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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heathland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heathland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Heathland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heathland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Streams_and_ponds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Streams_and_ponds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Streams and ponds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Streams_and_ponds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woodland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woodland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Woodland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woodland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Deer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exmoor_ponies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exmoor_ponies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Exmoor ponies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exmoor_ponies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape_of_Ashdown_Forest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_of_Ashdown_Forest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Landscape of Ashdown Forest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_of_Ashdown_Forest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Conservation measures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statutory_designations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statutory_designations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Statutory designations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statutory_designations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation_and_leisure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation_and_leisure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Recreation and leisure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recreation_and_leisure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recreation and leisure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recreation_and_leisure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Travelling_to_Ashdown_Forest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travelling_to_Ashdown_Forest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Travelling to Ashdown Forest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travelling_to_Ashdown_Forest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visitor_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visitor_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Visitor information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visitor_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational,_sports_and_leisure_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational,_sports_and_leisure_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Recreational, sports and leisure activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational,_sports_and_leisure_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visitor_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visitor_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Visitor attractions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Visitor_attractions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Visitor attractions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Visitor_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Ashdown_Forest_Centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ashdown_Forest_Centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>The Ashdown Forest Centre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ashdown_Forest_Centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vachery_Forest_Garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vachery_Forest_Garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Vachery Forest Garden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vachery_Forest_Garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Lodge_Nature_Reserve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Lodge_Nature_Reserve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Old Lodge Nature Reserve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Lodge_Nature_Reserve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutley_Windmill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutley_Windmill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Nutley Windmill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutley_Windmill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Airman's_Grave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Airman's_Grave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>The Airman's Grave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Airman's_Grave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newbridge_Furnace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newbridge_Furnace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Newbridge Furnace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newbridge_Furnace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_forest_pale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_forest_pale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>The forest pale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_forest_pale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winnie-the-Pooh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winnie-the-Pooh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.8</span> <span>Winnie-the-Pooh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winnie-the-Pooh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brief_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brief_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Brief history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brief_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_1693_division_of_Ashdown_Forest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1693_division_of_Ashdown_Forest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>The 1693 division of Ashdown Forest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1693_division_of_Ashdown_Forest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Great_Ashdown_Forest_Case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Great_Ashdown_Forest_Case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>The Great Ashdown Forest Case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Great_Ashdown_Forest_Case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_Board_of_Conservators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_Board_of_Conservators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Formation of the Board of Conservators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_Board_of_Conservators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sale_of_the_forest_into_public_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sale_of_the_forest_into_public_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Sale of the forest into public ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sale_of_the_forest_into_public_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_iron_industry_of_Ashdown_Forest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_iron_industry_of_Ashdown_Forest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>The iron industry of Ashdown Forest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_iron_industry_of_Ashdown_Forest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ownership_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Ownership and administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ownership_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ashdown_Forest's_common_land_and_its_commoners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashdown_Forest's_common_land_and_its_commoners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Ashdown Forest's common land and its commoners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashdown_Forest's_common_land_and_its_commoners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashdown_Forest" title="Ashdown Forest – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ashdown Forest" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%AAt_d%27Ashdown" title="Forêt d'Ashdown – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forêt d'Ashdown" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresta_di_Ashdown" title="Foresta di Ashdown – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Foresta di Ashdown" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F" title="יער אשדאון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יער אשדאון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashdown_Forest" title="Ashdown Forest – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ashdown Forest" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floresta_de_Ashdown" title="Floresta de Ashdown – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Floresta de Ashdown" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashdown_Forest" title="Ashdown Forest – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ashdown Forest" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashdown_Forest" title="Ashdown Forest – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ashdown Forest" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashdown_Forest" title="Ashdown Forest – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ashdown Forest" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2351129#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ashdown_Forest&params=51_04_21_N_0_02_35_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°04′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°02′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.07250°N 0.04306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.07250; 0.04306</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Natural area in East Sussex, England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Ashdown Forest</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanguard_Way_across_Ashdown_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1583718.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vanguard_Way_across_Ashdown_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1583718.jpg/284px-Vanguard_Way_across_Ashdown_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1583718.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vanguard_Way_across_Ashdown_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1583718.jpg/426px-Vanguard_Way_across_Ashdown_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1583718.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vanguard_Way_across_Ashdown_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1583718.jpg/568px-Vanguard_Way_across_Ashdown_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1583718.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Vanguard Way across Ashdown Forest</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:243px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:243px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:243px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Sussex_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the location of Ashdown Forest"><img alt="Map showing the location of Ashdown Forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/East_Sussex_UK_location_map.svg/243px-East_Sussex_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="243" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/East_Sussex_UK_location_map.svg/365px-East_Sussex_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/East_Sussex_UK_location_map.svg/486px-East_Sussex_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="928" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.5%;left:27.148%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ashdown Forest"><img alt="Map showing the location of Ashdown Forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Ashdown Forest in East Sussex</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="locality"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ashdown_Forest&params=51_04_21_N_0_02_35_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°04′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°02′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.07250°N 0.04306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.07250; 0.04306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124152334/http://www.ashdownforest.org/about/the_conservators.php">The Conservators of Ashdown Forest</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashdownforest.org">www<wbr />.ashdownforest<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ashdown Forest</b> is an ancient area of open <a href="/wiki/Heath" title="Heath">heathland</a> occupying the highest sandy ridge-top of the <a href="/wiki/High_Weald_Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a>. It is situated 30 miles (48 km) south of London in the county <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a>, England. Rising to an elevation of 732 feet (223 m) above sea level, its heights provide expansive vistas across the heavily wooded hills of the <a href="/wiki/Weald" title="Weald">Weald</a> to the chalk escarpments of the <a href="/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs">North Downs</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Downs" title="South Downs">South Downs</a> on the horizon. </p><p>Ashdown Forest originated as a medieval hunting forest created soon after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest">Norman conquest</a> of England. By 1283 the forest was fenced in by a 23 miles (37 km) <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pale#Etymology_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:pale">pale</a></i> enclosing an area of 20 square miles (52 km<sup>2</sup>; 13,000 acres; 5,200 ha). Thirty-four <i>gates</i> and <i>hatches</i> in the pale, still remembered in place names such as Chuck Hatch and Chelwood Gate, allowed local people to enter to graze their livestock, collect firewood, and cut heather and bracken for animal bedding. The forest continued to be used by the monarchy and nobility for hunting into Tudor times, including notably <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, who had a hunting lodge at <a href="/wiki/Bolebroke_Castle" title="Bolebroke Castle">Bolebroke Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartfield" title="Hartfield">Hartfield</a> and who courted <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a> at nearby <a href="/wiki/Hever_Castle" title="Hever Castle">Hever Castle</a>. </p><p>Ashdown Forest has a rich archaeological heritage. It contains much evidence of prehistoric human activity, with the earliest evidence of human occupation dating back to 50,000 years ago. There are important Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Romano-British remains. The forest was the centre of a nationally important iron industry on two occasions, during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman occupation of Britain</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> when, in 1496, England's first blast furnace was built at Newbridge, near Coleman's Hatch, marking the beginning of Britain's modern iron and steel industry. In 1693, more than half the forest was taken into private hands, with the remainder set aside as common land. The latter today covers 9.5 square miles (25 km<sup>2</sup>; 6,100 acres; 2,500 ha) and is the largest area with open public access in <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a>. The ecological importance of Ashdown Forest's heathlands is reflected by its designation as a <a href="/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Site of Special Scientific Interest">Site of Special Scientific Interest</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Area" title="Special Protection Area">Special Protection Area</a> for birds, and as a <a href="/wiki/Special_Area_of_Conservation" title="Special Area of Conservation">Special Area of Conservation</a> for its heathland habitats. It is part of the European <a href="/wiki/Natura_2000" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000</a> network as it hosts some of Europe's most threatened species and habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ashdown Forest is famous for serving as inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Acre_Wood" title="Hundred Acre Wood">Hundred Acre Wood</a>, the setting for the <a href="/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh" title="Winnie-the-Pooh">Winnie-the-Pooh</a> stories written by <a href="/wiki/A._A._Milne" title="A. A. Milne">A. A. Milne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pooh1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pooh1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milne lived on the northern edge of the forest and took his son, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Robin_Milne" title="Christopher Robin Milne">Christopher Robin</a>, walking there.<sup id="cite_ref-Pooh2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pooh2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artist <a href="/wiki/E._H._Shepard" title="E. H. Shepard">E. H. Shepard</a> drew on the landscapes of Ashdown Forest as inspiration for many of the illustrations he provided for the Pooh books.<sup id="cite_ref-Pooh3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pooh3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlements">Settlements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ashdown Forest notably lacks any significant settlements within the large boundary defined by its medieval pale. There are however a number of villages situated on the edge of the forest adjacent to the pale or close to it. These include <a href="/wiki/Nutley,_East_Sussex" title="Nutley, East Sussex">Nutley</a>, Fairwarp, <a href="/wiki/Danehill,_East_Sussex" title="Danehill, East Sussex">Danehill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maresfield" title="Maresfield">Maresfield</a> to the south and <a href="/wiki/Forest_Row" title="Forest Row">Forest Row</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hartfield" title="Hartfield">Hartfield</a> to the north. The town of <a href="/wiki/Crowborough" title="Crowborough">Crowborough</a> abuts the forest on its eastern side while the town of <a href="/wiki/East_Grinstead" title="East Grinstead">East Grinstead</a> lies 3 miles (4.8 km) to the north-west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ashdown Forest does not seem to have existed as a distinct entity before the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of 1066, nor is it mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086. The area that was to become known as Ashdown Forest was merely an unidentified part of the Forest of Pevensel, a Norman creation within the <a href="/wiki/Rape_(county_subdivision)" title="Rape (county subdivision)">Rape</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pevensey" title="Pevensey">Pevensey</a> that had been carved out of a much larger area of woodland, the <a href="/wiki/Weald" title="Weald">Weald</a>, which itself was a part of the prehistoric forest cover of the British landmass, the <a href="/wiki/British_wildwood" title="British wildwood">British wildwood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recorded reference to Ashdown Forest by name is in the period 1100–1130, when <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a> confirmed the right of monks to use a road across the forest of "Essessdone", a right which the monks claimed to have held since the Conquest. </p><p>"Ashdown Forest" consists of words from two different languages. The first word, <i>Ashdown</i>, is of Anglo-Saxon origin. It is probably derived from the personal name of an individual or people called <i>Æsca</i>, combined with <i>dūn</i>, Old English for hill or down, hence <i>Æsca's dūn</i>—the hill of Æsca.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has no connection with <a href="/wiki/Ash_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash tree">ash trees</a>, which have never been common given the soil conditions. </p><p>The second word, <i>forest</i>, is a term here used by the Normans to denote land that was subject to <a href="/wiki/Royal_forest" title="Royal forest">forest law</a>, a harsh and much resented supplement to the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> that was designed to protect, for the king's benefit, the beasts of the chase, such as deer and wild boar, and the vegetation (the <i>vert</i>) that provided them with food and cover. Forest law prescribed severe penalties, particularly in the 11th and 12th centuries, for those who transgressed, and for a time it governed large parts of the English countryside, including entire counties such as Surrey and Essex. However, while forest land was legally set aside by the crown for hunting and protected its sovereign right to all wild animals, commoners were still able to exercise—within strict limits—many of their traditional or customary rights, for example, to pasture their swine in the woods or collect wind-blown branches and trees. Thus, in the 13th century, the commoners of Ashdown were recorded as grazing large numbers of swine and cattle on the forest alongside the many deer that were kept for aristocratic sport and the provision of <a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">venison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Note that <i>forest</i> does not have the modern meaning of "heavily wooded". Medieval hunting forests like Ashdown consisted of a mixture of heath, woodland and other habitats in which a variety of game could flourish, and where deer in particular could find both open pasture for browsing and woodland thickets for protective cover. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shape_and_extent">Shape and extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shape and extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Ashdown_Forest,_East_Sussex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map_of_Ashdown_Forest%2C_East_Sussex.jpg/220px-Map_of_Ashdown_Forest%2C_East_Sussex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map_of_Ashdown_Forest%2C_East_Sussex.jpg/330px-Map_of_Ashdown_Forest%2C_East_Sussex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Map_of_Ashdown_Forest%2C_East_Sussex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>Map of Ashdown Forest, showing, in green, the distribution of its common land. The major private enclosures are shown with abbreviated blue text.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ashdown Forest is shaped, roughly speaking, like an inverted triangle, some 7 miles (11 km) from east to west and the same distance from north to south.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The boundary of the forest can be defined in various ways, but the most important is that given by the line of the medieval pale, which goes back to its origins as a hunting forest. The pale, first referred to in a document of 1283, consisted of a ditch and bank surmounted by an oak <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a>. 23 miles (37 km) in length, it enclosed an area of some 20.5 square miles (5,300 ha). The original embankment and ditch, albeit now rather degraded and overgrown, can still be discerned in places today. </p><p>In 1693 the forest assumed its present-day shape when just over half its then 13,991 acres (5,662 ha) was assigned for private enclosure and improvement, while the remainder, about 6,400 acres (2,600 ha), was set aside as common land. Much of the latter was distributed in a rather fragmentary way around the periphery of the forest close to existing settlements and smallholdings (<i>see map</i>). Many present-day references to Ashdown Forest, including those made by the conservators, treat the forest as synonymous and co-terminous with this residual common land; this can lead to confusion: according to one authority "<i>when people speak of Ashdown Forest, they may mean either a whole district of heaths and woodland that includes many private estates to which there is no public access, or they may be talking of the [common land] where the public are free to roam</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of today's common land lies within the medieval pale, although one tract, near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelwood_Beacon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chelwood Beacon (page does not exist)">Chelwood Beacon</a>, acquired quite recently by the forest conservators, extends outside. The conservators have acquired other tracts in recent years as suitable opportunities have arisen, for example at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelwood_Vachery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chelwood Vachery (page does not exist)">Chelwood Vachery</a>, as part of a policy to extend the amount of land that they regulate and protect within the pale. According to the definition used by the conservators, which relates to the land for which they have statutory responsibility, the area of Ashdown Forest is 2,472 hectares (9.5 sq mi). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KentGeologyWealdenDomeSimple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cross-sectional diagram of eroded layers of geological anticline with locations of towns indicated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/KentGeologyWealdenDomeSimple.svg/220px-KentGeologyWealdenDomeSimple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/KentGeologyWealdenDomeSimple.svg/330px-KentGeologyWealdenDomeSimple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/KentGeologyWealdenDomeSimple.svg/440px-KentGeologyWealdenDomeSimple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>A geological north–south cross-section through the Wealden dome some 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) east of Ashdown Forest</figcaption></figure> <p>The underlying geology of Ashdown Forest is mostly sandstone, predominantly the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Cretaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Cretaceous">Lower Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashdown_Formation" title="Ashdown Formation">Ashdown Formation</a>. This forms a layer varying from 500 to 700 feet (150 to 210 m) thick, consists of fine-grained, silty interbedded sandstones and siltstones with subordinate amounts of shale and mudstone. It is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> geological formation that crops out in the Weald.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ashdown_Formation" title="Ashdown Formation">Ashdown Formation</a> has been exposed by the erosion, over many millions of years, of a geological dome, the <a href="/wiki/Weald-Artois_Anticline" class="mw-redirect" title="Weald-Artois Anticline">Weald-Artois Anticline</a>, a process which has left the dome's oldest layers, the resistant sandstones that form its central east–west axis, as a high forest ridge that includes Ashdown, St. Leonard's, and Worth forests. This forest ridge, the most prominent part of the <a href="/wiki/High_Weald" class="mw-redirect" title="High Weald">High Weald</a>, is surrounded by successive concentric bands of younger sandstones and clays, and finally chalk. These form hills or vales depending on their relative resistance to erosion. Consequently, what the viewer sees when looking north or south across the Weald from the heights of Ashdown Forest is a series of successively younger geological formations. These include heavily wooded lowlands formed on <a href="/wiki/Weald_Clay" title="Weald Clay">Weald Clay</a>, the high <a href="/wiki/Greensand_Ridge" title="Greensand Ridge">Greensand Ridge</a> escarpment that rises prominently to the north, and, on the horizon, the chalk escarpments of the <a href="/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs">North Downs</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Downs" title="South Downs">South Downs</a> (see diagram, right). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ashdown_Formation" title="Ashdown Formation">Ashdown Formation</a> is the lowest (oldest) layer of the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Beds" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastings Beds">Hastings Beds</a>, which comprise (in sequence) the <a href="/wiki/Ashdown_Formation" title="Ashdown Formation">Ashdown Formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadhurst_Clay_Formation" title="Wadhurst Clay Formation">Wadhurst Clay Formation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells_Sand_Formation" title="Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation">Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which are now thought to be predominantly fluvial flood-plain deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Beds" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastings Beds">Hastings Beds</a> in turn represent the oldest part of the series of Cretaceous geological formations that make up the Weald-Artois Anticline, comprising (in sequence, from oldest to youngest) the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Beds" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastings Beds">Hastings Beds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weald_Clay" title="Weald Clay">Weald Clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Greensand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Greensand">Lower Greensand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gault" title="Gault">Gault</a>, Upper Greensand, and Chalk. The anticline, which stretches from <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a> into northern France, and is breached by the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, was created soon after the end of the Cretaceous period as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine orogeny</a>. Ashdown Forest is itself situated on a local dome, the Crowborough Anticline. </p><p>Much of the iron ore that provided the raw material for the iron industry of Ashdown Forest was obtained from the <a href="/wiki/Wadhurst_Clay" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadhurst Clay">Wadhurst Clay</a>, which is sandwiched between the <a href="/wiki/Ashdown_Sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashdown Sands">Ashdown Sands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells_Sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunbridge Wells Sands">Tunbridge Wells Sands</a> (the latter encircles Ashdown Forest forming an extensive district of hilly, wooded countryside). Outcrops of <a href="/wiki/Wadhurst_Clay" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadhurst Clay">Wadhurst Clay</a>, which occurs as both nodules and in tabular masses, are distributed discontinuously in a horseshoe shape around Ashdown Forest, which has influenced the historical geography of iron-working around the forest.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the rest of the Weald, Ashdown lay beyond the southern limits of <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> ice sheets, but the whole area was subject at times to a severe periglacial environment that has contributed to its geology and shaped its landforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashdown_Forest_Kings_Standing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ashdown_Forest_Kings_Standing.jpg/220px-Ashdown_Forest_Kings_Standing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ashdown_Forest_Kings_Standing.jpg/330px-Ashdown_Forest_Kings_Standing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ashdown_Forest_Kings_Standing.jpg/440px-Ashdown_Forest_Kings_Standing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption>King's Standing, Ashdown Forest</figcaption></figure> <p>Ashdown Forest is one of the largest single continuous blocks of lowland heath, semi-natural woodland and valley bog in south east England. Its geology is a major influence on its biology and ecology. The underlying sandstone geology of the Ashdown Sands, when combined with a local climate that is generally wetter, cooler and windier than the surrounding area owing to the forest's elevation, which rises from 200 feet (61 m) to over 700 feet (210 m) above sea level, gives rise to sandy, largely podzolic soils that are characteristically acid, clay, and nutrient-poor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On these poor, infertile soils have developed heathland, valley mires and damp woodland. These conditions have never favoured cultivation and have been a barrier to agricultural improvement. </p><p>The forest predominantly consists of <i>lowland heathland</i>. Of the 2,472 ha of forest common land, 55% (1365 ha) is heathland while 40% (997 ha) is mixed woodland.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lowland heathland is a particularly valuable but increasingly threatened habitat harbouring rare plant and animal species, which lends the forest importance at a European level. The survival of the forest's extensive heathlands has become all the more important when set against the large-scale loss of English lowland heathland over the last 200 years; within the county of <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a>, heathland has shrunk by 50% over the last 200 years, and most of what remains is in Ashdown Forest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heathland">Heathland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Heathland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ashdown Forest is noted for its heathland plants and flowers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gentiana_pneumonanthe" title="Gentiana pneumonanthe">marsh gentian</a>, but it also provides other distinctive or unusual plant habitats. </p><p>The extensive areas of dry heath are dominated by <a href="/wiki/Calluna" title="Calluna">ling</a> (<i>Calluna vulgaris</i>), <a href="/wiki/Bell_heather" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell heather">bell heather</a> (<i>Erica cinerea</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Ulex_minor" title="Ulex minor">dwarf gorse</a> (<i>Ulex minor</i>). Important lichen communities include <i>Pycnothelia papillaria</i>. <a href="/wiki/Common_bracken" class="mw-redirect" title="Common bracken">Common bracken</a> (<i>Pteridium aquilinum</i>) is dominant over large areas. On the damper heath, <a href="/wiki/Cross-leaved_heath" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-leaved heath">cross-leaved heath</a> (<i>Erica tetralix</i>) becomes dominant with deer-grass (<i><a href="/wiki/Trichophorum" title="Trichophorum">Trichophorum</a> cespitosum</i>. The heath and bracken communities form a mosaic with acid grassland dominated by <a href="/wiki/Molinia_caerulea" title="Molinia caerulea">purple moor-grass</a> (<i>Molinia caerulea</i>) mingled with many specialised heathland plants such as <a href="/wiki/Genista_anglica" title="Genista anglica">petty whin</a> (<i>Genista anglica</i>), <a href="/wiki/Salicaceae" title="Salicaceae">creeping willow</a> (<i>Salicaceae</i> sp.) and <a href="/wiki/Dactylorhiza_maculata" title="Dactylorhiza maculata">heath spotted orchid</a> (<i>Dactylorhiza maculata</i>). </p><p>In the wet areas are found several species of <a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">sphagnum moss</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Narthecium_ossifragum" title="Narthecium ossifragum">bog asphodel</a> (<i>Narthecium ossifragum</i>), <a href="/wiki/Eriophorum_angustifolium" title="Eriophorum angustifolium">common cotton-grass</a> (<i>Eriophorum angustifolium</i>) and specialities such as <a href="/wiki/Gentiana_pneumonanthe" title="Gentiana pneumonanthe">marsh gentian</a> (<i>Gentiana pneumonanthe</i>), <a href="/wiki/Wahlenbergia" title="Wahlenbergia">ivy-leaved bell flower</a> (<i>Wahlenbergia hederacea</i>), <a href="/wiki/Rhynchospora_alba" title="Rhynchospora alba">white-beaked sedge</a> (<i>Rhynchospora alba</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiella_inundata" title="Lycopodiella inundata">marsh club moss</a> (<i>Lycopodiella inundata</i>). The marsh gentian, noted for its bright blue trumpet-like flowers, has a flowering season lasting from July well into October and is found in about a dozen colonies. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ulex_europaeus" title="Ulex europaeus">Gorse</a> (<i>Ulex europaeus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Betula_pendula" title="Betula pendula">silver birch</a> (<i>Betula pendula</i>), <a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">pedunculate oak</a> (<i>Quercus robur</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Pinus_sylvestris" title="Pinus sylvestris">Scots pine</a> (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i>) are scattered across the heath, in places forming extensive areas of secondary woodland and scrub. Older woodlands consist of <a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">beech</a> (<i>Fagus sylvatica</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Castanea_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanea sativa">sweet chestnut</a> (<i>Castanea sativa</i>). These contain <a href="/wiki/Common_bluebell" class="mw-redirect" title="Common bluebell">bluebell</a> (<i>Hyacinthinoides non-scripta</i>), <a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtillus" title="Vaccinium myrtillus">bilberry</a> (<i>Vaccinium myrtillus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Blechnum_spicant" class="mw-redirect" title="Blechnum spicant">hard fern</a> (<i>Blechnum spicant</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Lonicera_periclymenum" title="Lonicera periclymenum">honeysuckle</a> (<i>Lonicera periclymenum</i>) with <a href="/wiki/Neottia_nidus-avis" title="Neottia nidus-avis">birds-nest orchid</a> (<i>Neottia nidus-avis</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Epipactis_purpurata" title="Epipactis purpurata">violet helleborine</a> (<i>Epipactis purpurata</i>) found particularly under beech. In the woodlands can also be found <a href="/wiki/Anemone_nemorosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anemone nemorosa">wood anemone</a> (<i>Anemone nemorosa</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Oxalis_acetosella" title="Oxalis acetosella">common wood sorrel</a> (<i>Oxalis acetosella</i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashdown_Forest_-_Friends_Clump.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ashdown_Forest_-_Friends_Clump.jpg/220px-Ashdown_Forest_-_Friends_Clump.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ashdown_Forest_-_Friends_Clump.jpg/330px-Ashdown_Forest_-_Friends_Clump.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ashdown_Forest_-_Friends_Clump.jpg/440px-Ashdown_Forest_-_Friends_Clump.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Friends Clump</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Streams_and_ponds">Streams and ponds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Streams and ponds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forest streams, often lined by <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a> trees such as <i><a href="/wiki/Alnus_glutinosa" title="Alnus glutinosa">Alnus glutinosa</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Salix" class="mw-redirect" title="Salix">grey sallow</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Salix_cinerea" title="Salix cinerea">Salix cinerea</a></i>, birch and oak, cut through the soft sandstone forming steep-sided valleys (ghylls) that are sheltered from winter frosts and remain humid in summer, creating conditions more familiar in the Atlantic-facing western coastal regions of Britain. Uncommon <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a> such as the liverwort <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nardia_compressa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nardia compressa (page does not exist)">Nardia compressa</a></i> and a range of ferns including the mountain fern <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oreopteris_limbosperma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oreopteris limbosperma (page does not exist)">Oreopteris limbosperma</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Dryopteris" title="Dryopteris">hay-scented buckler fern</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dryopteris_aemula" title="Dryopteris aemula">Dryopteris aemula</a></i> thrive in this “Atlantic” microclimate. </p><p>The damming of streams, digging for marl, and quarrying have produced several large ponds containing, particularly in former marl pits, localised rafts of <a href="/wiki/Potamogeton_natans" title="Potamogeton natans">broad-leaved pondweed</a> <i>Potamogeton natans</i>, beds of <a href="/wiki/Typha_latifolia" title="Typha latifolia">bulrush (reedmace)</a> <i>Typha latifolia</i> and <a href="/wiki/Equisetum_fluviatile" title="Equisetum fluviatile">water horsetail</a> <i>Equisetum fluviatile</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Woodland">Woodland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Woodland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Woodland covers nearly 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) of the forest, 40% of its area<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the woodland on the common land of the forest is young and contains few older trees; there is little <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_woodland" title="Ancient woodland">ancient woodland</a></i>, defined as woodland that has been continuously wooded since 1600. Almost all the latter that exists within the medieval forest pale is found on land that was set aside in the 1693 division of the forest for private ownership and exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-forestplan2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forestplan2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some wooded ghylls however do contain older trees and there are a few individual old trees, especially beech, that mark former boundaries. </p><p>The two most common forms of forest woodland are oak woods on acid brown earth soils, including hazel and chestnut coppice (62% of the total woodland area), and birch woods with oak in degenerating heathlands (27%). Alder trees growing in wet and waterlogged peaty soils account for about 1% of the woodland, while birch and willow trees growing in wet areas each account for less than 1%. Beechwoods growing on acid brown earth soils account for another 3%.<sup id="cite_ref-forestplan9_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forestplan9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The clumps of <a href="/wiki/Pinus_sylvestris" title="Pinus sylvestris">Scots pine</a> that form such a distinctive, iconic hilltop feature of Ashdown Forest were first planted in 1816 by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of the Manor">Lord of the Manor</a> to provide habitats for <a href="/wiki/Blackgame" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackgame">blackgame</a>. 20th-century plantings comprise Macmillan Clump near Chelwood Gate (commemorating former British prime-minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>, who lived at Birch Grove, on the edge of the forest at Chelwood Gate), Kennedy Clump (commemorating a visit to the area by <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, when he stayed with Macmillan), Millennium Clump and Friends Clump, planted in 1973 to mark the Year of the Tree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birds">Birds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Important populations of heath and woodland birds are found on the forest, notably <a href="/wiki/Dartford_warbler" title="Dartford warbler">Dartford warbler</a> <i>Sylvia undata</i> (the forest has all-year resident populations of this, Britain's scarcest heathland bird species, which has seen a resurgence since the early 1990s) and <a href="/wiki/European_nightjar" title="European nightjar">European nightjar</a> <i>Caprimulgus europaeus</i>. Because of this, it has been designated as a <a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Area" title="Special Protection Area">Special Protection Area</a> and it is a popular destination for bird-watchers. </p><p>The forest contains four main bird habitats:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Open lowland heath, with various species of gorse and heather: <a href="/wiki/Dartford_warbler" title="Dartford warbler">Dartford warbler</a> (<i>Sylvia undata</i>), <a href="/wiki/European_stonechat" title="European stonechat">stonechat</a> (<i>Saxicola rubecola</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Meadow_pipit" title="Meadow pipit">meadow pipit</a> (<i>Anthus trivialis</i>); in the summer, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_skylark" title="Eurasian skylark">Eurasian skylark</a> (<i>Alauda arvensis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Common_linnet" title="Common linnet">common linnet</a> (<i>Carduelis cannabina</i>), <a href="/wiki/Yellowhammer" title="Yellowhammer">yellowhammer</a> (<i>Emberiza citrinella</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Common_cuckoo" title="Common cuckoo">common cuckoo</a> (<i>Cuculus canorus</i>); and in winter, rarely, <a href="/wiki/Hen_harrier" title="Hen harrier">hen harrier</a> (<i>Circus cyaneus</i>).</li> <li>Open areas of grassland, heather or gorse, with some bogs, interspersed with single trees or clumps of trees, particularly Scots pine: <a href="/wiki/Lesser_redpoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser redpoll">lesser redpoll</a> (<i>Carduelis cabaret</i>), <a href="/wiki/Goldcrest" title="Goldcrest">goldcrest</a> (<i>Regulus regulus</i>); in the summer, <a href="/wiki/Woodlark" title="Woodlark">woodlark</a> (<i>Lullula arborea</i>), <a href="/wiki/Tree_pipit" title="Tree pipit">tree pipit</a> (<i>Anthus sylvestris</i>), <a href="/wiki/European_nightjar" title="European nightjar">nightjar</a> (<i>Caprimulgus europaeus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Common_redstart" title="Common redstart">common redstart</a> (<i>Phoenicurus phoenicurus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Spotted_flycatcher" title="Spotted flycatcher">spotted flycatcher</a> (<i>Muscicapa striata</i>), <a href="/wiki/Common_snipe" title="Common snipe">common snipe</a> (<i>Gallinago gallinago</i>), <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_hobby" title="Eurasian hobby">Eurasian hobby</a> (<i>Falco subbuteo</i>), <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_woodcock" title="Eurasian woodcock">Eurasian woodcock</a> (<i>Scolopax rusticola</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Yellowhammer" title="Yellowhammer">yellowhammer</a>; in spring and autumn, <a href="/wiki/Northern_wheatear" title="Northern wheatear">northern wheatear</a> (<i>Oenanthe oenanthe</i>), <a href="/wiki/Whinchat" title="Whinchat">whinchat</a> (<i>Saxicola rubetra</i>), <a href="/wiki/Common_crossbill" class="mw-redirect" title="Common crossbill">common crossbill</a> (<i>Loxia curvirostra</i>); and in winter, rarely, <a href="/wiki/Great_grey_shrike" title="Great grey shrike">great grey shrike</a> (<i>Lanius exubitor</i>).</li> <li>Scrub areas, especially on the boundary between woodland and heath/grassland: <a href="/wiki/Common_reed_bunting" title="Common reed bunting">common reed bunting</a> (<i>Emberiza schoeniclus</i>); in the summer, <a href="/wiki/European_turtle_dove" title="European turtle dove">turtle dove</a> (<i>Streptopelia turtur</i>); in winter, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_siskin" title="Eurasian siskin">Eurasian siskin</a> <i>Carduelis spinus</i> and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_redpoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser redpoll">lesser redpoll</a> (<i>Acanthis cabaret</i>).</li> <li>Mixed woodlands of oak, birch and sweet chestnut, often with Scots pine: <a href="/wiki/Stock_dove" title="Stock dove">stock dove</a> (<i>Columba oenas</i>), <a href="/wiki/Marsh_tit" title="Marsh tit">marsh tit</a> (<i>Parus palustris</i>), <a href="/wiki/Tawny_owl" title="Tawny owl">tawny owl</a> (<i>Strix aluco</i>), <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_bullfinch" title="Eurasian bullfinch">Eurasian bullfinch</a> (<i>Pyrrhula pyrrhula</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_sparrowhawk" title="Eurasian sparrowhawk">Eurasian sparrowhawk</a> (<i>Accipiter nisus</i>); in the summer <a href="/wiki/Common_firecrest" title="Common firecrest">common firecrest</a> (<i>Regulus ignicapillus</i>); <a href="/wiki/Common_buzzard" title="Common buzzard">common buzzard</a> (<i>Buteo buteo</i>) (occasional visitor).</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordulegaster_boltonii_Grd3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cordulegaster_boltonii_Grd3.jpg/220px-Cordulegaster_boltonii_Grd3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cordulegaster_boltonii_Grd3.jpg/330px-Cordulegaster_boltonii_Grd3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cordulegaster_boltonii_Grd3.jpg/440px-Cordulegaster_boltonii_Grd3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption>Golden-ringed dragonfly</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insects">Insects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The forest supports a rich invertebrate fauna, with many heathland specialities. Half of Britain's 46 breeding species of damselflies and dragonflies (the <a href="/wiki/Odonata" title="Odonata">Odonata</a>) have been recorded, the scarcer among them being the <a href="/wiki/Sympetrum_danae" title="Sympetrum danae">black darter</a>, brilliant emerald and <a href="/wiki/Small_red_damselfly" title="Small red damselfly">small red damselfly</a>. It is also an important home for the <a href="/wiki/Golden-ringed_dragonfly" title="Golden-ringed dragonfly">golden-ringed dragonfly</a>, which flies from mid-June to early September. Of the forest's 34 species of butterfly, the most spectacular, the <a href="/wiki/Apatura_iris" title="Apatura iris">purple emperor</a>, can be hard to see. Another speciality, the <a href="/wiki/Silver-studded_blue" title="Silver-studded blue">silver-studded blue</a>, is by contrast plentiful, with the main food plants of its caterpillars being gorses and heathers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deer">Deer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Deer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Deer</a> have been a major feature of Ashdown Forest, at least since its days as a medieval hunting forest. <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer</a> (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>), an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Wealden_District" title="Wealden District">Wealden culture</a> since as far back as 6,000-8,000 years ago, and <a href="/wiki/Fallow_deer" title="Fallow deer">fallow deer</a> (<i>Dama dama</i>)—brought by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> from mainland Europe—, present in Sussex in the <a href="/wiki/Romano-British_culture" title="Romano-British culture">Romano-British</a> era and particularly favoured by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> for hunting, were both commonly hunted in the forest until the 17th century; around that time, the red deer had disappeared completely from the forest while fallow deer numbers had sharply declined. The depletion of the woodlands (which provided deer with cover), the deterioration of the forest pale (which allowed them to escape) and the depredations of poachers were all factors in their decline. </p><p>Fallow deer returned in the 20th century, probably escapees from the Sackville estate, <a href="/wiki/Withyham" title="Withyham">Buckhurst Park</a>. The population roaming the forest has grown sharply in the last three decades, in-common with deer herds elsewhere in England, and they now number in their thousands. Also present are <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a> (<i>Capreolus</i> <i>capreolus</i>), the only native deer still roaming the forest, and two recently-introduced Asian species, the "barking deer", or <a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">muntjac</a> (<i>Muntiacus muntjak</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">sika</a> (<i>Cervus nippon</i>). </p><p>Many deer are involved in collisions with motor vehicles on local roads, especially as they move around the forest to feed at dawn and dusk, and many are killed. In 2009, forest rangers dealt with 244 deer casualties, compared with 266 the year before; however, this is likely to be a significantly low estimate, as the rangers cannot deal with all the accidents that occur. The forest conservators have identified a need to reduce the deer population and have begun working with neighbouring private landowners on measures to cull them.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exmoor_ponies">Exmoor ponies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Exmoor ponies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Exmoor_pony" title="Exmoor pony">Exmoor ponies</a> graze on the Ashdown Forest to help tackle a variety of fast-growing botanical species,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus keep the <a href="/wiki/Heath" title="Heath">heathland</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> habitat balanced by preventing scrub encroachment. The Exmoor ponies are not truly domesticated; rather, they are managed by the Ashdown Forest which keeps them enclosed within large areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landscape_of_Ashdown_Forest">Landscape of Ashdown Forest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Landscape of Ashdown Forest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Landscape_of_Ashdown_Forest" title="Landscape of Ashdown Forest">Landscape of Ashdown Forest</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashdown_Forest_from_Standen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ashdown_Forest_from_Standen.jpg/220px-Ashdown_Forest_from_Standen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ashdown_Forest_from_Standen.jpg/330px-Ashdown_Forest_from_Standen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ashdown_Forest_from_Standen.jpg/440px-Ashdown_Forest_from_Standen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Ashdown Forest viewed from the gardens of <a href="/wiki/Standen" title="Standen">Standen</a> house</figcaption></figure><p> Ashdown Forest's landscape in the early 19th century was famously described by <a href="/wiki/William_Cobbett" title="William Cobbett">William Cobbett</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>At about three miles (4.8 km) from <a href="/wiki/East_Grinstead" title="East Grinstead">Grinstead</a> you come to a pretty village, called <a href="/wiki/Forest_Row" title="Forest Row">Forest-Row</a>, and then, on the road to <a href="/wiki/Uckfield" title="Uckfield">Uckfield</a>, you cross Ashurst  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] Forest, which is a heath, with here and there a few birch scrubs upon it, verily the most villainously ugly spot I saw in England. This lasts you for five miles (8.0 km), getting, if possible, uglier and uglier all the way, till, at last, as if barren soil, nasty spewy gravel, heath and even that stunted, were not enough, you see some rising spots, which instead of trees, present you with black, ragged, hideous rocks.</p></blockquote> <p>The predominantly open, heathland landscape of Ashdown Forest described so vividly by Cobbett in 1822 and later immortalised by <a href="/wiki/E.H._Shepard" class="mw-redirect" title="E.H. Shepard">E.H. Shepard</a> in his illustrations for the Winnie-the-Pooh stories is essentially man-made: in the absence of human intervention, heathlands such as Ashdown's are quickly taken over by scrub and trees. Ashdown's heathlands date back to medieval times, and quite possibly earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two elements were important in shaping this landscape: the local population of commoners, who exploited the forest's resources over many centuries; and the iron industry of the forest, which flourished in the 16th century. </p><p>The commoners played an important role in maintaining the forest as a predominantly heathland area by exercising their rights of common to exploit its resources in a variety of ways: by grazing livestock such as pigs and cattle, which suppressed the growth of trees and scrub; by cutting trees for firewood and for other uses; by cutting dead bracken, fern and heather for use as bedding for their livestock in winter; by periodically burning areas of heathland to maintain pasture; and so on. At times, the numbers of livestock being grazed on the forest was very large: at the end of the 13th century the commoners were turning out 2,000-3,000 cattle, alongside the 1,000-2,000 deer that were also present,<sup id="cite_ref-forestplan_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forestplan-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while according to a 1293 record the forest was being grazed by more than 2,700 swine.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second important factor was the heavy depletion of the forest's woodlands by the local iron industry, which grew very rapidly in the late 15th and 16th centuries, following the introduction of the blast furnace in the 1490s, which led to a huge demand for charcoal. For example, large-scale tree cutting took place in the south of the forest to feed the iron works of the cannon maker <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hogge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Hogge">Ralph Hogge</a>. The loss of trees caused such concern for the Crown that as early as 1520 it was lamented that "much of the King's woods were cut down and coled [turned into charcoal] for the iron mills, and the forest digged for Irne [iron] by which man and beast be in jeopardy".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ravaging of the forest's woodlands was later mitigated by the adoption of coppice management for the provision of sustainable supplies of charcoal. The impact of the industry on the forest, although significant, was however ultimately short-lived, as it died out in the 17th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_measures">Conservation measures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Conservation measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashdown_Forest_Hebridean_flock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ashdown_Forest_Hebridean_flock.jpg/220px-Ashdown_Forest_Hebridean_flock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ashdown_Forest_Hebridean_flock.jpg/330px-Ashdown_Forest_Hebridean_flock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ashdown_Forest_Hebridean_flock.jpg/440px-Ashdown_Forest_Hebridean_flock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Ashdown Forest's Hebridean sheep flock awaiting shearing</figcaption></figure> <p>The open heathland landscape of Ashdown Forest described by Cobbett in the 1820s and depicted by Shepard in the 1920s changed dramatically soon after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> when the commoners' exploitation of the forest - exercising their rights of common to graze livestock, cut bracken, etc. - declined to very low levels. The result was a regeneration of woodland and the loss of heathland: the proportion of heathland in the forest fell from 90% in 1947 to 60% in 2007. The forest conservators have now committed to maintaining the proportion of heathland at 60% and to returning it to 'favourable' condition.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their efforts are being funded under a ten-year <i>Higher Level Stewardship</i> (HLS) agreement with <a href="/wiki/Natural_England" title="Natural England">Natural England</a>; signed in August 2006, it is the largest such scheme in South East England. </p><p>The conservators have taken various steps to prevent natural regeneration of woodland. Regular mowing of bracken is carried out: an area of 266 ha out of the 400 ha on the forest has been mown twice a year since 2000. Large areas of the highly invasive <i><a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_ponticum" title="Rhododendron ponticum">Rhododendron ponticum</a></i> have been cleared, initially funded by the <a href="/wiki/Forestry_Commission" title="Forestry Commission">Forestry Commission</a>, and now carried on by local volunteers. Birch and other tree saplings are cut down in the winter. </p><p>The conservators have taken steps to promote livestock grazing on the forest as part of their heathland management policy. Grazing is considered to be a cheaper and more effective way of restoring and maintaining heathland than the use of mowing machinery. Sheep (which are a recent introduction to the forest, having only become 'commonable' since 1900<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are particularly useful because they graze scrub and in places that are difficult to mow. In 1996 the Secretary of State for the Environment gave permission for a 550 hectares (1,400 acres) fenced enclosure, representing about one-third of the forest's 1,500 ha of heathland, to be created in the south and west chases to allow commoners to graze their livestock in safety. </p><p>The enclosure of the common lands of the forest with fencing to enable grazing was and remains somewhat controversial with some members of the public. Exploring alternatives to enclosure, the conservators undertook a close-shepherded grazing pilot project from 2007 to 2010 with funding from the HLS scheme. A flock of Hebridean sheep, ultimately 300 in number, was guided by a shepherd and an assistant to graze unenclosed areas of the forest heathland. Among the advantages of this approach were that no fencing was required and grazing could be targeted on the most overgrown areas; among the disadvantages were its high labour intensity, high costs and low impact. The conservators have now begun using temporary electric fencing, which can be moved around to isolate different parts of the heathland, to enable the flock to graze without requiring close supervision by a shepherd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statutory_designations">Statutory designations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Statutory designations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ashdown Forest is an area of European ecological importance. It is designated by the UK government as a <a href="/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Site of Special Scientific Interest">Site of Special Scientific Interest</a> (SSSI),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-map_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Area" title="Special Protection Area">Special Protection Area</a> (SPA),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Special_Area_of_Conservation" title="Special Area of Conservation">Special Area of Conservation</a> (SAC)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Nature_Conservation_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Conservation Review">Nature Conservation Review</a> site.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lies within the <a href="/wiki/High_Weald_Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An area of 103 hectares is <a href="/wiki/Old_Lodge" title="Old Lodge">Old Lodge</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Nature Reserve">Local Nature Reserve</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of which is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Wildlife_Trust" title="Sussex Wildlife Trust">Sussex Wildlife Trust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though not a statutory designation, Ashdown Forest forms part of the <i>Western Ouse Streams and Ashdown Forest Biodiversity Opportunity Area</i>, and is thus a subject of the <i>Sussex Biodiversity Action Plan</i>, which aims to focus conservation bodies, local government and statutory agencies on work to conserve and enhance the habitats and species of Sussex.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The areas covered by the statutory designations are not identical to and are generally larger than the area of forest administered by the conservators. The SSSI covers 3,144 hectares (12.1 sq mi), mainly because, in addition to the forest land covered by the conservators, it also includes the Ministry of Defence's Pippingford Park Dry Training Area, accounting for 11% (346 hectares (1.3 sq mi)) of the SSSI, Hindleap Warren, Broadstone Warren and Old Lodge, which covers 76 hectares (0.3 sq mi). The SPA covers 3,207 hectares (12.4 sq mi) while the SAC covers 2,729 hectares (10.5 sq mi). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreation_and_leisure">Recreation and leisure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Recreation and leisure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashdown_Forest_cyclists_on_Crowborough_Road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ashdown_Forest_cyclists_on_Crowborough_Road.jpg/220px-Ashdown_Forest_cyclists_on_Crowborough_Road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ashdown_Forest_cyclists_on_Crowborough_Road.jpg/330px-Ashdown_Forest_cyclists_on_Crowborough_Road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ashdown_Forest_cyclists_on_Crowborough_Road.jpg/440px-Ashdown_Forest_cyclists_on_Crowborough_Road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Cyclists crossing Ashdown Forest</figcaption></figure> <p>Ashdown Forest is the largest public access space in south east England, and the largest area of open, uncultivated countryside. A 2008 visitor survey estimated that at least 1.35 million visits are made each year. The most common reason given for visiting the forest was its "openness". Most visitors (85%) coming by car travelled 10 km or less and there were 62 dogs for every 100 visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-forestplan_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forestplan-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite such large numbers of visitors, the forest has retained its celebrated tranquillity and sense of openness. The commons are freely open to the public, who are attracted by the large, elevated expanse of unspoiled heaths and woodlands where they may walk, picnic or simply sit while taking in the glorious views. Various bye-laws passed by the conservators help protect the forest environment for the public good, prohibiting such activities as, for example, mountain biking, off-road driving of motor vehicles, camping and the lighting of fires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travelling_to_Ashdown_Forest">Travelling to Ashdown Forest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Travelling to Ashdown Forest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most visitors come by car, and access is straightforward. The forest is crossed by a major road, the <a href="/wiki/A22_road" title="A22 road">A22</a>, which provides access from the <a href="/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway">M25</a> and <a href="/wiki/M23_motorway" title="M23 motorway">M23</a> motorways. There are over 40 car parks across the forest to discourage drivers from parking their vehicles on roadsides.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2022 the Conservators announced the findings of a public consultation and then voted to introduce car parking charges to the forest for the first time <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearest railway station is at <a href="/wiki/East_Grinstead_railway_station" title="East Grinstead railway station">East Grinstead</a>, which receives frequent train services from London.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railway stations at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_December_6#Template:Station" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 December 6">‹See TfM›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunbridge Wells station">Tunbridge Wells</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248666159"><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_December_6#Template:Station" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 December 6">‹See TfM›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Eridge_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Eridge station">Eridge</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248666159"><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_December_6#Template:Station" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 December 6">‹See TfM›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Crowborough_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowborough station">Crowborough</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248666159"><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_December_6#Template:Station" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 December 6">‹See TfM›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Uckfield_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Uckfield station">Uckfield</a> are also nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-ashdownforest.com_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashdownforest.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two bus services cross the forest, the 261 service from East Grinstead railway station to Uckfield and the 270 service from East Grinstead railway station to Haywards Heath.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> London Gatwick Airport is about 30 minutes away by car, and London Heathrow Airport is around 1 hour away by car.<sup id="cite_ref-ashdownforest.com_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashdownforest.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visitor_information">Visitor information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Visitor information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Ashdown Forest Centre</i> is the main visitor centre for the forest. The forest's principal tourism organisation is the <i>Ashdown Forest Tourism Association</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreational,_sports_and_leisure_activities"><span id="Recreational.2C_sports_and_leisure_activities"></span>Recreational, sports and leisure activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Recreational, sports and leisure activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ashdown Forest is very popular with walkers. Two long-distance footpaths, the <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Way" title="Vanguard Way">Vanguard Way</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wealdway" title="Wealdway">Wealdway</a> cross the forest and meet near Old Lodge. The Wealdway passes through Five Hundred Acre Wood, the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Acre_Wood" title="Hundred Acre Wood">Hundred Acre Wood</a> of the Winnie-the-Pooh stories. The <i>Ashdown Forest Centre</i> produces a series of leaflets detailing walks in various parts of the forest, which may also be downloaded from its website.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are 82 miles (132 km) of tracks on the forest that may be ridden by horse once an annual permit has been obtained from the conservators. The main horse-riding organisation is the <i>Ashdown Forest Riding Association</i>, which has around 200 members.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The forest, with its attractive landscapes, vistas and hills, is a popular destination for road cyclists, races and cyclosportives such as the <i>Hell of the Ashdown</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Tour de France rider <a href="/wiki/Sean_Yates" title="Sean Yates">Sean Yates</a> lives at <a href="/wiki/Forest_Row" title="Forest Row">Forest Row</a> and has taken <a href="/wiki/Lance_Armstrong" title="Lance Armstrong">Lance Armstrong</a> training here. Off-road cycling and mountain biking is prohibited for environmental reasons, except along public bridleways. A local pressure group is campaigning for this ban to be lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Royal Ashdown Forest Golf Club</i> occupies a large area of leasehold land in the northern part of the forest near Forest Row. It is a traditional members' club founded in 1888 at the instigation of Earl De La Warr, lord of the manor, who became its first president. Its two 18-hole heathland courses are notable for the absence of bunkers (at the insistence of the conservators). As elsewhere in Ashdown Forest, trees and bracken scrub have invaded following the cessation of grazing and decreased wood cutting by the commoners, and the club is working with the conservators to restore the golf courses to their original heathland character.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principal hotel within the forest is the <i>Ashdown Park Hotel & Country Club</i>, a listed 19th-century mansion house set in 186 acres (0.75 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visitor_attractions">Visitor attractions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Visitor attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Ashdown_Forest_Centre">The Ashdown Forest Centre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The Ashdown Forest Centre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashdown_Forest_Centre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ashdown_Forest_Centre.JPG/220px-Ashdown_Forest_Centre.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ashdown_Forest_Centre.JPG/330px-Ashdown_Forest_Centre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ashdown_Forest_Centre.JPG/440px-Ashdown_Forest_Centre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>The Ashdown Forest Centre</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ashdown Forest Centre, situated opposite Ashdown Park Hotel between Wych Cross and Coleman's Hatch, houses a visitor centre and is the administrative base for the Board of Conservators of Ashdown Forest. Completed in 1983, it consists of three old reconstructed barns. The visitor centre<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has a permanent display about the forest's history and wildlife, details of walks in the forest and much other useful information for visitors, and an exhibition area for local craft and art work. It is open 7 days a week during the summer, weekends in the winter, and on bank holidays except Christmas Day and Boxing Day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vachery_Forest_Garden">Vachery Forest Garden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Vachery Forest Garden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Landscaped in 1925 by Col. Gavin Jones for F.J. Nettlefold, this 'lost' forest garden is situated in a remote, secluded steep-sided valley near Wych Cross. It was acquired by the conservators in 1994 and is now undergoing restoration. Already uncovered are a 250 metre gorge constructed using limestone brought from <a href="/wiki/Cheddar_Gorge" title="Cheddar Gorge">Cheddar Gorge</a>, many unusual trees and a string of small lakes connected by sluices and weirs. The garden, which is open to the public, is part of Chelwood Vachery, a medieval estate dating back to at least 1229, and whose name may come from the French <i>vache</i>, referring to the grazing of cattle here by Michelham Priory. A leaflet describing a walk through Chelwood Vachery is available from the Ashdown Forest Centre. The nearest car-park is <i>Trees</i> on the A22 road between Wych Cross and Nutley. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Lodge_Nature_Reserve">Old Lodge Nature Reserve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Old Lodge Nature Reserve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old Lodge Nature Reserve,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> managed by Sussex Wildlife Trust, offers open vistas of the forest's heathland. A well-marked nature trail leads round most of the hilly 76 hectare reserve, which contains acidic ponds and areas of pine woodland. The reserve is notable for dragonfly, nightjar, redstart, woodcock, tree pipit, stonechat and adder. It has been designated a <a href="/wiki/Local_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Nature Reserve">Local Nature Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutley_Windmill">Nutley Windmill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nutley Windmill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nutley_Windmill_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nutley_Windmill_2.jpg/220px-Nutley_Windmill_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nutley_Windmill_2.jpg/330px-Nutley_Windmill_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nutley_Windmill_2.jpg/440px-Nutley_Windmill_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Nutley_Windmill" title="Nutley Windmill">Nutley Windmill</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nutley_Windmill" title="Nutley Windmill">Nutley Windmill</a>, which stands just north of the Nutley to Duddleswell road, is thought to be about 300 years old and is a rare example of an open-trestle post mill (the whole body of the mill can be rotated on its central post to face the wind). It has been restored to full working order and is open to the public. It is within easy walking distance of Friend's Clump car-park. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Airman's_Grave"><span id="The_Airman.27s_Grave"></span>The Airman's Grave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The Airman's Grave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airman%27s_grave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Airman%27s_grave.JPG/150px-Airman%27s_grave.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Airman%27s_grave.JPG/225px-Airman%27s_grave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Airman%27s_grave.JPG/300px-Airman%27s_grave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the Airman's Grave at Ashdown Forest</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1941_Ashdown_Forest_Wellington_crash_report.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1941_Ashdown_Forest_Wellington_crash_report.jpg/150px-1941_Ashdown_Forest_Wellington_crash_report.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1941_Ashdown_Forest_Wellington_crash_report.jpg/225px-1941_Ashdown_Forest_Wellington_crash_report.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1941_Ashdown_Forest_Wellington_crash_report.jpg/300px-1941_Ashdown_Forest_Wellington_crash_report.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="208" /></a><figcaption>142 Squadron report of Wellington crash</figcaption></figure> <p>The Airman's Grave is not in fact a grave, but a memorial to the six man crew of a <a href="/wiki/Wellington_bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellington bomber">Wellington bomber</a> of <a href="/wiki/No._142_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 142 Squadron RAF">142 Squadron</a> who were killed when it crashed in the forest on the morning of 31 July 1941 on its return from a raid on Cologne during World War II. The memorial, which is a simple stone-walled enclosure on the heathland west of Duddleswell, shelters a white cross surrounded by a tiny garden of remembrance and was erected by the mother of Sergeant P.V.R. Sutton, who was aged 24 at the time of his death. A short public service takes place each year on Remembrance Sunday when a wreath is laid by an Ashdown Forest Ranger, at the request of Mrs Sutton, together with one from the Ashdown Forest Riding Association. The Ashdown Forest Centre has published a circular walk to the memorial, starting from Hollies car park. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newbridge_Furnace">Newbridge Furnace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Newbridge Furnace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the foot of Kidd's Hill, in woods lying west of the road from Coleman's Hatch to Gills Lap, are the largely grassed-over remains of a 15th-century ironworks that mark the beginnings of Britain's modern iron and steel industry. A dedication placed at the site by the Wealden Iron Research Group reads: "Newbridge Furnace. At the behest of King Henry VII, the first English blast furnace, for the smelting of iron, was established in this place. 13 December A.D. 1496. Here, the water from the pond, held back by the dam or bay, gave power to the bellows of the furnace to make cast iron; and to a finery where the 'great water hammer' enabled immigrant French workers to forge bars of wrought iron. The works had a modest output, which cannot have exceeded 150 tons of iron a year. Early products included the ironwork of gun carriages for a military campaign in Scotland, and were soon to number guns and shot as well. From small beginnings, in this secluded corner of Sussex, grew the ironworks of the Weald, and subsequently the iron and steel industry throughout Great Britain."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_forest_pale">The forest pale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: The forest pale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hatch_Inn_by_Ashdown_Forest,_Sussex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Hatch_Inn_by_Ashdown_Forest%2C_Sussex.jpg/220px-The_Hatch_Inn_by_Ashdown_Forest%2C_Sussex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Hatch_Inn_by_Ashdown_Forest%2C_Sussex.jpg/330px-The_Hatch_Inn_by_Ashdown_Forest%2C_Sussex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Hatch_Inn_by_Ashdown_Forest%2C_Sussex.jpg/440px-The_Hatch_Inn_by_Ashdown_Forest%2C_Sussex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>The Hatch Inn, Coleman's Hatch, at an entrance to Ashdown Forest.</figcaption></figure> <p>Possibly as early as the 13th century, Ashdown Forest was enclosed as a hunting park, mainly for deer, by a 24-mile (39 km) long <i>pale</i>. This consisted of an earth bank 4–5 feet high surmounted by an oak paling fence with a deep ditch on the forest side that allowed deer to enter but not to leave. It enclosed an area of over 20½ square miles (5,300 hectares).<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entry was via 34 gates and hatches, <i>gates</i> being used for access by wheeled vehicles, commoners' animals and mounted groups, <i>hatches</i> by pedestrians. These names survive in local place-names such as Chuck Hatch and Chelwood Gate. Some of these entrances were, and still are, marked by pubs, for example the 18th-century Hatch Inn<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at Coleman's Hatch, which occupies three former cottages believed to date to 1430 that later may have housed ironworkers from the nearby blast furnace at Newbridge. </p><p>It is not known precisely when the pale was built. Forest management accounts of 1283 refer to the cost of repairing the pale and building new lengths.<sup id="cite_ref-ashdownforesthistory_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashdownforesthistory-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the granting of the "Free-chase of Ashdon" to John of Gaunt in 1372 and its renaming as <i>Lancaster Great Park</i> (see below) implies that the forest may only have been recently enclosed (<i>chase</i> denoted an open hunting ground, <i>park</i> an enclosed one). </p><p>The condition of the forest pale seems to have deteriorated significantly during the Tudor period. This coincided with, and may be partly linked to, the rapid growth under the Tudors of the local iron-making industry with its huge demand for raw materials in and around Ashdown Forest, such as charcoal and ironstone. This ultimately led to an appeal to King James, soon after his accession to the throne, for Ashdown's forest fences to be repaired in order to preserve the king's game. However, the pale seems to have fallen into almost complete disrepair by the end of the 17th century. </p><p>The bank and ditch associated with the pale are still visible in places around Ashdown Forest today, for example at Legsheath and adjacent to the car-park for <a href="/wiki/Poohsticks" title="Poohsticks">Poohsticks</a> Bridge on Chuck Hatch Lane. </p><p>A survey and research of the Pale of Ashdown Forest was undertaken as part of the Historic Environment Awareness Project, run by East Sussex County Council's Archaeology team, over 2011/2012 and the final report was published online.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winnie-the-Pooh">Winnie-the-Pooh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Winnie-the-Pooh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pooh_sticks_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pooh_sticks_bridge.jpg/200px-Pooh_sticks_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pooh_sticks_bridge.jpg/300px-Pooh_sticks_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pooh_sticks_bridge.jpg/400px-Pooh_sticks_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Poohsticks Bridge in Ashdown Forest</figcaption></figure> <p>Ashdown Forest is famous as the setting for the <i><a href="/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnie the Pooh">Winnie-the-Pooh</a></i> stories, written by <a href="/wiki/A._A._Milne" title="A. A. Milne">A. A. Milne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pooh1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pooh1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pooh3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pooh3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first book, <i><a href="/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh_(book)" title="Winnie-the-Pooh (book)">Winnie-the-Pooh</a></i>, was published in 1926 with illustrations by <a href="/wiki/E._H._Shepard" title="E. H. Shepard">E. H. Shepard</a>. The second book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_at_Pooh_Corner" title="The House at Pooh Corner">The House at Pooh Corner</a></i>, also illustrated by Shepard, was published in 1928. These hugely popular stories were set in and inspired by Ashdown Forest.<sup id="cite_ref-Pooh1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pooh1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pooh2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pooh2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pooh3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pooh3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alan Milne, a writer who was born and lived in London, bought a country retreat for himself and his family at <a href="/wiki/Cotchford_Farm" title="Cotchford Farm">Cotchford Farm</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Hartfield" title="Hartfield">Hartfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a>, in 1925. This old farmhouse was situated on the banks of a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/River_Medway" title="River Medway">River Medway</a> and lay just beyond the northern boundary of Ashdown Forest, about a mile from the ancient forest entrance at Chuck Hatch. The family would stay at Cotchford Farm at weekends and in the Easter and summer holidays. It was easy to walk from the farmhouse up onto the forest, and these walks were frequently family occasions which would see Milne, his wife, Daphne, his son, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Robin_Milne" title="Christopher Robin Milne">Christopher Robin</a>, and his son's nanny, Olive, going "in single file threading the narrow paths that run through the heather".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christopher, who was an only child born in 1920 and whose closest childhood relationship was with his nanny, spent his early years happily exploring the forest. It is the Ashdown Forest landscape, and Christopher's reports of his experiences and discoveries there, that provided inspiration and material for A.A. Milne's stories. As Christopher Milne wrote later: "Anyone who has read the stories knows the forest and doesn't need me to describe it. Pooh’s Forest and Ashdown Forest are identical".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several of the sites described in the books can be easily identified, although their names have been changed. For example, Five Hundred Acre Wood, which is a dense beech wood that was originally sold off from the forest in 1678 and is today privately owned, and which Christopher would sometimes walk through to reach the forest, became <i><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Acre_Wood" title="Hundred Acre Wood">Hundred Acre Wood</a></i>. The hilltop of Gills Lap, crowned by pine trees and visible from miles around, became <i>Galleon's Lap</i>. The <i>North Pole</i> and <i>Gloomy Place</i> are in Wren’s Warren Valley, a short walk north-east of Gill's Lap, as is <i>The Dark and Mysterious Forest</i>. </p><p>Furthermore, the landscapes depicted in Shepard’s illustrations for the Winnie-the-Pooh stories, which are very evocative of Ashdown Forest, can in many cases be matched up to actual views, allowing for a degree of artistic licence. Shepard's sketches of pine trees and other forest scenes are now exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A Museum</a> in London. </p><p>A free leaflet, “Pooh Walks from Gill's Lap”, which is available from the Ashdown Forest Centre and downloadable from its website, describes a walk that takes in many locations familiar from the Pooh stories including <i>Galleon's Lap</i>, <i>The Enchanted Place</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Heffalump_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Heffalump trap">Heffalump Trap</a></i> and Lone Pine, <i>North Pole</i>, <i>100 Aker Wood</i> and Eeyore’s <i>Sad and Gloomy Place</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gills_Lap_Plaque.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gills_Lap_Plaque.JPG/220px-Gills_Lap_Plaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gills_Lap_Plaque.JPG/330px-Gills_Lap_Plaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gills_Lap_Plaque.JPG/440px-Gills_Lap_Plaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Memorial plaque dedicated to <a href="/wiki/A._A._Milne" title="A. A. Milne">A. A. Milne</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._H._Shepard" title="E. H. Shepard">E. H. Shepard</a> at Gill's Lap</figcaption></figure><p>A memorial plaque to Milne and Shepard can be found at Gill's Lap. Its heading is a quotation from the Pooh stories: "...and by and by they came to an enchanted place on the very top of the forest called Galleons Lap". The dedication reads: "Here at Gill's Lap are commemorated A. A. Milne 1882-1956 and E.H. Shepard 1879-1976 who collaborated in the creation of "Winnie-the-Pooh" and so captured the magic of Ashdown Forest and gave it to the world". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Poohsticks_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Poohsticks Bridge">Poohsticks Bridge</a>, which is open to the public, lies outside the forest on the northern edge of Posingford Wood, near Chuck Hatch. A path leads to the bridge from a car-park on Chuck Hatch Lane, just off the B2026 Maresfield to Hartfield road. The original bridge was built in 1907, restored in 1979 and completely rebuilt in 1999. So popular is the game of <a href="/wiki/Poohsticks" title="Poohsticks">Poohsticks</a> that the surrounding area has been denuded of twigs and small branches by the many visitors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Pooh Corner</i>, situated on the High Street in Hartfield village, sells Winnie-the-Pooh related products and offers information for visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brief_history">Brief history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Brief history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ashdown_Forest" title="Special:EditPage/Ashdown Forest">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ashdown+Forest%22">"Ashdown Forest"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ashdown+Forest%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ashdown+Forest%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ashdown+Forest%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ashdown+Forest%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ashdown+Forest%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ashdown Forest came into existence as a Norman deer hunting forest in the period following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of 1066. </p><p>At the highest points of the Ashdown Forest are the remains of several Barrow Mounds dated by the University of Sussex to the late Iron Age. At the nearby Pippingford Army Training Area there is a large hilltop settlement mound that is a Class A Listed Protection Ancient Monument site. The site includes Iron Age stock and hunting enclosures with recent finds of leaf-cut flint arrow heads dated to the middle Bronze Age period now on display in the East Grinstead Museum. (2013). The Hilltop hunting settlement is thought to have been constructed by the local Wealden Chieftain named Crugh who was gifted lands by his High Wealden Chieftain Uncle who lived at Marks Cross in East Sussex.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the conquest, Ashdown seems simply to have been an unnamed part of the vast, sparsely populated, and in places dense and impenetrable woodland known to the Anglo-Saxons as <i>Andredes weald</i> ("the forest of Andred"), from which the present-day <a href="/wiki/Weald" title="Weald">Weald</a> derives its name. The Weald, of which Ashdown Forest is the largest remaining part, stretched for 30 miles (48 km) between the chalk escarpments of the <a href="/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Downs" title="South Downs">South Downs</a> and for over 90 miles (140 km) from east to west from Kent into Hampshire.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ashdown Forest is not mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086 but, as part of the forest of Pevensel, the sub-division of the Weald that the Normans created within the <a href="/wiki/Rape_(county_subdivision)" title="Rape (county subdivision)">Rape</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pevensey" title="Pevensey">Pevensey</a>, it had already been granted by William the Conqueror to his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Robert,_Count_of_Mortain" title="Robert, Count of Mortain">Robert, Count of Mortain</a>. This rape was strategically and economically important, extending as it did inland northwards from the English Channel coast towards London, and was guarded, as was the case with the other six Sussex rapes, by a castle. It was awarded to Robert, along with several hundred manors across England, in recognition of his support for William during the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a>. Two important conditions applied to a forest like Pevensel: the king could keep and hunt deer there, while the commoners – tenant farmers who had smallholdings near the forest – could continue to graze their livestock there and cut wood for fuel and bracken for livestock bedding. </p><p>1095 – death of Robert de Mortain. Ashdown is then held by the lords of Pevensey Castle – a succession of high status members of the Norman and Plantagenet aristocracy, including several queens of England – for most of the next 200 years. </p><p>1100–1130 – Ashdown Forest is first referred to by name when Henry I confirms that monks can continue to use a road across the forest of "Essendone". The monks' claim that they have held the right since the Conquest implies the area was known by this name at least as far back as then.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1268 – in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>, Ashdown Forest is vested in the Crown in perpetuity. The forest was subsequently used for deer hunting by <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a>, who built a hunting lodge near Nutley that was later to be used by John of Gaunt. </p><p>1282 – first documentary references to the forest pales appear in accounts prepared by a ranger recording the costs of timber that have been cut;<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1372 – <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a> grants the "Free-chase of Ashdon" to his third son, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a>, Duke of Lancaster.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It becomes known as Lancaster Great Park. The park then reverts to the Crown along with the rest of the Duchy of Lancaster after John of Gaunt's death in 1399. But for the next 300 years, until 1672, the forest is still referred to as <i>Lancaster Great Park</i>. </p><p>1662 – Lancaster Great Park is <i>disafforested</i> by Charles II, giving free rein to the Earl of Bristol to make 'improvements'. </p><p>1693 – Ashdown Forest (the former Lancaster Great Park) is divided up, and it assumes its present-day shape. Just over half of it – in portions of widely varying sizes, but with the largest ones tending to be located towards the centre of the forest – is allotted for 'inclosure and improvement' by private interests. The rest is retained as common land for use by those local landowners and tenants who possess rights of common. </p><p>1881 – the commoners of Ashdown Forest reach a successful conclusion to their defence of a lawsuit brought by the Lord of the Manor which contested the nature and extent of their rights of common on the forest (known as the "Great Ashdown Forest Case"). </p><p>1885 – the <a href="/wiki/Commons_Regulation_(Ashdown_Forest)_Provisional_Order_Confirmation_Act_1885" class="mw-redirect" title="Commons Regulation (Ashdown Forest) Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1885">Commons Regulation (Ashdown Forest) Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1885</a> introduces bye-laws to regulate and protect the forest, and a Board of Conservators is established. </p><p>1984 – a significant part of the forest was set a blaze by a local school boy, Anthony Martin. Eight fire engines were called to the scene and the fire was controlled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>1988 – the freehold of the forest is acquired by East Sussex County Council from the executors of the Lord of the Manor, forestalling the possibility that the remaining common land of the forest would be broken up and sold off into private hands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1693_division_of_Ashdown_Forest">The 1693 division of Ashdown Forest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: The 1693 division of Ashdown Forest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 17th century, under both the Stuart monarchy and during the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a>, there were repeated proposals to <i>inclose</i> (enclose) and develop the forest. Under James I and Charles I parcels of land were sold off piecemeal. During the Interregnum the condition of the forest deteriorated so much that by the time of the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a>, in 1660, it was in a state where "the whole forest [is] laid open and made waste".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to enclose and improve the forest (for example, by introducing rabbit farming, or sowing crops) were however strongly opposed throughout by the local commoners, who claimed rights of common on the forest, having exercised them "from time out of mind", as well as by neighbouring estates who claimed right of pasture there. </p><p>In 1662 the forest was granted to one of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>'s closest allies, <a href="/wiki/George_Digby,_2nd_Earl_of_Bristol" title="George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol">George Digby</a>, Earl of Bristol, and it was formally disafforested to allow Bristol a free hand to improve it. His attempts to do so were however frustrated "by the crossness of the neighbourhood";<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fences he erected were thrown down and the crops he sowed were trampled by cattle. He defaulted on his rental payments to the Crown and left. Subsequent Lords of the Manor suffered similar opposition from the commoners. Compromise proposals were made to divide up the forest that would leave sufficient common land to meet the needs of commoners, while giving the rest up for improvement. </p><p>These unresolved tensions came to a head when, in 1689, a major landowner and 'Master of the Forest', <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sackville,_6th_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset">Charles Sackville</a>, 6th <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Dorset" title="Earl of Dorset">Earl of Dorset</a>, brought a legal suit against 133 commoners in the court of the Duchy of Lancaster. The court decided to appoint commissioners to divide up Ashdown Forest's 13,991 acres (5,662 ha) in a way that would meet the needs of both defendants and plaintiffs. The commissioners made their award on 9 July 1693. They set aside 6,400 acres (2,600 ha), mostly in the vicinity of farms and villages, as common land, where the commoners were granted sole right of pasturage and the right to cut birch, alder and willow (but no other trees). The commoners were however excluded forever from the rest of the forest, about 55 per cent of its area, which was assigned for "inclosure and improvement" (though substantial areas had already been enclosed by then, so in such cases the decree was merely confirming the status quo). </p><p>The land award of 1693 is largely responsible for shaping the map of Ashdown Forest today. The common land is highly fragmented and irregular in shape, broken up by many private enclosures, large and small. It tends to lie on the periphery of the forest near existing settlements. Some of the largest enclosures, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindleap_Warren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindleap Warren (page does not exist)">Hindleap Warren</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prestridge_Warren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prestridge Warren (page does not exist)">Prestridge Warren</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadstone_Warren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Broadstone Warren (page does not exist)">Broadstone Warren</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crowborough_Warren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crowborough Warren (page does not exist)">Crowborough Warren</a>, mostly lying towards the centre of the forest, were used for a time for intensive rabbit farming. Some of these enclosures have today acquired interesting uses: <a href="/wiki/Pippingford_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Pippingford Park">Pippingford Park</a>, in the very centre of the forest, occupied by the army in 1939 as a defence against <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">Operation Sea Lion</a>, remains an important military training area,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broadstone Warren is a scout camp and activity centre,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Hindleap Warren is an outdoor education centre.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the 1693 land award envisaged enclosure and improvement for profitable gain, the land it allotted to private exploitation has in fact largely remained uncultivated; this has helped Ashdown Forest to retain the appearance of being an extensive area of wild country that is so valued today.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That said, there is nevertheless a visible contrast between the areas of common land, maintained by the conservators, which are predominantly heathland, and the extensive privately held lands, which are generally either quite heavily wooded or cleared for pasture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Great_Ashdown_Forest_Case">The Great Ashdown Forest Case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: The Great Ashdown Forest Case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1876-82 a renewed challenge to commoners' rights became known as the <i>Great Ashdown Forest Case</i>, one of the most famous legal disputes of Victorian England. </p><p>On 13 October 1877 John Miles was seen on the forest cutting <i>litter</i> (heather and bracken for livestock bedding and other uses) on behalf of Bernard Hale, his employer and the owner of a local estate, by a keeper, George Edwards. Edwards was a well-known and unpopular local man who was acting as the representative of the Lord of the Manor of Duddleswell, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Sackville,_7th_Earl_De_La_Warr" title="Reginald Sackville, 7th Earl De La Warr">Reginald Sackville, 7th Earl De La Warr</a>, who owned the land on which the forest stood. In a test case,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Earl challenged the right of Hale to cut litter. Hale, who claimed ownership of his estate made him a commoner of the forest, argued that he was entitled to send his men onto the forest to cut and remove bracken, fern, heather and other plants. The Earl maintained that the commoners' rights of pasturage and herbage granted under the 1693 decree only entitled them to graze their animals on the commons.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of a protracted and complicated legal case, the court ruled against the commoners, who included some of the wealthiest landowners in Sussex. They appealed, and their appeal was upheld in 1881, but only on one ground, that it had been a long-standing practice for commoners to cut and take away litter from the forest, and they were therefore entitled to continue to do so under the <a href="/wiki/Prescription_Act_1832" title="Prescription Act 1832">Prescription Act 1832</a>. </p><p>Resolution of the case in favour of the commoners led directly to today's framework of forest governance, with the passing of the first Ashdown Forest Act in 1885 and the establishment of a board of conservators for the forest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_Board_of_Conservators">Formation of the Board of Conservators<span class="anchor" id="Commons_Regulation_(Ashdown_Forest)_Provisional_Order_Confirmation_Act_1885"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ashdown_Forest_Act_1937"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ashdown_Forest_Act_1949"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ashdown_Forest_Act_1974"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Formation of the Board of Conservators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">Commons Regulation (Ashdown Forest) Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1885</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to confirm the Provisional Order for the Regulation of Ashdown Forest, situate in the parishes of East Grinstead, Hartfield, Withyham, Buxted, Maresfield, and Fletching, in the county of Sussex, in pursuance of a report of the Land Commissioners for England.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/48_%26_49_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="48 & 49 Vict.">48 & 49 Vict.</a> c.lvi</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 July 1885</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data">Ashdown Forest Act 1949</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Status: Amended</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Vict/48-49/56/pdfs/ukla_18850056_en.pdf">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">Ashdown Forest Act 1937</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1482" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to alter the constitution of the Conservators of Ashdown Forest to confer further powers upon the said Conservators and to provide for contributions towards their expenses by certain authorities and for other purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1_Edw._8_%26_1_Geo._6" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Edw. 8 & 1 Geo. 6">1 Edw. 8 & 1 Geo. 6</a>. c. lii</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1937</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ashdown Forest Act 1974</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Edw8and1Geo6/1/52/pdfs/ukla_19370052_en.pdf">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">Ashdown Forest Act 1949</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1482" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to provide for the vesting in the Secretary of State for War of certain lands in the county of Sussex forming part of Ashdown Forest and for the acquisition and addition to the forest of other lands in exchange therefor to make provision for the use of the forest for the purposes of military training and for other purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/12,_13_%26_14_Geo._6" class="mw-redirect" title="12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6">12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6</a>. c. xlvii</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 July 1949</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ashdown Forest Act 1974</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo6/12-13-14/47/pdfs/ukla_19490047_en.pdf">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">Ashdown Forest Act 1974</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/140px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/210px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/280px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to alter the constitution of, and to incorporate, the Conservators of Ashdown Forest; to alter the arrangements for meeting the expenses of the Conservators; to amend or repeal enactments relating to the Conservators and the forest and to confer further powers upon the Conservators; and for other purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_from_1974" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1974">1974</a> c. xxi</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31 July 1974</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repeals/revokes</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Ashdown Forest Act 1937</li><li>Ashdown Forest Act 1949</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ccffcc;">Status: Current legislation</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/1974/21/pdfs/ukla_19740021_en.pdf">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following the conclusion of the Ashdown Forest case, a board of <a href="/wiki/Conservators" title="Conservators">conservators</a> was established by act of Parliament in 1885 to oversee the forest bye-laws, including the protection of commoner's rights. More acts of Parliament followed, which further refined the governance of the forest, culminating in the Ashdown Forest Act 1974. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sale_of_the_forest_into_public_ownership">Sale of the forest into public ownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sale of the forest into public ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s the Lord of the Manor, <a href="/wiki/William_Sackville,_10th_Earl_De_La_Warr" title="William Sackville, 10th Earl De La Warr">William Sackville, 10th Earl De La Warr</a>, offered Ashdown Forest for sale direct to the local authority, <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex_County_Council" title="East Sussex County Council">East Sussex County Council</a>, if they would buy it; otherwise he would probably sell the forest piecemeal on the open market.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 November 1988 this threat to split up the forest was averted when, with the benefit of donations from many sources, including the proceeds of a public appeal, East Sussex County Council purchased the freehold of Ashdown Forest from the executors of the Earl, who had died the previous February. The freehold was then vested by the council in a newly created charitable trust, the Ashdown Forest Trust. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_iron_industry_of_Ashdown_Forest">The iron industry of Ashdown Forest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: The iron industry of Ashdown Forest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_iron_industry_of_Ashdown_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="The iron industry of Ashdown Forest">The iron industry of Ashdown Forest</a></div> <p>Ashdown Forest's iron industry flourished in the two eras when the <a href="/wiki/Wealden_iron_industry" title="Wealden iron industry">Weald</a> was the main iron-producing region of Britain, namely in the first 200 years of the Roman period (1st to 3rd centuries AD) and in the Tudor period (late 15th and 16th centuries). Ashdown was favoured by the widespread presence of iron-ore, extensive woodlands for the production of charcoal, and deep, steep-sided valleys (locally known as <i>ghylls</i>) that could be dammed to provide water power for furnaces and forges. </p><p>The forest is the site of Britain's first confirmed blast furnace, at Newbridge, which began operation in 1496.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> commissioned it for the production of heavy metalwork for gun carriages for his war against the Scots. Immigrants from Northern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> brought with them the technology for a furnace that they would operate.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spurred by the development of blast furnaces, the iron industry grew very rapidly during the 16th century and would become noted for the casting of cannons and cannonballs for the English navy. The celebrated ironmaster and gunfounder <a href="/wiki/Ralf_Hogge" title="Ralf Hogge">Ralph Hogge</a>, who in 1543 made the first one-piece, cast-iron cannon in England at nearby <a href="/wiki/Buxted" title="Buxted">Buxted</a>, drew his raw materials from the southern part of the forest. However, the huge demand for raw materials and fuel, particularly charcoal, heavily depleted Ashdown Forest's woodlands, causing much concern and prompting commissions of enquiry by the king. In due course coppice management was used to ensure a more sustainable supply. </p><p>In the 17th century the industry would die out as a result of competition from lower-cost iron-producing areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_archaeology_of_Ashdown_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="The archaeology of Ashdown Forest">The archaeology of Ashdown Forest</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashdown_Forest_Roman_Road.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ashdown_Forest_Roman_Road.JPG/220px-Ashdown_Forest_Roman_Road.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ashdown_Forest_Roman_Road.JPG/330px-Ashdown_Forest_Roman_Road.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ashdown_Forest_Roman_Road.JPG/440px-Ashdown_Forest_Roman_Road.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <i>agger</i> of the London-Lewes Roman road, visible at Roman Road car park, Ashdown Forest.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ashdown Forest is rich in archaeology: there are more than 570 archaeological sites, including Bronze Age round barrows, Iron Age enclosures, prehistoric field systems, Roman iron workings, the medieval pale, medieval and post-medieval pillow mounds for the rearing of rabbits, and remains of late 18th-century military kitchen mounds that are among the only surviving ones in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known trace of human activity in Ashdown Forest is a stone hand axe found near Gills Lap, which is thought to be about 50,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of finds date from the Mesolithic (10,000-4,000 BC) and onwards into the modern era. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/London_to_Lewes_Way_(Roman_road)" class="mw-redirect" title="London to Lewes Way (Roman road)">London to Lewes Way</a>, one of three <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman roads in Britain">Roman roads</a> that connected London with the important <a href="/wiki/Wealden_iron_industry" title="Wealden iron industry">Wealden iron industry</a>, crosses Ashdown Forest in a north–south direction, and would have been used to transport iron products from the forest to London and the coast. The <a href="/wiki/Agger_(ancient_Rome)" title="Agger (ancient Rome)">agger</a> of the road, whose foundations include iron slag, can be seen at Roman Road car park. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ownership_and_administration">Ownership and administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Ownership and administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The freehold of Ashdown Forest, which essentially consists of the common land set aside in 1693, when the ancient forest was divided up by decree of the Duchy of Lancaster, plus a number of later land acquisitions, is owned by the Ashdown Forest Trust, a registered charity controlled and managed by East Sussex County Council. Ownership was vested in the trust after the council bought the freehold from the executors of the Lord of the Manor, the 10th Earl De La Warr, in November 1988. This purchase was the culmination of a high-profile and passionate fund-raising campaign by members of the public, which included a £175,000 endorsement by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Robin_Milne" title="Christopher Robin Milne">Christopher Robin Milne</a> (by then living and working in Devon), who were concerned that the earl's stated intention, in the absence of a purchase of the forest by the county council, was to sell it piecemeal into private hands, a possibility which seemed to become more likely when the earl died before the contract could be completed. Fortunately, the county council was able to complete the purchase from the executors, the council matching the amount raised by the public campaign to enable the asking price of over £1 million to be met.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The forest is regulated and protected by an independent Board of Conservators established under the Ashdown Forest Act 1885. The creation of the board followed the resolution of the protracted 19th-century dispute between the commoners and the 7th Earl De La Warr over rights of common on the forest. The structure of the board, originally composed entirely of commoners, altered significantly during the 20th century. Currently, of its sixteen members, nine are appointed by East Sussex County Council (one of whom represents the lord of the manor, the Ashdown Forest Trust), two by Wealden District Council, and the remaining five are elected by the commoners, of whom four must be commoners. The day-to-day management of the forest is the responsibility of a director, Mrs Pat Buesnel, the clerk to the conservators, Mrs Ros Marriott, and a number of supporting staff, including a team of forest rangers. </p><p>The conservators are required to act in accordance with a number of <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament (UK)">acts of Parliament</a> pertaining to the forest, of which the latest, the <a href="/wiki/Ashdown_Forest_Act_1974" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashdown Forest Act 1974">Ashdown Forest Act 1974</a>, states (section 16): </p> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">It shall be the duty of the Conservators at all times as far possible to regulate and manage the forest as an amenity and place of resort subject to the existing rights of common upon the forest and to protect such rights of common, to protect the forest from encroachments, and to conserve it as a quiet and natural area of outstanding beauty.</div></blockquote> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Byelaws_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Byelaws in the United Kingdom">byelaws</a> have been passed by the conservators under the 1974 act to protect the forest and to preserve its perceived special character, particularly its tranquillity. These include prohibitions on off-roading driving, mountain-biking, horse-riding (except by permit), camping, the lighting of fires, digging and the dumping of rubbish.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finding adequate funding for the regulation and conservation of the forest has been a persistent issue. The income of the conservators in 2009-10 was £751,000, of which almost half was accounted for by funding from the government's <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Stewardship" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Stewardship">Higher Level Stewardship</a> (HLS) scheme, which requires the conservators to achieve certain objectives, such as restoring the heathlands to "favourable condition". Grants from the local authorities and the Ashdown Forest Trust accounted for another fifth. In 2009-10 there was a small surplus of income over expenditure (57% of which was staff costs). Cuts in local government expenditure and the ending of the current programme of HLS funding in 2016 present major challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large numbers of volunteers support the work of the conservators by undertaking conservation work in the forest. Many of these are recruited by the <i>Friends of the Ashdown Forest</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has almost 1000 members. Fundraising by the Friends has helped towards the purchase of capital equipment for forest management such as motor vehicles and enabled the conservators to buy back parcels of land within the ancient pale for re-incorporation into the forest. </p><p>In 1994 the Board of Conservators, with the help of funding from East Sussex County Council, purchased 28 hectares (69 acres) of woodland at Chelwood Vachery (an estate that dates back to at least 1229), including an early 20th-century garden and lake system, after the estate was divided up and offered for sale by its owner. The land is now undergoing restoration as a forest garden and is open to the public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ashdown_Forest's_common_land_and_its_commoners"><span id="Ashdown_Forest.27s_common_land_and_its_commoners"></span>Ashdown Forest's common land and its commoners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Ashdown Forest's common land and its commoners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_common_land_and_commoners_of_Ashdown_Forest" title="The common land and commoners of Ashdown Forest">The common land and commoners of Ashdown Forest</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gate_to_ashdown_forest_-_adjustments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gate_to_ashdown_forest_-_adjustments.jpg/220px-Gate_to_ashdown_forest_-_adjustments.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gate_to_ashdown_forest_-_adjustments.jpg/330px-Gate_to_ashdown_forest_-_adjustments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gate_to_ashdown_forest_-_adjustments.jpg/440px-Gate_to_ashdown_forest_-_adjustments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A gate into Ashdown Forest at sunset</figcaption></figure> <p>The common land of Ashdown Forest, amounting to some 6,400 acres (2,600 ha), consists of specific areas of the forest, registered under the Commons Registration Act 1965, which only those who possess particular rights of common - commoners - are entitled to use and exploit in certain specified ways. These common rights are attached to certain landholdings around the forest, not to individual people, and are passed on when properties are sold or inherited. Since 1885 the common land has been regulated and protected by a statutory Board of Conservators. </p><p>Contrary to widespread belief, a 'common' in England is not 'public land'. However, in the case of Ashdown Forest, the conservators have given the public open access to the common land, subject to compliance with bye-laws that largely aim to preserve the special character of the forest. </p><p>A right of common may be defined as: </p> <blockquote> <p>...a right, which one or more persons may have, to take or use some portion of that which another man's soil naturally produces...<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>On Ashdown Forest the rights of common have varied over time. Those that remain today, which are subject to local byelaws and are under the control of the conservators, are:<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>pasturage</i> (or grazing rights): the right to graze sheep, cattle, goats, geese or mill horses (horses that provide power for the mill) on the forest.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>estovers</i>: today, understood to be the right to cut birch, willow or alder for use in the "ancestral hearth", which may only be exercised at certain times and in certain areas designated by the conservators.</li> <li>brakes and <i>litter</i>: the right to cut brake (bracken) and heather and to collect litter for the principal purpose of bedding down livestock in winter on the land-holding.</li></ul> <p>Today, to a varying degree, every property possessing common rights has some or all of these rights over the registered common land of the forest. </p><p>To become a commoner a person must acquire <i>commonable</i> land; conversely, a person selling a commonable property ceases to be a commoner. Where a commonable property is sold off in smaller portions, the commonable rights are apportioned in accordance with the area of each portion.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All commoners are obliged to pay a <i>Forest Rate</i> (based on the area of commonable land held) to contribute towards the administration of the forest by the Board of Conservators, and they are entitled to elect five commoners' representatives to the Board. </p><p>A sharp decline in commoning after the end of World War II resulted in a rapid loss of the forest's open heathland to scrub and trees, threatening the many specialised and rare plants and animals that depend on the heathland and jeopardising the forest's famous open landscape with its magnificent vistas, so well captured in <a href="/wiki/EH_Shepard" class="mw-redirect" title="EH Shepard">EH Shepard</a>'s <i>Winnie-the-Pooh</i> illustrations. The Board of Conservators has responded by moving beyond its original administrative and regulatory functions to play a more active, interventionist role in combating the invasion of scrub and trees with the aim of restoring the heathland to a favourable condition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._A._Milne" title="A. A. Milne">A. A. Milne</a>, author of the <a href="/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh" title="Winnie-the-Pooh">Winnie-the-Pooh</a> stories, lived at Cotchford Farm, near <a href="/wiki/Hartfield" title="Hartfield">Hartfield</a>, having bought the old farmhouse, situated about a mile from the ancient forest entrance at Chuck Hatch, in 1925.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Jones" title="Brian Jones">Brian Jones</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a> also lived at Cotchford Farm, and died there in 1969.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, author of the <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> stories, lived at <a href="/wiki/Crowborough" title="Crowborough">Crowborough</a>, on the eastern edge of the forest. Locations around the forest found their way into his stories.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Jefferies" title="Richard Jefferies">Richard Jefferies</a>, nature writer, lived at Crowborough for a period while he wrote some of his most famous essays.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>, former British Prime Minister, lived at Birch Grove, near Chelwood Gate; the Macmillan Clump of trees is named in his honour.</li> <li>Major <a href="/wiki/Edward_Dudley_Metcalfe" title="Edward Dudley Metcalfe">Edward Dudley Metcalfe</a>, best friend and <a href="/wiki/Equerry" title="Equerry">equerry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VIII of the United Kingdom">Edward VIII</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lived in a grey stone house in the forest.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Irish</a> poet <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a>, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Georgie_Hyde-Lees" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgie Hyde-Lees">Georgie Yeats</a> spent their honeymoon at the forest, during October – November 1917, at the Ashdown Forest Hotel, Forest Row, East Sussex, which was renamed and is now called Royal Ashdown Forest Golf Club.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the course of their honeymoon, the couple experimented with <a href="/wiki/Automatic_writing" title="Automatic writing">automatic writing</a>, a joint experience that greatly influenced the poetry of Yeats and led to the publication of his philosophical–esoterical book <i><a href="/wiki/A_Vision" title="A Vision">A Vision</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashdownforest.org/">"Welcome to Ashdown Forest"</a>. <i>Ashdownforest.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ashdownforest.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Ashdown+Forest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashdownforest.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pooh1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pooh1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pooh1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pooh1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHope2000" class="citation book cs1">Hope, Yvonne Jefferey (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/literarytripsfol00broo/page/287">"Winnie-the-Pooh in Ashdown Forest"</a></span>. In Brooks, Victoria (ed.). <i>Literary Trips: Following in the Footsteps of Fame</i>. Vol. 1. Vancouver, Canada: Greatest Escapes. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9686137-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9686137-0-5"><bdi>0-9686137-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Winnie-the-Pooh+in+Ashdown+Forest&rft.btitle=Literary+Trips%3A+Following+in+the+Footsteps+of+Fame&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+Canada&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Greatest+Escapes&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9686137-0-5&rft.aulast=Hope&rft.aufirst=Yvonne+Jefferey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliterarytripsfol00broo%2Fpage%2F287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pooh2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pooh2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pooh2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillard1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Willard" title="Barbara Willard">Willard, Barbara</a> (1989). <i>The Forest – Ashdown in East Sussex</i>. Sussex: Sweethaws Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forest+%E2%80%93+Ashdown+in+East+Sussex&rft.place=Sussex&rft.pub=Sweethaws+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Willard&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span>. Quoted from the Introduction, p. xi, by Christopher Milne.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pooh3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pooh3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pooh3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pooh3_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1029104/ashdown-forest-background-where-it-drawing-shepard-e-h/">"Ashdown Forest background (where it all happened): Shepard, E. H."</a> V&A<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ashdown+Forest+background+%28where+it+all+happened%29%3A+Shepard%2C+E.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.vam.ac.uk%2Fitem%2FO1029104%2Fashdown-forest-background-where-it-drawing-shepard-e-h%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://south-coast-central.co.uk/wildwood.htm">"An Introduction To Britain's Lost Wildwood"</a>. <i>South-coast-central.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South-coast-central.co.uk&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+To+Britain%27s+Lost+Wildwood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouth-coast-central.co.uk%2Fwildwood.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Mawer & F.M. Stenton, <i>The Place Names of Sussex</i> (1929), <b>1</b>,1, 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Forest' is derived from the term 'forestis', which first appeared in the early Middle Ages in deeds of donation of the Merovingian and Frankish kings and is thought to refer to wilderness that had not been cultivated and which had no clear owner; such wilderness lay beyond land that was cultivated and settled and which did have a clear owner. The majority view of scholars about the origin of the concept of "forestis" is that it is derived from the Latin <i>foris</i> or <i>foras</i>, which means "outside", "outside it" and "outside the settlement". Forest law introduced by the Normans came to govern for a time almost one-third of England, before being rolled back in the 13th century. Unlike the case on the European continent, it also applied to areas that did have a clear owner. See Vera (2000), pp.103-108 and Langton and Jones (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Straker (1940), p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian (1967), p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are only three older outcrops, which are Jurassic <a href="/wiki/Purbeck_Beds" class="mw-redirect" title="Purbeck Beds">Purbeck Beds</a>, a thin limestone, are at Heathfield, Brightling and Mountfield, all in east Sussex.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tunbridge Wells Sand consists of Upper Tunbridge Wells Sand, Grinstead Clay, and Lower Tunbridge Wells Sand.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie & Short (1999), p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The iron ore is a clay ironstone, a low grade iron ore largely consisting of siderite. It is distributed widely across the Wealden geology. See Gallois (1965), pp. 24-26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie and Short (1999), pp. 4-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The remaining 5% (112 ha) consists of car parks, picnic areas, golf courses, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: the figures quoted here refer to the land administered by the conservators, and exclude all privately held land.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forestplan2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-forestplan2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strategic Forest Plan of the Board of Conservators of Ashdown Forest 2008-2016, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forestplan9-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-forestplan9_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strategic Forest Plan of the Board of Conservators of Ashdown Forest 2008-2016, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100212075930/http://www.ashdownforest.org/conservation/birds_of_ashdown_forest.php">"Birds of Ashdown Forest"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashdownforest.org/conservation/birds_of_ashdown_forest.php">the original</a> on 12 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birds+of+Ashdown+Forest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashdownforest.org%2Fconservation%2Fbirds_of_ashdown_forest.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashdownforest.org/docs/Annual%20Report_2009_2010.pdf">Annual Report of the Board of Conservators of Ashdown Forest 2009/2010, p.4.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514182203/http://www.ashdownforest.org/docs/Annual%20Report_2009_2010.pdf">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ashdownforest.org/grazing/">"Grazing"</a>. <i>The Conservators of Ashdown Forest</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conservators+of+Ashdown+Forest&rft.atitle=Grazing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fashdownforest.org%2Fgrazing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/habitats/heathland-and-moorland">"Heathland and moorland | The Wildlife Trusts"</a>. <i>www.wildlifetrusts.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wildlifetrusts.org&rft.atitle=Heathland+and+moorland+%7C+The+Wildlife+Trusts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildlifetrusts.org%2Fhabitats%2Fheathland-and-moorland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Cobbett, Sussex Journal entry of 8 January 1822, in <i>Rural Rides</i>. Constable, London. 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-464060-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-464060-2">0-09-464060-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indeed, according to Oliver Rackham, the beginnings of Wealden heathland, including Ashdown's, which he calls a <i>heathland forest</i>, can be traced back to before the Norman Conquest. See Rackham (1997), p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forestplan-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forestplan_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forestplan_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strategic Forest Plan of the Board of Conservators of Ashdown Forest 2008-2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victoria County History of Sussex, Volume II, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Straker (1940), p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annual Report of the Board of Conservators of Ashdown Forest 2007/2008, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penn (1984), p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteDetail.aspx?SiteCode=S1001983&SiteName=ashdown&countyCode=&responsiblePerson=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea=">"Designated Sites View: Ashdown Forest"</a>. Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Natural England<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sussexwt.org.uk/reserves/page00023.htm">the original</a> on 20 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sussex+Wildlife+Trust+-+Old+Lodge&rft.date=2007-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sussexwt.org.uk%2Freserves%2Fpage00023.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003631/http://www.lnr.naturalengland.org.uk/Special/lnr/lnr_details.asp?C=0&N=old%20lodge&ID=322">"Old Lodge, Nutley"</a>. Local Nature Reserves. Natural England. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Lodge%2C+Nutley&rft.series=Local+Nature+Reserves&rft.pub=Natural+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lnr.naturalengland.org.uk%2FSpecial%2Flnr%2Flnr_details.asp%3FC%3D0%26N%3Dold%2520lodge%26ID%3D322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?startTopic=Designations&activelayer=lnrIndex&query=REF_CODE%3D%271009058%27">"Map of Old Lodge, Nutley"</a>. Local Nature Reserves. Natural England<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+of+Old+Lodge%2C+Nutley&rft.series=Local+Nature+Reserves&rft.pub=Natural+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagic.defra.gov.uk%2FMagicMap.aspx%3FstartTopic%3DDesignations%26activelayer%3DlnrIndex%26query%3DREF_CODE%253D%25271009058%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingleton" class="citation web cs1">Singleton, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wealdeniron.org.uk">"Wealden Iron Research Group Home Page"</a>. <i>Wealdeniron.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wealdeniron.org.uk&rft.atitle=Wealden+Iron+Research+Group+Home+Page&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwealdeniron.org.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~nickad/index.htm">"The Hatch Inn"</a>. <i>Users.globalnet.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Users.globalnet.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Hatch+Inn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.users.globalnet.co.uk%2F~nickad%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ashdownforesthistory-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ashdownforesthistory_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090528102740/http://www.ashdownforest.com/history.html">"Ashdown Forest Tourism Association - Local Information, Places to Visit and News & Events from the Heart of the High Weald"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashdownforest.com/history.html">the original</a> on 28 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ashdown+Forest+Tourism+Association+-+Local+Information%2C+Places+to+Visit+and+News+%26+Events+from+the+Heart+of+the+High+Weald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashdownforest.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highweald.org/about-the-high-weald-unit/news/2035-tracing-the-pale-of-the-ashdown-forest-deer-park.html">"Tracing the Pale of Ashdown Forest"</a>. <i>High Weald website</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=High+Weald+website&rft.atitle=Tracing+the+Pale+of+Ashdown+Forest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highweald.org%2Fabout-the-high-weald-unit%2Fnews%2F2035-tracing-the-pale-of-the-ashdown-forest-deer-park.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milne (1974), p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milne (1974), p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pooh-country.co.uk/">"Pooh Corner"</a>. <i>Pooh-country.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pooh-country.co.uk&rft.atitle=Pooh+Corner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pooh-country.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Conservator's of Ashdown Forest Newsletter 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brandon (2003), Chapters 2 and 6. Note that the Saxon prefix <i>Andredes</i> was probably derived from <i>Anderida</i>, the name of the Romans' stronghold at <a href="/wiki/Pevensey" title="Pevensey">Pevensey</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Small (1988), p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victoria County History of Sussex, Volume II, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT6/R2/CP40no541a/bCP40no541adorses/IMG_0151.htm">"Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas; National Archives; CP 40/541, year: 1396"</a>. <i>Aalt.law.uh.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>. <q>entries 4 & 5, asserting his hunting rights</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aalt.law.uh.edu&rft.atitle=Plea+Rolls+of+the+Court+of+Common+Pleas%3B+National+Archives%3B+CP+40%2F541%2C+year%3A+1396&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faalt.law.uh.edu%2FAALT6%2FR2%2FCP40no541a%2FbCP40no541adorses%2FIMG_0151.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Straker (1940), p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian (1967), p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113220047/http://www.pippingford.co.uk/history.html">"History | Pippingford Park"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pippingford.co.uk/history.html">the original</a> on 13 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%26%23124%3B+Pippingford+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pippingford.co.uk%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadstonewarren.org.uk/">"Broadstone Warren Scout Site & Activity Centre"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Broadstone+Warren+Scout+Site+%26+Activity+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadstonewarren.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128202444/http://londonyouth.org.uk/">"London Youth - Supporting and challenging young people to become the best they can be"</a>. <i>Londonyouth.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.londonyouth.org.uk/">the original</a> on 28 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Londonyouth.org.uk&rft.atitle=London+Youth+-+Supporting+and+challenging+young+people+to+become+the+best+they+can+be.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.londonyouth.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinde (1987), p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Short (1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104130342/http://theweald.org/bk.asp?BookId=srs080998">"The Weald - Books, directories, magazines and pamphlets"</a>. <i>Theweald.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theweald.org/bk.asp?bookid=srs080998">the original</a> on 4 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theweald.org&rft.atitle=The+Weald+-+Books%2C+directories%2C+magazines+and+pamphlets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheweald.org%2Fbk.asp%3Fbookid%3Dsrs080998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willard (1989), p.167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to recent research, another blast furnace, at Queenstock near <a href="/wiki/Buxted" title="Buxted">Buxted</a>, may have come into operation slightly earlier than the one at Newbridge, in 1490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodgkinson (2008) p. 63 et seq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashdown Forest Life, issue 8, Autumn/Winter 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashdownforest.org/history/history_pre_roman.php">Ashdown Forest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125053342/http://www.ashdownforest.org/history/history_pre_roman.php">Archived</a> 25 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Willard (1989), pp. 167-176, for a first-hand account of the fund-raising campaign. She herself had served for many years as a member of the Board of Conservators.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903185345/http://www.ashdownforest.org/about/byelaws.php">"List of Ashdown Forest Byelaws"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashdownforest.org/about/byelaws.php">the original</a> on 3 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Ashdown+Forest+Byelaws&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashdownforest.org%2Fabout%2Fbyelaws.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashdownforest.org/docs/Annual%20Report_2009_2010.pdf">Annual Report of the Board of Conservators of Ashdown Forest 2009/2010 p.9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514182203/http://www.ashdownforest.org/docs/Annual%20Report_2009_2010.pdf">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendsofashdownforest.co.uk">"friends of the ashdown forest"</a>. <i>Friendsofashdownforest.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Friendsofashdownforest.co.uk&rft.atitle=friends+of+the+ashdown+forest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendsofashdownforest.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quotation is from Cooke’s Inclosure Acts, in Halsbury’s The Laws of England (4th ed).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashdownforest.org/history/the_commoners.php">See the website of the Conservators of Ashdown Forest: Rights of Common</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514181828/http://www.ashdownforest.org/history/the_commoners.php">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glyn & Prendergast (1995) p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashdownforest.org/history/the_commoners.php">Ashdown Forest website: <i>Commoners Today</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514181828/http://www.ashdownforest.org/history/the_commoners.php">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920080710/http://thesussexweald.com/N10.asp?NId=1131">"Jefferies, John Richard"</a>. The Weald of Kent, Surrey and Sussex. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thesussexweald.com/N10.asp?NId=1131">the original</a> on 20 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jefferies%2C+John+Richard&rft.pub=The+Weald+of+Kent%2C+Surrey+and+Sussex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthesussexweald.com%2FN10.asp%3FNId%3D1131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026110559/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,761962-1,00.html">"Good Old Duke"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 25 September 1939. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,761962-1,00.html">the original</a> on 26 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Good+Old+Duke&rft.date=1939-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C761962-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongenbach2011" class="citation journal cs1">Longenbach, James (18 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922003004/https://www.thenation.com/article/imperfect-life-george-and-wb-yeats/">"An Imperfect Life: On George and W.B. Yeats"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/imperfect-life-george-and-wb-yeats/">the original</a> on 22 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=An+Imperfect+Life%3A+On+George+and+W.B.+Yeats&rft.date=2011-05-18&rft.aulast=Longenbach&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fimperfect-life-george-and-wb-yeats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon2003" class="citation book cs1">Brandon, Peter (2003). <i>The Kent & Sussex Weald</i>. Chichester: Phillimore & Co Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-241-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-241-2"><bdi>1-86077-241-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kent+%26+Sussex+Weald&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86077-241-2&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandonShort,_Brian1990" class="citation book cs1">Brandon, Peter; Short, Brian (1990). <i>The South East from AD 1000</i>. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49245-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49245-9"><bdi>0-582-49245-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+East+from+AD+1000&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-582-49245-9&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Short%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian1967" class="citation book cs1">Christian, Garth (1967). <i>Ashdown Forest</i>. The Society of Friends of Ashdown Forest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashdown+Forest&rft.pub=The+Society+of+Friends+of+Ashdown+Forest&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Christian&rft.aufirst=Garth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cleere, Henry (1978). <i>Roman Sussex—The Weald</i>. In Drewett (1978), pp. 59–63.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleereCrossley,_David1995" class="citation book cs1">Cleere, Henry; Crossley, David (1995). <i>The Iron Industry of the Weald</i> (2nd ed.). Cardiff: Merton Priory Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898937-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-898937-04-4"><bdi>1-898937-04-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Industry+of+the+Weald&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Merton+Priory+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-898937-04-4&rft.aulast=Cleere&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Crossley%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrewett1978" class="citation book cs1">Drewett, Peter, ed. (1978). <i>Archaeology in Sussex to AD 1500</i>. London: Council for British Archaeology, Research Report 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+in+Sussex+to+AD+1500&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Council+for+British+Archaeology%2C+Research+Report+29&rft.date=1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallois1965" class="citation book cs1">Gallois, R.W., ed. (1965). <i>British Regional Geology: The Wealden District</i>. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-884078-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-884078-9"><bdi>0-11-884078-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Regional+Geology%3A+The+Wealden+District&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-11-884078-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlynPrendergast,_Hew1995" class="citation book cs1">Glyn, Philip; Prendergast, Hew (1995). <i>Ashdown Forest, An Illustrated Guide</i>. Essedon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9525549-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9525549-0-9"><bdi>0-9525549-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashdown+Forest%2C+An+Illustrated+Guide&rft.pub=Essedon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-9525549-0-9&rft.aulast=Glyn&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Prendergast%2C+Hew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinde1987" class="citation book cs1">Hinde, Thomas (1987). <i>Forests of Britain</i>. Sphere Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-11687-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-11687-3"><bdi>0-349-11687-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forests+of+Britain&rft.pub=Sphere+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-349-11687-3&rft.aulast=Hinde&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgkinson2008" class="citation book cs1">Hodgkinson, Jeremy (2008). <i>The Wealden Iron Industry</i>. Stroud: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4573-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4573-1"><bdi>978-0-7524-4573-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wealden+Iron+Industry&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4573-1&rft.aulast=Hodgkinson&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby1998" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, Peter (1998). <i>Forest Camera: a Portrait of Ashdown</i>. Sweethaws Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0951179550" title="Special:BookSources/978-0951179550"><bdi>978-0951179550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forest+Camera%3A+a+Portrait+of+Ashdown&rft.pub=Sweethaws+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0951179550&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangtonJones,_Graham2008" class="citation book cs1">Langton, John; Jones, Graham (2008). <i>Forests and Chases of England and Wales c.1500-c.1850</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: St John's College Research Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9544975-4-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9544975-4-5"><bdi>978-0-9544975-4-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forests+and+Chases+of+England+and+Wales+c.1500-c.1850&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=St+John%27s+College+Research+Centre&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9544975-4-5&rft.aulast=Langton&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Jones%2C+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslieShort,_Brian1999" class="citation book cs1">Leslie, Kim; Short, Brian (1999). <i>An Historical Atlas of Sussex</i>. Chichester: Phillimore & Co Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-112-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-112-2"><bdi>1-86077-112-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Atlas+of+Sussex&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-86077-112-2&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft.au=Short%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargary1965" class="citation book cs1">Margary, Ivan D. (1965). <i>Roman Ways in the Weald</i>. Phoenix House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-07742-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-07742-2"><bdi>0-460-07742-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Ways+in+the+Weald&rft.pub=Phoenix+House&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-460-07742-2&rft.aulast=Margary&rft.aufirst=Ivan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilne1974" class="citation book cs1">Milne, Christopher (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enchantedplaces00miln"><i>The Enchanted Places</i></a></span>. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-54540-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-54540-7"><bdi>0-413-54540-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enchanted+Places&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-413-54540-7&rft.aulast=Milne&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenchantedplaces00miln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Money, J.H. (1978). <i>Aspects of the Iron Age in the Weald</i>. In Drewett (1978), pp. 38–40.</li> <li>Money, J.H. & Streeten, A.D.F. (date unknown). <i>Excavations in the Iron Age Hill Fort and Roman-British Iron-working Settlement at Garden Hill, Hartfield, East Sussex (1968–1978)</i>. Sussex Archaeological Collections, 16-26.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenn1984" class="citation book cs1">Penn, Roger (1984). <i>Portrait of Ashdown Forest</i>. London: Robert Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7090-1219-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7090-1219-5"><bdi>0-7090-1219-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portrait+of+Ashdown+Forest&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-7090-1219-5&rft.aulast=Penn&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRackham1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Rackham" title="Oliver Rackham">Rackham, Oliver</a> (1997). <i>The Illustrated History of the Countryside</i>. London: Orion Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85799-953-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85799-953-3"><bdi>1-85799-953-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+History+of+the+Countryside&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Orion+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85799-953-3&rft.aulast=Rackham&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort1997" class="citation book cs1">Short, Brian (1997). <i>The Ashdown Forest Dispute, 1876-1882: Environmental Politics and Custom</i>. Lewes: Sussex Record Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0854450411" title="Special:BookSources/978-0854450411"><bdi>978-0854450411</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ashdown+Forest+Dispute%2C+1876-1882%3A+Environmental+Politics+and+Custom&rft.place=Lewes&rft.pub=Sussex+Record+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0854450411&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Straker, Ernest (1940). <i>Ashdown Forest and Its Inclosures</i>. Sussex Archaeological Society, 121-135.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTebbutt1982" class="citation journal cs1">Tebbutt, C.F. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1085544">"A Middle-Saxon Iron Smelting Site at Millbrook, Ashdown Forest, Sussex"</a>. <i>Sussex Archaeological Collections</i>. <b>120</b>: 19–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1085544">10.5284/1085544</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sussex+Archaeological+Collections&rft.atitle=A+Middle-Saxon+Iron+Smelting+Site+at+Millbrook%2C+Ashdown+Forest%2C+Sussex&rft.volume=120&rft.pages=19-35&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5284%2F1085544&rft.aulast=Tebbutt&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5284%252F1085544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Turner, Edward (1862). <i>Ashdown Forest, Or As It Was Sometimes Called, Lancaster Great Park</i>. Sussex Archaeological Society, 36-64.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillard1989" class="citation book cs1">Willard, Barbara (1989). <i>The Forest - Ashdown in East Sussex</i>. Sweethaws Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9511795-4-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9511795-4-3"><bdi>0-9511795-4-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forest+-+Ashdown+in+East+Sussex&rft.pub=Sweethaws+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-9511795-4-3&rft.aulast=Willard&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVera2000" class="citation book cs1">Vera, F.W.M. (2000). <i>Grazing Ecology and Forest History</i>. Wallingford: CABI Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851994420" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851994420"><bdi>978-0851994420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grazing+Ecology+and+Forest+History&rft.place=Wallingford&rft.pub=CABI+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0851994420&rft.aulast=Vera&rft.aufirst=F.W.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshdown+Forest" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ashdown_Forest" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ashdown Forest">Ashdown Forest</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ashdown_Forest#Q2351129" class="extiw" title="voy:Ashdown Forest">Ashdown Forest</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashdownforest.org/">Ashdown Forest website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090308094908/http://www.highweald.org/text.asp?PageId=170">Videos about Ashdown Forest, its history and management</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theweald.org/P4.asp?PId=PSx.AF">Historical documents relating to Ashdown Forest.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227004311/http://theweald.org/P4.asp?PId=PSx.AF">Archived</a> 27 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Reservoir" title="Arlington Reservoir">Arlington Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashburnham_Park" title="Ashburnham Park">Ashburnham Park</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ashdown Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingletts_Wood" title="Bingletts Wood">Bingletts Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bream_Wood" title="Bream Wood">Bream Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_to_Newhaven_Cliffs" title="Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs">Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_Hill_Farm_Meadow" title="Burgh Hill Farm Meadow">Burgh Hill Farm Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxted_Park" title="Buxted Park">Buxted Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Brighton" title="Castle Hill, Brighton">Castle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chailey_Common" title="Chailey Common">Chailey Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_to_Offham_Escarpment" title="Clayton to Offham Escarpment">Clayton to Offham Escarpment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combe_Haven" title="Combe Haven">Combe Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallington_Forest" title="Dallington Forest">Dallington Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwell_Wood" title="Darwell Wood">Darwell Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditchling_Common" title="Ditchling Common">Ditchling Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeness,_Romney_Marsh_and_Rye_Bay" title="Dungeness, Romney Marsh and Rye Bay">Dungeness, Romney Marsh and Rye Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridge_Green" title="Eridge Green">Eridge Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridge_Park" title="Eridge Park">Eridge Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firle_Escarpment" title="Firle Escarpment">Firle Escarpment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkington_Reservoir" title="Folkington Reservoir">Folkington Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_Wood" title="Fore Wood">Fore Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Cliffs_to_Pett_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastings Cliffs to Pett Beach">Hastings Cliffs to Pett Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathfield_Park_SSSI" title="Heathfield Park SSSI">Heathfield Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemingfold_Meadow" title="Hemingfold Meadow">Hemingfold Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herstmonceux_Park" title="Herstmonceux Park">Herstmonceux Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Woods" title="High Woods">High Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Escarpment_and_Iford_Hill" title="Kingston Escarpment and Iford Hill">Kingston Escarpment and Iford Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leasam_Heronry_Wood" title="Leasam Heronry Wood">Leasam Heronry Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewes_Brooks" title="Lewes Brooks">Lewes Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewes_Downs" title="Lewes Downs">Lewes Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullington_Heath" title="Lullington Heath">Lullington Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maplehurst_Wood" title="Maplehurst Wood">Maplehurst Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marline_Valley_Woods" title="Marline Valley Woods">Marline Valley Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Gate_Marsh" title="Milton Gate Marsh">Milton Gate Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offham_Marshes" title="Offham Marshes">Offham Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paines_Cross_Meadow" title="Paines Cross Meadow">Paines Cross Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Corner_Heath" title="Park Corner Heath">Park Corner Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn%27s_Rocks" title="Penn's Rocks">Penn's Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pevensey_Levels" title="Pevensey Levels">Pevensey Levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plashett_Park_Wood" title="Plashett Park Wood">Plashett Park Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Wood" title="Rock Wood">Rock Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_Harbour_SSSI" title="Rye Harbour SSSI">Rye Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapperton_Meadows" title="Sapperton Meadows">Sapperton Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaford_to_Beachy_Head" title="Seaford to Beachy Head">Seaford to Beachy Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Dunstan%27s_Farm_Meadows" title="St Dunstan's Farm Meadows">St Dunstan's Farm Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockland_Farm_Meadows" title="Stockland Farm Meadows">Stockland Farm Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir_Wood_Reservoir" title="Weir Wood Reservoir">Weir Wood Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willingdon_Down" title="Willingdon Down">Willingdon Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willingford_Meadows" title="Willingford Meadows">Willingford Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_Downs" title="Wilmington Downs">Wilmington Downs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geological" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological">Geological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asham_Quarry" title="Asham Quarry">Asham Quarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackhorse_Quarry" title="Blackhorse Quarry">Blackhorse Quarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brede_Pit_and_Cutting" title="Brede Pit and Cutting">Brede Pit and Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_to_Newhaven_Cliffs" title="Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs">Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeness,_Romney_Marsh_and_Rye_Bay" title="Dungeness, Romney Marsh and Rye Bay">Dungeness, Romney Marsh and Rye Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastingford_Cutting" title="Hastingford Cutting">Hastingford Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Cliffs_to_Pett_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastings Cliffs to Pett Beach">Hastings Cliffs to Pett Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Rocks" title="High Rocks">High Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houghton_Green_Cliff" title="Houghton Green Cliff">Houghton Green Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Dicker" title="Lower Dicker">Lower Dicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northiam_SSSI" title="Northiam SSSI">Northiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Line_SSSI" title="River Line SSSI">River Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_Harbour_SSSI" title="Rye Harbour SSSI">Rye Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaynes_Hill_SSSI" title="Scaynes Hill SSSI">Scaynes Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaford_to_Beachy_Head" title="Seaford to Beachy Head">Seaford to Beachy Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southerham_Grey_Pit" title="Southerham Grey Pit">Southerham Grey Pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southerham_Machine_Bottom_Pit" title="Southerham Machine Bottom Pit">Southerham Machine Bottom Pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southerham_Works_Pit" title="Southerham Works Pit">Southerham Works Pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldron_Cutting" title="Waldron Cutting">Waldron Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchelsea_Cutting" title="Winchelsea Cutting">Winchelsea Cutting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&oldid=1259490153">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashdown_Forest&oldid=1259490153</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ashdown_Forest" title="Category:Ashdown Forest">Ashdown Forest</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:11th-century_establishments_in_England" 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