locke+to+Machiavelli%27s+virt%C3%B9+in+the+political+context+of+meliorism%3A+popular+eucosmia+and+the+value+of+moral+memory&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=25-60&rft.date=2021-06%2F2021-08&rft.aulast=Theodosiadis&rft.aufirst=Michail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPflanze1958" class="citation journal cs1">Pflanze, Otto (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1404857">"Bismarck's "Realpolitik""</a>. The Review of Politics. 20 (4): 492–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034670500034185">10.1017/S0034670500034185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6705">0034-6705</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1404857">1404857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144663704">144663704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Bismarck%27s+%22Realpolitik%22&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=492-514&rft.date=1958&rft.issn=0034-6705&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144663704%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1404857%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034670500034185&rft.aulast=Pflanze&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1404857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArendt1988" class="citation book cs1">Arendt, Hannah (1988). The Human Condition. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Condition&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Chicago+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Grazia1989">de Grazia (1989)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli">"Niccolò Machiavelli" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuarini1999">Guarini (1999</a>:21) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/niccolo-machiavelli">"Machiavèlli, Niccolò nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"</a>. www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 11 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=Machiav%C3%A8lli%2C+Niccol%C3%B2+nell%27Enciclopedia+Treccani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fniccolo-machiavelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Maurizio Viroli, Niccolò's Smile: A Biography of Machiavelli (2000), ch 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://totallyhistory.com/niccolo-machiavelli/">Niccolo Machiavelli Biography – Life of Florentine Republic Official</a>, 13 December 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niccolo+Machiavelli+Biography+%E2%80%93+Life+of+Florentine+Republic+Official&rft.date=2013-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftotallyhistory.com%2Fniccolo-machiavelli%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/machiave/">"Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527)"</a>. IEP. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEP&rft.atitle=Niccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli+%281469%E2%80%931527%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fmachiave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidolfi2013" class="citation book cs1">Ridolfi, Roberto (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMasak4LLcQC&pg=PT28">The Life of Niccolò Machiavelli</a>. Routledge. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135026615" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135026615"><bdi>978-1135026615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Niccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1135026615&rft.aulast=Ridolfi&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMasak4LLcQC%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli1981136notes-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli1981136notes_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMachiavelli1981">Machiavelli 1981</a>, p. 136, notes. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niccolo-Machiavelli">"Niccolo Machiavelli | Biography, Books, Philosophy, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Niccolo+Machiavelli+%7C+Biography%2C+Books%2C+Philosophy%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FNiccolo-Machiavelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viroli_81–86-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Viroli_81–86_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viroli_81–86_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViroli2002" class="citation book cs1">Viroli, Maurizio (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9hIPlryeSTQC&pg=PA105">Niccolo's Smile: A Biography of Machiavelli</a>. Macmillan. pp. 81–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374528003" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374528003"><bdi>978-0374528003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niccolo%27s+Smile%3A+A+Biography+of+Machiavelli&rft.pages=81-86&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0374528003&rft.aulast=Viroli&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9hIPlryeSTQC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> This point is made especially in The Prince, Chap XII </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViroli2002" class="citation book cs1">Viroli, Maurizio (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9hIPlryeSTQC&pg=PA105">Niccolo's Smile: A Biography of Machiavelli</a>. Macmillan. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374528003" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374528003"><bdi>978-0374528003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niccolo%27s+Smile%3A+A+Biography+of+Machiavelli&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0374528003&rft.aulast=Viroli&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9hIPlryeSTQC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Many historians have argued that this was due to <a href="/wiki/Piero_Soderini" title="Piero Soderini">Piero Soderini</a>'s unwillingness to compromise with the Medici, who were holding Prato under siege. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli19813intro-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli19813intro_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli19813intro_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli19813intro_35-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMachiavelli1981">Machiavelli 1981</a>, p. 3, intro. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinner2000" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, Quentin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2kiYz6d278IC&q=quentin%20skinner%20machiavelli&pg=PT36">Machiavelli: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191540349" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191540349"><bdi>978-0191540349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0191540349&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2kiYz6d278IC%26q%3Dquentin%2520skinner%2520machiavelli%26pg%3DPT36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Niccolò Machiavelli (1996), Machiavelli and his friends: Their personal correspondence, Northern Illinois University Press, translated and edited by James B. Atkinson and David Sices. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Joshua Kaplan, "Political Theory: The Classic Texts and their Continuing Relevance," The Modern Scholar (14 lectures in the series; lecture #7 / disc 4), 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/horizon/jan99/morality.htm">"Washingtonpost.com: Horizon Section"</a>. www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 3 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Washingtonpost.com%3A+Horizon+Section&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fnational%2Fhorizon%2Fjan99%2Fmorality.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> "Even such men as Malatesta and Machiavelli, after spending their lives in estrangement from the Church, sought on their deathbeds her assistance and consolations. Both made good confessions and received the Holy Viaticum." – Ludwig von Pastor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofthepope05pastuoft#page/136/mode/2up">History of the Popes</a>, Vol. 5, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2013" class="citation book cs1">Black, Robert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C54lAgAAQBAJ">Machiavelli</a>. Routledge. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317699583" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317699583"><bdi>978-1317699583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1317699583&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC54lAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSil1985" class="citation book cs1">Sil, Narasingha Prosad (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A2_9tHqptIMC">Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra: A Comparative Study</a>. Academic Publishers Calcutta. p. 217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kau%E1%B9%ADilya%27s+Artha%C5%9B%C4%81stra%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Academic+Publishers+Calcutta&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Sil&rft.aufirst=Narasingha+Prosad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA2_9tHqptIMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckert2017" class="citation book cs1">Zuckert, Catherine H. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yZUtDwAAQBAJ&q=catherine+zuckert+machiavelli">Machiavelli's Politics</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226434803" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226434803"><bdi>978-0226434803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+Politics&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0226434803&rft.aulast=Zuckert&rft.aufirst=Catherine+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyZUtDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcatherine%2Bzuckert%2Bmachiavelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli1984" class="citation book cs1">Machiavelli, Niccolo (1984). The Prince. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-281602-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-281602-0"><bdi>0-19-281602-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-19-281602-0&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli1532" class="citation book cs1">Machiavelli, Niccolò (1532). The Prince. Italy. pp. 120–121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince&rft.place=Italy&rft.pages=120-121&rft.date=1532&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Machiavelli, The Prince, Chapter III </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfield1998" class="citation book cs1">Mansfield, Harvey C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4EULB2IM50C&q=harvey+mansfield+machiavelli">Machiavelli's Virtue</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226503721" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226503721"><bdi>978-0226503721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+Virtue&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0226503721&rft.aulast=Mansfield&rft.aufirst=Harvey+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ4EULB2IM50C%26q%3Dharvey%2Bmansfield%2Bmachiavelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> The Prince, Chapter XVIII, "In What Mode Should Faith Be Kept By Princes" </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> The Prince. especially Chapters 3, 5 and 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanzler2020" class="citation book cs1">Kanzler, Peter (2020). The Prince (1532), The Leviathan (1651), The Two Treatises of Government (1689), The Constitution of Pennsylvania (1776). Peter Kanzler. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1716844508" title="Special:BookSources/978-1716844508"><bdi>978-1716844508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince+%281532%29%2C+The+Leviathan+%281651%29%2C+The+Two+Treatises+of+Government+%281689%29%2C+The+Constitution+of+Pennsylvania+%281776%29&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Peter+Kanzler&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1716844508&rft.aulast=Kanzler&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Discourse on Political Economy: opening pages. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin" class="citation web cs1">Berlin, Isaiah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202125009/http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/published_works/ac/machiavelli.pdf">"The Originality of Machiavelli"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/published_works/ac/machiavelli.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Originality+of+Machiavelli&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Isaiah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk%2Fpublished_works%2Fac%2Fmachiavelli.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> This point made most notably by <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1958">Strauss (1958)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfield1998" class="citation book cs1">Mansfield, Harvey C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4EULB2IM50C&q=machiavelli%27s+virtue">Machiavelli's Virtue</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 228–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226503721" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226503721"><bdi>978-0226503721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+Virtue&rft.pages=228-229&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0226503721&rft.aulast=Mansfield&rft.aufirst=Harvey+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ4EULB2IM50C%26q%3Dmachiavelli%2527s%2Bvirtue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2017" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Peter D. (2017). "The Modern Prince". History of Political Thought. 38 (3): 523–544. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26210463">26210463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Political+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Modern+Prince&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=523-544&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26210463%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfield2001" class="citation book cs1">Mansfield, Harvey C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia_oOgHlR58C">Machiavelli's New Modes and Orders: A Study of the Discourses on Livy</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226503707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226503707"><bdi>978-0226503707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+New+Modes+and+Orders%3A+A+Study+of+the+Discourses+on+Livy&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0226503707&rft.aulast=Mansfield&rft.aufirst=Harvey+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIa_oOgHlR58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constitution.org/mac/disclivy1.htm">"Discourses on Livy: Book 1, Chapter 18"</a>. www.constitution.org. Retrieved 9 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.constitution.org&rft.atitle=Discourses+on+Livy%3A+Book+1%2C+Chapter+18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.org%2Fmac%2Fdisclivy1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli2009" class="citation book cs1">Machiavelli, Niccolò (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Km5itjMehYUC&q=discourses+machiavelli">Discourses on Livy: Book One, Chapter 9</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226500331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226500331"><bdi>978-0226500331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourses+on+Livy%3A+Book+One%2C+Chapter+9&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0226500331&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKm5itjMehYUC%26q%3Ddiscourses%2Bmachiavelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli2009" class="citation book cs1">Machiavelli, Niccolò (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Km5itjMehYUC&q=the+discourses+machiavelli+mansfield">Discourses on Livy</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226500331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226500331"><bdi>978-0226500331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourses+on+Livy&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0226500331&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKm5itjMehYUC%26q%3Dthe%2Bdiscourses%2Bmachiavelli%2Bmansfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli2009" class="citation book cs1">Machiavelli, Niccolò (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Km5itjMehYUC&q=discourses+machiavelli">Discourses on Livy: Book One, Chapter 16</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226500331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226500331"><bdi>978-0226500331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourses+on+Livy%3A+Book+One%2C+Chapter+16&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0226500331&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKm5itjMehYUC%26q%3Ddiscourses%2Bmachiavelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahe2005" class="citation book cs1">Rahe, Paul A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqroV-TkIhgC&q=Thus,+the+charge+that+Machiavelli's+republic+is+a+tyranny+turns+out+to+be+true+after+&pg=PR60">Machiavelli's Liberal Republican Legacy</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139448338" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139448338"><bdi>978-1139448338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+Liberal+Republican+Legacy&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1139448338&rft.aulast=Rahe&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZqroV-TkIhgC%26q%3DThus%2C%2Bthe%2Bcharge%2Bthat%2BMachiavelli%27s%2Brepublic%2Bis%2Ba%2Btyranny%2Bturns%2Bout%2Bto%2Bbe%2Btrue%2Bafter%2B%26pg%3DPR60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulliung2017" class="citation book cs1">Hulliung, Mark (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCsxDwAAQBAJ&q=hulliung+citizen+machiavelli">Citizen Machiavelli</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351528481" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351528481"><bdi>978-1351528481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+Machiavelli&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1351528481&rft.aulast=Hulliung&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCsxDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhulliung%2Bcitizen%2Bmachiavelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPocock1975">Pocock (1975</a>, pp. 183–219) </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_65-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_65-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_65-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer2000">Fischer (2000)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfield1998" class="citation book cs1">Mansfield, Harvey C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4EULB2IM50C&q=mansfield+machiavelli+virtue">Machiavelli's Virtue</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226503721" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226503721"><bdi>978-0226503721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+Virtue&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0226503721&rft.aulast=Mansfield&rft.aufirst=Harvey+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ4EULB2IM50C%26q%3Dmansfield%2Bmachiavelli%2Bvirtue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinner1978" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, Quentin (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GF6X2ow__MgC&q=quentin+skinner+machiavelli">The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: Volume 1, The Renaissance</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521293372" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521293372"><bdi>978-0521293372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Modern+Political+Thought%3A+Volume+1%2C+The+Renaissance&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0521293372&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGF6X2ow__MgC%26q%3Dquentin%2Bskinner%2Bmachiavelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocock2016" class="citation book cs1">Pocock, J. G. A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1oj8CwAAQBAJ&q=pocock+machiavelli">The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400883516" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400883516"><bdi>978-1400883516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Machiavellian+Moment%3A+Florentine+Political+Thought+and+the+Atlantic+Republican+Tradition&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1400883516&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=J.+G.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1oj8CwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpocock%2Bmachiavelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strauss-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strauss_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strauss_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1958">Strauss (1958)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Paul Anthony Rahe, Against throne and altar: Machiavelli and political theory under the English Republic (2008), p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Jack Donnelly, Realism and International Relations (2000), p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-twsC11r44fzf-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsC11r44fzf_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsC11r44fzf_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_Kaplan2005" class="citation news cs1">Joshua Kaplan (2005). "Political Theory: The Classic Texts and their Continuing Relevance". The Modern Scholar. <q>14 lectures in the series; (lectures #7) – see disc 4</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Political+Theory%3A+The+Classic+Texts+and+their+Continuing+Relevance&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Joshua+Kaplan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Leo Strauss, Joseph Cropsey, History of Political Philosophy (1987), p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, Chap 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2014" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Leo (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oi2GDwAAQBAJ&q=leo+strauss">Thoughts on Machiavelli</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226230979" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226230979"><bdi>978-0226230979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thoughts+on+Machiavelli&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0226230979&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doi2GDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dleo%2Bstrauss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Leo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/LeoStraussThoughtsOnMachiavelli_201411">Leo Strauss "Thoughts On Machiavelli"</a>. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leo+Strauss+%22Thoughts+On+Machiavelli%22&rft.pages=9&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLeoStraussThoughtsOnMachiavelli_201411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarritt1949" class="citation book cs1">Carritt, E. F. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.123166">Benedetto Croce My Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benedetto+Croce+My+Philosophy&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Carritt&rft.aufirst=E.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.123166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassirer1961" class="citation book cs1">Cassirer, Ernst (10 September 1961). The Myth of the State. New Haven, Connecticut; London, England: Yale University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-00036-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-00036-8"><bdi>978-0-300-00036-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+State&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut%3B+London%2C+England&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1961-09-10&rft.isbn=978-0-300-00036-8&rft.aulast=Cassirer&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210725/http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/stratblog/2011/05/03/when-isms-go-to-war/">"When Isms go to War | StratBlog"</a>. 29 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/stratblog/2011/05/03/when-isms-go-to-war/">the original</a> on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Isms+go+to+War+%7C+StratBlog&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.the-american-interest.com%2Fstratblog%2F2011%2F05%2F03%2Fwhen-isms-go-to-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli2009" class="citation book cs1">Machiavelli, Niccolò (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Km5itjMehYUC&q=machiavelli">Discourses on Livy</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226500331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226500331"><bdi>978-0226500331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourses+on+Livy&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0226500331&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKm5itjMehYUC%26q%3Dmachiavelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfield1998" class="citation book cs1">Mansfield, Harvey C. (25 February 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4EULB2IM50C&dq=machiavelli's%20virtue&pg=PA233">Machiavelli's Virtue</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50372-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50372-1"><bdi>978-0-226-50372-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+Virtue&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998-02-25&rft.isbn=978-0-226-50372-1&rft.aulast=Mansfield&rft.aufirst=Harvey+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ4EULB2IM50C%26dq%3Dmachiavelli%27s%2520virtue%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli2009" class="citation book cs1">Machiavelli, Niccolò (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Km5itjMehYUC&q=discourses+on+livy">Discourses on Livy, Book 1, Chapter 11–15</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226500331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226500331"><bdi>978-0226500331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourses+on+Livy%2C+Book+1%2C+Chapter+11%E2%80%9315&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0226500331&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKm5itjMehYUC%26q%3Ddiscourses%2Bon%2Blivy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli2010" class="citation book cs1">Machiavelli, Niccolò (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ehzOd8DVlNkC&q=the+prince+mansfield">The Prince: Second Edition</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 69–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226500508" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226500508"><bdi>978-0226500508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=69-71&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0226500508&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DehzOd8DVlNkC%26q%3Dthe%2Bprince%2Bmansfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Especially in the Discourses III.30, but also The Prince Chap.VI </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1987">Strauss (1987</a>, p. 314) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> See for example <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1958">Strauss (1958</a>, p. 206). </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVavourasTheodosiadis2024" class="citation journal cs1">Vavouras, Elias; Theodosiadis, Michail (October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/15/10/1203">"The Concept of Religion in Machiavelli: Political Methodology, Propaganda and Ideological Enlightenment"</a>. Religions. 15 (10): 1203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel15101203">10.3390/rel15101203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Religion+in+Machiavelli%3A+Political+Methodology%2C+Propaganda+and+Ideological+Enlightenment&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1203&rft.date=2024-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel15101203&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=Vavouras&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft.au=Theodosiadis%2C+Michail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2077-1444%2F15%2F10%2F1203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1958">Strauss (1958</a>, p. 231) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield1993">Mansfield (1993)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Bireley, Robert (1990), The Counter Reformation Prince, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-BireleyP15-91"><a href="#cite_ref-BireleyP15_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBireley1990">Bireley (1990</a>:15) </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaitsma_Mulier1999">Haitsma Mulier (1999</a>:248) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> While Bireley focuses on writers in the Catholic countries, <a href="#CITEREFHaitsma_Mulier1999">Haitsma Mulier (1999)</a> makes the same observation, writing with more of a focus upon the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> The first English edition was A Discourse upon the meanes of wel governing and maintaining in good peace, a Kingdome, or other principalitie, translated by Simon Patericke. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBireley1990">Bireley (1990</a>:17) </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBireley1990">Bireley (1990</a>:18) </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBireley1990">Bireley (1990</a>:223–230) </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennington2004">Kennington (2004)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFRahe2006">Rahe (2006)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBireley1990">Bireley (1990</a>:17): "Jean Bodin's first comments, found in his Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, published in 1566, were positive." </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Bacon wrote: "We are much beholden to Machiavelli and other writers of that class who openly and unfeignedly declare or describe what men do, and not what they ought to do." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"II.21.9", Of the Advancement of Learning</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II.21.9&rft.btitle=Of+the+Advancement+of+Learning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988">. See <a href="#CITEREFKennington2004">Kennington (2004)</a> Chapter 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRahe2006">Rahe (2006)</a> chapter 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorden1999">Worden (1999)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spinoza-political/#IntBac">"Spinoza's Political Philosophy"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spinoza%27s+Political+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fspinoza-political%2F%23IntBac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Danford "Getting Our Bearings: Machiavelli and Hume" in <a href="#CITEREFRahe2006">Rahe (2006)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchaefer1990">Schaefer (1990)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennington2004">Kennington (2004)</a>, chapter 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Barnes Smith "The Philosophy of Liberty: Locke's Machiavellian Teaching" in <a href="#CITEREFRahe2006">Rahe (2006)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Carrese "The Machiavellian Spirit of Montesquieu's Liberal Republic" in <a href="#CITEREFRahe2006">Rahe (2006)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShklar1999">Shklar (1999)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorden1999">Worden (1999)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> John P. McCormick, Machiavellian democracy (Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRahe2006">Rahe (2006)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Walling "Was Alexander Hamilton a Machiavellian Statesman?" in <a href="#CITEREFRahe2006">Rahe (2006)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarper2004">Harper (2004)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Spalding "The American Prince? George Washington's Anti-Machiavellian moment" in <a href="#CITEREFRahe2006">Rahe (2006)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-thompson-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thompson_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thompson_116-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson1995">Thompson (1995)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Marcia Landy, "Culture and Politics in the work of Antonio Gramsci," 167–188, in Antonio Gramsci: Intellectuals, Culture, and the Party, ed. James Martin (New York: Routledge, 2002). </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Service, Robert. Stalin: A Biography, p.10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jann_Racquoi_1979-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Jann_Racquoi_1979_119-0">^</a> Review by Jann Racquoi, Heights/Inwood Press of North Manhattan, 14 March 1979. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBireley1990">Bireley (1990</a>, p. 241) </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer2000">Fischer (2000</a>, p. 94) </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Machiavellian">"Definition of MACHIAVELLIAN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-webster.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-webster.com">merriam-webster.com</a>. Retrieved 17 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definition+of+MACHIAVELLIAN&rft.btitle=merriam-webster.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FMachiavellian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahe2005" class="citation book cs1">Rahe, Paul A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqroV-TkIhgC&q=paul%20a%20rahe&pg=PR36">Machiavelli's Liberal Republican Legacy</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139448338" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139448338"><bdi>978-1139448338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+Liberal+Republican+Legacy&rft.pages=xxxvi&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1139448338&rft.aulast=Rahe&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZqroV-TkIhgC%26q%3Dpaul%2520a%2520rahe%26pg%3DPR36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Machiavellianism">"Definition of Machiavellianism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster%27s_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster's Dictionary">Merriam-Webster's Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 19 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Machiavellianism&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FMachiavellianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100122752">"Machiavel"</a>. Oxford Reference. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=Machiavel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803100122752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516180221/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/machiavel">"MACHIAVEL English Definition and Meaning | Lexico.com"</a>. Lexico Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/machiavel">the original</a> on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=MACHIAVEL+English+Definition+and+Meaning+%7C+Lexico.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fen%2Fdefinition%2Fmachiavel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://player.fm/series/jew-of-malta-the-by-marlowe-christopher">"Jew of Malta, The by MARLOWE, Christopher"</a>. Player FM. 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Player+FM&rft.atitle=Jew+of+Malta%2C+The+by+MARLOWE%2C+Christopher&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplayer.fm%2Fseries%2Fjew-of-malta-the-by-marlowe-christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/206279/the-warlock-by-michael-scott/9780385735346">"The Warlock by Michael Scott"</a>. Penguin Random House Canada. Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penguin+Random+House+Canada&rft.atitle=The+Warlock+by+Michael+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.ca%2Fbooks%2F206279%2Fthe-warlock-by-michael-scott%2F9780385735346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnickerbocker2017" class="citation book cs1">Knickerbocker, Joan L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YTorDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT355">Literature for Young Adults: Books (and More) for Contemporary Readers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351813020" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351813020"><bdi>978-1351813020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+for+Young+Adults%3A+Books+%28and+More%29+for+Contemporary+Readers&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1351813020&rft.aulast=Knickerbocker&rft.aufirst=Joan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYTorDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maclaine-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maclaine_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maclaine_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclaine" class="citation web cs1">Maclaine, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicalnovels.info/City-of-God.html">"City of God by Cecelia Holland"</a>. Historicalnovels.info. Retrieved 5 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historicalnovels.info&rft.atitle=City+of+God+by+Cecelia+Holland&rft.aulast=Maclaine&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicalnovels.info%2FCity-of-God.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theanneboleynfiles.com/resources/the-tudors-episode-guide/the-tudors-season-1/the-tudors-season-1-episode-2-simply-henry/">"The Tudors Season 1 Episode 2 – Simply Henry"</a>. The Anne Boleyn Files. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Anne+Boleyn+Files&rft.atitle=The+Tudors+Season+1+Episode+2+%E2%80%93+Simply+Henry&rft.date=2011-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theanneboleynfiles.com%2Fresources%2Fthe-tudors-episode-guide%2Fthe-tudors-season-1%2Fthe-tudors-season-1-episode-2-simply-henry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Lucinda (25 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/arts-and-books/an-epic-for-our-times-how-game-of-thrones-reached-highbrow-status">"An epic for our times: How Game of Thrones reached highbrow status"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)">Prospect</a>. Retrieved 8 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prospect&rft.atitle=An+epic+for+our+times%3A+How+Game+of+Thrones+reached+highbrow+status&rft.date=2017-07-25&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Lucinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Farts-and-books%2Fan-epic-for-our-times-how-game-of-thrones-reached-highbrow-status&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashurst-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Ashurst_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshurst2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ashurst, Sam (20 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/feature/a833561/inaccurate-historical-drama/">"The 7 most wildly inaccurate historical dramas on TV"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Spy" title="Digital Spy">Digital Spy</a>. Retrieved 8 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Spy&rft.atitle=The+7+most+wildly+inaccurate+historical+dramas+on+TV&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft.aulast=Ashurst&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalspy.com%2Ftv%2Ffeature%2Fa833561%2Finaccurate-historical-drama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-collider-134"><a href="#cite_ref-collider_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotamayor2020" class="citation web cs1">Motamayor, Rafael (25 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collider.com/assassins-creed-timeline-explained/">"'Assassin's Creed' Timeline, Explained: From Ancient Civilizations and Greek Gods to Vikings and Pirates"</a>. Collider. Retrieved 27 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collider&rft.atitle=%27Assassin%27s+Creed%27+Timeline%2C+Explained%3A+From+Ancient+Civilizations+and+Greek+Gods+to+Vikings+and+Pirates&rft.date=2020-12-25&rft.aulast=Motamayor&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollider.com%2Fassassins-creed-timeline-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01mzqyy">"CBBC – Leonardo"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 3 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=CBBC+%E2%80%93+Leonardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb01mzqyy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Jonathan (16 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2013/apr/16/da-vincis-demons-reinvents-leonardo">"Da Vinci's Demons: the new TV show that totally reinvents Leonardo's life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 10 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Da+Vinci%27s+Demons%3A+the+new+TV+show+that+totally+reinvents+Leonardo%27s+life&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2Fjonathanjonesblog%2F2013%2Fapr%2F16%2Fda-vincis-demons-reinvents-leonardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01slm1l">"BBC Radio 4 – Saturday Drama, The Prince"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Radio+4+%E2%80%93+Saturday+Drama%2C+The+Prince&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb01slm1l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tupacuncensored.com/reason-why-tupac-changed-his-name-to-makaveli/">"Reason Why Tupac Changed His Name to Makaveli"</a>. 4 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reason+Why+Tupac+Changed+His+Name+to+Makaveli&rft.date=2022-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftupacuncensored.com%2Freason-why-tupac-changed-his-name-to-makaveli%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcgamesn.com/civilization-vii/machiavelli-new-leader">New Civilization 7 leader looks set to turn everyone against each other</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2012/04/18/first-time-machiavelli-translation-debuts-at-yale/">"First-time Machiavelli translation debuts at Yale"</a>. yaledailynews.com. 18 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First-time+Machiavelli+translation+debuts+at+Yale&rft.pub=yaledailynews.com&rft.date=2012-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyaledailynews.com%2Fblog%2F2012%2F04%2F18%2Ffirst-time-machiavelli-translation-debuts-at-yale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodman1998">Godman (1998</a>, p. 240). Also see <a href="#CITEREFBlack1999">Black (1999</a>, pp. 97–98) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli1981" class="citation book cs1">Machiavelli, Niccolò (1981). The Prince and Selected Discourses. Translated by Daniel Donno. New York: Bantam Classic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0553212273" title="Special:BookSources/0553212273"><bdi>0553212273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince+and+Selected+Discourses&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bantam+Classic+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0553212273&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaitsma_Mulier1999" class="citation book cs1">Haitsma Mulier, Eco (1999). "A controversial republican". In Bock, Gisela; Skinner, Quentin; Viroli, Maurizio (eds.). Machiavelli and Republicanism. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+controversial+republican&rft.btitle=Machiavelli+and+Republicanism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Haitsma+Mulier&rft.aufirst=Eco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2004" class="citation book cs1">Harper, John Lamberton (2004). American Machiavelli: Alexander Hamilton and the Origins of US Foreign Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521834858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521834858"><bdi>978-0521834858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Machiavelli%3A+Alexander+Hamilton+and+the+Origins+of+US+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0521834858&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=John+Lamberton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShklar1999" class="citation book cs1">Shklar, J. (1999). "Montesquieu and the new republicanism". In Bock, Gisela; Skinner, Quentin; Viroli, Maurizio (eds.). Machiavelli and Republicanism. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Montesquieu+and+the+new+republicanism&rft.btitle=Machiavelli+and+Republicanism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Shklar&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorden1999" class="citation book cs1">Worden, Blair (1999). "Milton's republicanism and the tyranny of heaven". In Bock, Gisela; Skinner, Quentin; Viroli, Maurizio (eds.). Machiavelli and Republicanism. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Milton%27s+republicanism+and+the+tyranny+of+heaven&rft.btitle=Machiavelli+and+Republicanism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Worden&rft.aufirst=Blair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Biographies">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaron1961" class="citation journal cs1">Baron, Hans (April 1961). "Machiavelli: The Republican Citizen and the Author of 'the Prince'". The English Historical Review. 76 (299): 217–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXVI.CCXCIX.217">10.1093/ehr/LXXVI.CCXCIX.217</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/557541">557541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Machiavelli%3A+The+Republican+Citizen+and+the+Author+of+%27the+Prince%27&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=299&rft.pages=217-253&rft.date=1961-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXVI.CCXCIX.217&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F557541%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Black, Robert. Machiavelli: From Radical to Reactionary. London: Reaktion Books (2022)</li> <li>Burd, L. A., "Florence (II): Machiavelli" in Cambridge Modern History (1902), vol. I, ch. vi. pp. 190–218 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d7kFAAAAIAAJ&dq=Burd++Machiavelli+intitle:Cambridge+intitle:Modern+intitle:History&pg=RA3-PA720">online Google edition</a></li> <li>Capponi, Niccolò. An Unlikely Prince: The Life and Times of Machiavelli (Da Capo Press; 2010) 334 pages</li> <li>Celenza, Christopher S. Machiavelli: A Portrait (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2015) 240 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674416123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674416123">978-0674416123</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodman1998" class="citation cs2">Godman, Peter (1998), From Poliziano to Machiavelli: Florentine Humanism in the High Renaissance, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Poliziano+to+Machiavelli%3A+Florentine+Humanism+in+the+High+Renaissance&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Godman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Grazia1989" class="citation cs2">de Grazia, Sebastian (1989), Machiavelli in Hell, Knopf Doubleday Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679743422" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679743422"><bdi>978-0679743422</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli+in+Hell&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0679743422&rft.aulast=de+Grazia&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988">, an intellectual biography that won the Pulitzer Prize; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0679743421">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309023042/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0679743421">Archived</a> 9 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Hale, J. R. Machiavelli and Renaissance Italy (1961) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/10359207?title=Machiavelli%20and%20Renaissance%20Italy">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619174443/http://www.questia.com/read/10359207?title=Machiavelli%20and%20Renaissance%20Italy">Archived</a> 19 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Hulliung, Mark. Citizen Machiavelli (Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge, 1983)</li> <li>Lee, Alexander. Machiavelli: His Life and Times (London: Picador, 2020)</li> <li>Oppenheimer, Paul. Machiavelli: A Life Beyond Ideology (London; New York: Continuum, 2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847252210" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847252210">978-1847252210</a></li> <li>Ridolfi, Roberto. The Life of Niccolò Machiavelli (1963)</li> <li>Schevill, Ferdinand. Six Historians (1956), pp. 61–91</li> <li>Skinner, Quentin. Machiavelli, in Past Masters series. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1981. pp. vii, 102. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192875167" title="Special:BookSources/0192875167">0192875167</a> pbk.</li> <li>Skinner, Quentin. Machiavelli: A Very Short Introduction (2d ed., 2019) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198837572" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198837572">978-0198837572</a> pbk.</li> <li>Unger, Miles J. Machiavelli: A Biography (Simon & Schuster, 2011)</li> <li>Villari, Pasquale. The Life and Times of Niccolò Machiavelli (2 vols. 1892) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandtimesnic00villgoog">Vol 1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandtimesnic01villgoog">Vol 2</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViroli2000" class="citation cs2">Viroli, Maurizio (2000), <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2%27s_Smile:_A_Biography_of_Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò's Smile: A Biography of Machiavelli">Niccolò's Smile: A Biography of Machiavelli</a>, Farrar, Straus & Giroux</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niccol%C3%B2%27s+Smile%3A+A+Biography+of+Machiavelli&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+%26+Giroux&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Viroli&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0374221871">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324211333/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0374221871">Archived</a> 24 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Viroli, Maurizio. Machiavelli (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/23271960?title=Machiavelli">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020021045/https://www.questia.com/read/23271960?title=Machiavelli">Archived</a> 20 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Vivanti, Corrado. Niccolò Machiavelli: An Intellectual Biography (Princeton University Press; 2013) 261 pages</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_thought">Political thought</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Political thought">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Baron, Hans. The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance: Civic Humanism and Republican Liberty in an Age of Classicism and Tyranny (2 vol 1955), highly influential, deep study of civic humanism (republicanism); 700 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crisisofearlyita0000baro">excerpts and text search</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01379">ACLS E-books</a>; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01379">vol 2 in ACLS E-books</a></li> <li>Baron, Hans. In Search of Florentine Civic Humanism (2 vols. 1988).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaron1961" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Baron, Hans (1961), "Machiavelli: the Republican Citizen and Author of The Prince", English Historical Review, lxxvi (76): 217–253, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXVI.CCXCIX.217">10.1093/ehr/LXXVI.CCXCIX.217</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/557541">557541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Machiavelli%3A+the+Republican+Citizen+and+Author+of+The+Prince&rft.volume=lxxvi&rft.issue=76&rft.pages=217-253&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXVI.CCXCIX.217&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F557541%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/557541">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118055737/https://www.jstor.org/stable/557541">Archived</a> 18 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin, Isaiah</a>. "The Originality of Machiavelli", in Berlin, Isaiah (1980). Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas. New York: The Viking Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBireley1990" class="citation cs2">Bireley, Robert (1990), The Counter Reformation Prince</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Counter+Reformation+Prince&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Bireley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1999" class="citation cs2">Black, Robert (1999), "Machiavelli, servant of the Florentine republic", in Bock, Gisela; Skinner, Quentin; Viroli, Maurizio (eds.), Machiavelli and Republicanism, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Machiavelli%2C+servant+of+the+Florentine+republic&rft.btitle=Machiavelli+and+Republicanism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockSkinnerViroli1993" class="citation book cs1">Bock, Gisela; Skinner, Quentin; Viroli, Maurizio, eds. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9MNULqj7T4YC">Machiavelli and Republicanism</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521435895" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521435895"><bdi>978-0521435895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli+and+Republicanism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0521435895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9MNULqj7T4YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Chabod, Federico (1958). Machiavelli & the Renaissance <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/56380461?title=Machiavelli%20%26%20the%20Renaissance">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619162346/http://www.questia.com/read/56380461?title=Machiavelli%20%26%20the%20Renaissance">Archived</a> 19 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01383">online from ACLS E-Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820112213/http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01383">Archived</a> 20 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Connell, William J. (2001), "Machiavelli on Growth as an End," in Anthony Grafton and J.H.M. Salmon, eds., Historians and Ideologues: Essays in Honor of Donald R. Kelley, Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 259–277.</li> <li>Donskis, Leonidas, ed. (2011). Niccolò Machiavelli: History, Power, and Virtue. Rodopi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042032774" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042032774">978-9042032774</a>, E-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042032781" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042032781">978-9042032781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Everdell" title="William Everdell">Everdell, William R.</a> "Niccolò Machiavelli: The Florentine Commune" in The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1997" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer, Markus (Autumn 1997). "Machiavelli's Political Psychology". The Review of Politics. 59 (4): 789–829. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034670500028333">10.1017/S0034670500028333</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1408308">1408308</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146570913">146570913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Machiavelli%27s+Political+Psychology&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=789-829&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146570913%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1408308%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034670500028333&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2000" class="citation cs2">Fischer, Markus (2000), Well-ordered License: On the Unity of Machiavelli's Thought, Lexington Book</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Well-ordered+License%3A+On+the+Unity+of+Machiavelli%27s+Thought&rft.pub=Lexington+Book&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_II_of_Prussia1980" class="citation book cs1">Frederick II of Prussia (1980) [1740]. Anti-Machiavel: The Refutation of Machiavelli s Prince. Translated by Sonnino, Paul. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821405598" title="Special:BookSources/9780821405598"><bdi>9780821405598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Machiavel%3A+The+Refutation+of+Machiavelli+s+Prince&rft.place=Athens%2C+OH&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780821405598&rft.au=Frederick+II+of+Prussia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuarini1999" class="citation cs2">Guarini, Elena (1999), "Machiavelli and the crisis of the Italian republics", in Bock, Gisela; Skinner, Quentin; Viroli, Maurizio (eds.), Machiavelli and Republicanism, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Machiavelli+and+the+crisis+of+the+Italian+republics&rft.btitle=Machiavelli+and+Republicanism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Guarini&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1938" class="citation cs2">Gilbert, Allan (1938), Machiavelli's Prince and Its Forerunners, Duke University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+Prince+and+Its+Forerunners&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gilbert, Felix. Machiavelli and Guicciardini: Politics and History in Sixteenth-Century Italy (2nd ed. 1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01706">online from ACLS-E-books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118055742/https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/rb68xf36w">Archived</a> 18 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gilbert, Felix. "Machiavelli: The Renaissance of the Art of War," in Edward Mead Earle, ed. The Makers of Modern Strategy (1944)</li> <li>Jensen, De Lamar, ed. Machiavelli: Cynic, Patriot, or Political Scientist? (1960) essays by scholars <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/34624137?title=Machiavelli%3a%20Cynic%2c%20Patriot%2c%20or%20Political%20Scientist%3f">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425072059/http://www.questia.com/read/34624137?title=Machiavelli%3A%20Cynic%2C%20Patriot%2C%20or%20Political%20Scientist%3F">Archived</a> 25 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurdjevic2014" class="citation book cs1">Jurdjevic, Mark (2014). A Great and Wretched City: Promise and Failure in Machiavelli's Florentine Political Thought. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674725461" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674725461"><bdi>978-0674725461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Great+and+Wretched+City%3A+Promise+and+Failure+in+Machiavelli%27s+Florentine+Political+Thought&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0674725461&rft.aulast=Jurdjevic&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennington2004" class="citation cs2">Kennington, Richard (2004), On Modern Origins, Lexington Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Modern+Origins&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kennington&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mansfield, Harvey C. "Machiavelli's Political Science," The American Political Science Review, Vol. 75, No. 2 (Jun. 1981), pp. 293–305 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1961365">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808041013/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1961365">Archived</a> 8 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfield1993" class="citation cs2">Mansfield, Harvey (1993), Taming the Prince, The Johns Hopkins University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taming+the+Prince&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Mansfield&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfield1995" class="citation cs2">Mansfield, Harvey (1995), "Machiavelli and the Idea of Progress", in Melzer; Weinberger; Zinman (eds.), History and the Idea of Progress, Cornell University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Machiavelli+and+the+Idea+of+Progress&rft.btitle=History+and+the+Idea+of+Progress&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Mansfield&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mansfield, Harvey C. Machiavelli's Virtue (1996), 371 pp.</li> <li>Mansfield, Harvey C. Machiavelli's New Modes and Orders: A Study of the Discourses on Livy (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226503704">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311142259/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226503704">Archived</a> 11 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Masters1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Masters" title="Roger Masters">Roger Masters</a> (1996), Machiavelli, Leonardo and the Science of Power, University of Notre Dame Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0268014339" title="Special:BookSources/978-0268014339"><bdi>978-0268014339</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli%2C+Leonardo+and+the+Science+of+Power&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0268014339&rft.au=Roger+Masters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE6DB123FF93BA35751C1A960958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print">NYT book review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118055737/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/08/us/scholar-sees-leonardo-s-influence-on-machiavelli.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print">Archived</a> 18 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Masters1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Masters" title="Roger Masters">Roger Masters</a> (1998), Fortune is a River: Leonardo Da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli's Magnificent Dream to Change the Course of Florentine History, Simon & Schuster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28090-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28090-8"><bdi>978-0-452-28090-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortune+is+a+River%3A+Leonardo+Da+Vinci+and+Niccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli%27s+Magnificent+Dream+to+Change+the+Course+of+Florentine+History&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-452-28090-8&rft.au=Roger+Masters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> Also available in Chinese (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789572026113" title="Special:BookSources/9789572026113">9789572026113</a>), Japanese (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4022597588" title="Special:BookSources/978-4022597588">978-4022597588</a>), German (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3471794029" title="Special:BookSources/978-3471794029">978-3471794029</a>), Portuguese (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8571104969" title="Special:BookSources/978-8571104969">978-8571104969</a>), and Korean (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8984070059" title="Special:BookSources/978-8984070059">978-8984070059</a>). See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E6D91730F934A25754C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print">NYT book review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118055738/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/17/books/books-of-the-times-a-river-ran-through-their-dreams.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print">Archived</a> 18 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattingly1958" class="citation cs2">Mattingly, Garrett (Autumn 1958), "Machiavelli's Prince: Political Science or Political Satire?", The American Scholar (27): 482–491.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Scholar&rft.atitle=Machiavelli%27s+Prince%3A+Political+Science+or+Political+Satire%3F&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=482-491&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Mattingly&rft.aufirst=Garrett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajemy1993" class="citation cs2">Najemy, John (1993), Between Friends: Discourses of Power and Desire in the Machiavelli-Vettori Letters of 1513–1515, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Friends%3A+Discourses+of+Power+and+Desire+in+the+Machiavelli-Vettori+Letters+of+1513%E2%80%931515&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Najemy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajemy1996" class="citation cs2">Najemy, John M. (1996), "Baron's Machiavelli and Renaissance Republicanism", American Historical Review, 101 (1): 119–129, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2169227">10.2307/2169227</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2169227">2169227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Baron%27s+Machiavelli+and+Renaissance+Republicanism&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=119-129&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2169227&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2169227%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Najemy&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParel1991" class="citation journal cs1">Parel, A. J. (Spring 1991). "The Question of Machiavelli's Modernity". The Review of Politics. 53 (2): 320–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034670500014649">10.1017/S0034670500014649</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1407757">1407757</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170629105">170629105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Question+of+Machiavelli%27s+Modernity&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=320-339&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170629105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1407757%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034670500014649&rft.aulast=Parel&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParel1972" class="citation cs2">Parel, Anthony (1972), "Introduction: Machiavelli's Method and His Interpreters", The Political Calculus: Essays on Machiavelli's Philosophy, Toronto, pp. 3–28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Machiavelli%27s+Method+and+His+Interpreters&rft.btitle=The+Political+Calculus%3A+Essays+on+Machiavelli%27s+Philosophy&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=3-28&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Parel&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2016" class="citation cs2">Parsons, William B. (2016), Machiavelli's Gospel, University of Rochester Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1580464918" title="Special:BookSources/978-1580464918"><bdi>978-1580464918</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+Gospel&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1580464918&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocock1975" class="citation cs2">Pocock, J.G.A. (1975), The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition, Princeton</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Machiavellian+Moment%3A+Florentine+Political+Thought+and+the+Atlantic+Republican+Tradition&rft.pub=Princeton&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=J.G.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> new ed. 2003, a highly influential study of Discourses and its vast influence; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0691114722">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318183144/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0691114722">Archived</a> 18 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/100774068?title=The%20Machiavellian%20Moment%3a%20Florentine%20Political%20Thought%20and%20the%20Atlantic%20Republican%20Tradition">online 1975 edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101007145157/http://www.questia.com/read/100774068?title=The%20Machiavellian%20Moment%3A%20Florentine%20Political%20Thought%20and%20the%20Atlantic%20Republican%20Tradition">Archived</a> 7 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Pocock, J. G. A. "The Machiavellian Moment Revisited: a Study in History and Ideology.: Journal of Modern History 1981 53(1): 49–72. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1877064">Fulltext: in Jstor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911191259/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1877064">Archived</a> 11 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahe1992" class="citation cs2">Rahe, Paul (1992), Republics Ancient and Modern: Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republics+Ancient+and+Modern%3A+Classical+Republicanism+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Rahe&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/book/republics-ancient-and-modern-classical-republicanism-and-the-american-revolution-vol-2-by-paul-a-rahe.jsp">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923182527/http://www.questia.com/library/book/republics-ancient-and-modern-classical-republicanism-and-the-american-revolution-vol-2-by-paul-a-rahe.jsp">Archived</a> 23 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahe2006" class="citation cs2">Rahe, Paul A. (2006), Machiavelli's Liberal Republican Legacy, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521851879" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521851879"><bdi>978-0521851879</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+Liberal+Republican+Legacy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0521851879&rft.aulast=Rahe&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> Excerpt, reviews and Text search shows Machiavelli's Discourses had a major impact on shaping conservative thought.</li> <li>Ruggiero, Guido. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qebSKGxkrWEC">Machiavelli in Love: Sex, Self and Society in Renaissance Italy</a> (2007)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer1990" class="citation cs2">Schaefer, David (1990), The Political Philosophy of Montaigne, Cornell University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Philosophy+of+Montaigne&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottSullivan1994" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, John T.; Sullivan, Vickie B. (1994). "Patricide and the Plot of the Prince: Cesare Borgia and Machiavelli's Italy". The American Political Science Review. 88 (4): 887–900. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2082714">10.2307/2082714</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2082714">2082714</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144798597">144798597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Patricide+and+the+Plot+of+the+Prince%3A+Cesare+Borgia+and+Machiavelli%27s+Italy&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=887-900&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144798597%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2082714%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2082714&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Vickie+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Skinner, Quentin. The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, v. I, The Renaissance, (1978)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoll2005" class="citation cs2">Soll, Jacob (2005), Publishing The Prince: History, Reading and the Birth of Political Criticism, University of Michigan Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Publishing+The+Prince%3A+History%2C+Reading+and+the+Birth+of+Political+Criticism&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Soll&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Niccolò Machiavelli (2005)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss1987" class="citation cs2">Strauss, Leo (1987), "Niccolò Machiavelli", in Strauss, Leo; Cropsey, Joseph (eds.), History of Political Philosophy (3rd ed.), University of Chicago Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&rft.btitle=History+of+Political+Philosophy&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss1958" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss, Leo</a> (1958), Thoughts on Machiavelli, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226777023" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226777023"><bdi>978-0226777023</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thoughts+on+Machiavelli&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0226777023&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2000" class="citation cs2">Sullivan, Vickie B., ed. (2000), The Comedy and Tragedy of Machiavelli: Essays on the Literary Works, Yale U. Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comedy+and+Tragedy+of+Machiavelli%3A+Essays+on+the+Literary+Works&rft.pub=Yale+U.+Press&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1996" class="citation cs2">Sullivan, Vickie B. (1996), Machiavelli's Three Romes: Religion, Human Liberty, and Politics Reformed, Northern Illinois University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+Three+Romes%3A+Religion%2C+Human+Liberty%2C+and+Politics+Reformed&rft.pub=Northern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Vickie+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li>von Vacano, Diego, "The Art of Power: Machiavelli, Nietzsche and the Making of Aesthetic Political Theory," Lanham MD: Lexington: 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1995" class="citation cs2">Thompson, C. Bradley (1995), "John Adams's Machiavellian Moment", The Review of Politics, 57 (3): 389–417, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034670500019689">10.1017/S0034670500019689</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154074090">154074090</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=John+Adams%27s+Machiavellian+Moment&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=389-417&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034670500019689&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154074090%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=C.+Bradley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988">. Also in <a href="#CITEREFRahe2006">Rahe (2006)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelan2004" class="citation cs2">Whelan, Frederick G. (2004), Hume and Machiavelli: Political Realism and Liberal Thought, Lexington</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hume+and+Machiavelli%3A+Political+Realism+and+Liberal+Thought&rft.place=Lexington&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.aufirst=Frederick+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWight2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Wight" title="Martin Wight">Wight, Martin</a> (2005). Wight, Gabriele; Porter, Brian (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199273676.do">Four Seminal Thinkers in International Theory: Machiavelli, Grotius, Kant, and Mazzini</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199273676" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199273676"><bdi>978-0199273676</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Seminal+Thinkers+in+International+Theory%3A+Machiavelli%2C+Grotius%2C+Kant%2C+and+Mazzini&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0199273676&rft.aulast=Wight&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukcatalogue.oup.com%2Fproduct%2F9780199273676.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Zuckert, Catherine, (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yZUtDwAAQBAJ&q=catherine+zuckert">"Machiavelli's Politics"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118055737/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Machiavelli_s_Politics/yZUtDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=catherine+zuckert&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> 18 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_studies">Italian studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Italian studies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Barbuto, Marcelo (2005), "Questa oblivione delle cose. Reflexiones sobre la cosmología de Maquiavelo (1469–1527)," Revista Daimon, 34, Universidad de Murcia, pp. 34–52.</li> <li>Barbuto, Marcelo (2008), "Discorsi, I, XII, 12–14. La Chiesa romana di fronte alla republica cristiana", Filosofia Politica, 1, Il Mulino, Bologna, pp. 99–116.</li> <li>Celli, Carlo ( 2009), Il carnevale di Machiavelli, Firenze, L.S. Olschki.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Connell_(historian)" title="William J. Connell (historian)">Connell, William J.</a> (2015), Machiavelli nel Rinascimento italiano, Milano, Franco Angeli.</li> <li>Giuseppe Leone, "Silone e Machiavelli. Una scuola...che non crea prìncipi", pref. di Vittoriano Esposito, Centro Studi Ignazio Silone, Pescina, 2003.</li> <li>Martelli, Mario (2004), "La Mandragola e il suo prologo", Interpres, XXIII, pp. 106–142.</li> <li>Martelli, Mario (2003), "Per la definizione della nozione di principe civile", Interpres, XXII.</li> <li>Martelli, Mario (2001), "I dettagli della filologia", Interpres XX, pp. 212–271.</li> <li>Martelli, Mario (1999a), "Note su Machiavelli", Interpres XVIII, pp. 91–145.</li> <li>Martelli, Mario (1999b), Saggio sul Principe, Salerno Editrice, Roma.</li> <li>Martelli, Mario (1999c), "Machiavelli e Savonarola: valutazione politica e valutazione religiosa", Girolamo Savonarola. L´uomo e il frate". Atti del xxxv Convegno storico internazionale (Todi, II-14 ottobre 1998), CISAM, Spoleto, pp. 139–153.</li> <li>Martelli, Mario (1998a), Machiavelli e gli storici antichi, osservazioni su alcuni luoghi dei discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio, Quaderni di Filologia e critica, 13, Salerno Editrice, Roma.</li> <li>Martelli, Mario (1998b), "Machiavelli politico amante poeta", Interpres XVII, pp. 211–256.</li> <li>Martelli, Mario (1998c), "Machiavelli e Savonarola", Savonarola. Democrazia, tirannide, profezia, a cura di G.C. Garfagnini, Florencia, Sismel-Edizioni del Galluzo, pp. 67–89.</li> <li>Martelli, Mario and Bausi, Francesco (1997), "Politica, storia e letteratura: Machiavelli e Guicciardini", Storia della letteratura italiana, E. Malato (ed.), vol. IV. Il primo Cinquecento, Salerno Editrice, Roma, pp. 251–320.</li> <li>Martelli, Mario (1985–1986), "Schede sulla cultura di Machiavelli", Interpres VI, pp. 283–330.</li> <li>Martelli, Mario (1982) "La logica provvidenzialistica e il capitolo XXVI del Principe", Interpres IV, pp. 262–384.</li> <li>Martelli, Mario (1974), "L´altro Niccolò di Bernardo Machiavelli", Rinascimento, XIV, pp. 39–100.</li> <li>Sasso, Gennaro (1993), Machiavelli: storia del suo pensiero politico, II vol., Bologna, Il Mulino,</li> <li>Sasso, Gennaro (1987–1997) Machiavelli e gli antichi e altri saggi, 4 vols., Milano, R. Ricciardi</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions">Editions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Editions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> Collections <ul><li>Gilbert, Allan H. ed. Machiavelli: The Chief Works and Others, (3 vol. 1965), the standard scholarly edition</li> <li>Bondanella, Peter, and Mark Musa, eds. The Portable Machiavelli (1979)</li> <li>Penman, Bruce. The Prince and Other Political Writings, (1981)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWootton1994" class="citation cs2">Wootton, David, ed. (1994), Selected political writings of Niccolò Machiavelli, Indianapolis: Hackett Pubs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+political+writings+of+Niccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Hackett+Pubs.&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/087220247X">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316084453/https://www.amazon.com/dp/087220247X">Archived</a> 16 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> The Prince <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli2016" class="citation cs2">Machiavelli, Niccolò (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macmillanlearning.com/Catalog/product/prince-secondedition-connell">The Prince with Related Documents</a> (2nd ed.), Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1319048921" title="Special:BookSources/978-1319048921"><bdi>978-1319048921</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince+with+Related+Documents&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1319048921&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmillanlearning.com%2FCatalog%2Fproduct%2Fprince-secondedition-connell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988">. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_J._Connell_(historian)" title="William J. Connell (historian)">William J. Connell</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli2015" class="citation cs2">Machiavelli, Niccolò (2015), The Prince, US: Adagio Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0996767705" title="Special:BookSources/978-0996767705"><bdi>978-0996767705</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Adagio+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0996767705&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988">. Edited by W. Garner. Translated by Luigi Ricci. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Prince-Niccolo-Machiavelli/dp/0996767703">Excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118055737/https://www.amazon.com/Prince-Niccolo-Machiavelli/dp/0996767703">Archived</a> 18 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli1961" class="citation cs2">Machiavelli, Niccolò (1961), The Prince, London: Penguin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140449150" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140449150"><bdi>978-0140449150</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0140449150&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988">. Translated by <a href="/wiki/George_Bull_(journalist)" title="George Bull (journalist)">George Bull</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli2009" class="citation cs2">Machiavelli, Niccolò (2009), The Prince, London: Penguin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846140440" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846140440"><bdi>978-1846140440</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1846140440&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988">. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Parks" title="Tim Parks">Tim Parks</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli1992" class="citation cs2">Machiavelli, Niccolò (1992), The Prince, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393962202" title="Special:BookSources/0393962202"><bdi>0393962202</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0393962202&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988">. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Adams_(literary_scholar)" title="Robert M. Adams (literary scholar)">Robert M. Adams</a> (Norton Critical Edition, 2nd ed., with "Backgrounds, Interpretations, Marginalia").</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli2006" class="citation cs2">Machiavelli, Niccolò (2006), El Principe/The Prince: Comentado Por Napoleon Bonaparte / Commentaries by Napoleon Buonaparte, Mestas Ediciones</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Principe%2FThe+Prince%3A+Comentado+Por+Napoleon+Bonaparte+%2F+Commentaries+by+Napoleon+Buonaparte&rft.pub=Mestas+Ediciones&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988">. Translated into Spanish by Marina Massa-Carrara</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli1985" class="citation cs2">Machiavelli, Niccolò (1985), The Prince, University of Chicago Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988">. Translated by Harvey Mansfield</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli1995" class="citation cs2">Machiavelli, Niccolò (1995), The Prince, Everyman</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince&rft.pub=Everyman&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988">. Translated and Edited by Stephen J. Milner. Introduction, Notes and other critical apparatus by J.M. Dent.</li> <li>The Prince ed. by Peter Bondanella (1998) 101 pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/97573377?title=The%20Prince">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425072104/http://www.questia.com/read/97573377?title=The%20Prince">Archived</a> 25 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>The Prince ed. by Rufus Goodwin and Benjamin Martinez (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0937832383">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210317074201/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0937832383">Archived</a> 17 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>The Prince (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0979415403">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310164023/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0979415403">Archived</a> 10 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince, (1908 edition tr by W. K. Marriott) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1232">Gutenberg edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090924041033/http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1232">Archived</a> 24 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarriott2008" class="citation cs2">Marriott, W. K. (2008), The Prince, Red and Black Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince&rft.pub=Red+and+Black+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Marriott&rft.aufirst=W.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1934941003" title="Special:BookSources/978-1934941003">978-1934941003</a></li> <li>Il principe (2006) ed. by Mario Martelli and Nicoletta Marcelli, Edizione Nazionale delle Opere di Niccolò Machiavelli, Salerno Editrice, Roma.</li></ul> The Discourses on Livy <ul><li>Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio (2001), ed. by Francesco Bausi, Edizione Nazionale delle Opere di Niccolò Machiavelli, II vol. Salerno Editrice, Roma.</li> <li>The Discourses, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/mac/disclivy_.htm">online 1772 edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120815054146/http://constitution.org/mac/disclivy_.htm">Archived</a> 15 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>The Discourses, tr. with introduction and notes by L. J. Walker (2 vol 1950).</li> <li>Machiavelli, Niccolò (1531). <a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">The Discourses</a>. Translated by Leslie J. Walker, S.J, revisions by Brian Richardson (2003). London: Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044428-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044428-9">0-14-044428-9</a></li> <li>The Discourses, edited with an introduction by Bernard Crick (1970).</li></ul> The Art of War <ul><li>The Seven Books on the Art of War <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/mac/artofwar_.htm">online 1772 edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716191533/http://www.constitution.org/mac/artofwar_.htm">Archived</a> 16 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>The Art of War, University of Chicago Press, edited with new translation and commentary by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lynch_(political_scientist_%26_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Lynch (political scientist & historian)">Christopher Lynch</a> (2003)</li> <li>The Art of War <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xR0JAAAAQAAJ&q=machiavelli+%22art+of+war%22+translated&pg=PA13">online 1775 edition</a></li> <li>The Art of War, Niccolò Machiavelli. Da Capo press edition, 2001, with introduction by Neal Wood.</li></ul> Florentine Histories <ul><li>History of Florence <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2464/2464-h/2464-h.htm">online 1901 edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920223244/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2464/2464-h/2464-h.htm">Archived</a> 20 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Reform of Florence <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/mac/florence.htm">online 1772 edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120815053458/http://constitution.org/mac/florence.htm">Archived</a> 15 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli1988" class="citation cs2">Machiavelli, Niccolò (1988), Florentine Histories, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florentine+Histories&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988">. Translation by Laura F. Banfield and Harvey Mansfield, Jr.</li></ul> Correspondence <ul><li>Epistolario privado. Las cartas que nos desvelan el pensamiento y la personalidad de uno de los intelectuales más importantes del Renacimiento, Juan Manuel Forte (edición y traducción), Madrid, La Esfera de los Libros, 2007, 435 págs, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8497346610" title="Special:BookSources/978-8497346610">978-8497346610</a></li> <li>The Private Correspondence of Niccolò Machiavelli, ed. by Orestes Ferrara; (1929) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/77267435?title=The%20Private%20Correspondence%20of%20Nicolo%20Machiavelli">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090623124540/http://www.questia.com/read/77267435?title=The%20Private%20Correspondence%20of%20Nicolo%20Machiavelli">Archived</a> 23 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli1996" class="citation cs2">Machiavelli, Niccolò (1996), Machiavelli and his friends: Their personal correspondence, Northern Illinois University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machiavelli+and+his+friends%3A+Their+personal+correspondence&rft.pub=Northern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988">. Translated and edited by James B. Atkinson and David Sices.</li> <li>Also see <a href="#CITEREFNajemy1993">Najemy (1993)</a>.</li></ul> Poetry and comedy <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli1985" class="citation cs2">Machiavelli, Niccolò (1985), Comedies of Machiavelli, University Press of New England</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comedies+of+Machiavelli&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"> Bilingual edition of The Woman from Andros, <a href="/wiki/The_Mandrake" title="The Mandrake">The Mandrake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clizia" title="Clizia">Clizia</a>, edited by David Sices and James B. Atkinson.</li> <li>Hoeges, Dirk. Niccolò Machiavelli. Dichter-Poeta. Mit sämtlichen Gedichten, deutsch/italienisch. Con tutte le poesie, tedesco/italiano, Reihe: Dialoghi/Dialogues: Literatur und Kultur Italiens und Frankreichs, Band 10, Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt/M. u.a. 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3631546696" title="Special:BookSources/3631546696">3631546696</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Niccolò Machiavelli at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" class="extiw" title="c:Niccolò Machiavelli">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" class="extiw" title="q:Niccolò Machiavelli">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Niccolò Machiavelli">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/niccolo-machiavelli">Works by Niccolò Machiavelli in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/563">Works by Niccolò Machiavelli</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Machiavelli%2C%20Niccolò%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Niccolò%20Machiavelli%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Machiavelli%2C%20Niccolò%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Niccolò%20Machiavelli%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Machiavelli%2C%20N%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Niccolò%20Machiavelli%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Machiavelli%2C%20Niccolò%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Niccolò%20Machiavelli%22%29%20OR%20%28%221469-1527%22%20AND%20Machiavelli%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Niccolò Machiavelli</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/885">Works by Niccolò Machiavelli</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Machiavelli,_Niccol%C3%B2">"Machiavelli, Niccolò" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 233–237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Machiavelli%2C+Niccol%C3%B2&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=233-237&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niccolo-Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli | Biography | Encyclopedia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/machiave/">Machiavelli, Niccolò</a> – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Macchiavelli">"Macchiavelli" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 6. 1921. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macchiavelli&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=53&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli, History.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Everdell" title="William Everdell">William R. Everdell's</a> article "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhm.pdp6.org/archives/wre-republics.html">From State to Free-State: The Meaning of the Word Republic from Jean Bodin to John Adams</a>" with extensive discussion of Machiavelli</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/Aut242.HTM">Works by Niccolò Machiavelli</a>: text, concordances and frequency list</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digilander.libero.it/il_machiavelli/index.html">Niccolò Machiavelli – Opera Omnia</a>: Italian and English text</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/p004y26p/In_Our_Time_Machiavelli_and_the_Italian_City_States">Machiavelli and the Italian City on the BBC's In Our Time with Melvyn Bragg</a>; with Quentin Skinner, Regius Professor of History at the University of Cambridge; Evelyn Welch, Professor of Renaissance Studies at Queen Mary, University of London; Lisa Jardine, Director of the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters at Queen Mary, University of London</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017213716/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/m/machiavelli/niccolo/">University of Adelaide's full texts of Machiavelli's works</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Niccolò_Machiavelli" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Works_by_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Template:Works by Niccolò Machiavelli"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Works_by_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Template talk:Works by Niccolò Machiavelli"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Works_by_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Works by Niccolò Machiavelli"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Niccolò_Machiavelli" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niccolò Machiavelli</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machiavelli_as_a_dramatist" title="Machiavelli as a dramatist">As a dramatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Timeline of Niccolò Machiavelli">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical and political works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Pisa" title="Discourse on Pisa">Discourse on Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Method_of_Dealing_with_the_Rebellious_Peoples_of_Valdichiana" title="On the Method of Dealing with the Rebellious Peoples of Valdichiana">On the Method of Dealing with the Rebellious Peoples of Valdichiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Description" title="The Description">The Description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_about_the_Provision_of_Money" class="mw-redirect" title="Discourse about the Provision of Money">Discourse about the Provision of Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_on_the_state_of_Germany" title="Report on the state of Germany">Report on the state of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Reforming_the_Government_of_Florence" title="Discourse on Reforming the Government of Florence">Discourse on Reforming the Government of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Castruccio_Castracani" title="Life of Castruccio Castracani">Life of Castruccio Castracani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Histories" title="Florentine Histories">Florentine Histories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art of War (Machiavelli)">The Art of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imaginative works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Decade_(poem)" title="The Second Decade (poem)">The Second Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andria_(Machiavelli)" title="Andria (Machiavelli)">Andria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mandrake" title="The Mandrake">The Mandrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clizia" title="Clizia">Clizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfagor_arcidiavolo" title="Belfagor arcidiavolo">Belfagor arcidiavolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass_(Machiavelli)" title="The Golden Ass (Machiavelli)">The Golden Ass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virt%C3%B9" title="Virtù">Virtù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political realism">Political realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Category:Works by Niccolò Machiavelli">Category:Works by Niccolò Machiavelli</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121441233">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/95151646">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/29240/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmdyY76pfxqv3j4vDMpT3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118575775">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78096105">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119137957">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119137957">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00448380">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV019140">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35319152">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990005296&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX951763">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/38840">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068445172">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90125024">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000002148&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000009069&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000042455">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61917">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000026109">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199617365">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdffpj1xwn81k">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810574373205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/16125">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264847205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000051619">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519950806706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13981135">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00584386?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500208005">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1c62911a-1a92-48fd-a44b-b8fa58aaf2d8">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/910174">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/niccolo-machiavelli_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118575775.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118575775">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027000168">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/018699">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60v8cfv">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/40200504">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niccolò_Machiavelli&oldid=1258396004">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niccolò_Machiavelli&oldid=1258396004</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Category:Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_political_philosophers" title="Category:Italian political philosophers">Italian political philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_Renaissance_writers" title="Category:Italian Renaissance writers">Italian Renaissance writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1469_births" title="Category:1469 births">1469 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1527_deaths" title="Category:1527 deaths">1527 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Basilica_of_Santa_Croce,_Florence" title="Category:Burials at Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence">Burials at Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Consequentialists" title="Category:Consequentialists">Consequentialists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:Italian dramatists and playwrights">Italian dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_Italian_philosophers" title="Category:15th-century Italian philosophers">15th-century Italian philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Italian_philosophers" title="Category:16th-century Italian philosophers">16th-century Italian philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Italian_male_writers" title="Category:16th-century Italian male writers">16th-century Italian male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_political_writers" title="Category:Italian political writers">Italian political writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_military_writers" title="Category:Italian military writers">Italian military writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_theorists" title="Category:Military theorists">Military theorists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_people_from_the_Republic_of_Florence" title="Category:15th-century people from the Republic of Florence">15th-century people from the Republic of Florence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_people_from_the_Republic_of_Florence" title="Category:16th-century people from the Republic of Florence">16th-century people from the Republic of Florence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_war" title="Category:Philosophers of war">Philosophers of war</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_realists" title="Category:Political realists">Political realists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Florence" title="Category:Politicians from Florence">Politicians from Florence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:16th-century dramatists and playwrights">16th-century dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Florence" title="Category:Writers from Florence">Writers from Florence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_Italian_historians" title="Category:15th-century Italian historians">15th-century Italian historians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Italian_historians" title="Category:16th-century Italian historians">16th-century Italian historians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Machiavellianism" title="Category:Machiavellianism">Machiavellianism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Italian IPA">Pages with Italian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2023">Use dmy dates from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature" title="Category:Biography with signature">Biography with signature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 13:47 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7gxbk","wgBackendResponseTime":194,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.664","walltime":"3.006","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16750,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":406260,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24652,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":504401,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2590.713 1 -total"," 28.36% 734.720 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.82% 332.100 49 Template:Cite_book"," 12.34% 319.790 1 Template:Infobox_philosopher"," 8.53% 220.896 45 Template:Citation"," 8.28% 214.431 2 Template:Efn"," 7.93% 205.545 23 Template:Cite_web"," 5.59% 144.906 1 Template:Republicanism_sidebar"," 5.46% 141.454 1 Template:Politics_series_sidebar"," 5.42% 140.484 1 Template:IPA"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.706","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22245060,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArendt1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshurst2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaron1961\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBerlin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBireley1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBockSkinnerViroli1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarritt1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassirer1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassirer1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrederick_II_of_Prussia1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiorgini2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuarini1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaitsma_Mulier1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbermann1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHulliung2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshua_Kaplan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJurdjevic2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanzler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennington2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnickerbocker2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachiavelli1532\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachiavelli1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachiavelli1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachiavelli1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachiavelli1985\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMachiavelli1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachiavelli1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachiavelli1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachiavelli1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachiavelli2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachiavelli2009\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFMachiavelli2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachiavelli2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachiavelli2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaclaine\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansfield1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansfield1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansfield1998\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFMansfield2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarriott2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattingly1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMotamayor2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNajemy1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNajemy1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNajemy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParel1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParel1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsons2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPflanze1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPocock1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPocock2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahe1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahe2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRahe2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidolfi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoger_Masters1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoger_Masters1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaefer1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottSullivan1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShklar1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSil1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkinner1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkinner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoll2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStraussCropsey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheodosiadis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVavourasTheodosiadis2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViroli2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViroli2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWhelan2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWight2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWootton1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorden1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuckert2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Grazia1989\"] = 1,\n [\"Machiavel\"] = 1,\n [\"Machiavellian\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"B.\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"CathEncy\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 45,\n [\"Cite American Heritage Dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Collier's New Encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 22,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Machiavelli, Niccolo\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 16,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 35,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 4,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 15,\n [\"Infobox philosopher\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Niccolò Machiavelli\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Refend\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Republicanism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 4,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 8,\n [\"StandardEbooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 29,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","22.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","13.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","9.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","4.5"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","80","4.5"],["gsub","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.4"],["[others]","380","21.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7549f655f9-6mbjx","timestamp":"20241121171318","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1399","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1399","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-06-09T14:11:10Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T13:47:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/aa\/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg","headline":"Italian diplomat and political and military theorist (1469\u20131527)"}</script> </body> </html>